j
/vMKB[m2 /m bQHB/2
jXRX S`BM+BT2 6QM/K2MiH /2 H .vMKB[m2
jXRXRX úMQM+û
BI 3uCcj3 nN a3Uěa3 cUjCI A j3LURa3I VnN a3Uěa3 ccR,Cā © nN3 ,@aRNRIR<C3W 0Cj a3A Uěa3 ;ICIā3N Rg . j3I \nȕ© jRnj CNcjNj.
I3 jRac3na 03c ,jCRNc Lā,NC\n3c 3ujāA aC3na3c <CccNj cna I3 cwcjěL3 LjāaC3I Σ 3cj ā<I n jRac3na 0wNLC\n3 03 Σ 0Nc cRN LRnq3L3Nj Ua aUURaj n a3A Uěa3 ;ICIā3NY
QN NRj3ΣI3 cwcjěL3 LjāaC3I CcRIā 3jΣI3 a3cj3 03 IȕnNCq3acY
H3 TaCN,CU3 7RN0L3NjI 03 I /wNA LC\n3. TY7Y/Y. 3cj ja0nCj Ua Iȕā<ICjā cnCA qNj3 -
Σ Σ Σ
7ϔόЛЁζ kYSY Ģ bwcjěL3 CcRIā DΣ/Rg=AΣ→Σ cRCj
# » AΣ/R
# » δA,Σ/Rg
A
=
# » RΣ→Σ
# » MA,Σ→Σ
A
VkYSW q3,
ġ `ācnIjNj3 03c ,jCRNc Lā,NC\n3c 03ΣcnaΣ- # » RΣ→Σd
ġ KRL3Nj n URCNj 03c ,jCRNc Lā,NC\n3c 03ΣcnaΣ- # » MA,Σ→Σd
ġ `ācnIjNj3 0wNLC\n3 03 Iȕ3Nc3L$I3 LjāaC3IΣ0Nc cRN LRnq3L3Nj Ua aUURaj n a3Uěa3 ;ICIā3N Rg- # »
AΣ/Rd
ġ KRL3Nj 0wNLC\n3 3N 03 Iȕ3Nc3L$I3 LjāaC3IΣ0Nc cRN LRnq3L3Nj Ua aUURaj n a3Uěa3 ;A ICIā3NRg-δ# »A,Σ/RgY
jXRXkX *`+iĕ`2 :HBHû2M /2b `2Tĕ`2b
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\n3 IȕRN c3 UI,3 0Nc nN aā8āa3NjC3I Rn 0Nc nN nja3Y
H3 UaCN,CU3 8RN0L3NjI 03 I 0wNLC\n3 UaācnL3 Iȕ3uCcj3N,3 0ȕnN a3Uěa3 0Cj a3Uěa3 ;ICIā3N 0Nc I3\n3I I3 UaCN,CU3 8RN0L3NjI 03 I 0wNLC\n3 3cj qI$I3Y
+3 a3Uěa3 03 aā8āa3N,3 0Nc I3\n3I jRnc I3c LRnq3L3Njc URnaaC3Nj ćja3 0ā,aCjc 3u,j3L3Nj N3 U3nj ćja3
\nȕUUaR,@āY KCc ,RLL3 ,ȕ3cj jRnERnac I3 ,c 0Nc jRnc I3c 0RLCN3c 03 I U@wcC\n3. I qIC0Cjā 0ȕnN3 IRC
ke
0āU3N0 0n 03<aā 03 Uaā,CcCRN cRn@Cjā - CNcC nN a3Uěa3 ncn3I 03 I Lā,NC\n3 U3nj 0RN, ćja3 ,RNcC0āaā ,RLL3 <ICIā3N qCcA©AqCc 03 j3I UaR$IěL3 Lā,NC\n3. 3j NRN <ICIā3N qCcA©AqCc 03 j3I nja3Y H3c UaCN,CUnu a3Uěa3c UUaR,@āc cRNj -
G2 `û7û`2MiB2H /2 *QT2`MB+ 3cj ,3Njaā n ,3Nja3 0ȕCN3ajC3 0n cwcjěL3 cRICa3Y H3c 0Ca3,jCRNc 03 c3c u3c cRNj 0ā~NC3c © Iȕ3ujāaC3na 0n cwcjěL3 cRICa3 Ua jaRCc <IuC3c IRCNjCN3cY +3 aā8āa3NjC3I Nā<IC<3 I3 LRnq3L3Nj 0n cRI3CI 0Nc I pRC3 H,jā3 3j I3 LRnq3L3Nj 03 ,3II3A,C 0Nc I3 a3cj3 03 IȕnNCq3acY G2 `û7û`2MiB2H /2 :HBHû2 3cj ,3Njaā n ,3Nja3 03 I i3aa3Y b3c u3c cRNj UaIIěI3c © ,3nu 0n aā8āa3NjC3I
03 +RU3aNC,Y QN ,RLUa3N0 $C3N \n3 ,@RCcCa ,3 a3Uěa3 ,RLL3 a3Uěa3 <ICIā3N a3qC3Nj © cnUURc3a
\n3 I3 LRnq3L3Nj 03 ,3InCA,C Ua aUURaj n a3Uěa3 Uaā,ā03Nj 3cj Nā<IC<3$I3 VRn 3N jaNcIjCRN ,Ca,nICa3 6WY +3 a3Uěa3 3cj njCICcā nccC $C3N URna 0ā,aCa3 I3 ,RLURaj3L3Nj 03c cj3IICj3c \n3 URna ājn0C3a I3 U3N0nI3 03 7Rn,nIj VLCc3 3N āqC03N,3 03 I aRjjCRN 03 I j3aa3WY
G2b `û7û`2MiB2Hb HBûb ¨ H h2``2 0RNj I3 UaCN,CUI 3cj I3 a3Uěa3 <āR<aU@C\n3 03 I cU@ěa3 j3aa3cja3 0RNj I3 ,3Nja3 3cj n ,3Nja3 03 I i3aa3 3j 0RNj I3c u3c cRNj cRIC0Ca3c 03 I UINěj3 LCc nccC jRnc I3c a3Uěa3c IR,nuY
G2b `û7û`2MiB2Hb HQ+mt Qm /m H#Q`iQB`2 0RNj IȕRaC<CN3 3cj IR,I3 n I$RajRCa3 3j I3c u3c cRNj RaC3Njāc c3IRN I3c UaRUaCājāc 0n cwcjěL3 ājn0CāY +3 aā8āa3NjC3I 3cj I3 LRCNc <ICIā3N 03 jRnc LCc CI 3cj Ua8Cj3A L3Nj njCICc$I3 0Nc jRnc I3c ,c ,IccC\n3cY H \nICjā UaCN,CUI3 03 ,3 a3Uěa3 3cj c 8,CICjā 0ȕ3LUIRC.
