a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
A new algorithm for finding minimum-weight words in a linear code: application to primitive
narrow-sense BCH codes of length 511
Anne Canteaut et Florent Chabaud
N˚ 2685
octobre 1995
PROGRAMME 2
-.0/1243.525/-'67859:;<.77=!>+?@+?
AB0C /=1-+D@ @FE'GG
HJI?I?KL(M#IONK#MQP?NSR'KTN1UVXWZYKTI[NJL.\7M#]7MQP7^_RR
`?acbdeagfhJh1ij%k6lmfnporq#nOsutTh;vZbnxwpyqQiz{#acbdarfhJhf|cwxb}(i|=d7~i}Qwi-nxbdewporwxin
`aubri|lb#Tis
f{#{Zbau|iacioc#iarouQi$}.Tje%k"bo&|ubvQaui1%k@{>fdis
'>e7}fnxdbacwx|u#hXbamZ}>Twx}#d;suhfnxn¡ iwxdT|7 barTs-wx}npfaudi@nwx}#ifao&bis-ws-Ti¢einxb{Zi¤£
¥¦|;wxsw}§{>fac|uwporq#npfa4fv#nxi1|ubTio&biagf}>Tbh ¨QjQzjeQze©ªx¡nw}Qifa.orb#Tis;wx}«#beq#aus;be}¬f-®7l
fn{Q>f.orbeh1{#q#|cia£?¯i-Ti|ciauhJw}Qim mw|c1wx||u#i=h1wx}#wxh(qQh°Twxsu|gf}>ori-b[scbhJimv#wx}>fact1±9lm²³orb#Tismb
nxi}#de|u#ezT m#wpoc 9iaui-}#b|m´T}#b m}O£
µJ¶T·¤¸u¹.ºZ»?¼iauaubea¦uorbacauio&|uwx}#dorb#Tisz[Tiorb#Twx}#dfndebacw|c#hzThJwx}#wxh(q#h½ 9iwdeT|zZagf}>Tbh0nxwx}#ifa
orb#Tisz¤±9lm²Do&bis£
¾p¿;À
Á¡Â¦ÃÄ
À
ÁÅÇÆx¦ȦÉrÊ
ËpÌÍÎmÏÑÐXÐXÒuÓÐÕÔÖp×Z×>×;ØeÙ¦ÚrÛËÕÚÜuÐÝÏÑÔrÛË>Ô&ÛÖxÛÞxÔrÙÕÎÚÐpÏÑÔcÛmØZßÒuÔrÙ¦à
áuâ¤ã
ËXÔ-äZÏÑÐpßæå×>ÜcÔ
ã
Òmç[ÚÐpÏÑÔrÛÚ
ã
Ò9èÌé
å
Ò¦ÙXÏÑÒ¦ÌÙ¦Ò7ÓÒØêÒcÜXßÛÏÑëÌÒcË â[ì
ÚrÛÜ
å
ÒcÒuËcí
ã
ÚrÍêÔrÙ¦ÚÐXÔrÏîÙ¦Ò7ïT×>Ö¦íTðñòÍêÔ&Ì ãÒ ì
ÚrÙ¦Óó¤ÏÑÜcÐÕÔ&Ùgí
ôTõÕö÷&øù÷?ú
Ú&ÙÕÏÑËcû
ácá
ïTÚrÍêÔrÙ¦ÚÐXÔrÏîÙ¦Ò¤ÓTüÖxÛÞÔrÙXÎÚrÐpÏÑëÌÒ¤ÓÒ ãü×ZÜuÔ
ã
Ò[ç[Ô&ÙÕÎÚ
ã
Ò?èÌé
å
Ò¦ÙXÏÑÒ¦ÌÙ¦Òíuý
÷
ÙXÌÒ?ÓTüþ ã Î.í
ö÷
ñrð ø7ú
ÚrÙÕÏÑË[ÿZÒcÓÒ ø÷
4+, /J 47 3.55/=-;
/=1-+,AB0C 59e+ +?@++O7/m$2 ; '@ E'GG
¶ ¶mbqQs9~i¢inbe{#{Zb}#s=q#}fnxdbeauwx|u#hJiTi-auioc#iagoc#i1Ti.hJb|cs9Ti.{ZbwpTsmhJw}Qwhq#h#f}#s
q#}³orb#Tinxwx} ifwxaci£9li|fnxdbeauwx|uQh1i;}#beq#s;{>iauh1i|1}#be|gfhJh1i}T|(i~~ iorb#Tianxis1o&bisnwx}m~ifwxauis
fn~if|ubewxauis.Ti{>farfhi|uacis;¨QjQzjeQze©ª¤i};#iqQauissuq#a-q#}Qi(sc|gf|cwxb}®*lDfnx{#>fQ£%afo&if'nqQw¡z
}#beq#s1~i|ciauhJwx}#b}#snpfTwxsu|rf}>o&ihJwx}#wxh1fnxi(Tioriac|gfw}Qs1orb#Tis±lm²)v#wx}>fwxauis4Tinxb}Qdq#iqQa4Qz
nxisryqQinxnis~i|rfwxi}T|[rq#sryqfnxbauswx}>orbe}#}Tq#is£
³ºZ ¸g¶³_orb#Tis1o&bauacior|ciq#ausiacauiqQauszfnxdbeauwx|uQh1i;Ti9~iorb##fdiz?{ZbwpTsh1wx}#wxhq#hz¤orb#Tis
nxwx}m~ifwacisfn~if|ubewaciszZorb#Tis-±9lm²
G 6(77J/m'
¥¦}«|uQws;{Zf{Zia; 9i{#acisui}ê|f2{#aubev>fvQwnxwxsu|cwpo1fnxdebauwx|c#h,Õba@>}>Twx}#dsuhfnxn¡ iwxdT|- bags;w}«f}Tt
nxwx}#ifa%o&bi£87mQws.fndebacw|c#horbq#np2v>i1f{#{#nxwxi|cb|¦ 9bJwxh1{Zbau|rf}T| =`OuorbhJ{#nxi|ui.{QaubvQnih1s;¨îjª:9
orbeh1{#qQ|uwx}#d1|c#ih1wx}#wxh(qQh$Twxsu|rf}>ori;b fJnxw}Qifa-orb#Ti1f}>Tio&bw}Qd>£Z¥¦|.fsuscb#orwpf|uis(f}wx|uiarf|uwx¢ei
{#acb#oriTq#aci.su|cih1hJwx}#d=Õaubeh nxwx}#ifa9{Qaubdeagfh1h1wx}#dòÕba*auiTqZorwx}#d;|u#i.orbeh1{#qQ|gf|cwxb}>fno&bsu|mbÇhf}Tt
.fq#suscwpf}.inxwxh1wx}>f|uwxb}Qs>f}>@fm#iqQauwxsu|cwo{#aube{>besui@vTt<;|uiac}[£¯i7|u#i}(dew¢ei7fm¢iaut-{#auiorwxsuif}ZfnxtTsuwxs
b|c#i.orbhJ{#nxi3=#wx|¦t;bÇbeq#afnxdebauwx|c#h m#wpoui}Zfv#nxis=q#sm|ub;be{#|uwxh1w>i=|u#i@{>farfh1i|uiacsmw|mTi{Zi}>s
Õacbh£Ç²òi}>oribqQa1fnxdbeauwx|u#h<wxs|ubbq#a;´T}#b mnxiTdei1|c#iv>isc|;{#aub#oriTq#aui2Õbea4Tiorb#Twx}#d mwx|c#bq#|
q#scwx}#d;|u#i-sc|uauqZor|uq#aci;b?|u#i.orb#Ti£
;ior|uwxbe}j;TisrorauwxvZis.bqQafnxdebauwx|c#hÕbeav#wx}>fauto&bis-v#q#|wx|-orbq#npvZi.dei}#iarfnxw>i2|ub;nxwx}#ifa
orb#Tismb¢ia '?A@CBDE@Õscii;¨Fª2D£Gmscwx}#d#Hfau´b¢;oc>fwx};|c#ibact( isc#b «wx};suior|cwxb} 5 #b |cb(orbhJ{#q#|ci
|c#i9}Tq#h;vZia¤b>inxih1i}ê|rfactb{Ziarf|uwxbe}#s?w|¤aciyeq#wxauis-I i7dwx¢i*|u#i}|uQi7{>farfhJi|uiacs[ m#wpoc.hJw}QwhJw1>i
|c#wxs|uQibaci|uwpofn[auqQ}#}#wx}#d¦|uwxhJif}>f}i3=#{#nxwporwx|mi3=#{#acisuscwbe} m#wpocf{#{#acb-=#whf|cis7|uQi.}Tq#h;v>ia9b
be{>iarf|cwbe}#s;{Zia¦ÕbeauhJi Õba;Tiorb#Twx}#d f}>Xba@>}>Twx}#dfh1wx}#wxhq#hÕ iwxdT|- 9beagwx}«farf}>Tbeh
¨JLK3Meªx¡v#wx}>fautorb#Ti£N7m bf{#{#nxwpof|uwxb}#s=b9beq#a.fnxdbeauwx|uQh_faui|uQi}i3=#{>besuiO9¤suio&|uwxb}PF{#acisui}T|cs
i3=#{ZiauwxhJi}T|gfnOauiscq#nx|us=ÕbeaTiorb#Twx}#d¨jeQzj ª¦v#wx}>faut.nxwx}#ifaorb#Tis- m#wpoc¢fnxwp#f|ci|c#i({Qaui¢Twxbq#s
|c#ibaci|uwpofnf{#{#aubTfoc8I?scior|uwxbe}S2dwx¢eis(}Qi $acisuqQn|cs;Õbea(|c#i|uacq#ih1wx}#wxh(qQh_Twxsu|gf}>orib-subeh1i
}>fauacb ¡sci}#sui;±lm²Dorb#TisbÇnxi}#de|u#e£
Q R +?/=5;³9
=sq#scq>fn¤ m|@TSUD mwnxn[Ti}#b|ci|c#i(²=fh1hJwx}#d iwxdT|mb?|u#i-v#wx}>fautJ 9beagVS[£
W i|YX vZi4fJnxwx}#ifa%o&bi;b¢ia .?@¡j*D=b9nxi}#de|uPJ f}>whJi}#scwbe}ZM¤£Z¯i|uaut2}#b °|cb1Z}>f
