Article
Reference
Première note sur les Foraminifères du Crétacé inférieur de la région genevoise: Sabaudia Charollais et Brönnimann, n. gen
BRÖNNIMANN, Paul, CHAROLLAIS, Jean-Jacques
BRÖNNIMANN, Paul, CHAROLLAIS, Jean-Jacques. Première note sur les Foraminifères du Crétacé inférieur de la région genevoise: Sabaudia Charollais et Brönnimann, n. gen. Archives des Sciences, 1965, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 615-624
DOI : 10.5169/SEALS-739229
Available at:
http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:148733
Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.
1 / 1
0LOOHW
) : 5HSRUW RQ WKH 5HFHQW IRUDPLQLIHUD RI WKH 0DOD\ $UFKLSHODJR FROOHFWHG E\0U $ 'XUUDQG 3DUW 9 5R\ $IFU RF /RPIRQ -RR /RQGRQ (QJODQG S
5HYHOOH 5 )DLUEULGJH 5 &DUERQDWHV DQG &DUERQ 'LR[LGH LQ 7UHDW RQ PDULQHHFRORJ\
DQG SDOHFHFRORJ\ *6/ ² 0HP YRO S
5HXVV $ ( 'LH )RUDPLQLIHUHQ GHU :HVWSKlOLVFKHQ .UHLGHIRUPDWLRQ 6,]qHU 5 O$UDW :VM :LHL 0DWK1DWXUZ &, YRO SS SO ,;,,,
6LJDO - ,QWURGXFWLRQ GHV )RUDPLQLIHUD LQ 3LYHWHDX - !R©H UIH3DHRRORRAH S 7RGG 5 %U|QQLPDQQ 3 5HFHQW )RUDPLQLIHUDDQG7KHFDPRHELQD IURP WKH HDVWHUQ *XOI
RI 3DULD 7ULQLGDG &RROU &LV$PDQ )RRZ 6SHFLDO 3DSHU 1 SS SL
=LHJOHU - + /LWXROD JUDQGLV 5HXVV DXV GHP 8QWHUPDDVWULFKW GHU ED\HULVFKHQ $OSHQ (LQ %HLWUDJ ]XU 6\VWHPDWLN XQG 6WDPPHVJHVFKLFKWH GHU/LWXROLGDH )RUDP3RRHRLORAUDS$FD
9RO $ SS SO
0DQXVFULW UHoX OH PDUV
-HDQ
&+$52//$,6
HW 3DXO%5g11,0$11
² 3UHPLqUH QRWH VXU OHV )RUDPL QLIqUHV GX &UpWDFp LQIpULHXU GH OD UpJLRQ JHQHYRLVH 6DEDXGLD&+$52//$,6
HW%5g11,0$11
Q JHQ©Z
&KDUROODLV
HW%U|QQLPDQQ
Q JHQ HVSqFHW\SH H[ILDQ:D PZZID+RINHU
D pWp VLJQDOp GDQV GHV ODPHV PLQFHV GpFKDQWLOORQV SURYHQDQW GHO+DXWHULYLHQ
VXSpULHXU GX %DUUpPLHQ HW GHO$SWLHQ
GHV UpJLRQV MXUDVVLHQQHV HW DOSLQHV GHV HQYLURQV GH *HQqYH 3DU OD VXLWH FH )RUDPLQLIqUH D pWp pJDOHPHQW UHQ FRQWUp GDQV GDXWUHV UpJLRQV GRQW OHV GpWDLOV VHURQW SUpVHQWpV GDQV OD GHX[LqPH QRWH VXU OHV )RUDPLQLIqUHV GX &UpWDFp LQIpULHXU$
SDUW OD GHVFULSWLRQ GHV FDUDFWqUHV GH OD SUpVHQWH QRWH FRQWLHQW pJDOHPHQW XQH DQDO\VH PRUSKRORJLTXH GH FRXSHV D[LDOHV HW VXED[LDOHV GHWURLV
H[HPSODLUHV GH 3"H©WRH[Z©Q:D FUHORYD &XVKPDQ SURYHQDQW GH OD FROOHFWLRQ GH0
) 7%DQQHU
HW GH FHOOH GpSRVpH SDU00
7%DUQDUG
HW ) 7%DQQHU
DX%ULWLVK
0XVHXP1DWXUDO
+LVWRU\ 1RXV SURFpGRQV GH FHWWH PDQLqUH DILQ GHIDFLOLWHU
OD FRPSDUDLVRQ GH FH QRXYHDX JHQUH DYHF 3\F0FRIH[I©DUHD
%DUQDUG
1RXV WHQRQV LFL j UHPHUFLHU
0
) 7%DQQHU
%35HVHDUFK &HQWUH 6XQEXU\RQ 7KDPHV (QJODQG HW0
& * $GDPV %ULWLVK 0XVHXP 1DWXUDO +LVWRU\ /RQGRQ (QJODQGGDYRLU
PLV FH PDWpULHO j QRWUH GLVSRVLWLRQ /HV ODPHV DYHF OHV LQGLYLGXV GH 6DqDZWLD ZQZID+RINHU
