Aselmed n tmaziyt deg Uswir-is Amezwaru

TIGDUDA TAZZAYRIT TAMRGDAYT TA ERFANT LIF N ULMUD UNNIG D UNADI USNAN TASEDDAWIT AKLI MUHEND ULHA NTUBIRET

TASEDDAYT N TSEKLIWIN D TUTLAYT AGEZDU N TUTLAYT D YIDLES AMAZI

AKATAY N TAGGARA N TURAGT LMD DEG TUTLAYT D YIDLES N TMAZI T

ASENTEL:

Tanelmadt : selmendad n Mass :

REKIBI Malika QACIMI Zidine

ASNEMMER

Deg tazwara ad rre Tajemmilt i Mass QACIMI Zidine i

Ybedden ef uxeddim n tkatut-a n tagara n turregt n

useggas-a. Ad ini Tanemmirt i Mass ELLAWI.M, i yellan ef uqerru

n ugezdu n d yidles amazi almi d-yewwe

er tizi n wass-a.

Ad dini tanemmirt i yiselmaden n ugezdu n tmazi t n

tseddawit n tubiret akken mallan anda mallan ,ger-asen Massa

FURALI, Mass L UFI,…Atg.

Ad ini tanemmirt i yinelmaden n ugezdu n tutlayt d yidles

Amazi s yiswiren-is merra.

Mebla ma ttu merrra wid ixedmen deg u erbaz

di isa akken mallan.

Ad budd- amahil-agi i wid zizen felli:

I win ye a wakal ef zik ur nerwi udem-is gma zizen MILOUD.

I Tin yefnan tudert-is d win yefkan tezmert-is akken ad re

Yemma Ta zizt d Babba.

, I win ufi ef yidis-iw aseggas-a Argaz-iw HAMID.

I yimawlan n urgaz-iw me

i meqqer s lxu

mmi Arzqi d AYUB.

I tikent –iw ur d-s i yemma Tamdakelt n tudert-iw T zizt COCA.

I watmaten-iw d yisetma akken mallan BAYA, AKILA, ZINA,

SADAK, AMER, MOUHAMMED, RAZIKA, HDJILA…atg.

I tid yellan yidi ASYA, HAFSA, NADYA…atg.

I Tin ufi

ef yidis-iw deg lma na-w FIFI.

I Temdukal-iw n leqraya akken i nes edda tin yelhan d tin n

diri FAHIMA, BESMA, AMAL,...atg.

I tin i id-yefkan isurrifen n uuselmed Massa XFIF farida.

A awas

Tazwert

A ric A rayen:

I-IXEF AMEZWARU :

A)- Imazi en d tmazi t:

A-a- Imazi en:

1)- Deg Usegzawal………...05

2)- Si tmu li n yi raben……….05

3)- Si tama n tmu li tamirent………...06

A-b- Tamazi t :

1)- Tamazi t s umata………...08

2)- Tamazi t d tutlayt ta elnawt………...09

3)- Tamazi t di lakul………..10

II-IXEF WIS SIN:

B)- Aselmed n tmazi t deg uswir-is amezwaru:

B-a- Li ala n uswir amezwaru:

1)- Uqbel timunent……….14

2)- Umbe d timunent………...14

B-b- Iswi n uswir-a

B-c- Aselmed n tmazi t deg uswir-a:

1)- Amecwar-is ………..17

2)- Amazruy-is ………...18

2-1-Tallit tamezwarut………..18

2-2- Tallit tis snat………....19

2-3- Tallit tis kra ………...20

1)- Tarrayt tansayt ………21

2)- Tarrayt tarusridt……….………..22

3)- Tarrayt tusridt ……….22

4)- Tarrayt Tesle rit ………..23

5)- Tarrayt n Usenfar………...24

6)- Aselmed s Tzemmar………...24

B-e- Alallen n uselmed :

1)- Aselmad n ulmud………..26

2)- Tafelwit n uselmed………27

3)- Adlis n u erbaz………...………..27

4)- Ahil n uselmed………..28

B-f- Uguren id-temlal Tmazi t deg U erbaz:

1)- Ayen yerzan Tasensegmit……….29

2)- Uguren n Uselmed d yiselmaden……….30

3)- Lix n yidlisen d Ubeddel n wahillen………...30

4)- Ayen yerzan Tarrayt d Ugbur………...31

III- IXEF WIS KRA :

C- HCA d wayen Texdem i Tmazi t

C-a- Iwumi qqaren HCA? :

C-b- Axeddim n HCA :