orb#Ti 9beagbÇ iwxdT|\[¼ mQiaui#[³wxsmschfnxn¦£
])^`_ a/b\cd\e$fAg\hLg\i`j(i`klmi`nopcNlmbqfsr
®?}Tq#hJiagf|uwx}#dagf}>TbhJnxtscinxior|uwx}#d«orb#Ti barTs1wx}«#b{Zi|u>f}«b}#ib. iwxdT|0[0 mwnxnmvZiJÕbq#}Z
wxs-bvT¢Twxbq#scntJ}#b|.f'suq#wx|gfv#nxi4fnxdbacwx|u#h0v>iofq#sci;|u#i;{QaubvZfv#wxnxwx|¦t1|uZf||c#i; iwxdT|b f;arf}>Tbeh
orb#Ti 9beag mwxnxn>vZi#[ wxsm¢iact1suhfnxn¦£¥¦|mwxs9|c#i}}Qioriscsgfact|ubv#wpfsm|c#wxs9arf}>bh0suinxior|cwxb}vTt1b}Qnt
i3=>fh1wx}#wx}#d(orb#Ti 9beagTs=¢iacwÑXtêwx}#d;fdwx¢ei}{#aube{>iac|¦tsub;|uZf||c#iwxam iwxdT|m mwxnnZvZi 't schfnn¦z
Õbea9iu=Qfh1{#nxiorb#Ti 9beagTs= m#wpouJ¢f}#wxsc;b}f@agf}>Tbeh1nxt4oc#besui}orbTbeagTwx}>f|uiscq#v#sci|£U7m#i={#aubev#nxih
wxs-|u#iauirÕbeaui;|cb;>}>2fo&bh1{QaubhJwxsuivZi|¦ ii}|c#i(}Tq#h;vZiamb9b{Ziagf|uwxb}Qsaciyeq#wxaui2vTtsuifagoc#wx}#d
scq>oc{>fac|uwporq#npfa-orb#Ti barTs.f}>2|u#isuqZooriscs({#acbv>fv#wxnxw|¦tTz vv
|c#i({QaubvZfv#wxnxwx|¦t1|uZf||c#i 9iwxdeê|
bscq>ocf;orb#Ti bagJ mwxnxn¤v>i.[@£
=nxn>fnxdbeauwx|uQh1s¤Xba?>}ZTwx}#d.suQbau|morb#Ti barTsq#sui=|u#iacirÕbeaui-|u#i=sgfh1imh1i|u#b#J¨-wªuz#¨xcªuz>¨xFª:9
|c#it be}#nxt|rf´ei1wx} foo&bq#}T|1orb#Ti barTs m#wpou«faci{Zfau|cwporq#npfa.nxwx}#ifa4o&bh;v#wx}>f|uwxb}#s=b.fsuhfnxn
}Tq#h;vZia7b acb ms9b f-sctTsu|uihf|cwpodi}#iagf|cbahf|uauwx=[£-7m#ifnxdbacwx|u#hD{#acb{Zbsci;vTt0;T|uiac}¨xFª[f}Z
scnwxdeê|cnxt;h1b#Tw>i mfsmsc#b m}|ub;dwx¢ei|uQi.v>isu|acisuqQn|cs(¨îªu£
W i| TK(K3J(vZi;|u#i;sci|.b fnxn7orbTbarTwx}>f|cis£8?Qba.f}êtscq#v#sui|Jbz @K D
Ti}#b|cis7|uQi TiorbhJ{>besuwx|uwxb}-b>hf|uauwx= «b}T|ub#z|c>f|Oh1if}#s @ "!D!$#%f}>& @ ' D
'%#%()*
z
m#iaui+!*ws|uQi+,p|corbnxq#hJ}1b?hf|uauwx=-;£
»O¶/.021X1Õº305476 u + M &+ ,%8u,3"C v , T A * Z43* X
9 : @ /;=<K?>\D , ,A@-,3:0-C4 +-(V0-CCB.0!V43*vEDz! 4+\tU (A@ ,u$F
GH JI
F),<43 3" +3%*4@" Av
?Qaubeh$}Qb Db} i.wx}>Ti3=|c#i(acb msbK>D mwx|uL1scwx}>oriEM @; < K?>\DN(wxs-f;di}#iagf|ubeahf|cauwx=
Õbeam|u#i.orb#Tif}>J i%i}#b|ci.vTt->
!
|c#i+,¡|caub ³bÇhf|cauwx=O>@£
7mQiwpTifsuqQddisu|ui«vTt ;T|ciau}³wxs;|ubagf}>Tbeh1nxt oc#bTbesuif|;ifeou w|ciagf|uwxb}¼f}¬wx}TXbauhf|cwbe}
mwx}>Tb P m#wpouwxssu{#nxwx|9wx}T|ub|¦ b({>fau|csQRf}Z-AS-bÇsrfh1i=suw>izZf}>Jf.scq#v#sci|QT§bUGbÇsuw>iWV£
¯i=b}#nxti3=>fh1wx}#imorb#Ti barTsXm¢eiauwÕtTwx}#d-|uQiXbnxnxb mw}Qd{#acb{Ziau|¦tTz mQiauiYJwsmf=m=#i'{>farfhJi|uia
Õbeam|u#i.fndebacw|c#hZ9
m|@ X[Z?\ D m|@ X[Z*] D ^Yf}>J m|@ X[Z_8D2 w @gD
q#}T|cwn¤ i->}Z1scq>ocf{>fac|uwporq#npfamorb#Ti bar m#besui-auisc|uacwo&|uwxb}be}LGIT§>fsm iwxdT|\[a`jAY[£
=nxn[orb#Ti bags mQwoc¢eiauwÕtorb}ZTwx|uwxb}.of}ifscwxntJv>iorb}#sc|uacq>or|uifsscbTb}fsm|u#i;orbacauis
{Zb}>w}Qd;sutTsu|cihf|uwpomdei}#iarf|ubeahf|uacwx=OP @; < K?>\DN-wsm´T}#b m}z9
b
agf}>TbhJnxt(sc{#nxw||uQi.aub msmbc>³wx}T|ub;|¦ b(scq#v#sui|us>URmi|Q>dS.orbacauisc{>be}>Twx}#d;|cb-Rf}ZeS£
b
Õbamifocnwx}#ifaorbeh;v#wx}>f|cwbe}+fWRmbYaub msmb7hf|uacwx=O>URz#orbeh1{#q#|cif R Z_Ç£
b
Õbamifocnwx}#ifaorbeh;v#wx}>f|cwbe}+f S bYaub msmb7hf|uacwx=O> S z#orbeh1{#q#|cif S Z_ £
b
w2f R Z_g hf S Z_Çz#oc#iou´ m#i|u#ia= m|@`@if R2j
f S
DkZl ) _8D [a` jY[£
])^:] a/b\ciClmczemhzl!iNm)cdqemfsnNc8rWn\emc
7m#i{#aci¢Twbeq#sfnxdbacwx|u#h0|u#iauirÕbeauii3=#{#nxbacis.f;sui|b7agf}ZTbhJnt;scinxior|ciwx}TÕbachf|uwxb}; mwx}>Tb ms
vTt{>ia¦Õbeauh1wx}#d;f|=ifocwx|ciagf|uwxb}f@fq#scsuwpf}inxwxh1wx}>f|uwxb};be} f}P@TJLo MmD¡¡dei}#iarf|cbahf|cauwx=[£T¥¦}
beagTia@|ubf¢ebwpJ|u#wxs-|uwxhJiro&b}#scq#h1wx}#d.{Qaub#oriTqQauizO 9i#iaci;{#aube{>besui|ubouQbêbesui;f|-ifeousu|ci{|u#i
}#i °wx}TÕbeauhf|uwxb}; mwx}>b ævTth1b#TwÕtTwx}#d.be}#nxt1b}Qi(inxihJi}T|mb9|c#i.{#aci¢Twxbq#s-b}Qi£U7m#wxsh1i|u#b#
wxsf}Zfnxbdebq#s|ub;|c#i-b}#i-q#sciwx}1|c#i.suwxhJ{#nxi3=4hJi|uQbJfsmscq#ddeisu|ciwx}¨jªÇf}>¨xTz
5
ªu£
»O¶/.021X1Õº30qp DLE T A2L, U %r + 4 -,.9s
tvuxw
$K tzyLw
{I$K
,%m4u"!-
r
@IW u D|}
y
=sf}êtJ|¦ 9b;wx}TXbauhf|cwbe}; mwx}>Tb msof}v>irbwx}#iJvTtfsuiyeq#i}>ori;b9ornxbesui.wx}TÕbeauhf|uwxbe}; mw}
Tb msz 9iqQsui|u#wxs1wx|ciagf|uwx¢ih1i|u#b#«wx}«barTia|ub>}Z«b}#i m#wpoc«i}>fvQnisqQs1|ub«Twxsgorb¢eiaf
orb#Ti 9beagbÇ iwxdT|\[.£
7mQi7Õbenxnb mwx}#dm{Qaub{Zbscwx|uwxb}.sc#b ms7#b oc#bTbesuwx}#d u f}> y suq>oc|u>f|~%rQws?sc|uwxnxnf}(wx}TXbauhf|cwbe}
mwx}>Tb .£
º º 1X1Xº 0a476 3 3 2 T A * ,%!4u ! @ ; < K >qD , + :
0-CCBs X v 6 3K3Wugw F yLw G %r3 @IW u D|} y v
r ,' -0-C A * 9 ½ FALm3 > @ !'*D!$#% ' # l
3:v ;Twx}>oriP @;z<mK?>\D zT i->f¢i9v j
!$#[A) ! !