LCc ,@RCcCa ,3 aā8āa3NjC3I ,RLL3 aā8āa3NjC3I <ICIā3N a3qC3Nj © Nā<IC<3a I aRjjCRN 03 I i3aa3 njRna 03 Iȕu3 03c UǃI3cY
H3 ,a,jěa3 <ICIā3N U3nj ćja3 jRnj38RCc a3cjCjnā <a,3 © I IRC 03 ,RLURcCjCRN 03c ,,āIāajCRNcY /Nc I3c a3Uěa3c ICāc © I i3aa3. 3II3 ,RN0nCj © CNjaR0nCa3 nN3 ,,āIāajCRN ,RLUIāL3NjCa3 Rn ,,āIāajCRN 03 +RaCRICc 0Nc Iȕ3uUa3ccCRN <āNāaI3 03 Iȕ,,āIāajCRNY
MRnc c3aRNc 0RN, Ua8RCc L3Nā © ā,aCa3 I3 TY7Y/Y 0Nc nN a3Uěa3 NRN <ICIā3NY
jXkX h?ûQ`ĕK2b ;ûMû`mt
H3 TaCN,CU3 7RN0L3NjI 03 I /wNLC\n3 3cj nN3 ā<ICjā 3Nja3 03nu jRac3nac. URna \n3 ,3c jRac3nac cRC3Nj ā<nu. CI 8nj \n3 I3nac aācnIjNj3c cRC3Nj ā<I3c 3j \n3 I3nac LRL3Njc 3N nN URCNj cRC3Nj ā<nuY +3c 03nu ā\njCRNc q3,jRaC3II3c cRNj I3c 03nu j@āRaěL3c <āNāanuY
# »
AΣ/R= # » RΣ→Σ
# »
δA,Σ/Rg = # »
MA,Σ→Σ VkYlW
jXkXRX h?ûQ`ĕK2 /2 H `ûbmHiMi2 /vMKB[m2
TRna jRnj 3Nc3L$I3 LjāaC3IΣ3N LRnq3L3Nj Ua aUURaj n a3Uěa3 <ICIā3NRg. I aācnIjNj3 0wNLC\n3 3cj ā<I3 © I aācnIjNj3 <āNāaI3 0n jRac3na ccR,Cā nu ,jCRNc 3ujāaC3na3c ©Σ. # »
AΣ/R = # »
RΣ→Σ. \n3 IȕRN ā,aCj -
mΣ·Γ# »GΣ,Σ/Rg = # »
RΣ→Σ VkYkW
jXkXkX h?ûQ`ĕK2 /2b [mMiBiûb /2 KQmp2K2Mi MRnc cqRNc \n3 -Γ# »GΣ,Σ/R =
d dt
# » VGΣ,Σ/R
Rg
Y
Ta ,RNc3aqjCRN 03 I Lcc3 0Nc I3 cwcjěL3Σ. RN U3nj 0RN, ā,aCa3 I3 j@āRaěL3 03 I aācnIjNj3 0wNA LC\n3 cRnc I 8RaL3 -
mΣ· d
dt
# » VGΣ,Σ/R
Rg
= # »
RΣ→Σ VkY:W
Hw,ā3 +@aI3L<N3ATaCc k4
jXkXjX h?ûQ`ĕK2 /m KQK2Mi /vMKB[m2
TRna jRnj 3Nc3L$I3 LjāaC3IΣ3N LRnq3L3Nj Ua aUURaj n a3Uěa3 <ICIā3NRg. I3 LRL3Nj 0wNLC\n3 3cj ā<I n LRL3Nj aācnIjNj 0n jRac3na ccR,Cā nu ,jCRNc 3ujāaC3na3c ©ΣY
# »
δA,Σ/Rg = # »
MA,Σ→Σ VkY9W
jXkX9X h?ûQ`ĕK2 /m KQK2Mi +BMûiB[m2
bC RN ā,aCj I3 j@āRaěL3 0n LRL3Nj 0wNLC\n3 3NGΣ. ,3Nja3 0ȕCN3ajC3 03 Iȕ3Nc3L$I3 CcRIā. RN U3nj 0RNN3a nN3 nja3 ā,aCjna3 n j@āRaěL3 0n LRL3Nj 0wNLC\n3Y
H3 LRL3Nj 0wNLC\n3 cȕā,aCjδ# »GΣ,Σ/Rg = d
dt
# » σGΣ,Σ/Rg
Rg
. n ,3Nja3 0ȕCN3ajC3GΣ0ȕRɵ d
dt
# » σGΣ,Σ/Rg
Rg
= # »
MGΣ,Σ→Σ VkYfW
/3 LćL3. 0Nc I3 ,c UajC,nIC3a Rɵ I3 URCNj 3cj ~u3 0NcRg. RN U3nj ā,aCa3 - d
dt
# » σA,Σ/Rg
Rg
= # »
MA,Σ→Σ VkYeW
jXjX liBHBbiBQM /m SX6X.X
H3 UaCN,CU3 8RN0L3NjI 03 I 0wNLC\n3 c3 ja0nCj Ua nN3 ā<ICjā 03 jRac3na. ,ȕ3cj © 0Ca3 Ua 03nu ā<ICjāc q3,jRaC3II3c Vj@āRaěL3c <āNāanuW 3Nja3 I3c 3{Rajc UUIC\nāc n cwcjěL3 ājn0Cā 3j I3c \nNjCjāc 0ȕ,,āIāajCRN 03 ,3 cwcjěL3 Ua aUURaj © nN a3Uěa3 <ICIā3NY
mN UaR$IěL3 03 0wNLC\n3 0n cRIC03 ,RLURaj3 0RN, n LuCLnL f ā\njCRNc c,ICa3c Vl ƨkW URna ,@\n3 cRIC03 CcRIāY TRna URnqRCa ȓj3Nj3aȓ 03 aācRn0a3 ,3 UaR$IěL3. CI N3 0RCj Uc ,RLURaj3a UInc 0ȕCN,RNA Nn3c \n3 0ȕā\njCRNcY
QN a3jaRnq3 0Nc I3c ā\njCRNc c,ICa3c -
ġ I3c UaLěja3c 03 URcCjCRNc V,RNNnc 3jgRn CN,RNNncW.