LOOXVWUpV GDQV OD SUpVHQWH QRWH VHURQW GpSRVpV GDQV OHV FROOHFWLRQV GX GpSDUWHPHQW GH *pRORJLH HW GH 3DOpRQWRORJLH GX 0XVpXPG+LV
WRLUH QDWXUHOOH GH *HQqYH 1RXV UHPHUFLRQV pJDOHPHQW0
-+RINHU -U
/D +D\H GH QRXV DYRLU HQYR\p GHV SDUDW\SHV GH H[ZDUHD+RINHU
6DEDXGLD &+$52//$,6 HW %5g11,0$11 Q JHQ 'HPKR© JHQUH
/H WHVW GH 6DKDZFILD HVW HQ IRUPH GH F{QH j EDVH DSODWLH RX OpJqUHPHQW FRQFDYH DYHF XQ DSH[ SRLQWX /D SDUWLH LQLWLDOH GX WHVW RX OH MXYHQDULXP HVW UHSUpVHQWpH SDU XQH SHWLWH WURFKRVSLUH SHX pOHYpH GH WURLV j TXDWUH ORJHV VXEJOREXODLUHV
$
OD EDVH GH FHWWH WURFKRVSLUH DSLFDOH VDMRXWH OH FRUSV GX F{QH TXL HVW FRQVWLWXp GH ORJHV VXLYDQW XQ DUUDQJHPHQW ELVpULp'qV OHXU GpEXW OHV ORJHV GX VWDGH ELVpULp RX VWDGH QpDQLTXH j DGXOWH VRQW SDU EHOOHPHQWVXEGLYLVpHVSDUGHVFORLVRQQHWWHVVRXVpSLGHUPLTXHVYHUWLFDOHV HW SHUSHQGLFX ODLUHV DX[ VHSWHV 'DQV OHV GHUQLqUHV ORJHV GX VWDGH ELVpULp FKH] GH JUDQGV LQGLYLGXV GHVFORLVRQQHWWHV KRUL]RQWDOHV SHXYHQW VLQVpUHUSHUSHQGLFXODLUHPHQW DX[ FORLVRQQHWWHV
)O*
6RD©D PUDWH +RINHU
(FKDQWLOORQ &KDUROODLV FRXSH PLQFH F 8UJRQLHQ GX 5RFKHU GH &OXVHV &OXVHV +DXWH 6DYRLH )UDQFH ;
YHUWLFDOHV
,O
\ D WRXMRXUV SOXVLHXUV FORLVRQQHWWHV YHUWLFDOHV SDU ORJH PDLV UDUHPHQW SOXV GXQH VHXOH FORLVRQQHWWH KRUL]RQWDOH &HV FORLVRQQHWWHV IRUPHQW XQ UpVHDX GH ORJHWWHV VRXVpSLGHUPLTXHV RXYHUWHV YHUVOLQWpULHXU
GX F{QH/RXYHUWXUH
GHV ORJHV ELVpULpHV HVW XQH IHQWH LQWpULRPDUJLQDOH /HV SDURLV GHV ORJHV GH OD WURFKRVSLUH HPEU\RQQDLUH VRQW WUqV ILQHV QHWWHPHQW PLFURJUDQXODLUHV HW IRQFpHV HQ OXPLqUH WUDQVPLVH /HQVHPEOH GH OD WURFKRVSLUH DX[ ORJHV j SDURLV PLFURJUDQXODLUHV HVW HQYHORSSp SDUXQH pSDLVVH FRXFKH GH FDOFDLUH K\DOLQ j VWUXFWXUH UDGLDLUH &HWWH FRXFKH SDUDvW rWUH SHUIRUpH PDLV OH[LVWHQFH GH SRUHV UHVWH GRXWHXVH /D FRXFKH FDOFDLUHK\DOLQH HQYHORSSH QRQ VHXOHPHQW OD SDUWLH H[WpULHXUH GH OD WURFKRVSLUH DSLFDOH PDLV DXVVL VD EDVH &HFL QRXV
IDLW
VXSSRVHU TXH OH MXYHQDULXP H[LVWDLW FRPPH XQ RUJD QLVPH LQGpSHQGDQW DYDQW OD IRUPDWLRQ GX F{QH /HV VHSWHV GX VWDGH ELVpULp HW OHV FORLVRQQHWWHV VRXVpSLGHUPLTXHV VRQW FRQVWLWXpV GXQH VHXOH FRXFKH PLFURJUDQXODLUH VHPEODEOH j ODSDURL PLFURJUDQXODLUH GHV ORJHV GX MXYHQDULXP 'HV pOpPHQWV pWUDQJHUVIRQW
GpIDXW WDQW GDQV OHV SDURLV GH OD WURFKRVSLUH TXH GDQV FHOOHV GHV ORJHV ELVpULpHV HW GDQV OHV FORLVRQQHWWHV VRXVpSLGHUPLTXHV(VSqFHW\SH
/HVSqFHW\SH HVW UHSUpVHQWpH SDU
+RINHU
GRQWOKROR
W\SH SURYLHQW GX SDVVDJH $SWLHQ$OELHQ j NP GH OD URXWH 6RODUHV5DPDOHV
I
)LJ
6DpDLGD PQXD +RINHU
F UI FRXSHV D[LDOHV SDUDOOqOHPHQW DX[ FORLVRQQHWWHV YHUWLFDOHV PRQWUDQW OD GLVSRVLWLRQ ELVpULpH GHV ORJHV
H
FRXSHV D[LDOHV SHUSHQGLFXODLUHPHQW DX[ FORLVRQQHWWHV YHUWLFDOHVFRXSH SHUSHQGLFXODLUH j OD[H GX F{QH PRQWUDQW ORJHVHW OHXUV FORLVRQQHWWHV YHUWLFDOHV DF H