=s|c#iorbenxq#h1}#s;wx}>i3=#i«vTth facinxwx}#ifacnxt wx}>Ti{Zi}>i}T|z f}> @ ! D!$#%A) facinxw}Qifacnt
wx}>Ti{>i}ZTi}T|-w
½£
=sm|u#i@{#aubev>fv#wxnxwxsu|cwoòh1i|c#b#J{#aub#oriq#auib}#nxt1Tifnxs mwx|uJ|u#i@auiTqQ}>#f}T|={>fac|mb7|u#i@sutTsu|cir
hf|uwpo=di}#iagf|ubeahf|uacw1=[zT i.b}QntJ}#iif;{Qaub#oriTqQaui;fv#nxi.|cb1bvQ|gfwx}|uQi.auiq#}>#f}ê|-hf|uacwx=e>r
orbeauacisu{Zb}>w}Qd1|ub- r¤Õacbh >@£
º º 1X1Xº 0^p 6 3 %r 3EC).4 , 0-C0A2L,A,%m43 m- %r @ 3I u D|" y v
6 3 @ /; < K?>\DN @ /; < K?>r D 3'm"43+u,TtmU ,A@-,+( T4'3-( T433,vDz! >r
,#/3( U+ + > A@%s
b
w GrCK r
'
'
b , w
%rvIW y K
w
Gr=IW u K
r!
' !' j !
'
r
! !
3:v
=s-%r @ I u D|a
y
TzE@ ;
<
K?>r D=wxs(bev#|gfwx}#ivTti3=>oc>f}#dwx}#d|u#i
u
¡|c¼f}>
y
¡|c
orbenxq#h1}#s?b@;
<
K?>\DNê£7mQwsof};vZiTbe}#imvTt4f=scwhJ{#nxi7{#wx¢be|uwx}#d-b{Ziarf|uwxbe};w}{Zbsuwx|cwbe}"@
u K y
Dz vv
vTtf#w}Qd;|u#i
u
¦|uacb æb9hf|uauwx=->D|cbfnxn¤be|u#ia-acb ms>
!
w|uQi(orbacauisc{>be}>Twx}#dinxihJi}T|
!
wxsm}#be|miyeq>fn¤|cb0>iaubZ£
])^ c8knNemi(d lmi(fpf "lmb\ciClmc8e$h8lmiNm)chLj"!AfemiClmb\o
7m#i@q#sui-b7|c#wxsmw|ciagf|uwx¢i-{#acb#oriTq#aci.nxifsm|u#i}2|ub;|uQiXbnxnxb mw}Qd%fnxdbacwx|u#h/9
#A0 1X1X $1%$e#1pº 0*
=f}>bh1nxt1oc#bTbsci4f}wx}TXbauhf|cwbe}1 mwx}>Tb Mf}>f{Q{#nxt f .fq#suscwpf}inxwxh1wx}>f|uwxb}Jwx}barTia
|cb;bv#|rfwx}fsctêsc|uihf|cwoòdi}Qiagf|uba=hf|uauwx=V@ /;
< K >qDT£
& 0[1 Ǻ[»O¶T¹.ºZ»§º'-¹.¶z1%(*)[#[ ¹+1 77¶+'uº 0»*
b
agf}>TbhJnxt1su{Qnwx|wx}|¦ 9bJsuq#vQsui|csR(f}>HAS mQiaui-,R.,v 0/ M1ej21f}>,AS.,3 03 M1ej4ê£U7m#i
aub msmbc>°faui-|uQi}su{#nxwx|mwx}1|¦ b;{>fac|us>URf}>g>Se£
b
agf}>TbhJnxt(scinxior|f} Vg¦inxihJi}T|9scq#v#sui|"T§b~G7£
b
Õbamifocnwx}#ifaorbeh;v#wx}>f|cwbe}+f R bYaub msmb7hf|uacwx=O> R z#orbeh1{#q#|cif
R Z_Ç£
b
Õbamifocnwx}#ifaorbeh;v#wx}>f|cwbe}+fS=bYaub msmb7hf|uacwx=O>Sez#orbeh1{#q#|cif S Z_Ç£
b
w2f R Z_g hf S Z_Çz#oc#iou´ m#i|u#ia= m|@`@ifWR j fKSDkZl ) _8D [a` jY[£
b
agf}>TbhJnxt(oc#bTbsui uxw ;f}> yLw G£# òi{#npfo&iQ mwx|u @ UI u D | y vTt;q#{¤#f|cwx}#d(hf|cauwx=
>Dfoo&bagw}Qd;|ub;|uQi{QauioriTwx}#d1{#acb{Zbscw|cwxb}[£
'¶Q?7m#wxs7fnxdbeauwx|u#h³of};fnxsubmvZiq#sui@XbaÇiorb#Twx}#d>£W i|S X j vZimforbeauauqQ{#|uihJisusrfdei
m#iauiEX-wxsf1orb#Ti barf}Z f}2iauacba¦¦¢ior|ubeab7 9iwxdeê|\[ suq>oc|c>f|Y[K /
R
S
2; m#iaci+;
wxsm|uQi.h1wx}#wxhq#h°Twxsu|rf}>ori@bÇ|c#i(orb#Tie£Hf|uauwx=
g
S
wxsf'di}Qiagf|uba-hf|uacwx=1b f} ¨JLK+M j K¦ªxorb#Tie£=q#a.fnxdbeauwx|uQh |u#i}i}Zfv#nxis-q#s=|ub1aciorb¢eia-|u#i
hJw}Qwh;qQh.¦ 9iwdeT|[ bagJb|c#wxs9}Qi °orb#TizQ m#wpouwxsm|uQiiauaubea¦¦¢io&|uba £
-(7=/4 2 @!#6
¯idwx¢i@#iaui1f}iu={Qnwporwx|-f}>orbhJ{#q#|rfv#nxi.i3=#{#acisuscwxb}Õbea|uQi( bac´¡fo&|uba-b9|u#wxs.fnxdebauwx|c#hz
vv
|uQi%f¢eiagfdi-}Tq#h;vZia9bÇinxihJi}T|gfaut1be{>iagf|cwxb}#smwx|auiyeq#wxauis£
s^`_ am)czemh !Ac ~nqo g.cze f VfAd.c8e$h8lmi`f\kPg iClmczemhzl!i`f
£E7m#iaci%faui-i3=>fo&|unxt
<?S
nwx}#ifamorbh;v#wx}>f|uwxb}QsÇb Y1acb ms9b[hf|uauwx=> R @Xauisc{[£ > S DIêorbeh1{#q
|uwx}#difocbÇ|c#ih0b}f} Vr¡vQw|suinior|uwxb}2auiyeq#wxauis~YzV-v#wx}>fact1f#w|cwxb}#s£
j#£E7m#i;f¢iarfdi}Tq#h;vZiamb o&bnxnxwscwxb}#s vv
|c#i;f¢iarfdi}Tq#h;vZiamb9{Zfwxaus @if
R
Kf
S
Dscq>oc|c>f|
@ifWR j fS-D?Z_e w-wxsiyeq>fnZ|ub
@! #"
]
$ D ]
S#%
£m?Qba7ifeocorbennxwxsuwxbe}( ih;q#sc|?{>ia Õbach$jAY"` fe#Twx|uwxbe}#s
bE@TJ ` M `LVDX¦v#wx|m 9beagTsXbamorbhJ{#q#|uwx}#d @if R j f S DkZl ) _f}>f iwxdT|¦uoc#ioc´Tw}Qd>£
5 £¯i-}#ii'&/@Y
<?S
(
j j)uDòh1beaui-b{Ziagf|uwxb}Qsm|ub1{Zia Õbach|u#i(tê}Zfh1wpoòh1ihJbaut1fnxnb#of|uwxb}
m#iaci*&,wsm|c#i-suw>i.bf;orbeh1{#qQ|uiam barV@,+ 5 jbeaFD£
F>£s?#bea9qQ{ #f|uwx}#dhf|uauwx=>DfeoorbeagTwx}#d|ub{#aube{>besuwx|uwxbe}j@ 9i=>f¢i=|ub1fQ;aub P>
|ub;fnxnZb|c#ia
aub ms+>
!
