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Ӹ ࿿

ᅽ Ԃ ԩ

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ন ਲ ԩԇյ

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ԧ ԛ

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ᅭ ܙԖ

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Ԩ

ԑ Ԝ Ԑ ᅭ

Ԣ

ܙԖ

TBpQi Ԅ

ܙԩ

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X

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ၫᅭ X JQMi`2` [m2

က াԜԖԐ ਲ ԚԨԑ ԚԨԑԢ

ఄԨ

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Ԩԑ TJO ᅭ ি DPT ᅭ

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mM `2bbQ`i Ŀ +HbbB[m2 ŀ \

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Ԩ ᅺ

ԑ Ԝ Ԑ ᅭ

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ܙԖ

6B;m`2 8

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ᅭ U`/V

ᅺ

ᅭ U`/V

ᅺ ଃ

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ԄԩX

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ԇ ᅲங ԗ

Ԅ

ԩ

ԧԂ ᅭ ԡ

ܙԔ֍

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࿿Ԗ ᅵӼ࿿ᅲԇ^ϯԗ ԧ^ϵ ԗ^ϵϯϵ

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ਲ ਲ ਲ ਲ

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࿿ԖUK;HV

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mM2 bT?ĕ`2 2Mi2``û2 p2+ ࿿ᅲ LH਼N

*H+B`2 ᅲ LH਼N

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Ԅ ԧ

6B;m`2 N

Ԅ ԧ

ᅲ

ᅲ

ᅲ

ᅲ

ԗ

ԧ

࿿Ԗ

6B;m`2 Ry

MQKHB2 ;`pBKûi`B[m2 TQm` mM2 TH[m2 ?Q`BxQMiH2 b2KB@BM}MB2

o S`QbT2+iBQM ûH2+i`B[m2 /2b bQHb

G T`QbT2+iBQM ûH2+i`B[m2 2bi HǶmM2 /2b THmb M+B2MM2b Kûi?Q/2b /2 T`QbT2+iBQM ;ûQT?vbB[m2X 1HH2 `2TQb2 bm`

HǶBMi2`T`ûiiBQM /2 H `ûbBbiM+2 ûH2+i`B[m2 /m i2``BMX *2b K2bm`2b /QBp2Mi āi`2 `ûHBbû2b

TQmpMi āi`2 `ûHBbû2 2M H#Q`iQB`2 bm` mM û+?MiBHHQM bQ`iB /2 bQM 2MpB`QMM2K2MiX 1HH2b bQMi T`iB+mHBĕ`2K2Mi /Tiû2b ¨ HǶûim/2 /2b 7B#H2b T`Q7QM/2m`bX

oX Ĝ aQH ?QKQ;ĕM2

Z j3X

1tT`BK2` H `ûbBbiM+2 ûH2+i`B[m2 /ǶmM T`HHûHûTBTĕ/2 ?QKQ;ĕM2 /2 HQM;m2m` ԁ- /2 b2+iBQM Ӷ 2i /2

`ûbBbiBpBiû ᅶ ᅷ Qɍ ᅷ 2bi H +QM/m+iBpBiû ûH2+i`B[m2 /m Kiû`Bm U};m`2 RRVX

SQm` /ûi2`KBM2` H `ûbBbiM+2 ûH2+i`B[m2 /ǶmM i2``BM QM BKTQb2 H +B`+mHiBQM /ǶmM +Qm`Mi +QMiBMm /ǶBMi2MbBiû Ӿ ¨ H bm`7+2 /m bQH [mB b2 `ûT`iBi 2M T`Q7QM/2m`X *2ii2 QTû`iBQM 2bi `ûHBbû2 ;`+2 ¨ /2b ûH2+i`Q/2b [m2 HǶQM THMi2 /Mb H2 bQH mt TQBMib Ӷ 2i ӷ U};m`2 RkVX G i2MbBQM 2bi K2bm`û2 ¨ HǶB/2 /ǶmM pQHiKĕi`2 2Mi`2 H2b TQBMib Ԃ 2i ԃX