ġ I3c 0āaCqā3c Ua3LCěa3c 3j c3,RN03c 03 ,3c UaLěja3c.
ġ I3c ,jCRNc Lā,NC\n3c V,RNNn3c 3jgRn CN,RNNn3cW.
ġ I3c 0RNNā3c 0n UaR$IěL3Y
QN 0CcjCN<n3 jaRCc UaCN,CUnu jwU3c 03 UaR$IěL3c © aācRn0a3Y
ġ H3c ,jCRNc 3ujāaC3na3c cRNj ,RNNn3c. RN ,@3a,@3 © 0āj3aLCN3a I3 LRnq3L3Nj 0n Lā,NCcL3 CcRIā d ġ H3c ,jCRNc 3ujāaC3na3c cRNj ,RNNn3c. RN ,@3a,@3 © 0āj3aLCN3a I3c ,jCRNc 03 ICCcRN d
ġ H3 LRnq3L3Nj 3cj CLURcā. RN ,@3a,@3 © 0āj3aLCN3a I3c ,jCRNc 3ujāaC3na3c LRjaC,3cY
/Nc I3 Ua3LC3a ,c. CI Nȕ3cj Uc 8Ra,āL3Nj Nā,3ccCa3 0ȕājn0C3a 3j aācRn0a3 jRnj I3 cwcjěL3 0ȕā\njCRNcY QN ,@3a,@3 © CcRI3a UaLC I3c ā\njCRNc ,3II3c \nC U3aL3jj3Nj 0ȕR$j3NCa Iȕ VI3cW ā\njCRNVcW 0C{āa3NjC3II3VcW 03 LRnq3L3NjY QN UU3II3 ā\njCRN 0C{āa3NjC3II3 0n LRnq3L3Nj. nN3 ā\njCRN 0C{āa3NjC3II3 3Nja3 I3c UaLěja3c 03 LRnq3L3Nj 3j I3c ,jCRNc Lā,NC\n3c 3ujāaC3na3c N3 8CcNj Uc CNj3aq3NCa I3c CN,RNNn3c 03 ICCcRNcY
/Nc I3 c3,RN0 ,c. CI 8nj 3N <āNāaI aācRn0a3 I jRjICjā 0n cwcjěL3Y H3 jaRCcCěL3 ,c 3cj I3 ,RLUIāL3NjCa3 0n Ua3LC3aY
Hw,ā3 +@aI3L<N3ATaCc kO
jX9X SX6X. /Mb mM `2Tĕ`2 MQM ;HBHû2M
jX9XRX *QKTQbBiBQM /2b ++ûHû`iBQMb QN c3 UaRURc3 03 0āj3aLCN3a Iȕ,,āIāajCRN 0n URCNj P 0ȕnN 3NA c3L$I3 LjāaC3I EVccR,Cā © nN a3A Uěa3RW 3N LRnq3L3Nj Ua aUURaj
© Iȕ3Nc3L$I3 LjāaC3IE1Va3Uěa3R1W InCALćL3 3N LRnq3L3Nj Ua aUA URaj n a3Uěa3 <ICIā3NRgY
MRnc cqRNc \n3 -
# »
VP,E/Rg = # »
VP,E/R1+ # » VP,E1/Rg
# »
VP,E/Rg = # »
VP,E/R1+ # »
VO1,R1/Rg+Ω# »R1/Rg∧O# »1P /āaCqRNc ,3jj3 a3IjCRN Ua aUA
URaj n j3LUc 0Nc I3 a3Uěa3 <ICA Iā3NRg-
Og
x#»g
y#»g
z#»g
O1
x#»1 y#»1
z#»1 O1
O E1
#»x
#»y
#»z
×P E
7ϔόЛЁζ kYlY Ģ +RLURcCjCRN 03c ,,āIāaA jCRNc
d dt
# » VP,E/Rg
Rg
= d
dt
# » VP,E/R1
Rg
+ d
dt
# » VO1,R1/Rg
Rg
+ d
dt
# » ΩR1/Rg ∧O# »1P
Rg
Ta 0ā~NCjCRN -Γ# »P,E/Rg = d
dt
# » VP,E/Rg
Rg
3jΓ# »O1,R1/Rg = d
dt
# » VO1,R1/Rg
Rg
H a3IjCRN 03qC3Nj -
# » ΓP,E/Rg =
d dt
# » VP,E/R1
Rg
+Γ# »O1,R1/Rg +Ω# »R1/Rg∧ d
dt
# » O1P
Rg
+ d
dt
# » ΩR1/Rg
Rg
∧O# »1P q3,
d dt
# » O1P
Rg
= d
dt
# » O1P
R1
+Ω# »R1/Rg∧O# »1P= # »
VP,E/R1+Ω# »R1/Rg ∧O# »1P 3j
d dt
# » VP,E/R1
Rg
= d
dt
# » VP,E/R1
R1
+Ω# »R1/Rg∧ # »
VP,E/R1 =Γ# »P,E/R1+Ω# »R1/Rg ∧# » VP,E/R1 /ȕRɵ ~NI3L3Nj I a3IjCRN 03 ,RLURcCjCRN 03c ,,āIāajCRNc -
# »
ΓP,E/Rg =Γ# »P,E/R1 +Ω# »R1/Rg∧ # »
VP,E/R1+Γ# »O1,R1/Rg
+Ω# »R1/Rg∧# »
VP,E/R1+Ω# »R1/Rg ∧O# »1P +
d dt
# » ΩR1/Rg
Rg
∧O# »1P
# »
ΓP,E/Rg =Γ# »P,E/R1 +Γ# »O1,R1/Rg+Ω# »R1/Rg ∧Ω# »R1/Rg∧O# »1P
+ d
dt
# » ΩR1/Rg
Rg
∧O# »1P+2·Ω# »R1/Rg ∧# »
VP,E/R1 VkY4W
QN NRj3 -
ġ Γ# »P,E/Rg - ,,āIāajCRN $cRIn3 0n URCNjP03EUa aUURaj n a3Uěa3 <ICIā3NRgd