m#i} ! £Z=susuqQh1wx}#d|u>f|-|u#i1f¢eiagfdi 9iwxdeê|-bòorbenxq#h1} > wxs.M1jQzZ|u#i
9beau´'¡for|cbamwx}T¢ben¢eiwx}|u#wxsm{#acbo&iTq#aci.wxs
RS M @TJO` MmD£
²òi}>ori@|u#i(f¢eiagfdi=}êqQh;v>iambÇinxihJi}T|gfaut;b{Ziarf|uwxbe}#sm{>ia¦Õbeauh1if|mifocwx|uiarf|cwbe}1wxs9
- ) ¼jAY8V
M1j
Y j jYN@TJ` M `LVD
<.?S
S
j ) j &/@Y M1ej
Y j j ) D j
MU@TJ `PMmD
j
@¡jD
s^:] \d.cznUlmc8r Un\o g.c8ePf ViClmc8e$h8lmi`f\k
7m#if¢iarfdei(}Tq#h;vZia-bwx|uiagf|cwxb}#s-{Zia¦ÕbeauhJivTt|u#ifnxdbeauwx|uQhws-}#be|.|uQi1sgfh1i(fs.|uQi1b}Qi
{Zia¦XbauhJi;vTt;|c#i-w}Qw|cwpfn;T|ciau}sfnxdbacwx|u#h½suwx}>ori-|uQiscq>oorisusuwx¢ei(wx}TÕbeauhf|uwxbe}. mwx}>Tb ms9faui-}#b|
wx}>Ti{>i}ZTi}T|(f}TtTh1beaui£#²òi}>ori|uQi4fndebacw|c#h h;q#sc|mv>ih1b#Tini1vTtf1wsroraui|uir¦|uwxh1i@su|ub#oc>fsu|uwpo
{#acb#orisus£
W i|-X;vZi|u#iorb#Ti 9beag«b iwxdT| [)|ubauiorb¢iaf}> suq#{Q{8@XDwx|ussuq#{#{Zbac|£EW¤i|-vZi|u#i
wx}TÕbeauhf|uwxbe} mwx}>Tb «f}> R z S f}> T|c#ib|uQia7suinior|uwxb}Qs9orbacauisc{>be}>Twx}#d.|cb-|u#i,x¦|u;wx|ciagf|uwxb}[£
7mQi,x¦|u;wx|uiagf|cwxb}1of};|u#i}Jv>i-fscsub#orwpf|ci mwx|u;|uQiagf}>Tbeh°¢facwpfv#nxi+!O m#bscisu|rf|cisu{Zfori
wxsH 7wmK (KrjAY `«%~|}@¦jAYUDzK@¦jAYDU~|g jY j K (K3[- m#iaci
! w ,Jsuq#{Q{8@XD ,% zK
w wmK (KrjAY `¼%|HjAY j K 3K+["
! @¡jYD w ,Jsuq#{Q{8@XD ,% ³jAYf}Z @,RJsuq#{Q{N@ XD, aY
bea ,SJscq#{#{z@ XD, 5Ybea ,TJsuq#{Q{8@XD , wD
!2 @¡jYD w , R
Jsuq#{Q{8@XD ,% , S
JsuqQ{#{N@ XD ,% aYf}> ,TJsuq#{#{O@ XD,% w
7mQi9scq>ooriscs9sc{>fo&imws?|c#i}5 P*@¡jAYUD f}>@|u#i*¡fwnxq#aci7su{ZforimwxsM 7wmK 3K@¦jAYUDsK (K3[ê£
º º 1X1Xº 0 Dz! ,3:-43m-,3C4YtU+-4+u,3, !!$# -,3,4-(3 V! , /!0-&
U+%*, Z"!$#043m $v
3:v
7mQisuinior|uwxb}QsQ#zv
R
zz
S
f}> T«orbacauisc{>be}>Twx}#d;|ub|uQiQ,¡|cwx|ciagf|uwxb}Jb}#nxt;Ti{Zi}>Jb}J|u#i
{#aci¢Twxbq#s=w}Õbachf|cwxb} mw}ZTb ¼suwx}>o&i+ R z S f}ZeT faui-arf}>Tbeh1nxt;ouQbsui}[£U7m#i} 9i->f¢ei=Õbafnn
,f}>4Õbafnxn8@&%*K' R K3K' !D w )K
( )T¨ ! * !1$ ! R~ * !
RK !
S !
SK+K % + % ª ( )T¨ ! ! 1$ !
R~ + ! R¦ª
?Qq#au|c#iach1baci-|u#wxsm{#acbv>fv#wxnwx|¦t;TbTis}Qb|mTi{Zi}>be}|c#i-wx|uiarf|uwxbe}[£#²mi}Zori(|c#iaci.i3=#wxsu|usfhf|cauwx=
(½suqZou|c>f|.9
, w-, K
@.zK'/*D w S
K0( )T¨+! 1/.1$ ! R *ª +(32 4
! !$# wxsm|u#iacirÕbeaui;orbhJ{#nxi|uinxt;Ti|ciauhJw}QiJvêtJwx|usmsu|rfac|uwx}#d1Twxsu|cauwxv#q#|cwxb}-5 % f}>Jw|csm|uarf}T
scw|cwxb}hf|uauwx=6(;£
º º 1X1Xº 007
Dz! C+,C0-CCB
( ,+,-4 -(+ A mVm03U+%*,8Z9!:# 43m
3CtU+u,C m# p,\;#^@%s
( 2 2 M `<
M o
JO` M ` @T[ `=UD
JO` M j M o
[a`<
J `PM
# 2 w IW*@¡jAYUD K@¦jAYUD
(32 2 R M o J ` M ` @T[a`D
JE`PM
. 2 0 ³jAY j
(32 2> R M `<
M o
[a`<
J ` M
-# 0 æjY `¬
(32 4 w . 2 / 1w `¼K"8K" j
( S
S
@rU`8D M ` jAY
M o
JE` M ` @T[a`jAYD
JO` M j
jY
M o
[a` jAY
J ` M
( S > R S
@rU`8D jY j
M o
JO` M ` @T[ ` @¡jY j -D(D
JO` M
( S R S
@rU`8D
M ` @¡jY `¬-D
M o
[a` @¦jAY `¬-D
JO` M
( S > R S
jAY
j
M o
JO` M ` @C[a` @¦jAY
j
D`D
JO` M
( S R S
M ` @¦jAY `¼D
M o
[a` @¡jAY `«D
J `PM
( S
S
M ` jY
M o J `PM` @C[a` jAYUD JE`PM
j
jAY
M o
[a` jY
JE`PM
( S
S
( S
2 w . 2 @¦jAYD
Dzm. $T t33 x @ #+4u(.,
5%
2
< 2
<
%2
;w}Zori;|u#i;scwx}#dnxi;suqZooriscs;su|gf|uiJws.f} fv#scbauvQw}Qdsc|gf|uizd !*!$#: wxs(fJ|uagf}#suwxi}T|(oc>fwx}[£N7m#i
Õbenxnb mwx}#d2|u#ibeauih"of}«|u#i}¼v>if{#{#nxwxi Õba1orbeh1{#qQ|uwx}#d|c#ii3=>ori{Q|ui }Tq#h;v>ia(b%wx|ciagf|uwxb}#s
{Zia¦XbauhJiJvTt1|uQi%fnxdbacwx|u#h£
º º 1X1Xº 0¨îª ! !$# , C+!,u 4u! A T3,C 0-CCB ( F"U ,
! ,u%vu&C,3:-43m-,3C4 TCB 4333,Ctm "( T3,C, 0!" ! C+,s,3: :u,?F w¦£i£
@( 2 4 D
2#!