Z jNX

.Mb H T`iB[m2 QM miBHBb2 mM +Qm`Mi Hi2`MiB7 i`ĕb #bb2 7`û[m2M+2X SQm` [m2HH2 `BbQM \

kyR3@yj@y8 RN,jR,9N

S;2 efN ԁ Ӷ

ᅶ Ӿ

o

6B;m`2 RR

aQH- `ûbBbiBpBiû ᅶ Ӷ

Ӿ

ӷ o Ӿ

Ԃ ԃ

6B;m`2 Rk

Ӷ Ӿ

ԅ ԡ

6B;m`2 Rj

Z 9yX

*QMbB/û`QMb b2mH2K2Mi HǶûH2+i`Q/2 TH+û2 2M Ӷ U};m`2 RjVX PM MQi2 ԫ ԡ ܙ H2 p2+i2m` /2MbBiû pQHmKB[m2 /2 +Qm`Mi m TQBMi ԅX G i2``2 2bi +QMbB/û`û2 +QKK2 ?QKQ;ĕM2X Zm2HH2 2bi H 7Q`K2 /2b HB;M2b /2 +Qm`Mi /Mb H i2``2 \ .QMM2` HǶ2tT`2bbBQM /2 ԫ ԡ ܙ 2M 7QM+iBQM MQiKK2Mi /2 HǶBMi2MbBiû /m +Qm`Mi Ӿ 2i /2 ԡX

Z 9RX

1tT`BK2` H2 +?KT ûH2+i`B[m2 Ӻ ԡ ܟܠܠܠܡ 2i H2 TQi2MiB2H ûH2+i`B[m2 ԋ

ԡ m TQBMi ԅ 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 Ӿ- ԡ 2i ᅶX PM bmTTQb2 [m2 H pH2m` /m TQi2MiB2H 2bi MmHH2 ¨ ;`M/2 /BbiM+2X

Z 9kX

.Mb H2 +b /2b /2mt ûH2+i`Q/2b U};m`2 R9V- 2tT`BK2` H2 TQi2MiB2H ûH2+i`B[m2 ԋ m TQBMi ԅ 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 ᅶ- ԡ

- ԡ

2i ӾX PM bmTTQb2 [m2 H pH2m` /m TQi2MiB2H 2bi MmHH2 ¨ ;`M/2 /BbiM+2X Zm2HH2 `2HiBQM /û}MBi H2b û[mBTQi2MiB2HH2b \

Ӷ Ӿ

ӷ Ӿ

ԅ

ԡ

ԡ

6B;m`2 R9

Z 9jX

1tT`BK2` H /Bzû`2M+2 /2 TQi2MiB2H ࿿ԋ ԋ

ਲ ԋ

Hm2 bm` H2 pQHiKĕi`2 U};m`2 RkVX JQMi`2` [m2 H

`ûbBbiBpBiû bǶû+`Bi ᅶ ᅵ࿿ԋ

Ӿԕ Qɍ ԕ 2bi H2 7+i2m` ;ûQKûi`B[m2 ¨ 2tT`BK2` 2M 7QM+iBQM /2b /BbiM+2b Ԃ Ӷ- Ԃ ӷ- ԃ Ӷ 2i ԃ ӷX

Z 99X

.Mb H2 +b /2 H +QM};m`iBQM /Bi2 /2 q2MM2` U};m`2 R8V- H2b TQBMib Ӷ- Ԃ- ԃ 2i ӷ bQMi û[mB/BbiMib 2bT+ûb /2 H HQM;m2m` ӯX 1tT`BK2` H2 7+i2m` ;ûQKûi`B[m2 ԕX

Ӷ Ԃ ԃ ӷ

ӯ ӯ ӯ

6B;m`2 R8

Z 98X G2b +Qm`#2b /2 H };m`2 Re T`ûb2Mi2Mi H2 `ûbmHii /2 H bBKmHiBQM /2b û[mBTQi2MiB2HH2b i`+û2b TQm` /2mt ûH2+i`Q/2b /BbiMi2b /2 Ry K bBimû2b 2M ਸ਼ N THMiû2b /Mb mM i2``BM /2 `ûbBbiBpBiû ᅶ ဋ਼NX GǶBMi2MbBiû /m +Qm`Mi 2bi Ӿ " X Zm2 pmi H2 7+i2m` ;ûQKûi`B[m2 +Q``2bTQM/Mi /Mb H +QM};m`iBQM /2 q2MM2` \

*2ii2 pH2m` 2bi@2HH2 2M ++Q`/ p2+ H bBKmHiBQM /2 H };m`2 Re \

ਲ ਲ ਲ

ਲ ਲ ਲ ਲ ਲ

y o Ɛy-k o

y-k o

Ɛy-9o

y-9o Ɛy-eo

y-eo Ɛy-3o

y-3o ƐRo

Ro ƐR-k8o

R-k8o ƐR-8o

R-8o Ɛko

ko Ɛjo

jo Ɛ9o

9o

ԧ UKV

ԨUKV

ਲ ਲ ਲ ਲ ਲ

ਲ ਲ ਲ ਲ ਲ

oy-ko Ɛy-ko

y-9o Ɛy-9o

y-eo Ɛy-eo

y-3o Ɛy-3o

Ro ƐRo

R-k8o ƐR-k8o

R-8o ƐR-8o

ko Ɛko

jo Ɛjo

9o Ɛ9o

ԧ UKV

ԨUKV

6B;m`2 Re

Z 9eX h`+2`- 2M 2tTHB[mMi pQi`2 /ûK`+?2- HǶHHm`2 /2b HB;M2b /2 +Qm`MiX

.Mb H2 +b /ǶmM KBHB2m BM?QKQ;ĕM2 QM T`H2 /2 `ûbBbiBpBiû TT`2Mi2X .Mb H2 KQ/ĕH2 /Bi ¨ /2mt i2``BMb- H2