&KDUROODLV&KDUROODLV
7RXWHV OHV ILJXUHV DJUDQGLHVHQYLURQ GH
[
3XHUWR GH /DV $OLVDV 3URYLQFH GH 6DQWDQGHU (VSDJQH
/KRORW\SH
HVW UHSUpVHQWp SDU XQH FRXSH D[LDOH SHUSHQGLFXODLUH DX[ FORLVRQQHWWHV YHUWLFDOHV+RINHU
'WUWUW{XLRW
+DXWHULYLHQ VXSpULHXU %DUUpPLHQ
$SWLHQ
HW$SWLHQ$OELHQ
VXUWRXW GDQV OH IDFLqV GHDX SHX SURIRQGH$
SURSRV GH[HPSODLUHV UHQFRQWUpV GDQV XQ FDOFDLUH GHV%DVVHV3\UpQpHV GDWp GX 9UDFRQQLHQ -
+RINHU
pFULW ©&XYLOOLHU
GDWHG WKH VDPSOH DV 9UDFRQQLDQ EXW EHFDXVHRI
WKH GXELRXVRULJLQ RI
WKH EORFN WKLV DJH LV TXHV WLRQDEOH ªHW GMHUHQFHV
$ SUHPLqUH YXH 6DIWDZWLD
&KDUROODLV
HW%U|QQLPDQQ
Q JHQHVW PRUSKRORJL TXHPHQW WUqV SURFKH GH 3VHXWRH[UZDQ:D%DUQDUG
HVSqFHW\SH7AMHIXDUL:D UUHRVD &XVKPDQ VLJQDOpH GX &pQRPDQLHQ GH O$QJOHWHUUH /H WHVW FRQLTXH GH 3VHZRWRFZHD GpEXWH DSSDUHPPHQW SDU XQH WURFKRVSLUH GH WURLV ORJHV &HOOHFL HVW VXLYLH GXQ SOXV JUDQG VWDGH ELVpULp GDQV OHTXHO FKDTXH ORJH HVW VXEGLYLVpH SDU SOXVLHXUV FORLVRQQHWWHV YHUWLFDOHV HW GH ]pUR j WURLV FORLVRQQHWWHV KRUL]RQ WDLHV RULHQWpHV SHUSHQGLFXODLUHPHQW DX[ FORLVRQQHWWHV YHUWLFDOHV &RPSDUDWLYHPHQWj 6UDZD OHVFORLVRQQHWWHVKRUL]RQWDOHVDSSDUDLVVHQW SOXV
W{W
GDQV OHGpYHORSSHPHQW GX F{QH$
SDUW FHWWH OpJqUH GLIIpUHQFH FRQFHUQDQWOH QRPEUH HWODSSDULWLRQ
RQWRJpQp WLTXH GHV FORLVRQQHWWHV VRXVpSHUGHUPLTXHV OD PRUSKRORJLH JpQpUDOH GH HVW LGHQWLTXH j FHOOH GH 3VHZUR"H[ZDHD'DXWUH
SDUW OHV GLIIpUHQFHV GDQV OD FRQVWLWXWLRQ
GHV SDURLV VRQW DFFHQWXpHV 3UHPLqUHPHQW FKH] 3\HZWRH[UZDQHD OHV SDURLVGHV ORJHV GXMXYHQDULXP QH VRQW FRQVWLWXpHV TXH GXQH VHXOH FRXFKH PLFURJUDQXODLUH
j DJJOXWLQDQWH OD FRXFKH FDOFDLUH K\DOLQH HQYHORSSDQW OH
MXYHQDULXP
GH 6D{DZWIWD PDQTXDQW 'HX[LqPHPHQW OHV SDURLV GHV ORJHV HW ORJHWWHV VRXVpSLGHUPLTXHV GH SO ILJ)LJ
9LURH[UZDQ:D FUHRVD &XVKPDQ
&ROOHFWLRQ %DQQHU 8SSHU *UHHQVDQG &ROOH\ +LOO 0LQHV .HQW (QYLURQ GH
[
oH©FRHFZDHD VRQW QHWWHPHQW DJJOXWLQDQWHV &HV GLIIpUHQFHV GDQV OD VWUXFWXUH GH OD SDURL QRXV REOLJHQW j VpSDUHU OHV IRUPHV FRQLTXHV GH
O+DXWHULYLHQ
VXSpULHXU%DUUpPLHQ HW$SWLHQ$OELHQ GH FHOOHVGX&pQRPDQLHQ HWjSURSRVHUSRXUOHVSUHPLqUHV OH QRXYHDX JHQUH 6DDZWD
),*
6DD©UD PQXID +RINHU
D- &RXSH WDQJHQWLDOH PRQWUDQW GDQV OHV GHUQLqUHV ORJHV ODVXEGLYLVLRQ SDU FORLVRQQHWWHV KRUL]RQ WDLHV HW YHUWLFDOHV
&KDUROODLV pFKDQWLOORQ ODPH F +2 ;
- &RXSH GXQ MXYHQDULXP LVROp
&KDUROODLV pFKDQWLOORQ ODPH D
[
(Q RXWUH
LO
IDXW DMRXWHU TXH OHV GLPHQVLRQV GX WHVW GH 6DqDZULD VRQW EHDXFRXS SOXV IDLEOHV TXH FHOOHV GX WHVW GH(VHL©RUH[0DQHD/KRORW\SH
GHAW:RH[ZDUW:D FUHWRVD &XVKPDQ PHVXUH PP GH KDXW HW OD EDVH GX F{QH D XQ GLDPqWUH GH PP WDQGLV TXH OD KDXWHXU GX F{QH GHOKRORW\SH
GH 6D DDGD PM©WDQDWWHLQW
TXH S HW OH GLDPqWUH GH VD EDVH TXH S
/KRORW\SH