4 #"
! @ /;E` D m-, #3,$# 43 3V! % ( s0-CCB :0! 43m
# %
&
'"(
% '
@ /; ` D R
)?¶êºZ¶ 4
Dzm.kB+tm343(-C*)
:qmYm%3#CY(+-C,\+,+% 2+3.%C
+34u!u,< ,u%m4u&
43u,+,Y,3(-(.,Y;# @%s
) &
2z#
&
4 #
# 2 4
Lm3-#,Ym#43+u,Ct! ! %*0!: 80-CCBv
3:v
)
&
% J ( )T¨ JQª
&
R
( )T¨ JQª
&
%
( )T¨ w .ª
=sm|u#i-wx}#wx|uwpfn>{#acbv>fv#wxnxw|¦t1wsc|uacwvQq#|uwxb}Jwxsm¢ior|cba 5%zT i->f¢i*9
)
&
% &
2z#
( )T¨ w 1: % ª5%-@D
W i| @(32 4 D
2W#"
4 #!
|u#i}2 9i->f¢ei
( )T¨+! w 1$% ª
&
4 #
@ ! D2 4
7mZf}#´Tsm|ub|uQi.{#auioriTwx}#dJ{#aube{>besuwx|uwxb}J 9i=>}Zfnxnxt;bv#|rfwx}
) &
2z#
5 % @.UD
&
4
#
# 2 4
º º 1X1Xº 0 %-ttm-,' ! Am.$% E3.:#43*)+ ,<CY)- [ ,
vDzm#:# + N)9!
*43('+,+% 33EA@ ! p,As
- ) )
@5 D
Lm3 ) ,Y;# @ !33 - )
@",+%m T*v
s^ a/b\czfAemcOl!i`nNhLjZevn qi" !lmi(oc fAe lmb\c !Ac \czemhLjZrqc8nNfsr\i ! h \r opi"qi
o n\oZczi"!Abl dqemfAgqj(c8ok
Gòsuwx}#d|c#i1wxh1{Qnwporwx|Õbeauh;q#npf 5 i1}Qb °dwx¢ei;|u#i;be{#|uwxhfn?{>farfh1i|uiacsY f}Z}V(Õbea.subeh1iv>fscwpo
{#acbv#nxihJs£L7m#iJÕbenxnb mwx}#d bac´¡feor|ubeaus1faciorbhJ{#q#|uiXbasubhJi¨JLK3Meªx¡arf}>Tbeh_v#wx}>faut«orb#Tis
m#besuihJwx}#wxh(q#h<Twxsu|rf}>oriwxs;bvQ|gfwx}#i mwx|c |uQi-wxnxv>iac|¦9facsu>fh1b¢s-v>beq#}>¤£7lbeh1{>fauwxsube}#s
mwx|uJb|c#iaTio&bw}Qd1fnxdbeauwx|u#hJsm¨-wTz¤z¤Fª[faui-hfTimwx}¨Fª(IT|uQi bac´¡fo&|ubaauiyqQwaciJvTt;|u#i
wx}#wx|uwpfn ;T|ciau}s-fnxdbeauwx|uQh wxsmsc#b m}|ub;vZi%f|mnxifsc|sF;|uwxh1is*#wxd#iaXbam|uQiXbnxnxb mw}Qd.{#aubev#nxih1s£
4 1¶#º[» 1$0 (v07»Oº $1$0ǶT#º[»O¶#
¯i-#iaci-dwx¢i=|u#i.be{#|uwxhfnT{>farfhJi|uiacsf}>'|u#i@ 9beau´¡feor|ubeausmauiyqQwaci'Õbamaciorb¢eiauwx}#d1f}1iacauba
¢eior|ubea;b iwxdT| /
R
S
2ê£?¯i;auiofnxnm|u>f|Y«orbacauisc{>be}>Ts1|cb|uQi1}Tq#h;vZia.bacb ms(bifoc
{>fau|b|c#i1dei}#iarf|ubea(hf|cauwx= i1q#sci;Õbea.|u#inxwx}#ifa(orbh;vQw}Zf|uwxbe}#sf}>|u>f|V1wxs.|c#i1scw>i1b
|c#i1scinxior|uwxbe} T³b} mQwoc|c#i1i3=>fh1wx}#i2 9beagTs@¢f}#wxsuO£ mbe|ui1|c>f|@|u#iorb#Ti1 i1orb}QsuwpTia@Õba
orbeh1{#qQ|uwx}#d|u#i- bau´'¡fo&|ubamwxsmf}¨JLK+M
j
rªx o&bifoorbarTwx}#d;|ub;|c#i.auihfac´;wx}1suior|uwxb}j#£
5 £
orb#Ti ¨F>z5 jQz ¨jQzF>zx ª ¨îje#zxje#zîj ª ¨î#jQzîjQz ¨©eQz5 FZzeª
| 5 © F j Fêj
be{#|uwxhfn Y- ½ YE ½ YE ½ YE ° Y æj
{>farfhJi|uiacs V F V ¼ V ³© V ³ V °©
9beau´;¦for|cba j R
j
R
j
SR
j
%
j
¨-wjF>zî#j#zx 5 ª ¨x 5 Qz©eQz©wª ¨îj*wFêQzxwjF>zîjjeª
e F ej
YE ³j Y æj Y- ¼j
V ½ V D VK ³jw
j R
j
j
R*S %
77fvQni9 ={#|cwhfnZ{>farfhJi|uiacsÕbaiorb#Twx}#d;agf}>Tbeh_¨JLK+J 1ejª¤v#wx}>fact1orb#Tis
¯i@suii;wx}>deq#aui@|u>f|zQÕbea%f4m=#i2agf|ci6)+ M1*J?zZnbed
S
@ D=nwx}#ifaunxtTi{Zi}>s.b}PJ m#i}
{>fagfh1i|ciaus Y¼f}> Vfacibe{#|uwxhJw>i f}>§|u>f|1|uQi bac´¡feor|ubeaof}«v>i macwx|u|ui}¼wx}¬|c#iÕbeauh
æj
>
£
?OwxdqQaui(jJsuQb msQb D{>farfh1i|uiacsKYf}>xV4feor|-b}|c#i; 9beau´J¡feor|ubeaXbaiorb#Twx}#df;arf}>Tbeh
¨JLK3J 1jª[orb#Ti9QwÇ|uQitfaui-}#be|mb{#|cwxh1w>i¤zenxbd
S
@* DmTbTis=}#b|mnxwx}#ifaunxt;Ti{Zi}>2b} Jf}TtTh1beaui£
?Qq#ac|u#iach1beaui7 i7suii9wx}->deq#aui 5 |uZf|$@.)D¤wxs?ornxbsui-|ub=|u#ii}T|uacb{Tt=Õq#}>or|cwxb}ES-@)DOh;q#nx|uwx{#nxwÑi
vTtf@$=io&bêi orwxi}T|z# mQiauiES @TSUD 7`\Sònbed
S
@CSD` @rU` SUDTnxbd
S
@gU` SD£
º º 1X1Xº 0"!
Dz! m3+uC43 )9!84u:)3,+% 3+z\343 .Y+
¨JLK+Mêª
& A@ 43-
43^3#uttU+B 0-(3-@ mA A E % s
¼j
#$
]
<
>
L!+ ¼ Q=w S
U% ½j
p &U1i07»1i0 ( ^1$021 ¸c¹.¶z1(*)¤º[»O¶T¹.ºZ»?
