Nutritional value of faba bean: effects of nutrient utilization, protein turnover and immunity Larralde J., Martínez J.A. in

Present status and future prospects of faba bean production and improvement in the Mediterranean countries

Zaragoza : CIHEAM

Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 10 1991

pages 111-117

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--- Larralde J., Martínez J.A. N u trition al valu e of faba bean : effects of n u trien t u tilization , protein tu rn over an d immu n ity. In : Cubero J.I. (ed.), Saxena M.C. (ed.). Present status and future prospects of faba bean production and improvement in the Mediterranean countries. Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1991. p.

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Nutritional value of faba bean:

effects on nutrient utilization, protein turnover and immunity

J. LARRALDE J.A. MARTINEZ

DEPARTAMENTO DE FISIOLOGIA ANIMAL NUTRICION ÜNiVERSlDAD DE

NAVARRA

31 080 PAMPLONA, NAVARRA, SPAIN

- A of the physiological, biochemical and immunological changes associated with animals on diets

in a of of

deposition, of of the which has been to

of of polyphenols and phytates in such

- "Valeur nutritionenelle des fèves: effets sur ?utilisation des nutriments, turnover des protéines et immunite"'. On présente une révision des changements physiologiques, biochimiques et immunologiques que l'on peut observer chez des animaux en croissance, nourris avec régime dont la source de protéine est Vicia faba. Cette protéine végétale dans les diètes régimes animaux produit plusieurs effects indésirables: retard de la croissance, diminution du dépôt de protéine, changement de la

digestibilité et de l'absorption des nutriments et défaut dans le système immunitaire. On croit que tous ces effets sont dûs à la présence de différents facteurs a~~tinl~t~-itionnelss (lectines, inhibiteurs de protéase, etc.). On envisage le rôle des polyphénok et des phytates dans ces altérations.

Introduction

Faba bean is widely used in the

as of in both human and animal

of some such as phytohemagglutinins, tease polyphenols, saponins, phytates, etc., has

a utilization of this legume 1980; Gupta, 1987).

this aspects

composition and the effects of legume intake on utilization,

of animals, most studied

in this The possible of phytates and pol- yphenols on some physiological, metabolic and immunological changes is also discussed.

Chemical composition of Vicia faba

The value of field bean has been

ally to it high content,

25 to 35%, despite the imbalance in et al., 198la). of these

globulins (60%), albumins (20%), glutelins (15%) 1982). is also a

of 1).

Thus, the chemical analysis of this legume a 50- 60% content of which is mainly constituted

by while the of lipids is low

at about l-2.5% with oleic and linoleic acids about 75% of fats Salido, 1985).

The between 1-3.5%, being

in calcium and Additionally the amount of thiamin, niacin and folic acid is

Carbohydrate 53%

60

: ugar

4 0

l

Minerals Vitamins

1 3 0

Calcium Iron Zinc B-complex Vit.C Vit.A

lmQ/100QJ

Fig. 1. of faba bean.

high as with while vitamin C,

. and liposoluble vitamins low. The

of some such as lectins,

tannins, etc (Table l), leads to some effects on metabohm and utili- zation of this legumes in the food 1980).

nately, some of these toxic constitu-

ents can be by heating, eliminated by soaking by physico-chemical

Nutrient utilization as affected by faba bean intake

and of and

is affected by the inclusion of faba bean in the diet et al., 1983). The digestibility of food legumes is by 1530% (Gupta, 1987).

The utilization has been mainly

to the of tannins, and

lectins as well as the deficiency of aminoacids in Vicia faba seeds. The biological indices of

value (Fig. between 67 and 83% et al., 1982), indicating digestibility and

1984a,b).

Table 1. Content of some antinutritional factors in faba bean.

Leetins

Amount

4-5.5

et al. (1969)

et al. (1969) Gupta (1981)

et al. (1982)

et al. (1985)

2oofl

Apparenl Blologlcal Proteln Food Net proleln Nllrogen dlgesllblllly value efllciency COnVerllOn ulllizatlon relenllon

rallo efflclency

Fig. 2. of the value of faba bean.

- 112-

Disaccharidase activities

P O n t r o ’

Dipeptidase activity

0.5

l / v

Faba bean Control Faba bean

I

-150 -50 O 5 0 100 150 200 250 -6 -4 -2 2 4 8 10 12.

l/PSl

.

The activity of some digestive

of is in faba bean fed

animals and 1980). On the

hand, the of intestinal and

dipeptidases animals fed on faba bean diets as

of is (Fig. 3). and

activities significantly

et al., 1987), while they in

chicks al., 1980). On the

fed showed a slightly activity the dipepti- dase glycil-L-valine (Villanueva et al., 1987).

The intestinal of and aminoacids was in animals fed on Vicia faba as of

4), the effects being evident in mam-

1981) than in et al.,

1981b).

Some of these influences due to the high polyphenolic content of this since alcoholic aqueous contaning Vicia faba tannins inhibited

et al., 1983). of

those with polyamide, in to polyphenolic content, leads to a abolition of capacity to inhibit glucose uptake (Fig. 4), sug-

gesting the of possible fac-

in these seeds et al., 1984).