ġ Γ# »P,E/R1 - ,,āIāajCRN a3IjCq3 0n URCNjPUUaj3NNj ©EUa aUURaj n a3Uěa3R1d
Hw,ā3 +@aI3L<N3ATaCc :z
ġ Γ# »O1,R1/Rg+# »
ΩR1/Rg∧# » ΩR1/Rg∧O# »1P
+ d
dt
# » ΩR1/Rg
Rg
∧O# »1P- ,,āIāajCRN 0ȕ3NjaţN3L3Nj 0n URCNj
P03R1Ua aUURaj ©Rg\n3 IȕRN NRj3Γ# »P,R1/Rgd ġ 2·Ω# »R1/Rg∧ # »
VP,E/R1 - ,,āIāajCRN 03 +RaCRICcY
Hȕ,,āIāajCRN $cRIn3 0ȕnN URCNjP0ȕnN 3Nc3L$I3 LjāaC3IE3N LRnq3L3Nj Ua aUURaj © nN aā8āa3NjC3I R1InCALćL3 3N LRnq3L3Nj Ua aUURaj n a3Uěa3 <ICIā3NRg cȕā,aCj ,RLL3 I cRLL3 03 Iȕ,,āIāajCRN a3IjCq3 03P03EUa aUURaj ©R1. Iȕ,,āIāajCRN 0ȕ3NjaţN3L3Nj 0n a3Uěa3R1Ua aUURaj ©Rg3j Iȕ,,āA IāajCRN 03 +RaCRICc -
# »
ΓP,E/Rg = Γ# »P,E/R1+ Γ# »P,R1/Rg+ 2·Ω# »R1/Rg∧ # » VP,E/R1
# »
Γabs = Γ# »rel+ Γ# »ent+ Γ# »cor VkYOW
jX9XkX *QKTQbBiBQM /m iQ`b2m` /vMKB[m2
H3 jRac3na 0wNLC\n3 03 Iȕ3Nc3L$I3 LjāaC3IE0Nc cRN LRnq3L3Nj Ua aUURaj n aā8āa3NjC3I <ICIā3N Rgcȕā,aCj -
DE/Rg=
⎧⎪
⎨
⎪⎩
# » AE/Rg =
P∈E
# » ΓP/Rg·dm
# » δA,E/Rg =
P∈E
# »
AP∧Γ# »P/Rg·dm
⎫⎪
⎬
⎪⎭
A
TRna I3 ,3Nja3 0ȕCN3ajC3GI 0ā,RLURcCjCRN 03 Iȕ,,āIāajCRN 0RNN3 -
# »
ΓG,E/Rg =Γ# »G,E/R1+Γ# »G,R1/Rg+2·# »
ΩR1/Rg ∧# » VG,E/R1 /ā,RLURcRNc. I3 LRL3Nj 0wNLC\n3 -
# » δA,E/Rg =
p∈E
# »
AP∧Γ# »P/R·dm
=
p∈E
# »
AP∧Γ# »P,E/R1+Γ# »P,R1/Rg+2·Ω# »R1/Rg∧ # » VP,E/R1
·dm
# » δA,E/Rg =
p∈E
# »
AP∧Γ# »P,E/R1·dm+
p∈E
# »
AP∧Γ# »P,R1/Rg·dm +2
p∈E
# »
AP∧Ω# »R1/Rg∧ # » VP,E/R1
·dm VkYSzW
Ua NIR<C3. RN U3nj 0ā,RLURc3a I3 LRL3Nj 0wNLC\n3 $cRIn ,RLL3 I cRLL3 0ȕnN LRL3Nj 0wNA LC\n3 a3IjC8. 0ȕ3NjaţN3L3Nj 3j 03 +RaCRICcY
# »
δA,E/R =δ# »rel+δ# »ent+δ# »cor VkYSSW /ȕRɵ I3 jRac3na 0wNLC\n3 \n3 IȕRN U3nj 0ā,RLURc3a nccC Ua NIR<C3. cRnc I 8RaL3 0ȕnN jRac3na 0wNLC\n3 a3IjC8. 0ȕ3NjaţN3L3Nj 3j 03 +RaCRICc -
Hw,ā3 +@aI3L<N3ATaCc :S
DE/R=
⎧⎪
⎨
⎪⎩
p∈E
# » ΓP/R·dm
p∈E
# »
AP∧Γ# »P/R·dm
⎫⎪
⎬
⎪⎭
A
DE/R=
⎧⎪
⎨
⎪⎩
p∈E
# » ΓP,E/R1·dm
p∈E
# »
AP∧Γ# »P,E/R1·dm
⎫⎪
⎬
⎪⎭
A
+
⎧⎪
⎨
⎪⎩
p∈E
# » ΓP,R1/Rg ·dm
p∈E
# »
AP∧Γ# »P,R1/Rg ·dm
⎫⎪
⎬
⎪⎭
A
+
⎧⎪
⎨
⎪⎩
p∈E2·Ω# »R1/Rg ∧# » VP,E/R1 ·dm +2
p∈E
# »
AP∧Ω# »R1/Rg ∧# » VP,E/R1
·dm
⎫⎪
⎬
⎪⎭
A
Ua NIR<C3
DE/R=DE/R1+DE,R1/Rg+Dcor,E/Rg
={Drel}+{Dent}+{Dcor}
jX9XjX S`BM+BT2 7QM/K2MiH /Mb mM `2Tĕ`2 MQM ;HBHû2M
bRCj E nN 3Nc3L$I3 LjāaC3I.Rg I3 a3Uěa3 <ICIā3N 3j R1 I3 a3Uěa3 0ȕājn03Y QN c3 UaRURc3 0ȕā,aCa3 I3 UaCN,CU3 8RN0L3NjI 03 I 0wNLC\n3 0Nc I3 a3Uěa3R1. Ua 0ā~NCjCRN I3 TY7Y/Y cȕā,aCj -
DE/Rg=AE→E
2N 0ā,RLURcNj I3 jRac3na 0wNLC\n3 cna I3 a3Uěa3R1-
DE/R1+DE,R1/Rg+Dcor,E/Rg=AE→E
7CNI3L3Nj I3 TY7Y/ Ua aUURaj n a3Uěa3 NRN <ICIā3NR103qC3Nj -
DE/R1=AE→E−DE,R1/Rg−Dcor,E/Rg