¯iJ}#b dwx¢i;|c#i1|c#ibaci|uwpofnorbhJ{#nxi3=#wx|¦tbm|u#ifndebacw|c#h0Õbea(aciorb¢iauwx}#df 9beagb 9iwxdeê|
;Jwx}f;arf}>bh ¨JLK+MêªÇv#wx}>fautorb#Tiz¤ mQiauiE;Jws=dwx¢i}vTt|c#i -wxnvZiac|¦9facsu>fh1b¢s9vZbq#}Z¤£Z¯i
fsusuqQh1i-|u>f|fnxnZ|u#isci4o&bisorbe}T|gfwx}Ji3=>for|cntJb}#i- bar1bÇ iwxdT|;Z£
orb#Ti ¨îF>z5 jQz© ª ¨xj#zîF>zx ª ¨îjQzxjQzîjª
b{Q|uwxhfn Y- ½ YE ½ YE °
{>farfh1i|uiacs V F V ¼ V ³©
bac´;¡feor|ubea j R j
S
j
%
¨5
FZzxjQzF 5 ª ¨QjQzjeQze©ª ¨îF w#z
5
jw#zî©Qrª
YE æj YE æj Y ³j
V ½F V ° V °
j
j % S j
77fvQni-jm9 ={#|cwhfn#{Zfagfh1i|ciaus*Õbea7>}ZTwx}#d4f@h1wx}#wxhq#h¦ 9iwxdT|? 9beag'w}Jagf}>Tbh,¨JLK3J 1j ªx¡v#wx}>faut
orb#Tis
=s=Õba-|uQi;di}#iagfnmTio&bw}Qd{#aubev#nxih_nxbed
S
@
D%nwx}#ifaunxtTi{Zi}>s(be} J Õba.fJm=#i2agf|ui
) M1J/@Xsuii%>dq#aci.F D£
¥X|u#wxs. bac´1¦for|cba-wxs macwx|u|ui}w}|uQi.Õbeauh )j
> zZ>deq#aui;Jsu#b ms.|c>f|X-@)D=ws
ornxbesui|cb;|u#i-|cagf}Qsunpf|ciJi}T|uaube{Tt1Xq#}>or|cwbe}eX S @.) j )%D£
º º 1X1Xº 0 Dz!<!333C43 z)"!s*43(.3,+% 3+E-AAU 0 m %.&(E-s)+02
+U ¨JLK3Meª& 2A@ 4+- 43 3 3t*t+[B 2 :3-@0! A )- % %s
æj $ ] >
> !+ X~ w xj F ; ½w ) % 5 xj.-w S
5-6@(77-+*7+ $2/=1 7' g!
. /=1-+
¥¦}¼beagTia|cb¬oc#ioc´«|uQi orbeauacior|u}Qisusb.bqQa1b{Q|uwxh1w>f|uwxb} i>f¢eihfeTifdauif|1}Tq#h;vZia;b
scwh;qQnf|uwxb}Qs¤Õbeaf=schfnxnT{#acbv#nxih/9 iorb#Twx}#d(f=agf}>Tbeh$¨îje#zxje#zîj ªÑ¦v#wx}>factorb#Tiz vv aciorb¢iauwx}#d
f}1iacauba ¡¢eior|cbamb[ iwxdT|F>£?#bea7ifeouJsui|mb[{>farfhJi|uiacs-ww*wo&bh1{Qq#|gf|uwxb}#s*>f¢imvZii}hfeTi
be} f-®7lfn{Q>forbhJ{#q#|uiaacq#}#}#wx}#df|;©e H2²s>£z7m#i;auisuq#nx|usdwx¢ei}wx}|gfv#nxi 5 o&b}T>ach<|u#i
¢fnwpTwx|¦tb|u#i;{#aci¢Twxbq#s.|c#ibeautT£¤¯i.suii1|uZf|.Tiorb#Twx}#df1arf}>bh ¨îje#zxj#zîj ªuorb#Ti-auiyqQwacis
faubqQ}>.jsuiorb}>s£-7mTq#sÇTiorb#Twx}#df.¨î#j#zîje#zx¦b}#i¤auiyqQwacis7facbq#}>-#beq#ausOb}-bqQaÇorbeh1{#q#|cia£
E
+O7/=<(«59:; . .77=!
+?@+? AB0C /J-+( @ @9FE1GG
W i| BW æj '°f}>VJ- ³j' `¬e£mW¤i|v>i(f@{#acwhJwx|uwx¢i\JQ¦|uaubTbe|mbÇqQ}#wx|¦t;w} .?@CBD£
|u#ibaui|uwpofn |c#ibeaui|cwofn i3=#{>iauwxh1i}T|rfn f¢eiagfdi orbeauacior|ui
{Zfagfh1i|ciaus bau´¦for|cba f¢iarfdi f¢iarfdei i¢Twf|uwxb} lm`G lm`AG
nxbd
S
@* D wx|uiarf|cwbe} wx|uiarf|uwxbe} |cwxh1i |cwxh1i
}Tq#h;vZia }Tq#h;vZia @Õs3D @Õs3D
Y ½z/V ³ je©#£
5 © 5
e# Fw©j
j
j#£îw j#£î© j#£î
Y ½z/V ³ je#£îw F wFê 5 £FT j#£x j#£xF
Y ½z/V ³© je#£î# F>
5 FZw j £îj
5
j#£w© j#£wF
Y ½z/V ³ je#£î FêjFF F 55 j j#£îj# j#£x 5 j#£w
Y ½z/V ³ je#£î F 5
j F*F>© j £îj j#£îw j#£î©
Y- ³j#z/V °-w je#£îw F 5 j F 55 j w#£5 5 £îF 5 £î©e
Y- ³j#z/V °e je#£wF F*Fêj FT©w j #£î# 5 £w*w j#£îjQ
Y- ³j#z/V °j je#£î# FTF F*Fê £î©e j#£x 5 j#£5
Y- ³j#z/V ° 5 je#£5 © FT FT© j F>£î# ©#£î©*w #£îQ
Y- ³j#z/V °F je#£î FTw *w j #£î 5 j#£Fw j©#£î©ej
77fvQni
5
9Ziorb#Twx}#d(arf}>bh<¨je$KjmKrjªxÕvQw}Zfautorb#Tis
»O¶/.021X1Õº30=
DzmYtU T# E A@V3L&C,,Q 4+- C0 -
J5 j'P`æ
/u&
,3P,3(43/F<*U-(+^@
@TJLK D
FY,0m :u,3+ UA@Z4@4 14V43* C -
J
!:#2
+-,
EK S
K `K
R
7mQihJwx}#wxh(q#hTwxsu|rf}>ori;'b @TJLK Dsgf|cwxs¦>is=|u#i.±lm²DvZbq#}ZN9v; £
7mQiaui;wxs.}#bdei}#iarfnh1i|c#b#Õbea=>}>Twx}#d|uQi1|uacq#i;h1wx}#wxhq#h$Twxsc|gf}Zori1bòf±lm² orb#Tifn
|c#bq#desui¢eiagfn[wx}T>}#wx|ciornpfscsuis-faci´T}#b m}J|ub>f¢i=h1wx}#wxhq#h Twxsc|gf}Zori-iyeq>fn¤|cb(|c#iwxaTiscwde}#i
Twxsc|gf}Zori¨ 5 zÇ©Tzrªu£z7m#i1|cauq#iJh1wx}#wxhq#h wsc|gf}>ori1Zfsv>ii}Si|uiach1wx}#i2Xba(fnn*}>facaub ¦sui}#sci
±lm²$o&bis;bnxi}#de|unxiscs;|u>f} #e£8?Qba.|c#i1nxi}#de|u«#'|u#iJ|uauqQi1h1wx}#wxhq#hTwxsu|gf}>orib.j
b|uQih wxs(sc|uwxnxn9qQ}#´T}#b m}¼¨xrªu£Gòsuwx}#d|c#i{#aui¢êwxbeq#sunxt{#acisui}T|ci¼fnxdebauwx|c#h_ i1sc#b |uZf||u#i
Tisuwxd}#iTwxsu|rf}>ori@wsauifoc#i Õbamb?|u#isui(orb#Tis£
¥¦|wxs 9inn¦´T}#b m}¼|uZf||c#i fq#|cbhJbau{Q#wxsuh daubeq#{³b1f}³i3=#|ui}>iD{#acwxh1wx|uwx¢i±lm² orb#Ti
orbe}T|gfwx}#sm|c#i(f 1}#ideaubqQ{be} .?@¡j'YDIT|c#i} i->f¢i-|uQiXbnxnxb mw}Qd.{#aube{>besuwx|uwxbe}89
º º 1X1Xº 0 @¦j'a` *K D 43: ,. )30C # E- [ ! )43(2,# )3#:
)- [a`¬ v
7mTq#sm i-bv#|rfwx}89
)?¶êºZ¶ p
@¡#eKrj*D F
@¡QK
5
©*D F