bQH 2bi +QMbiBimû /2 /2mt +Qm+?2b bmT2`TQbû2b /2 `ûbBbiBpBiû ᅶ

2i /ǶûTBbb2m` ԗ

TQm` H +Qm+?2 bmTû`B2m`2 2i

/2 `ûbBbiBpBiû ᅶ

2i /ǶûTBbb2m` BM}MB2 TQm` H +Qm+?2 BM7û`B2m`2 U};m`2 RdVX G `ûbBbiBpBiû TT`2Mi2 2bi K2bm`û2

TQm` /Bzû`2Mib 2bT+2K2Mib 2Mi`2 ûH2+i`Q/2b U/BbiM+2 Ӷӷ p`B#H2VX

kyR3@yj@y8 RN,jR,9N

S;2 3fN

6B;m`2 Rd AHHmbi`iBQM /m bQM/;2 ûH2+i`B[m2 U/ǶT`ĕb *?Qmi2m 2i :B`Qmt UkyyeVV- HHm`2 /2b HB;M2b /2 +Qm`Mi

Z 9dX o2`b [m2HH2 pH2m` i2M/ ¨ T`BQ`B H `ûbBbiBpBiû TT`2Mi2 HQ`b[m2 Ӷӷ 2bi 7B#H2 \ HQ`b[m2 Ӷӷ 2bi i`ĕb

;`M/2 \

Z 93X G +Qm`#2 /2 H };m`2 R3 `2T`ûb2Mi2 H `ûbBbiBpBiû TT`2Mi2 ᅶ

K2bm`û2 2tTû`BK2MiH2K2Mi 2M 7QM+iBQM /2 H /BbiM+2 Ӷӷ X .ûi2`KBM2` H `ûbBbiBpBiû ᅶ

2i ᅶ

/2b i2``BMb BMbB [mǶmM2 2biBKiBQM /2 H pH2m` ԗ

- ûTBbb2m` /2 H +Qm+?2 bmTû`B2m`2X PM bǶB/2` /2 HǶ#[m2 *>R /QMMû };m`2 RN [mB `2T`ûb2Mi2 ᅶ

ᅶ

2M 7QM+iBQM /2 Ӷӷԗ

2M û+?2HH2 #B@HQ;`Bi?KB[m2X *?[m2 +Qm`#2 /2 +2i #[m2 +Q``2bTQM/ BMbB ¨ H +Qm`#2 /ǶmM bQM/;2 ûH2+i`B[m2 2tû+miû bm` mM bQmb@bQH +QKTQbû /2 /2mt i2``BMb Qɍ H T`2KBĕ`2 +Qm+?2 mM2 ûTBbb2m` ԗ

2i mM2

`ûbBbiBpBiû ᅶ

X

Ӷӷ UKV

_ûbBbiBpBiûTT`2Mi2Uǂ਼KV

6B;m`2 R3 J2bm`2 /2mt i2``BMb

.QMMû2b MmKû`B[m2b

*QMbiMi2 /2 ;`pBiiBQM mMBp2`b2HH2 Ӽ ੉

LH

਼N

਼T

_vQM /2 H h2``2 ԇ

੉

LN

Jbb2 /2 H h2``2 Ԃ

੉

LH

lMBiû /2 K2bm`2 /2 H T2bMi2m` HBM DN਼T

P`/`2 /2 ;`M/2m` /2 H b2MbB#BHBiû /2b ;`pBKĕi`2b +im2Hb ࿿Ԗ ËHBM

100 50 30 20 15 12 9 7 5 4 3 2.5

2 1.5 1.25

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15

0.1

0.07 0.05

0.03

0.02 0

82/ 1=ρ ρ

1 10

100

Module de l’échelle logarithmique

ABAQUE CH 1

ρ1

ρ2

ρa

h1

h1

A·B 2

ၝ

ၝ

բգϵփ_ȯ

փ_ȯ

6B;m`2 RN

#[m2 *>R

r r r 6AL r r r