GH ( FUHRVD&XVKPDQSURYLHQW GX © &UHWDFHRXV &KDON GHWULWXV &KDULQJ (QJODQG ª HW HVW GpSRVp GDQV OD
&XVKPDQ &ROOHFWLRQ GH O86
1DWLRQDO
0XVHXP :DVKLQJWRQ '& &XVKPDQ S%DUQDUG
HW%DQQHU
S GRQQHQWFRPPH KDXWHXU PD[LPXP GXF{QH GH\
FUHWRVD &XVKPDQ HQYLURQ PP HW FRPPH GLDPqWUH PD[LPXP HQYLURQPP /D KDXWHXU GX F{QH GH DDZUD PQDWD PHVXUpH FKH] GHV LQGLYLGXV GX
%DUUpPLHQ$SWLHQ GX 5RFKHU GH &OXVHV &OXVHV +DXWH6DYRLH )UDQFH YDULH GH PP j PP HW OH GLDPqWUH GH VD EDVH GH PP j PP
6DEDXGLD PLQXWD
+2).(5
H[ZDQHD VS ©W \HW VHUHV YRO SO
;;;
ILJH[WZDHD
PLPOD +2).(5
/HGVH JHR 0HW YRO SS SOILJ SO ILJ
6DDZWILD ZQZD
+2).(5
& 5 ]OFDG F 5DP YRO S 'HVFYJ8RM /" 6DEDXGLD PLQXWD+RINHU
/D GHVFULSWLRQ PRUSKRORJLTXH VXLYDQWH GRQQH ORUJDQLVDWLRQ GX WHVW GH 6DqDZWILD ZQDWD
+RINHU
UHQFRQWUpH GDQV GHV ODPHV PLQFHV GX %DUUpPLHQ HW$SWLHQ
LQIpULHXU GX 5RFKHU GH &OXVHV &OXVHV +DXWH6DYRLH )UDQFH (OOH FRPSOqWH OD GHVFULSWLRQ UpFHQWH GH -+RINHU
-U S /D PRUSKRORJLH JpQpUDOH GX WHVW GH D=!DZUD ZQDD HVW LGHQWLTXH j FHOOH GX JHQUH /D WURFKRVSLUH GX MXYHQDULXP HVW SHX pOHYpH (OOH HVW FRQVWLWXpH GH WURLV j TXDWUH ORJHV VXEJOREXODLUHV$ OLQWpULHXU
GH OD WURFKRVSLUH Oj R OHV ORJHV VH WRXFKHQW HOOHV VXELVVHQW VRXYHQW XQ DSODWLVVH PHQW /H
UDSSRUW
GH OD KDXWHXU GXMXYHQDULXP
j FHOOH GX WHVW HQWLHU HVW HQYLURQGH j V /HV SDURLV PLFURJUDQXODLUHV GHV ORJHV GX MXYHQDULXP VRQW WUqV ILQHV GH W j J PHVXUpHV GDQV GHV FRXSHV RULHQWpHV ELHQ SHUSHQGLFXODLUHPHQW DX[
SDURLV /HQVHPEOH GH OD WURFKRVSLUH DSLFDOH HVW HQYHORSSp SDU XQH FRXFKH FDOFDLUH K\DOLQH GH L j W &HWWH FRXFKH HQYHORSSDQWH SRVVqGH XQH VWUXFWXUH UDGLDLUH QHWWH (OOH SDUDvW rWUH ILQHPHQW SHUIRUpH PDLV OH[LVWHQFH GH SRUHV QH SHXW SDV
'LPHQVLRQV GX WHVW GXMXYHQDULXP HW QRPEUH GH ORJHV QpDQLFMXHV ,QGLYLGX QR
&KDUROODLV &KDUROODLV &KDUROODLV &KDUROODLV &KDUROODLV &KDUROODLV
F D
+DXWHXU GX WHVW D >L L `L L L
'LDPqWUH GH OD EDVH GX WHVW S L L L L
1RPEUH GH FRXSOHV GH ORJHV QpD
QLTXHV
+DXWHXU GX MXYHQDULXP L L L L L L
'LDPqWUH GH OD EDVH GX MXYHQDULXP D _L L L L L
rWUH pWDEOLH DYHF FHUWLWXGH /H VWDGH ELVpULp FRPSUHQG HQWUH WURLV j GRX]H FRXSOHV GH ORJHV DOWHUQDQWHV 'qV VRQ GpEXW HOOHV VRQW VXEGLYLVpHV SDU GHV FORLVRQQHWWHV YHUWLFDOHV 8QH FRXSH ILJ RULHQWpH SUHVTXH SHUSHQGLFXODLUHPHQW j OD[H GX F{QH GXQ GLDPqWUH GH PRQWUH HQYLURQ XQH GRX]DLQH GH FORLVRQQHWWHV YHUWLFDOHV SDU ORJH 'DQV FHWWH FRXSH OpSDLVVHXU GHV FORLVRQQHWWHV YHUWLFDOHV HVW
GHQYLURQ ] /D GLVWDQFH HQWUH GHX[ FORLVRQQHWWHV VXFFHVVLYHV DWWHLQW ] j S &HUWDLQHV FORLVRQQHWWHV YHUWLFDOHV VRQW SOXV FRXUWHV TXH GDXWUHV TXL DWWHLJQHQW
OH FHQWUH GX F{QH
,O