@¦#eK`F>D F
@¡#eK`F 5 D
@¦#*Kge©D
m$# # $ #%
,3:430 +%m O:'! #*3,3",3:43v
3:v
W¤i|9q#sTir>}#i .?@¡j
D?vTt j j
w#£?Qba*ifoc1b |c#isci
@¡#eK
D7f- barb¤ 9iwxdeê|
j
b æjeT
@¡je#z 5 ez 5 #z#QzTF>z#©ej#zZj#z¤je#zZ 5 #zZFêjQz>©Qz¤QzêjejjQzêjej©Jz#jQzêje©wQz 5 w#ez 5 wQz 5 w©#z
5 ©#z 5 FT©#z 5 F>z 5 e#z 5 #z*F>j#zFZ#zFTj 5 zF 5 zFTFZzFê*D
b 5
©T
@FZzÇ
5
zZj©#zUFT#z>e#z¤FZz[-wj#zOw
5
z[eQzÇeQz[
5
j#zOFêQz[j#zOe#z[©Qz j*wjQz>j##zZj
5
jQz>jF w#z
jFT#zjew#zej#ezj*w#z
5
jF>z
5
j©#z
5
FêQz
5
ez
5
w#z
5
©Qz 5 5 z 5
e#zFTj
5
zFê#ezFê
5
zFTFZzFêe#z*wF>z
weD
b FZ
@¡Qz#jw#z
5
w#z
5
©#z
5
QzFTj#zF
5
z#
5
z#Qzêe#z#
5
z#
5
z##zZwe#z¤-w#z¤ewQz>ez¤©Qz>#z#j*wjQzêj
5
F>z
j*w#zjej#zej©wQz
5
jQz
5
FTj#z
5
j#z 5 5 z 5
©e#z
5
j#z
5
QzF wQz*F wej#zFZw#zFêjQzF
5
#zFTjQzFêe©#zFT©#z
Fêej#zFêe#zTwe©D
b F 5
@TwQz[Qz 5 Qz 5 Qz#Qz#©#zZQz#w#z#ej#zZ©#z¤eQz¤ 5 FZz¤FT©#z¤FT#z¤z[Qz¤©Qz¤*w#z¤e#z#j*w#z
jje#zTjF wQzêjFêjQzêje#zejQzêjeFZzêje#zTje#z 5 we#z 5 ©Qz 5 jQz 5 jej#z 5 jFZz 5 jQz 5 j#z 5 #ez 5 ©Qz 5 F>z
F we#zF>1zFTjQzFFFZzFê*w#z*Fêj*D
b æe©T
@g#z¤Qz>j 5 z#jQz#j©QzF 5 z#*w#z#Qz#FZz#©wQz#© 5 z#©e©#zZ#z#e#z#e#z¤wQ(zOwej#z¤#zZ©#z¤F 5 z¤Fê#z
ej#zZQz>
5
z>#zQQz>©
5
z>©#zZej#zZ
5
zZQz#e©#zZe#zTjw
5
zêjQwQzêjQj#zejjQzêj
5
wQzêjF w#z
jF*F>zjej;zTj
5
zje©j#zej
5
zje©#zjewQzjej#zje
5
zejQzje©#z
5
wQz
5
w#z
5
jwQz 5 j 5 z 5
j©Qz 55
w#z 5*5
#z
5 5 z 5
#z
5
jQz
5
e#z
5
ej#z
5
F>zF wwQzF>ezFZF1zF>©QzFêjQz*F
5
j#zF
5
#zFFêQzFê
5
zFTQzFêQzFT#z
Fê©F>zFê©e#z*Fê©e#zFê*w#zFT#z*Fê
5
zFT©#zFTQzFTj#z#*w
5
z#wFZzê*wQz##w*D
77fv#nxiFmdewx¢isO|u#i7nxwxsu|¤b>fnxn}>fauacb ¡sci}#suim±lm² orb#Tis?bnxi}Qd|u#ezr|u#iwa?hJw}Qwhq#h«Twxsu|gf}>ori
f}>J|u#i. mft;|uQit1 iaui%Õbq#}Z¤£
J0ǺQ¹X¶#» (Z¶ ¶z0[T¯i mwxsu|cb;|u>f}#´²òiau¢~i(l>fv>f}Q}#i- m#b(wx}#wx|cwf|ui'|u#wxsm bac´ £
_--7@/=+
¨&ª((£eqQdb|z#`?£#l>fac{#wx}[z#f}Z.£U;Ti}>auwxia£A;|uq>TtTwx}#d|u#i-nxb#of|cbam{ZbnxtT}#bhJwpfnÑs?bÇh1wx}#wxhq#h
9iwxdeê|morb#Ti barTsb±lm²°orb#Tis£ DU3,v - vDz!3A@ z 5 !@ 5 D9îwe© 5 zTjQ£
¨j ª(®m£î .£±7iaunxi´fhJ{[z @£>£Ho®?nxwxioriezêf}>.².£îl-£(£9f}#7mwxnxvZbaudZ£ =}|u#imwx}#Qiaui}T|?wx}T|uagfeor|gfv#wxnxw|¦t
b[oriau|rfwx}o&bw}Qd.{#aubev#nxih1s£ DU+!,uv #vUDz!3@ z¥C7 jFm@5 D95 F 5 e#zH2ft1e©#£
¨5 ª.(£lmf}T|uifq#|7f}Z(²@£l>fvZf}#}#ie£T Xq#au|c#ia7wxh1{Qaub¢ih1i}T|Zb>|c#im 9beau´-¦for|cba[wx};f};f|c|uihJ{#|
f|.v#acif´Twx}#dZH2o®?nxwxiori s1oractê{Q|ubsctTsu|uih£¥¦} `?£?l>fau{#wx}[zOiTwx|ubeaz #z?{>fdis
5 ©#£¥ m¥¦z[FZ£
¨Fª.(£Tlmf}T|uifq#|mf}>0?£#l>fv>fq> £¤¥¦h1{#acb¢ihJi}T|usOb[|uQi%f|u|rfoc´Ts9be}1orautT{#|cbsutTsc|uihJsmv>fsci;be}
iauacba¦uorbeauauior|uwx}#d orb#Tis£ f{#{Zbau|@w}T|ciau}#i1q i{>fac|uihJi}T|#Hf|c#ihf|uwpyeq#is-i|¥¦}TÕbeauhf
|uwpyeq#i.W¤¥u® q;eeuj#ezê®7o&bnxi mbachfniY;Tq#{m~iauwxiq#aciz¤`Çfauwxsz eq#nxtQ£
¨ ª#?9£¤l>fv>fqZ¤£*=}|u#isuio&q#auwx|¦tbmsubhJi(oractê{Q|ubsctTsu|uih1s-v>fscib}2iauacba¦uorbeauauior|uwx}#dorb#Tis£
¥¦}
tU+u& t34333 -,<:
D
#£;{#auwx}#deia¦7iacnfd>z¤FZ£
¨ ª(².£>£[²òinxdiac|(f}Z @££N;T|cw}Zf7£ ;#bac|ui}#i ±lm² orb#Tis£
DU3,v
vDz!3A@
z
{>fdeis# ejwQzòb¢ih;vZia-©
5 £
¨© ª.7.£+-fsrfh1w[f}> ;¤£UW¤wx}[£s;Tbeh1i-auiscq#nx|us-b}2|u#i.hJwx}#wxh(q#h iwxdT|mb7{#acwxh1wx|uwx¢i-±9lm²½orb#Tis£
D3,v vDz!3@ z#{>fdisejF#je#z òb¢ih;vZia.e©jQ£
¨ ª.7.£ +-fsgfh1w7f}Z .£N7?b´Tq#arf#£";bh1i@auihfau´Ts.be} ±lm²vZbq#}ZTs4f}>2h1wx}#wxh(qQh$ iwxdT|us-b
v#wx}>fact;{#auwxh1wx|cw¢ei±9lm²Do&bis£ DU+,v #vDzm+A@ zT{>fdissFw F> 5 zHfte#£
¨ ª >£;£ +=ih1i}êtf}> >£W7£U;T}#inxn¦£ 2m( "!$#"4u!2, ££f} òbsc|uagf}>¤z¤`?acw}Zori|ube}[zmi
iacsuitTz[wQ£
¨xw ª(`?£Z£W iif}>§®m£?£Ç±*auwpoc´inxn¦£}§bv#sciau¢f|uwxb}§b} |c#isuio&q#auwx|¦t b Ho®?nxwxiori s;{Qq#v#nxwpoc¡´eit
orautT{#|cbsutTsc|uih£¥¦}l-£;£ q#}T|uQiazZiTwx|cbaz
Y$#43u, 25AA@3t$: u[@
D
z
}êqQh;v>ia 55
wwx} W ior|uqQaui mb|cis;wx}¬lbeh1{#q#|cia0;#orwxi}>oriez7{>fdis1je© #j*w#£L;T{#auwx}#deia¦7iacnpfd>z
e#£
¨x&ª >£;¤£8W ib}[£2 {#acbv>fv#wxnwxsc|uwpo(fnxdbacwx|u#h Õba(o&bh1{Qq#|uwx}#dJh1wx}#wxh(qQh$ iwxdT|usbmnpfacdi;iacauba
orbacauior|cwx}#dorb#Tis£
DU3,v
- vDz!3A@