/Nc nN a3Uěa3 NRN <ICIā3N. CI 8nj cRncjaCa3 nu 8Ra,3c 3ujāaC3na3c UUIC\nā3c © Iȕ3Nc3L$I3 LjāaC3IE I3 jRac3na 03c 8Ra,3c 0ȕCN3ajC3 0ȕ3NjaţN3L3Nj 3j I3 jRac3na 03c 8Ra,3c 0ȕCN3ajC3 03 +RaCRICcY
`3La\n3 - cC R13cj 3N jaNcIjCRN nNC8RaL3 Ua aUURaj n a3Uěa3 <ICIā3N. IRac
DE,R1/Rg = 0 3j
Dcor,E/Rg= 0
0RN,
DE/R1=AE→E.R13cj 0RN, nccC nN a3Uěa3 <ICIā3NY
jX8X TTHB+iBQM Ĝ ú[mBHB#`;2 /ǶmM bQHB/2
jX8XRX S`Q#HĕK2 ;ûMû`H /2 HǶû[mBHB#`;2
/Nc I3 ,c 0ȕnN LRnq3L3Nj 03 aRjjCRN. I3c qC$ajCRNc 0n3c © nN3 LnqCc3 aāUajCjCRN 03c Lcc3c Ua aUURaj © Iȕu3 03 I aRjjCRN CN0nCc3Nj nN3 ncna3 3j nN3 0ājāaCRajCRN aUC03 03c UIC3ac 3j ,aā3Nj nN3 <ćN3 URna IȕnjCICcj3na V$anCjc. qC$ajCRNcWY
HȕR$E3j 03 Iȕā\nCIC$a<3 3cj 03 cnUUaCL3a ,3c qC$ajCRNcY
MRnc IIRNc. āqIn3a IȕCNn3N,3 03 I aāUajCjCRN 03c Lcc3c VURcCjCRN 0n ,3Nja3 0ȕCN3ajC3. cwLājaC3 0n cRIC03W cna ,3c qC$ajCRNcY
Hw,ā3 +@aI3L<N3ATaCc :l
VX .QMMû2b
Q
x#»1 y#»1
z#»0
Q
x#»0
×G θ
7ϔόЛЁζ kYkY Ģ Ā\nCIC$a<3
bRCj nN cRIC03 S1 03 Lcc3 K 3N ICCcRN UCA qRj 0ȕu3(O,z#»0)Ua aUURaj n $jCS0Y +3 cRA IC03 NȕwNj n,nN3 UajC,nIaCjā <āRLājaC\n3 VNC UIN 03 cwLājaC3. NC u3 03 aāqRInjCRNW. I LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3 0n cRIC03 3N Q 3cj 03 I 8RaL3 -
IO(S1) =
⎛
⎝ A −F −E
−F B −D
−E −D C
⎞
⎠
O(x#»1 ,y#»1 ,z#»1)
H3 a3Uěa3R1= (O,x#»1,y#»1,z#»1)3cj ICā n cRIC03 3N aRjjCRN q3,# » (x#»0,x#»1) =θ. URna j5z.θ =0Y OG =xg·x#»1+zg·z#»0
R0nN a3Uěa3 <ICIā3N.z#»03cj q3ajC,I c,3N0NjY mN ,RnUI3 LRj3na # »
Cm =Cm·z#»0U3aL3j I aRjA jCRNY
H ICCcRN UCqRj 3cj Ua8Cj3Y
# VX úim/2 /vMKB[m2
AMp2MiB`2 /2b +iBQMb 2tiû`B2m`2b UUIC\nā3c n cRIC03 3N aRjjCRN ġ ,jCRN 03 I U3cNj3na cna I3 cRIC03 -
Pg→S1
=
−M·g·z#»0
#»0
G
=
−M·g·z#»0 M·g·xg·y#»1
O
ġ +RnUI3 LRj3na -
CMot→S1
= #»
0 Cm·z#»0
∀P
d
ġ ,jCRNc jaNcLCccC$I3c Ua I ICCcRN UCqRj -
LS0→S1=
⎧⎨
⎩
X01 L01 Y01 M01 Z01 0
⎫⎬
⎭∀P∈(O,z#»0)
(#»? ,#»? ,z#»0) Y
.ûi2`KBMiBQM /m iQ`b2m` /vMKB[m2 3N Q 0n cRIC03S10Nc cRN LRnq3L3Nj Ua aUURaj ©R0Y
/āj3aLCNRNc 0Nc nN Ua3LC3a j3LUc I3 jRac3na ,CNājC\n3 3N Q 0n cRIC03S1 0Nc cRN LRnq3L3Nj Ua aUURaj ©R0-
ġ `ācnIjNj3 ,CNājC\n3 - p# »S1/R0 = M·# »
VG∈S1/R0 = M·xg·θ˙·y#»1 ġ KRL3Nj ,CNājC\n3. Q 3cj nN URCNj ~u3 0Nc I3 aā8āa3NjC3I. 0RN, -
# »
σO,S1/Rg =IO(S1)·Ω# »S1/R0 =
⎛
⎝ A −F −E
−F B −D
−E −D C
⎞
⎠
OB1
·
⎛
⎝0 0˙ θ
⎞
⎠
=−E·θ˙·x#»1−D·θ˙·y#»1+C·θ˙·z#»0
=−E·ω·x#»1−D·ω·y#»1+C·ω·z#»0q3,ω=θ˙
0ȕRɵ I3c ,RLURcNj3c 0n jRac3na 0wNLC\n3 -
DS1/R0=
# » AS1/R0
# » δO,S1/R0
O
ġ # »
AS1/R0. aācnIjNj3 0wNLC\n3. Ua 0āaCqjCRN 03 I aācnIjNj3 ,CNājC\n3 -
