Status of diseases of faba bean in the Mediterranean region and their control Honounik S.B., Bisri M. in

Present status and future prospects of faba bean production and improvement in the Mediterranean countries

Zaragoza : CIHEAM

Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 10 1991

pages 59-66

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--- Honounik S.B., Bisri M. Statu s of diseases of faba bean in th e Mediterran ean region an d th eir con trol. In : Cubero J.I. (ed.), Saxena M.C. (ed.). Present status and future prospects of faba bean production and improvement in the Mediterranean countries. Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1991. p. 59-66 (Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 10)

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Status of diseases of faba bean in the

S.B. HANOUNIK*

M. BISRI**

*INTERNATIONAL CENTER AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE DRY AREAS (ICARDA)

P.O. BOX 5466, ALEPPO, SYRIA

**INSTITUTE AGRONOMIQUE ET VETERINAIRE HASSAN II B.P. 6202, RABAT, MOROCCO

- Faba bean attacked by a wide faba bean diseases in the

are chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae), (Orobanche crenata), stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci), and (Uro-

myces fabae). Although each of two the same

effect is by the of

all of these diseases. This the status of faba bean diseases in the a special emphasis on

- “Situation actuelle et contrôle des maladies de la fève dans la région méditerranéenne”. La fève est attaquée par une grande variété de pathogènes. Dans la région méditerranéenne, les maladies les plus importantes de la fève sont:

les nématodes de la tige et la rouille Bien que chacune de ces maladies soit très destructive en soi, quand d e m ou plus interagissent sur- la rnême plante, leur effet combiné est encore plus nuisible. Cette situation devient errcore plus sérieuse lorsqu’il existe plusieurs races physiologiques. Les cultivars commerciaux actuels sont susceptibles à toutes ces maladies. Cet article examine la situation et le contrôle actuels des maladies de la fève dans la région méditerranéenne, en particulier en ce qui concerne la résistance aux maladies.

~

l

Introduction

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the ant legumes in the

0.68 million ha, with a total 0.83 million

1983). Although faba bean, in this gion, is attacked

waite, 1983), it is widely accepted that chocolate spot

(Botrytis fabae (Orobanche crenata

stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci Fil- ipjev), and (Uromyces viciae fabae

the limiting which cause

et al., nounik and

et al., 1979; Lam- 1977).

i

The use of is the. least expensive and most method of disease Attempts in the past to identify useful of (Elliot

and Whittington, 1979) in the detection of a few effective enough to develop ac-

ceptable col-

between the in the

the in the have in the

detection of as well as multiple

to 1986;

et al.,

1987). these

been used, and the of faba bean with disease and stable yield is

discusses the status and of faba bean dis-

eases in the with a special empha-

sis on disease

Chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae

When a pathogen and susceptible host

in that disease

development, losses often Such losses oc- the 1977 chocolate spot epidemic in

faba

The disease almost faba bean is is devastating in

(Wilson, 1937), East

et al., 1978). Egypt it causes an estimated 5-2096 loss in faba

but losses as high as 50%

epiphytotic et al., 1979). The disease

has been Libya,

Ethiopia, England, Spain, Scotland,

South and

blethwaite, 1983;

Losses caused by chocolate spot due of

liams,

to plant age at the time of infection. losses as little as 0.7%

high as 60% with seven week-old plants in the field 1982).

that faba bean leaves sus-

ceptible than the and Wood,

spot symptoms mainly on stem,

and pod tissues may also become infected. Two stages of the disease The

stage known by the small and the small spots and coalesce to

lesions involving the leaf the disease causes defoliation,

and finally plant death. The abundantly the

sue only. B. fubae is often confused with B. cinerea on

faba bean, the two is always pos-

sible, as B. fubae is

field and Widdowson, 1973), has conidia, 1983;

B. cinerea. The mild stage of chocolate spot could be fungi, but B. fubae is

with the Leach, 1955).