zT¥C7
5
Fm@¦D9x
5
F 5
Tz*;Ti{#|cih;v>ia.e#£
¨xj ª >£+£ =h;q#arf#£Z¥¦|uiarf|cw¢eiTiorb#Twx}#d(b[nxw}Qifamorb#TisvTt1f-h1b#Tq#nxb j=nxwx}#ifa*{#aubedagfh£
,4+u:
z 5 9
5
jwe#zTe©jQ£
¨x 5 ª.¯°£¯°£ê`Oi|ciauscb}f}>®m£>£Q¯inpTb}[£ 33&A)+34uT2+)-u, £AH¥C7 `auiscsz?e#£
¨xFª >£;|uiac}[£hJi|uQbòÕbeaZ>}>Twx}#do&bi 9beagTs?bschfnn iwxdT|£¥¦};£lbe#i}(f}> >£¯bnÕhf}#}[z
iTwx|ubeausz )- 5Dzm+A@ZVst*t 1 4+ T, z¤}Tq#h;vZia 5 Jwx} W¤ior|cq#aui òb|uis(wx} lbhJ{#q#|cia
;#orwxi}>oriez>{Zfdis.w e 5 £*;T{#auwx}#deia¦7iacnpfd>z¤e#£
¨x ª >£¤¢f}Z7mwxnxv#q#acd>£(=}|uQi"Ho®?nxwxioriJ{#q#v#nxwpoc¦´ito&autT{#|ubesutTsu|cih£J¥¦} ;¤£ %bnpT mfsusciaz iTwx|ubeaz
:# 433, PAA@3t$: u[@h D z?}êqQh;v>ia F w 5 wx} W¤ior|cq#aui mbe|uis;wx}¼lbhJ{#q#|cia
;#orwxi}>oriez>{Zfdis. 5 £*;T{#auwx}#deia¦7iacnpfd>z¤*w#£
w jw 5 w F w
w
w
©w
w
w
ww
w
jw
5 w
j je Qj ©e wejF jw 5 j*wFê
nxbd
S
@*
D
nxi}#de|uJb7|u#i.orb#Ti ) ½ 1j
j
j j j j j j j
) ½ 1F
) 5 1F
o
o o o o o
) ½ 1
) ³©.1
?Owxdq#aci*9>®?¢ebnxq#|cwbe}b7|c#i(|c#ibeaui|cwofn7 bac´1¦for|cba mwx|cb{#|cwxh1w>iJ{>fagfhJi|uiaus=Õba-Tiorb#Twx}#d
arf}>Tbeh ¨JLK3J )ªx¡v#wx}>faut(o&bis
Unite´ de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technopoˆle de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS LE ` S NANCY
Unite´ de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unite´ de recherche INRIA Rhoˆne-Alpes, 46 avenue Fe´lix Viallet, 38031 GRENOBLE Cedex 1
Unite´ de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex Unite´ de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex
E ´ diteur
INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France)
ISSN 0249-6399
wjF
w
j
j je Qj ©e wejF jw 5 j*wFê
nbed
S
@
$
%
$
D
nxi}#de|uJb7|u#i.orb#Ti Y- ½KNVK w
Y- ½KNVK ¼
YE ½KNVK °-w j
j j j j j j j j j j j j
YE ³jmKNVK æj*w o
o o o o o o o o o o o
?Owxdq#aci4j$9#¥¦}Zq#i}>ori;b7{>farfh1i|uiacs~Yf}> V(be}|uQi. 9beau´J¡feor|ubeamÕbeaTio&bw}Qd ¨JLK3J 1j ª arf}>Tbeh
orb#Tis
wQ£wQ
wQ£wej wQ£w 5 wQ£wF wQ£we
w#£we
w
1 1F 1j
5
1F ©.1e
f
) M1J
w we ES
?Owxdq#aci 5 9#®?¢benxq#|uwxb};b9orbTiorwxi}T| ;¢Ts£) M1J
w jw 5 w F w
w
w
©w
w
w
F j je #j ©e
nxbd
S
@*
D
nxi}#de|uJb7|u#i.orb#Ti )W °1j
j
j j j j j
)W °1F
)W 5 1F
o
o o o o
)W °1
)W æ©1
?Owxdq#aci#FU9>®?¢ebnxq#|cwbe}b9|c#i(|c#ibeaui|cwofn7 bac´1¦for|cba mwx|cb{#|cwxh1w>iJ{>fagfhJi|uiausmXbamZ}>Twx}#df
hJw}Qwh;qQh.¦ 9iwdeT|[ bagJwx}agf}>Tbh,¨JLK3J )ªx¡vQw}Zfautorb#Tis
J M ; faudeq#h1i}ê| wx} J M ; faudeq#h1i}T| wx}
Q wej 5 5 \H/@¦©D ¨î©ª #e jFZ © 5 © 5 `A;U@¡©QzxD ¨x 5 ª
Fê 5 \H/@¦©D ¨î©ª j 5 © ¼©
FêF © © \H/@¦D ¨î©ª jje ©© ¼©©
Fê©e ®A; ¨xcª jj*w © ©e ¥u ¨xcª
Fêe e \H/@¦D ¨î©ª j#e 5 5 ¥u ¨xcª
Fêe© 5 5 ; ¨îª jwej ¼
FFT \H/@rD ¨î©ª
5
© e©
F 5 © © ®A; ¨xcª F # Q ¥u ¨xcª
F 5 w ¥u ¨xcª ©e 5
e F =¥ ¨îª
FêjQ j# jQ `;U@¡©
5 z5 D ¨x
5 ª e e qH/@
5 D ¨î©ª
F>j j 5 j 5
\H/@¦D ¨î©ª e© w
5
-w
5
¥u ¨xcª
F w 5 j je ; ¨îª FT w© Dwe©
5 F j© je© \H/@¦D ¨î©ª 5 w e F =¥ ¨îª
5 e j je 5 w e qH/@5 D ¨î©ª
5 ©e 5 5 \H/@F D ¨î©ª jQ © e F =¥ ¨îª
5 e© 5 5 `;U@¡© 5 zîD ¨x 5 ª j e qH/@5 D ¨î©ª
5 e 5 © 5 © w 5 j 5 j© m¥ ¨xcª
5 FT 5 5 ¥u ¨xcª F j j© F =¥ ¨îª
5 Fw F> FZ j© j© qH/@¡j*D ¨î©ª
55 F 5 F 5 © ©# ©# ®; ¨xcª
5 jej Fê FT ¥u ¨xcª © © © ®; ¨xcª
5 5 Fê© FT© \H/@F D ¨î©ª 5 5 ®; ¨xcª
5
wF # SQ Fê © © ®; ¨xcª
je 5 5
m¥ ¨xcª F w # # qH/@¡j*D ¨î©ª
je e \H/@F D ¨î©ª
5 j# jQ `A;U@¡©Qz
5 D ¨x
5 ª
j©e© © e© ¥u ¨xcª j jj
5
jej
5
qH/@¡j*D ¨î©ª
je Se j 5 j 5 qH/@¡j*D ¨î©ª
je # SQ w j je qH/@g-D ¨î©ª
j*w 5 5 \H/@5 D ¨î©ª
; j j
; j F
}#i ³auisuq#nx|
®A; i3=#>fq#su|cw¢ei-suifagoc
¥u wpTihJ{>be|ui}T|
ò¥ mi m|ub}smwpTi}ê|cwx|uwxis
qH/@-D wx}T|uiacsuior|cwxb} mwx|uJ|u#i@su#beau|ui}#i|uT¦barTia- miiê:HqQnnxiao&bi
; orb#Ti.sc#bac|ui}Qw}Qd
`A; @TJS*K S-D{#acbq>or|scq#v¤orb#Ti9NJ- JR+JS.f}> JR S
m#iaci(±lm²Y@TJS*K SDZfsmh1wx}#wxhq#h°Twxsu|rf}>o&i.iyeq>fn¤|cb S
F =¥ FuTwx¢Twxsuwxv#wxnxw|¦t@b qH/@FD
w wj w wF w w
w w
w
w xj
w 1 1F 1ej 5 1F ©1
)Q M1*J
w xj S @) j w w
5
jeD
?Owdeq#aui.$9#®?¢benqQ|uwxb};b*o&bêi orwxi}T|X¢Ts£&) M1*J