# »
AS1/R0 = M·xg·θ¨·y#»1−M·xg·θ˙2·x#»1
Hw,ā3 +@aI3L<N3ATaCc :k
ġ δ# »O,S1/R0. LRL3Nj 0wNLC\n3 3NO.O3cj nN URCNj ~u3 0NcR00RN, -
# » δO,S1/R0 =
d dt
# » σO,S1/R0
R0
= −E·θ¨·x#»1−D·θ¨·y#»1−E·θ˙2·y#»1+D·θ˙2·x#»1+C·θ¨·z#»0
= D·θ˙2−E·θ¨
·x#»1+−D·θ¨−E·θ˙2
·y#»1+C·θ¨·z#»0
S`BM+BT2 7QM/K2MiH /2 H /vMKB[m2 UUIC\nā n cRIC03S1Y DS1/R0=AS
1→S1
DS1/R0=Pg→S1
+CMot→S1
+LS0→S1 # »
AS1/R0
# » δO,S1/R0
O
=
−M·g·z#»0
M·g·xg·y#»1
O
+ #»
0 Cm·z#»0
∀P
+
⎧⎨
⎩
X01 L01 Y01 M01 Z01 0
⎫⎬
⎭∀P∈(O,z#»0)
(#»? ,#»? ,z#»0) BI 3cj En0C,C3nu C,C. 0ȕā,aCa3 I3 jRac3na 03c 3{Rajc jaNcLCccC$I3c Ua I ICCcRN UCqRj
LS0→S1 0Nc I
$c3(x#»1,y#»1,z#»1). 03 0āj3aLCN3a I3c ,RLURcNj3c 03 I ICCcRN 0Nc ,3jj3 $c3 UnCc 03 a3q3NCa 0Nc I $c3 (x#»0,y#»0,z#»0)Y
QN R$jC3Nj 0RN, I3c 03nu ā\njCRNc q3,jRaC3II3c cnCqNj3c - ġ i@āRaěL3 03 I aācnIjNj3 0wNLC\n3
# »
AS1/R0 =−M·g·z#»0+#»0 +X01·x#»1+Y01·y#»1+Z01·z#»0 M·xg·θ¨·y#»1−M·xg·θ˙2·x#»1 =−M·g·z#»0+#»0 +X01·x#»1+Y01·y#»1+Z01·z#»0
ġ i@āRaěL3 0n LRL3Nj 0wNLC\n3
# »
δO,S1/R0 = M·g·xg·y#»1+Cm·z#»0+L01·x#»1+M01·y#»1 D·θ˙2−E·θ¨
·x#»1+−D·θ¨−E·θ˙2
·y#»1+C·θ¨·z#»0= M·g·xg·y#»1+Cm·z#»0 +L01·x#»1+M01·y#»1
H UaRE3,jCRN 03 ,3c 03nu ā\njCRNc 0RNN3 I3c f ā\njCRNc c,ICa3c cnCqNj3c -
⎧⎪
⎨
⎪⎩
−M·xg·θ˙2=X01 M·xg·θ¨=Y01
0=−M·g+Z01 3j
⎧⎪
⎪⎨
⎪⎪
⎩
D·θ˙2−E·θ¨ =L01
−D·θ¨−E·θ˙2 = M·g·xg+M01
C·θ¨ =Cm
.ûi2`KBMiBQM /2b 2zQ`ib /Mb H HBBbQM TRna ,RNjCNn3a 3j cCLUIC~3a I3c ,I,nIc. NRnc cnUURc3aRNc \n3 I3 aRjRa jRnaN3 © qCj3cc3 ,RNcjNj3ω˙ =θ¨=0. I3c f ā\njCRNc 03qC3NN3Nj -
⎧⎪
⎨
⎪⎩
−M·xg·θ˙2= X01 0=Y01 M·g= +Z01
3j
⎧⎪
⎨
⎪⎩
D·θ˙2= L01
−E·θ˙2−M·g·xg= M01 0=Cm
Hw,ā3 +@aI3L<N3ATaCc ::
H3 jRac3na 03c ,jCRNc jaNcLCccC$I3c 0Nc I ICCcRN UCqRj cȕā,aCj 0Nc I $c3 ICā3 n cRIC03 3N aRjjCRN (x#»1,y#»1,z#»1)-
LS0→S1=
⎧⎨
⎩
X01=−M·xg·θ˙2 L01 =D·θ˙2
Y01 =0 M01=−E·θ˙2−M·g·xg
Z01= M·g 0
⎫⎬
⎭
(x#»1,y#»1,Oz#»1)
QN cȕU3aÓRCj \n3 I3c 3{Rajc VaācnIjNj3 3j LRL3NjW 0Nc I ICCcRN UCqRj cRNj 8RN,jCRN 03 I qCj3cc3 03 aRjjCRN θY 2N UaRE3,jCRN 0Nc I $c3 <ICIā3NN3.˙ R0. RN U3nj LC3nu āqIn3a IȕCNn3N,3 03c UaLěja3c ,CNājC\n3c cna I3c 3{Rajc 0Nc I ICCcRNY
LS0→S1=
⎧⎨
⎩
X01·cosθ L01·cosθ−M01·sinθ X01·sinθ L01·sinθ+M01·cosθ
Z01 0
⎫⎬
⎭
(x#»0,y#»0,Oz#»0)
q3,θ =ω·t
LS0→S1=
⎧⎨
⎩
X01·cos(ω·t) L01·cos(ω·t)−M01·sin(ω·t) X01·sin(ω·t) L01·sin(ω·t) +M01·cos(ω·t)
Z01 0
⎫⎬
⎭
(x#»0,y#»0,Oz#»0)
QN ,RNcjj3 0RN, \n3 I3c 3{Rajc jaNcLCc n $jC Ua I ICCcRN UCqRj N3 cRNj Uc ,RNcjNjc 3j 0āU3N03Nj 0n j3LUcY TRna a3N0a3 ,3c 3{Rajc CN0āU3N0Njc 0n j3LUc. CI 8nj \n3 -
⎧⎪
⎨
⎪⎩
X01 =0 L01 =0 M01 =0
,ȕ3cj © 0Ca3