Although the stage of some species of Bot- rytis was in the genus Botryotinia of the class Ascomycetes

1937), the stage of B. fabae has not been identi- fied yet. attention is needed in this help

the and

of B. fabae et al.,

field, 1980; Vedie et al., 1983) in the The scle- and mycelial stages of B . fabae in

infected seeds and plant Sode and

the is

the mycelium in the of the patho-

of B. fabae

tained infected faba bean leaves nounik, 1982). These

could induce

lation of lesions may lead to chocolate spot

1968). Although disease is between

92-100% humidity and 15-20 OC sity,

and Leach, 1968) have been shown

to be disease development.

in

9 8 7 6 5 4

3 2 1

. o

9 8 7

6 5 4

3 2 l n

2 3 4 5 6 7

AGE (WEEKS)

J j

100 300 400 500

SPORESlrnl (xl000)

INCUBATION (HR.) PLANTING DATE

Fig. 1. of chocolate spot on the faba bean line 1814, as affected by plant age (A), incubation at 89% humidity and 18 OC date of plant- ing (C), and density of Botrytisfubue

ease on 1-9

scale l=no and 9=100%

-

iod at 98% humidity and 18 OC, as well as ad- vancing the planting dates to

all associated with a in dis-

ease in the susceptibility of

plant to affect of choco-

late spot in the plant

found to be less susceptible to B. fabae at the 10% pod- ding than at the 100% podding stage, and that at both stages, leaf tissue susceptible than stem

pod tissues (Fig. 2).

and fungicides

only, effective dis-

ease management should include as

component. The use of low seeding and 1976), and the choice of the planting date

to avoid extended of conditions

nounik and 1982; Wilson, 1937), elimination of

plant that hyphae of B.

fubae 1982; 1979),

ating faba bean with non-host such as to population and chances of in-

fections 1979), can play an in

v, ö

6o

t

l

LEAF STEM POD

PLANT ORGANS

Fig. 2. Susceptibility of plant of faba bean to Botrytisfubue at the 10% and 100% podding stage

, in the field. followed by

significantly at p<O.O1 to multiple test.

disease be useful only

when faba bean is in the season to take advantage of high the use of vinclozoline

50 wp) as a

(total eight applications), chocolate spot, and

faba bean plots

1981). fungi,

icillium citrinum and cyclopium, isolated

the of the faba bean line

1179, field conditions, in the coastal

of of these

of B . fubae and disease development, equally well as did the widely used fungicide vin- clozoline (Fig. 3).

The massive iocal and

in the identification

of of to B. fubae

and 1982; and 1986;

nounik and 1988). faba bean lines

1179, 710 and 1196 as

the past eight at than 30 locations in Egypt, Ethiopia, Tunisia,

The

China. These being utilized to stabilize faba bean especially in the

pathogenic et al., 1984;

et al., 1981; and 1980; Vedie et al., 1983) and in B. fubae exist nounik and 1986).

Although chocolate spot is individually quite

tive, damage due to its with bean yellow

-

F I L T R A T E S

Vin.

Fig. 3. Effects of of cyclopium,

citrinurn and the fungicide vinclozoline on of Botrytis fubae and chocolate spot de- velopment on the susceptible faba bean line

mosaic bean leaf et al., 1970;

et al., et al., 1985) can be even

Genes to diseases

tested

conditions. These in the development of the faba bean lines L82009, L82007, and L82011 with a combined to chocolate spot,

spot.

Broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.)

The is one of

the most limiting in faba bean

duction the

1983). The causes annual losses and some- times complete

as populations, to

agents such as fungi and nematodes.

Efficiency of as to

upon stimulation 1973), into host tissue and 1973), de-

velop and 1974), establish

connection fusion 1983), use

available food (Whitney, 1972), then

and in the soil as seeds. Seed

and population of the depends on host suitability, with to the availability and quality of

stimulants, 1973) and food (Whitney,

1972). and build up

populations on good to hosts.

with non-host, is no at all,

with host is a of

and with susceptible host is an abund-

ance of seed host status can be

as being susceptible, by the potential of the on the host.