Q\ D SDV GH V\VWqPH GH SLOLHUV YHUWLFDX[ LQWHUVHSWDX[ /HV GHU QLqUHV ORJHV ELVpULpHV FKH] GH JUDQGV LQGLYLGXV VRQW VXEGLYLVpHV SDU XQH UDUHPHQW SDU GHX[ FORLVRQQHWWHV KRUL]RQWDOHV /HV FRXSHV D[LDOHV SOXV RX PRLQV FHQWUpHV GH SHWLWV WHVWV LOOXVWUpHV SDU SO ILJ HW SDU ILJ FGDQV OH WH[WH QH PRQWUHQW SDV GH FORLVRQQHWWHV KRUL]RQWDOHV PrPH SDV GDQV OHVORJHV WHUPLQDOHV /pSDLVVHXUGHV SDURLV PLFURJUDQXODLUHV GHV ORJHV ELVpULpHV DLQVL TXH FHOOH GHV FORLVRQQHWWHV VRXVpSLGHU PLTXHV RVFLOOH DXWRXU GH S &HV SDURLV QH VRQW FRQVWLWXpHV TXH GXQH VHXOH FRXFKH PLFURJUDQXODLUH /D FRXFKH FDOFDLUH K\DOLQH HQYHORSSDQW OH MXYHQDULXP QH[LVWHSDV GDQV OH VWDGH QpDQLTXH j DGXOWH
/HV GLPHQVLRQV HW QRPEUHV GH ORJHV FLWpV FLGHVVXV SURYLHQQHQW
GLQGLYLGXV
GRQWOHV FRXSHV D[LDOHV RULHQWpHV SHUSHQGLFXODLUHPHQW RX SDUDOOqOHPHQW DX[ FORLVRQQHWWHV YHUWLFDOHV VRQW LOOXVWUpHV SDU ILJ GDQV OH WH[WH
/H[WpULHXU GX WHVW
GRLW
rWUH OLVVH HW OHV VHSWHV GHV ORJHV ELVpULpHV QH IRUPHQW SDVGH OLJQHV SURpPLQHQWHV FRPPH FKH] 9:R"YZDQ"D FUHWRVD &XVKPDQ WHZDUA]]HV VXU H ]YH©D:]Z
/DUUDQJHPHQW WURFKRVSLUDOp GHV ORJHV GXMXYHQDULXP SDUDvW rWUH ELHQ pWDEOL SDU
OHV FRXSHV D[LDOHV GRQW QRXV HQ DYRQV H[DPLQp HQYLURQ XQH YLQJWDLQH 7RXWHIRLV OHV GpWDLOV GXMXYHQDULXP FRPPH OH QRPEUH GH ORJHV WURFKRVSLUDOpHV OHV FDUDFWqUHV GH OD ORJH LQLWLDOH OHV FRPPXQLFDWLRQV HQWUH OHV ORJHV LQLWLDOHV DLQVL TXH OH[LVWHQFHGH SHUIR UDWLRQVGDQV OD FRXFKH FDOFDLUH K\DOLQH UHVWHQW j pWXGLHU /D FRXFKHFDOFDLUH K\DOLQH HVW XQ FDUDFWqUH UHPDUTXDEOH GX MXYHQDULXP (Q HIIHW OHMXYHQDULXP \ FRPSULV VD EDVH
HVW HQWLqUHPHQW HQYHORSSp SDU FHWWH FRXFKH TXL OH VpSDUH QHWWHPHQW GX VWDGH QpDQLTXH ,O VHPEOH GRQF TXH OH MXYHQDULXP H[LVWDLW FRPPH RUJDQLVPH LQGpSHQGDQW DYDQW TXH OH VWDGH QpDQLTXH
IW
IRUPp &HFL H[SOLTXHUDLW OHIDLW
TXHORQ
UHQFRQWUH DVVH] VRXYHQW GDQV GHV ODPHV PLQFHV OH MXYHQDULXP LVROp VDQV VWDGH QpDQLTXH ELVpULp$QDO\VH PRUSKRORJLTXH GH WURLV FRXSHV D[LDOHV HW VXED[LDOHV GH 3VHXGRWH[WXODULHOOD FUHWRVD
&86+0$1
&RPPH LQGLTXp DXSDUDYDQW OD PRUSKRORJLH JpQpUDOH GH HVW
DVVH] SURFKH GH FHOOH GH 6]]]]]]]D (Q YXH GH PHWWUH HQ pYLGHQFH OHV UDSSRUWV HW GLIIpUHQFHV HQWUH FHV JHQUHV KRPpRPRUSKHV QRXV DYRQV SUpSDUp GHV FRXSHV D[LDOHV GH WURLV H[HPSODLUHV ELHQ FRQVHUYpV GH 3©:RUHFZDHIO FUHIR\]] &XVKPDQ SURYH QDQW GH OD ]RQH j {F]RH]]]DF]]D Y]]U]D]\ GX &pQRPDQLHQ GX VXG GH O$QJOHWHUUH
%DUQDUG
D ELHQ UHFRQQX OHV GLIIpUHQFHV PRUSKRORJLTXHV HQWUH HMFZDUHD&XVKPDQ HVSqFHW\SH H$XDQD |UH: -RQHV HW
3DUNHU
GX 7HUWLDLUH HW $FWXHO HW OHVSqFH FpQRPDQLHQQH GRQW OHV ORJHV ELVpULpHV VRQW UpJXOLqUHPHQW VXE GLYLVpHV SDU GHV FORLVRQQHWWHV VRXVpSLGHUPLTXHV (W SDU FRQVpTXHQWLO LQWURGXLVLW
OH JHQUH 9ZUIRH$"+FHD
%DUQDUG
DYHF H[UZDQHD FUHWRVD FXVKPDQ FRPPH HVSqFHW\SH 3LH0ARF$0DUFIOIXW
SURSRVp GDQV XQH pWXGH VXU OHV )RUDPLQLIqUHV DUpQDFpV GX &UpWDFp VXSpULHXU GH O$QJOHWHUUH SDUEDUQDUG