⎧⎪
⎪⎨
⎪⎪
⎩
−M·xg·θ˙2 =0 D·θ˙2−E·θ¨ =0
−D·θ¨−E·θ˙2−M·g·xg =0 0ȕRɵ
⎧⎪
⎨
⎪⎩ xg=0
D=0 E=0
pRnc URnaa3y qāaC~3a \n3 ,3c ,RN0CjCRNc cRNj nccC cn|cNj3c cC I qCj3cc3 Nȕ3cj Uc ,RNcjNj3Y jX8XkX ú[mBHB#`;2
VX ú[mBHB#`;2 biiB[m2
QN 0Cj \nȕnN cRIC03 3N aRjjCRN 3cj ā\nCIC$aā cjjC\n3L3Nj IRac\n3 I3 ,3Nja3 0ȕCN3ajC3 3cj cna Iȕu3 03 aRjjCRN V0Nc Iȕ3u3LUI3 Uaā,ā03Njxg =0WY
# VX ú[mBHB#`;2 /vMKB[m2
QN 0Cj \nȕnN cRIC03 3cj ā\nCIC$aā 0wNLC\n3L3Nj. cȕCI 3cj ā\nCIC$aā cjjC\n3L3Nj 3j \n3 I3c UaR0nCjc 0ȕCN3ajC3 ,RLURajNj Iȕu3 03 aRjjCRN cRNj NnIc V0Nc Iȕ3u3LUI3 Uaā,ā03NjD=03jE=0WY
+ VX S`BM+BT2 /2 HǶû[mBHB#`;2
Ā\nCIC$a3a nN cRIC03 3N aRjjCRN a3qC3Nj 0RN, © NNnI3a I3c 0C{āa3Njc j3aL3c ,C 03ccncY /3nu cjajā<C3c cRNj 3NqCc<3$I3c
ġ ERnj3a 03c Lcc3c n cRIC03 ~N 03 LR0C~3a ,3c ,a,jāaCcjC\n3c ,CNājC\n3c d ġ mcCN3a I3 cRIC03 VU3aÓ<3. L3nI<3W ~N 03 LR0C~3a I aāUajCjCRN 03c Lcc3cY
H Ua3LCěa3 cRInjCRN 3cj njCICcā3 URna aāICc3a Iȕā\nCIC$a<3 03c aRn3c 03 qā@C,nI3c. QN a3jaRnq3 UInjǃj I c3,RN03 IRac 0ȕā\nCIC$a<3 aāICcā cna 03c UCě,3c LccCq3c VqRINj 0ȕCN3ajC3W. ,3c ncCN<3c cRNj IRac 3{3,jnāc 3N ncCN3. IRac 03 I 8$aC,jCRNY
/n URCNj 03 qn3 03c ,I,nIc © aāICc3a. I3c 03nu Lāj@R03c cRNj NIR<n3c. I c3,RN03 a3qC3Nj © ERnj3a 03c Lcc3c Nā<jCq3cY
Hw,ā3 +@aI3L<N3ATaCc :9
jX8XjX ú[mBHB#`;2 ¨ k Kbb2b
bRCj nN cRIC03S1. 3N aRjjCRN Ua aUURaj n a3Uěa3 <ICIā3N R0Y QN cRn@Cj3 ā\nCIC$a3a ,3 cRIC03Y TRna ,3I RN aERnj3 n cRIC03 © ā\nCIC$a3a 3N aRjjCRN 03nu Lcc3c URN,jn3II3cM13jM2V~<na3 3j 0RNNā3c kY:WY H3 NRnq3I 3Nc3L$I3 3cj 0RN, -Σ={S1,M1,M2}Y
MRnc IIRNc a3,@3a,@3a I Lcc3 3j I URcCjCRN 0Nc I3 a3Uěa3 ICā n cRIC03 S1 03 ,@,nN3 03c Lcc3c URN,jn3II3c URna \n3 Iȕ3Nc3L$I3ΣcRCj ā\nCIC$aāY
S1. I3 cRIC03 © ā\nCIC$a3a 03 Lcc3 M 03 LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3 -
IO(S1) =
⎛
⎝ A −F −E
−F B −D
−E −D C
⎞
⎠
O(x#»1 ,y#»1 ,z#»1)
03 ,3Nja3 0ȕCN3ajC3 -# » OG= xg·x#»1+zg·z#»0d
M1 I Lcc3 URN,jn3II3 03 Lcc3 m1 . q3, # » OM1 = x1·x#»1+y1·y#»1+z1·z#»0d
M2 I Lcc3 URN,jn3II3 03 Lcc3 m2 . q3, # » OM2 = x2·x#»1+y2·y#»1+z2·z#»0Y
VW 0RNNā3c
Q
x#»1 y#»1
z#»0
Q
x#»0
×G θ M1
M2
V$W c,@āL
7ϔόЛЁζ kY:Y Ģ Ā\nCIC$a<3 © 03nu Lcc3c
VX .ûi2`KBMiBQM /2b +`+iû`BbiB[m2b +BMûiB[m2b /2 HǶ2Mb2K#H2
H Lcc3 jRjI3 03Σ3cjmΣ=m+m1+m2Y H LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3 03 Iȕ3Nc3L$I3 3cj - IO(Σ) =IO(S1) +IO(M1) +IO(M2)
`3La\n3 - I LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3 0ȕnN3 Lcc3 URN,jn3II3 3N cRN ,3Nja3 0ȕCN3ajC3 3cj NnII3 VI3 qRInL3 3cj NnI 6W -IM1(M1) =