Although these of

application to ex- plain the epidemiology of

little attention in the past. This

due to the fact that this of diseases has been investigated a pathological point of view. gene- the initial inoculum density, available at the begin- ning of the season, and the of its

the season, the amount of disease damage

at the end of the these an

attempt was made at to identify O.

faba bean lines, which could the

of of the was

evaluated, in an infested soil (10 seeds of soil) in the field, the of

and also the (n) and weight (W) of its shoots host plant. The

the the final (Fi)

and the initial inoculum densities the

of O. seeds 1 cc soil, at the end and the beginning of the season, Of the 889

lines and the 98

lines (Spain), only seven

lines and lines), as

(Fig. 4). The n and ^W significantly

on to susceptible lines.

The between and susceptible

faba bean lines in this study was based on the ance of (Fig. 4). The of

of the was than one = 6.525>1) on the local faba bean line 1814, and it was

as a good susceptible host. This type of host

a suitable the of the

On the hand, the of of

1 n1

18105 18009 18005 18025 2830 1814

Lines

Fig. 4. Vicia faba to Orobanche crenata (Fi and the final and initial inoculum densities of the

as seeds/l cc soil). of

Orobanche shoots/host plant, let-

significantly at the 1%

and the 5% levels,

-

crenata was less than one 1) on the faba bean lines 18105, 18009, 18035, 18025 and

2830, hence consid-

as hosts.

the of inoculum and because the amount of damage to the host is closely to the amount of inoculum, the use of the to identify is epidemiologically

meaningful than n W.

Stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kuhn) Filipjev)

The stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci Fil-

ipjev is a seed of

faba bean in many of the nounik

1979; 1971). seeds play an

in the and dissemination 1971) of

the nematode. This is D. dipsaci

wide 1983).

Although biological have been

in stem nematode 1957), the ‘giant is common in the

1981) to the ‘oat in

waite, 1983). The ‘giant is

damage and of infested seeds, com-

to the ‘oat 1975). Yield

losses as high as 67.8%, with 20% of the seeds infested

have been plots, with 650

of the ‘giant 100 cc soil, in

nounik, 1983). The sign of infection is a slight swel-

ling of the of

petioles and leaves. As the plant the swollen on the stem and turn to black.

The host becomes thin and

infected and this leads to seed

infestation. D. dipsaci can in

infested plant seeds

the ‘giant of D. dipsaci a

of time in seeds, at (20

OC

+

mained pathogenic to faba bean of seed

at and 6 months of stem

in the field. the of the stem nema-

tode disease in the field might in be due to the of infected seeds, and also to the

of the nematode one season to in infected stems in the field. The ‘giant has a limi-

ted host 1983).

weeds Lamium amplexicaule in L. album and L.

purpureum in England, have as

1000

1

MONTHS

Fig. 5. Longevity of Ditylenchus dipsaci in faba, bean seeds (A) and stems followed

significantly at p<O.O1

to multiple test.

wild hosts this nematode Weltzein and Weltzein, 1980).

Losses due to dipsaci can be use

of healthy seeds, of wild hosts, and elimina- tion of infected plant

mide is highly effective against living of dipsaci, but dosages needed complete of nematodes infected seeds çause substantial

1974). Evaluation of

line collection of faba bean in 1981 and 1982 in infested soil in in the detection of 12 faba bean lines with to dipsaci.

in these lines in Tunisia in 1984 ^(Hanounik et al., 1986).

Rust (Uromyces viciae fabae (Pers.) Schroet)

by Uromyces viciae fabae is one of the

- -

of faba the

waite, 1983). The all

1979). late in the season and

causes an estimated 20% loss in faba et al.,

losses could go infections

in the season (Williams, 1978). on

spots. As the spots the ing masses of

be detected, inc-

the end of the season. The pathogen is

completes its life cycle on the it can

infect many species in the Vicia, Lathyrus, Lens, and

the in plant de-

22 OC, at the the

new infection

1948). The basidial stage and initiation of infections not fully The disease is

in the field is between 20 OC and 22 OC

late in the chemical may not be

chocolate spot in the same field,

cozeb et al.,

1975). of infected plant and

1948), of

ating faba bean with non-host

1981), should play in

chances of in the field.

lines faba

bean lines 1179, 261, 710, 8, 406, 417, and 484 have been found to be in Egypt and Can- ada. The faba bean lines L82009, L82007, L82011 and

L82010 have been as to both and

chocolate

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- 66 -