C-c- Ayen Te na HCA

1)- Seg Tama Tastratijit :………...37

Tasudest n HCA :……….37

Tasudest n MEN :……….39

2)- Seg Tama n Ta ir :………...41

Iselmaden s uswir layen :………41

3)- Seg Tama n uwellah d-fka Tne laft………42

Timusniwin n tne laft………...………42

Tamazi t d Tutlayt Tayemmat :………....42

Ahilen :………..43

4)- Seg Tama n Yidlisen :………..44

C-d- Arraten d-fka HCA :...45

1)- Anerni n yiselmaden d yinalmaden:………...45

2)- Aktazal n yinelmaden d yiselmaden s lexyu :………..45

3)- Tafelwit tamatut n yinelmaden d yiselmaden:………..45

- A ric Usnan:

D)- Tarrayt n unadi:

D-a- Iswi n tannant n wannar:

1)-Tarrayt yettwisqedcen: ………...………. .48 2)- Tifaksutin n unadi: ………49 3)-Timetti n unadi: ……….49 Asisen n temna t: ………...……50 Asisen nu erbaz: ………...50 4)-Agraw n unadi: …...………...50 5)-Tarrayt n unadi: ………..51 Tasastant n wannar: …...………...51 Agraw n yisteqsiyen: ………..51

6)-Lebni n ugraw n yisteqsiyen: ………...………..52

Aferraq n yisteqsiyen: ………....52 Tasle t n uxeddim: ………....52

D-b)- Tasle t n tukciwin:

Taggrayt

bula

Tijen

TAZWERT:

Tirmit n tutlayt d yidles Amazi , yettu al umecwar-is amezwaru er tlemmast n lqern wis 19, id-yellan ef ufus n kra n yimusnawen izzayriyen wiye di berraniyen, iwumi tettu al tejmilt deg ure i n lsas amenzu i uselmed n Tmazi t, anda yennerna s wa as mi id-tewwi lezzayer timunnent ef ufus n umussnaw Mulud M emri..

Ihi aselmed n tutlayt d yedles amazi , d win yennernan xas ula ma ur d-llin ara wahilen i watas ne ilaqen maca ay-a ur ten-ye i ara ad ye bes, imi yennerna s wa as abe da seld jember 2005 er da anda id-yella unekcum n tmazi t er u erbaz amezwaru, lad a ayen yessefra en imi tuget n yiselmaden deg uswir-a d yimaynuten id-ff en .

ef way-a Asqamu Unnig n Timuz a yemwata d ul if n usegmi, ssuddsen-d timlilit-a ta elnawt ilfayda n yiselmaden-a deg wayen yerzan tussnagmart d tagnit da en i wakken ad mlilen gar-asen wad mbeddilen tiktiwin. Tamazi t terna asurif er sdat acku tekcem srid deg uselmed s tarrayin tatrarin am tmura tiya id-yufraren , s wakka aselmed n tmazi t ilaq ad as-yettunefk wazal meqqren d tezrawt lqayen imi d tutlayt tamaynut deg unagraw n uselmed, ama deg u erbaz, deg tseddawit, ne di tmetti, yessefk ad nesbed imahilen ise an yebnan s wudem alqayan. Si tama nni en, ma nekcem deg usentel n tmazi t ad tt-naf tettune sab seg tutlayin tiyemmatin i wumi ur fkin ara wazal ilaqen ne iwatan, xas ula ma tes a assa i ijehden er umdan s timad-is, ef waya ad d-nini belli azal n tmazi t ma i d ayen ara d-nini deg yiwen n wawal imi tettune sab d tana lit, d tamagit fell-s i tebna t erma d tidmi n ugdud.

Ihi tamazi t deg u erbaz tettak-d tugna talqayant yettuna saben d agerruj ara yaf wumdan deg tudert-is. Amecwar n uselmed n tmazi t deg uswir-is amzwaru amek yella ?. Anda yiwe ?. D acu-tent tarrayin yettwasqedcen?.

Wiy-i merra d yisteqsiyen ara yilin deg unadi-a id-xedme wa en tiririt deg yi ricen n lebni n unadi, ef way-a yella-d uxeddim ef sin yi ricen yal a ric yella-d d yixfawen s tarrayt-a id-teddun:

A ric a rayan : yella-d leqdic deg ef kra n yiwfawen yel ixef i yiman-is:

Amezwaru ne re ad d-nefk tugna fessusen ef yimazi en d tmazi t lebni n uxeddim-nne neddem-d tikti id-yiwi Sala Bel idi ef kra id-yuran ef temsalt-a lema na ad teqqim tikti-nsen amzun d tamu li. Akken ara naf belli llan kra d yiwin ef leqbayel s tezrawt lqayen anda ara naf yella gar-asen Hirodote d G.Caumps, gar wid d-yixedmen ef

yimazi en d tmazi t. Ayen id-niwi deg unadi-a d ayen id-yellan s ur win d-nebder yakan yenna-d belli ayen wu ur ssaw deg leqdicat i xedme timu liwin id-dme qqaren-d belli yimazi en ttwa saben d yimezda n tefriqt ugafa.