HW EDQQHUS 'DQV OD PrPH QRWH
%DUQDUG
HW%DQQHU
S ILJ %, RQW UpH[DPLQp OHVSqFHW\SH H$WZDQHD &XVKPDQ &H UpH[DPHQ D pWp HQWUH SULV VXU GHV WHVWV SURYHQDQW GX &KDON0DUO
GH OD ]RQH j 6FMRHUWqDFvD YDQDZM&pQRPDQLHQ GH )RONHVWRQH GH 0HUVWKDP 6XUUH\ HW GH &KDULQJ .HQW /D GHV
FULSWLRQ
VXLYDQWH HQ UpVXOWDLW© 7HVW YDULHV IURP D EURDG WR D QDUURZ FRQH XVXDOO\ VWUDLJKW EXW VRPHWLPHV VWURQJO\ FXUYHG WKURXJKRXW
,QLWLDO
HQG RIWHQ VOLJKWO\ DUFXDWH VRPHWLPHV KRZHYHU WKHUH DSSHDUV WR EH D VXGGHQ EUHDN LQ WKH GLUHFWLRQRI
WKH WHVW WKHLQLWLDO
HQG RIWHQ XS WRKDOI
WKH OHQJWK EHLQJ DUUDQJHG DW ULJKW DQJOHV WR WKH ODWHU SRUWLRQ1R
VLJQRI LQMXU\
RU IUDFWXUH KDV EHHQ REVHUYHG DQGLW
LV DVVXPHG WKDW JURZWK LV FRQWLQXRXV©2QO\
WKHLQLWLDO
ZKRUO LV WULVHULDO WKHQ ELVHULDO FKDPEHUVDUHHVWDEOLVKHGIRU
WKH UHPDLQGHURI
WKH WHVW 7KH DSHUWXUDO IDFH LV UDUHO\ VOLJKWO\ FRQYH[ XVXDOO\LW
LV ILDW RU FRQFDYH,QLWLDO
FKDPEHUVJOREXODU RU VXEJOREXODUELVHULDO FKDPEHUV EHFRPHDOPRVWVHPLFLUFXODU WRFUHVFHQWLFLQWUDQVYHUVH VHFWLRQ ERXQGHG E\WKLQ SDUDOOHO DOPRVW IODWVHSWD
©+HLJKW
RI
FKDPEHUV VPDOOIURP DERXW RQHHLJKWKWR RQHTXDUWHURI
WKH GLDPHWHU VLGHVRI
WKH WHVW GLYHUJLQJ DW D FRQVWDQW DQJOH 2FFDVLRQDOO\ WKHUH LV D UDSLG LQFUHDVH LQ WKH GLDPHWHURI
WKH HQG FKDPEHUV DQG WKHQ LQ WKH ODWHU SRUWLRQ WKH VLGHVRI
WKH WHVW GLYHUJH UDSLGO\ 6HSWD PDUNHG E\ UHODWLYHO\ VWURQJ UDLVHG ULEV RQ D VPRRWK WHVW 2Q RQH VLGHRI
PDQ\ VSHFLPHQV WKH VHSWD LQ WKH HQG FKDPEHUV EHQG EDFNXQLIRUPO\
WRZDUGV WKH
LQLWLDO
HQG 7KLV GRZQIROG LQ WKH DGXOW VSHFLPHQV VXJJHVWV D FKDQJH LQ WKHOLYLQJ
SRVLWLRQRI
WKH DQLPDOIURP
WKH YHUWLFDO WR WKH UHFOLQHG KRUL]RQWDO,Q
DOO VSHFLPHQV VWXGLHG WKH FKDPEHUV ZHUH GLYLGHG E\ D UHJXODU VHULHVRI
FKDPEHUOHWV 6PDOO QXPHURXV FKDPEHUOHWV RFFXU WKURXJKRXW WKH ELVHULDO FKDPEHUV DUUDQJHG LQ WZR WR ILYH WLHUV LQFUHDVLQJ LQ QXPEHU DV WKH KHLJKWRI
WKH FKDPEHU LQFUHDVHV©&KDPEHUOHWV DUH UHJXODU DSSHDULQJ DW WKH VXUIDFH
RI
D GHFRUWLFDWHG WHVW DV D VHULHVRI
DUFKHV 7KH DUFKHV LQ DGMDFHQW WLHUV DUH DUUDQJHG DOWHUQDWHO\ 7KH YHUWLFDO SDUWLWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH FKDPEHUOHWV FRQWLQXHIURP
WKH SHULSKHU\RI
WKH WHVW WRZDUGV WKH FHQWUH ZKHUH WKH\ EHFRPH REVROHWH QDUURZ FKDPEHUOHWV RSHQ RXWLQWR
D FHQWUDO FKDPEHU $SHUWXUH QDUURZ VOLWOLNH EDVDO,Q
PDQ\ IRUPV LUUHJXODU GLFKRWRPL]LQJ GHSUHVVLRQV RFFXU LQ WKH DSHUWXUDO IDFH UXQQLQJ IURP WKH SHULSKHU\ DQG GHHSHQLQJ WRZDUGV WKH DSHUWXUH ª$SUqV DYRLUpWXGLp XQH VpULH
GLQGLYLGXV
GH3\HW0IRUH$0DQHD FUHWRVD &XVKPDQ SURYHQDQW GH OD FROOHFWLRQ GH 0 ) 7%DQQHU
HW GH OD FROOHFWLRQ GpSRVpH SDU00
7%DUQDUG
HW ) 7%DQQHU
DX %ULWLVK 0XVHXP1DWXUDO
