HAL Id: inria-00074514
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00074514
Submitted on 24 May 2006
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An Inductive constructive method for computation of the face lattice of a polyhedron
Doran Wilde, Sanjay Rajopadhye
To cite this version:
Doran Wilde, Sanjay Rajopadhye. An Inductive constructive method for computation of the face lattice of a polyhedron. [Research Report] RR-2158, INRIA. 1993. �inria-00074514�
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET AUTOMATIQUE
An Inductive Constructive Method for Computation of the Face Lattice of a Polyhedron
Doran K. Wilde Sanjay Rajopadhye
N˚ 2158
December 1993
PROGRAMME 1
Architectures parall`eles, bases de donn´ees, r´eseaux et syst`emes distribu´es
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