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Three New Algorithms for Projective Bundle Adjustment with Minimum Parameters

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HAL Id: inria-00072351

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072351

Submitted on 23 May 2006

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Three New Algorithms for Projective Bundle Adjustment with Minimum Parameters

Adrien Bartoli, Peter Sturm

To cite this version:

Adrien Bartoli, Peter Sturm. Three New Algorithms for Projective Bundle Adjustment with Minimum

Parameters. [Research Report] RR-4236, INRIA. 2001. �inria-00072351�

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ISRN INRIA/RR--4236--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

THÈME 3

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Three New Algorithms for Projective Bundle Adjustment with Minimum Parameters

Adrien Bartoli — Peter Sturm

N° 4236

Août 2001

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