+LVWRU\ QRXV VRPPHV HQ DFFRUG DYHF OD GHVFULSWLRQ FLGHVVXV 1RXV IDLVRQV FHSHQGDQW XQH OpJqUH UHVWULFWLRQ TXDQW DX QRPEUH GH ORJHWWHV HQJHQGUpHV SDU OHV FORLVRQQHWWHV KRUL]RQWDOHV 'DQV WRXWHV QRV REVHUYDWLRQV QRXV QDYRQVMDPDLV WURXYp SOXV GH TXDWUH VpULHV KRUL ]RQWDOHV GH ORJHWWHV SDU ORJH$
FH SURSRVLO
QRXV SDUDvW XWLOH GH SUpFLVHU TXHOTXHV DVSHFWV GH OD VWUXFWXUH LQWHUQH GX WHVW HQSDUWLFXOLHU
GH OD FRQVWLWXWLRQ GH OD SDURL HW GH OD VXEGLYLVLRQ GHV ORJHV HQ ORJHWWHV SDU GHV FORLVRQQHWWHV VRXVpSLGHUPLTXHV/D FZNXZRZ FH D!DUR
,O
HVW DVVH] GLIILFLOH GH SUpSDUHU GHV FRXSHV D[LDOHV RULHQWpHV H[SRVDQW OHV FDUDF WqUHV GX MXYHQDULXP 'HV WURLV FRXSHV D[LDOHV HWVXED[LDOHV LOOXVWUpHV XQH VHXOH FRXSH ILJ WUDYHUVH OHV ORJHV HPEU\RQQDLUHV GXQH IRUPH PpJDORVSKpULTXH 'DXWUH SDUW OD FRXSH VXED[LDOH LOOXVWUpH SDU OD SO ILJ D QH SDVVH SDV SDU ODSH[ HW SDU FRQVp TXHQWQDWWHLQW
SDV OH MXYHQDULXP /D WURLVLqPH FRXSH D[LDOH LOOXVWUpH SDU OD SO ILJ ! UHSUpVHQWH SUREDEOHPHQW XQ WHVW PLFURVSKpULTXH /H MXYHQDULXP SDUDvW rWUH FRXSp &HSHQGDQW QRXV QpPHWWURQV SDV GH FRQFOXVLRQV GpILQLWLYHV FDULO
QHVW SDV FHUWDLQ TXH OHV SHWLWHV FDYLWpV VXEJOREXODLUHV j ODSH[ UHSUpVHQWHQW VRLW GHV ORJHV GH OD WURFKRVSLUH LQLWLDOH VRLW GHV ORJHWWHV VRXVpSLGHUPLTXHV GX VWDGH QpDQLTXH 'DLOOHXUV OH[DPHQ GH OD SDURL GHV ORJHV GXMXYHQDULXP GH OD IRUPH PpJDORVSKpULTXH LOOXVWUpH SDU OD ILJ FRQILUPH VD FRQVWLWXWLRQ PLFURJUDQXODLUHDJJOXWLQDQWH /HMXYHQDULXP GH FHW LQGLYLGX HVW UHSUpVHQWp SDU WURLV ORJHV XQH ORJH LQLWLDOH VXEJOREXODLUH GXQ GLD PqWUH GH S HW GXQH pSDLVVHXU GHQYLURQ S HW GHX[ ORJHV DUTXpHV GXQ GLDPqWUH LQWHUQH GH S HW GH S (QVXLWH VDMRXWHQW OHVORJHV ELVpULpHV GXVWDGH QpDQLTXH GRQW OD SUHPLqUH HVW VXEGLYLVpH SDU GHX[ FORLVRQQHWWHV YHUWLFDOHV /D KDXWHXU GH OD SUHPLqUH ORJH QpDQLTXH DWWHLQW HQYLURQ S /D KDXWHXU GX MXYHQDULXP HVW GH S HW OHGLDPqWUH GH VD EDVH GH S /HV pOpPHQWV pWUDQJHUV VRQW HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW GHV JUDLQV GH TXDUW] /D GHX[LqPH FRXFKH FDOFDLUH K\DOLQH VL FDUDFWpULVWLTXH GH OD WURFKRVSLUH LQLWLDOH GH 6DqD]D¬D ZDDD QH[LVWH SDV FKH] /[FLDHDH[0D:D FUHR"D /HV VHSWHV HW OHV FORLVRQQHWWHV VRXVpSLGHUPLTXHV GX VWDGH ELVpULp PRQWUHQW XQH FRQVWL
WXWLRQ
PLFURJUDQXODLUHDJJOXWLQDQWH /HV SOXV JUDQGV pOpPHQWV pWUDQJHUV VRQW DFFX PXOpV GDQV OHV VHSWHV GHV ORJHV ELVpULpHV ,OV VRQW LQFRUSRUpV HW GLVWULEXpV GHWHOOH IDoRQ TXLOV LQGLTXHQW OHV FRQWRXUV GHV VHSWHV HQ FRXSH D[LDOH SO ILJ D 6XU OD VXUIDFH GX WHVW OHV VHSWHV IRUPHQW OHV © UDLVHG ULEVª FRPPHORQW
LQGLTXp%DUQDUG
HW%DQQHU
S HW ILJ % ( HW + VXU S /D
GLVWULEXWLRQ
GHV pOpPHQWV pWUDQJHUV HVW ELHQ YLVLEOH VXU OHV FRXSHV D[LDOHV LOOXVWUpHV/F7 FRZRQQHWHM
/HV FORLVRQQHWWHV YHUWLFDOHV DSSDUDLVVHQW GqV OD SUHPLqUH ORJH QpDQLTXH /HXU QRPEUH VDFFURvW VXLYDQW ODXJPHQWDWLRQ GHV GLPHQVLRQV GHV ORJHV SO ILJ D SO ILJ D /HXUV pSDLVVHXUV YDULHQW GH S j S /HV FORLVRQQHWWHV