⎛
⎝0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎞
⎠
M1
2N UUIC\nNj I3 j@āRaěL3 03 ?nw<3Nc. RN R$jC3Nj I LjaC,3 3N∀B O03 I Lcc3m1-
IO(M1) =m1·
⎛
⎝y21+z21 −x1·y1 −x1·z1
−x1·y1 z21+x12 −y1·z1
−x1·z1 −y1·z1 x21+y21
⎞
⎠
O(x#»1 ,y#»1 ,z#»1)
H LjaC,3 0ȕCN3ajC3 03 Iȕ3Nc3L$I3 LjāaC3IΣcȕā,aCj ~NI3L3Nj - IO(Σ) =
⎛
⎝ AΣ −FΣ −EΣ
−FΣ BΣ −DΣ
−EΣ −DΣ CΣ
⎞
⎠
O(x#»1 ,y#»1 ,z#»1)
Hw,ā3 +@aI3L<N3ATaCc :f
q3,
AΣ = A+m1·y21+z21
+m2·y22+z22
−DΣ=−D−m1·y1·z1−m2·y2·z2
BΣ =B+m1·z21+x21
+m2·z22+x22
−EΣ=−E−m1·x1·z1−m2·x2·z2
CΣ =C+m1·x21+y21
+m2·x22+y22
−FΣ=−F−m1·x1·y1−m2·x2·y2
# VX ú[mBHB#`;2 biiB[m2
Hȕ3Nc3L$I3 3cj ā\nCIC$aā cjjC\n3L3Nj cC I3 ,3Nja3 0ȕCN3ajC3 03 Iȕ3Nc3L$I3 3cj cna Iȕu3 03 aRjjCRNY
# » OGΣ = 1
MΣ
M·OG# »+m1·OM# »1+m2·OM# »2 Hȕā\nCIC$a3 cjjC\n3 3cj 0RN, aāICcā cC# »
OGΣ·x#»1=03j # »
OGΣ·y#»1 =0 /ȕRɵ I3c 03nu Ua3LCěa3c ā\njCRNc © a3cU3,j3a -
M·xg+m1·x1+m2·x2 =0 VkYSlW
m1·y1+m2·y2 =0 VkYSkW
+ VX ú[mBHB#`;2 /vMKB[m2
H3c UaR0nCjc 0ȕCN3ajC3 ,RLURajNj Iȕu3 03 aRjjCRN(O,z#»0)0RCq3Nj ćja3 NnIc VC,CDΣ3jEΣW. 0ȕRɵ I3c 03nu ā\njCRNc cnCqNj3c -
−DΣ =−D−m1·y1·z1−m2·y2·z2=0 VkYS:W
−EΣ= −E−m1·x1·z1−m2·x2·z2=0 VkYS9W H3 cwcjěL3 © aācRn0a3 3cj nN cwcjěL3 03 : ā\njCRNc 3j 4 CN,RNNn3c Vm1.m2.x1.x2.y1.y2.z1.z2WY BI 3uCcj3 0RN, © UaCRaC nN3 CN~NCjā 03 cRInjCRNcY
/ VX TTHB+iBQM , `Qm2
/Nc I aāICjā 03c ,RNjaCNj3c UajC\n3c 03 aāICcjCRN ICLCj3Nj I3 NRL$a3 03 cRInjCRN. CNcC URna nN3 aRn3 V~<na3 kY9W. I3c Lcc3c 0ȕā\nCIC$a<3 N3 U3nq3Nj ćja3 ~uā3c \n3 cna I3 URnajRna 03 I ENj3 V03 awRN R. 03 Ia<3naLW 03 ,@\n3 ,Rjā 0n UN3nY
QN 0RN, - ġ
x12+y21= R3jz1 =0VRnz1= LW URna I Ua3LCěa3 Lcc3 d ġ
x22+y22= R3jz2 =LVRnz2=0W URna I c3,RN03Y
`3Ua3NRNc I3c \nja3 ā\njCRNc 03 Iȕā\nCIC$a<3Y
M·xg+m1·x1+m2·x2 =0 m1·y1+m2·y2 =0
−D−m1·y1·z1−m2·y2·z2 =0
−E−m1·x1·z1−m2·x2·z2 =0
QN ,@RCcCj. nN UIN URna I Ua3LCěa3 Lcc3 Vz1=0W 3j I3 c3,RN0 URna Iȕnja3z2 =LY BI 3cj Uaā8āa$I3 URna aācRn0a3. 0ȕā,aCa3 3N URICa3 I3c \nja3 ā\njCRNc. 3N URcNj -
x1 =R·cosθ1 y1 =R·sinθ1
3j
x2= R·cosθ2
y2= R·sinθ2
H3 cwcjěL3 03qC3Nj -
Hw,ā3 +@aI3L<N3ATaCc :e
7ϔόЛЁζ kY9Y Ģ `Rn3 ENj3
M·xg+m1·R·cosθ1+m2·R·cosθ2=0 m1·R·sinθ1+m2·R·sinθ2=0
−D−m2·R·sinθ2·L=0
−E−m2·R·cosθ2·L=0 ,3 \nC U3aL3j 03 0ā0nCa3 -
⎧⎪
⎪⎨
⎪⎪
⎩
tanθ2= D E m2=
√D2+E2 L·R
3j
⎧⎪
⎪⎨
⎪⎪
⎩
tanθ1= D E−M·xg·L m1= D
R·L· 1 sinθ1
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LS0→S1=
⎧⎨
⎩
X01=−M·xg·θ˙2 L01 =D·θ˙2
Y01 =0 M01=−E·θ˙2−M·g·xg
Z01= M·g 0
⎫⎬
⎭
(x#»1,y#»1,Oz#»1)
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