The biochemical assessment of the status in chickens fed on these seeds showed no signif- icant changes in blood glucose,

as well as total 5), while

g-globulins and plasma zinc levels

was et al.,

1986a; and 1988).

Growth and protein turnover as affected by faba bean intake

of species is by

legume intake in 6 ) . of

in animals fed Vicia faba

has been in 1983a;

et al., 1987a), mice et al., 1988) and chickens et al., 1980) as well as in monogas- et al., 1987) and livestock

1980). Also, egg milk

in legume fed

‘ * O d

Control Co2trol Faba Faba bea Fa a ean

tannins . bean extracts w#h e&ac?s with tannlns polyamide

uv

Fig. 4. in animals fed on

- 113 -

120 '

100 - - -

4 0 -

-

Fig. 5. in fed on faba bean.

% l 0 0 -

E

;

Faba bean +Zn(rnice) Faba beanhice) Faba beadchick)

W h

e ^{6 0 -}

t 4 0 -

-

"-

Time

Fig. 6. fed on

Urinary creatinine

lmg/dayl

1980). soaking, methionine zinc supplementa- tion, and physico-chemical as well as

have been used to the value of faba bean with only

success (Gupta, 1987).

of animals fed legume

unchanged except et al.,

1987), thymus and spleen, a

was found et al., and

weights and content, when ex-

as slightly

in those animals on the pulse (Fig. 7), despite the

and 1983a, 1984~).

composition in of fat

by legume intake on a basis

as well as the of muscle,

while the but com-

7c

6C

5c

4c

3c 20

10

Liver n ^{Musc'e riiGLJ}

t1

composition in animals fed on faba bean.

- 114 -

pensated by a in the muscle

et al., 1972a,b; et al., 1987b) and chickens et al., 1980).

and content,

have been estimated as indi- cations of cell cell size and synthesis

capacity, (Fig. 7)

suggest that no significant changes in muscle

size fall in muscle

anabolic capacity and an in biosyn-

et al., 1986).

this context, when whole body, and muscle synthesis assessed by using the technique of of a labelled aminoacid into

1987),

S>, since whole and muscle

duced (Goena et al., 1984a; et al., 1987b) and synthetic was enhanced (Goena et al., 1984b).

of

has been used as an index of

1984a). No changes in output detected (Fig. S), which seems to indicate that no in

involved in the of the inclusion of legumes in the diet

1983b, 1984b).

the activity of some enzymes in both and chicks (Fig. 8) have shown that and-

catepsin A and slightly

1981; et al., 1982, 1987) as well

as the activity of enzymes of

cycle et al., 1979), which is in evidence

ing et al., 1986a,b) and changes

in the et al., 1972a,b).

Il ^m

¹

v 7

proteln turnover syntheril8 proteln 3-MeHia depradatinp enzymes (o/Ko/dayl / d a y ] 1 m o l / K g / d w l ( c o n v e n l i o n a l u n ~ r s l Whole Body i Muacle proteln L l W r urinary Catepaina and a a

evaluation animals fed faba bean.

- -

The possible involvement of

as polyphenols, and

lectins in the of has been

the

of the still

et al., 1977; et al., 1983; 1988).

can be concluded, that feeding

animals with faba bean as of leads to a significant of which must be mainly

to a in muscle

about 40% of body weight in mammals) achieved by a fall in muscle synthesis than to changes in

The mechanism seems to involve a

in of

associated with an in synthesis, which could be

ated by the flux of aminoacids coming the skeletal et al., 1987a,b; Goena et al., 1988).

Immunity as affected by faba bean in- take

Legume contain quantities of

phytic acid, compounds

(Fig. 1, Table l), which may affect bioavailabil- ity the diet et al., 1985).

hand, the of the immune system has been as an adequate index the evalu- ation of the value of a diet (Stinnett, 1987), because it is sensitive to legume feeding et al., 1983; et al., 1984; Sissons et al., 1988).

A of in

assess the influence of Vicia faba intake on immunocom-

petence, the effect of legume

immune Additionally, since

duced in animals fed on faba bean by the of phytates, as indicated by the in plasma zinc

et al., 1986b) and zinc is ently involved in some immune mechanisms, the effect of zinc supplementation of a Vicia faba diet on some The functional competence of the immune system was in mice fed on faba bean diets both (Table 2), when with specific assays: hemagglutination test,

cells, lymphocyte specific mitogens, complement activation, etc.

1989). Zinc supplementation sig-

nificantly the and the medi-

ated while the complement activation system

was not et al., 1989).

These have implications in both

animal

Table 2. fed on faba bean or zinc supplemented faba bean

et al., (1989).

h u n e

Thymus and spleen Thymus and spleen

@NA) immunity cell

cell function immunity T. cell T cell function

Complement system activation

Faba beana Faba beantZinca t -

- = - =

-

- = - -

a +: -: =: same

Acknowledgements

Financial the of is

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