KRUL]RQWDOHV SDU FRQWUH QDSSDUDLVVHQW TXDYHF OD WURLVLqPH RX TXDWULqPH ORJH QpDQLTXH 'DQV OD FRXSH D[LDOH GX WHVW PpJDORVSKpULTXH ILJ OD SUHPLqUH FORLVRQ QHWWH KRUL]RQWDOH QH VH UHQFRQWUH TXH GDQV OD TXDWULqPH ORJH QpDQLTXH TXL DWWHLQW XQH KDXWHXU GHQYLURQ J \ FRPSULV OH VHSWXP 'DQV OHV ORJHV ELVpULpHV HQFRUH SOXV KDXWHV VLQVqUHQW DX PD[LPXP WURLV FORLVRQQHWWHV KRUL]RQWDOHV GRQW OD PpGLDQH HVW SOXV JUDQGH TXH OHV FORLVRQQHWWHV DXGHVVXV HW DXGHVVRXV &HWWH VXEGLYLVLRQ HVW LOOXVWUpH SDU OD ILJXUH GX GpWDLO GH OD FRXSH D[LDOH SO ILJ R OD ORJH QpDQLTXH DWWHLQW j OD SpULSKpULH XQH KDXWHXU GH S \ FRPSULV OH VHSWXP /pSDLVVHXU GX VHS
WXP HVW GH S /DPpGLDQH GHV WURLVFORLVRQQHWWHV KRUL]RQWDOHVHVWOD SOXV ORQJXHDYHF S OHV FORLVRQQHWWHV DYRLVLQDQWHV VRQW GXQH ORQJXHXU GH S HQYLURQ /HV pSDLVVHXUV GHV FORLVRQQHWWHV KRUL]RQWDOHV YDULHQW DXWRXU GH S /D KDXWHXU GHV ORJHWWHV VRXVpSLGHUPLTXHV GH SUHPLHU RUGUH DWWHLQW S j S HW FHOOH GHV ORJHWWHV VRXVpSLGHUPLTXHV GH GHX[LqPH RUGUH YDULH DXWRXU GH S &HV SKRWRJUDSKLHV PRQWUHQW pJDOHPHQW TXH OHV pOpPHQWV pWUDQJHUV VRQW EHDXFRXS SOXV SHWLWV GDQV OHV FORLVRQQHWWHV VRXVpSLGHUPLTXHV TXH GDQV OHV VHSWHV
0DQXVFULW UHoX OH DYULO UHPDQLp HQ FRXUV GLPSUHVVLRQ
%,%/,2*5$3+,(
%DUQDUG 7 HW ) 7 %DQQHU $UHQDFHRXV )RUDPLQLIHUD IURP WKH 8SSHU &UHWDFHRXV RI (QJODQG ©DU RZU &HR RF /RDFRD 9RO 3DUW SS
&KDUROODLV - 1RWH SUpOLPLQDLUH VXU OH &UpWDFp PR\HQ GDQV OH PDVVLIGHV %RUQHV +DXWH 6DYRLH & ) OHDG F 3DUD W SS
&XVKPDQ - $ 7KH UHODWLRQVKLS RI H[ZDUHD DQG GHVFULSWLRQ RI D QHZ VSHFLHV &RZU
&LFVLDLD© =D! )RU )HM 9RO SS SO ,, ILJV
&XYL//L(5 - 6WUDWLJUDSKLH FRUUHODWLRQV E\ PLFURIDFLHV LQ :HVWHUQ $TXLWDLQH QHUR YHU SHQ HUHV YRO ,, /HLGHQ
+RINHU - -U 6RPH )RUDPLQLIHUD IURP WKH $SWLDQ$OELDQ SDVVDJH RI 1RUWKHUQ 6SDLQ /HUVH &HR $7HUHU GHHO SS
/RHEOLFK $ 5 HW + 7DSSDQ 3URWLVWD 6DUFRGLQD FKLHIO\ © 7KHFDPRHELDQV ª DQG )RUD PLQLIHULGD )UFDXVHRL DYHUW 3D 3DUW & 9RO , S & ILJ HW
-
&+$52//$,6
3%5g11,0$11
HW0 1(80$11 ²
'HX[LqPH QRWH VXU OHV )RUDPLQLIqUHV GX &UpWDFp LQIpULHXU GH OD UpJLRQ JHQHYRLVH 6LJQLILFDWLRQVWUDWL
JUDSKLTXH HW H[WHQVLRQ JpRJUDSKLTXH GH 6DEDXGLD PLQXWD
+2).(5
'DQV OD OLWWpUDWXUH JpRORJLTXH OHV IDFLqV XUJRQLHQV GX &UpWDFp GHV GRPDLQHV DXWRFKWRQH HW KHOYpWLTXH VRQW DWWULEXpV DX %DUUpPLHQ HW j XQH SDUWLH GH
O$SWLHQ
LOVVRQW VXEGLYLVpV SDU OHV QLYHDX[ j 2UELWROLQHV VXLYDQW OH VFKpPD FLGHVVRXV SURSRVp SDU OHV DXWHXUV -
5HYLO
HW0
/H 5RX[ /0RUHW
HWF$SWLHQ LQIpULHXU 0DVVH XUJRQLHQQH VXSpULHXUH B &RXFKH j 2UELWROLQHV LQIpULHXUH
%DUUHPLHQ B
B VXSpULHXU ^ B
> 0DVVHBB BB XUJRQLHQQH ,QWHULHXUH
%DUUpPLHQ LQIpULHXU &DOFDLUHMDXQH j 3DQRSpHV