Ixef wis sin yella-d deg-s wawal ef uselmed d li ala-s deg u erbaz amezwaru di tazwara nefka-d s umta amek yella uselmed deg tmurt n lezzayer, d acu ye na uswir amezwaru, s yin akin nefka-d tamazi t deg uselmed d ayen i -ye an ad d-nefk ugar n tmussniwin deg way-a imi nerza amecwar-is, amezru-is, allalen n uselmed-is xas akken ulac allalen yezdin merra aselmed n tneggarut-a anda d-nefka tugna i wen en ef tarrayin n uselmed i iwilmen aselmed n tmaza it.

Ixef wis kra yella-d umeslay fell-as ef usqamu unnig n timuz a d-yellan gar tmezwura i ixedmen ef temsalt-a n tmazi t seg wasmi i tebda amecwar-is deg useggas n 1995, tefka-d tasuddest-is i twala tse a akken ad tt-ili deg wannar n uselmed, akken da tefka-d kra n tukciwin ilaqen deg yal aswir .S-way-a id-yella u ric a rayan deg taggara n wawal-iw ef way-a , xas tella-d HCA d tin ixedmen ef tmazi t ten er-d abrid i wiya akken ad kemlen deg ubrid-a d-tewwi.

A ric ussnan yella-d s tarrayt n ugraw n yisteqsiyen i nefka i yinelmaden n u erbaz n di isa n uswir 4eme d 5eme d yimawlan-nsen amik ttwalin tamazi t ma d tutlayt tun ibt akka am tutlayt n ta rabt ye fen a ric meqren deg ta ult n uselmed.

er taggara n wawal-nne nefka-d ta awact ef unadi s lekmal seg yixef amezwaru almi d taggara niwi-d deg-s ayen u ur nessawe . Mebla ma nettu belli tamazi t tella tella d ass-a ne d azekka d ayen id- a suta i taye .

1

Agemmay

Asekkil Isem-is Tifina Amedya

a A/ A ra Aman b Ba Baba c Ca Amcic Ye Ame im d Da Dadda ar ar e Ilem Iles f Fa Tafat g Ga Taga Ye Aje ig H Ha Yelha im Ye ma i I/ I ri Imi j Ja Taje igt k Ka Akal l La Tala m Ma Am ar n Na Nanna ar rum q Qil Aqcic r Ra Amrar a wu s Sa Agusim ar ubb t Ta Tala ar Tame ut u U/ U ru Ul w Wa Awal x Xa Axxam y Ya Ayla z Za Azekka ar ar il emmi

4

Seg zik tamazi t te ra yid-s am tse a-nni yu en rrif n teb irt, ur tufi ara win ara yqumen yes, tikti n temsalt-agi ma i d ass ne yumayen, ma i d agur ne d sin , ma i d aseggas ne

amayen , tettu al tejmilt i yimussnawen iberraniyen i d-ine ren abrid-a , i kemlen deg-s warraw n tmurt i yecban : BULIFA, M EMRI MULUD d wiye i yefkan tezmert-nsen i use biber ef tudert n yiles d yidles amazi .Xas akken eddan wussan d lesnin, tamazi t teju ug trennu, lad a seg useggas n 1988 asmi ldin ayen i wumi qqaren “Tigdudt d tlelli n

wawal”, s yin er da banen-d sin igezda n yidles d yiles amazi ; yiwen di TIZI WAZU waye

di BGAYET. Deg useggas n 1990, er taggara ad d-ne re ad d-nefk tugna fessusen ef wayen

akk yes an assa er tmazi t d yimazi en d anwi-ten yimazi en?. ef la sab n tektiwin d-yellan s ur SALA BAL IDI.

5

A-

Imazi en d Tmazi t

:

A-a- Imazi en:

1)- Deg Usegzawal:

Awal n yimazi en yettunefk i yimezda n tefriqt ugafa, imussnawen yefkan tazmert-nsen iwaken ad d-fken a ar n wawal-a ssaw en er waya: «… Yettwasexdem yisem-a di tazwara s

ur Iyunaniyen d Yifiniqiyen di tallit n temhersa ef Lma reb d Tefriqt Ugafa…»(1) .Akken eddan lesnin , zman yettbeddil ilul-d unamek nni en ;yu al umazi s unamek n urgaz ilelli, umba d qqaren-asen imezda n Tefriqt Ugafa, fkan isem-a n yimazi en iwakken ad kksen lba el d ddel ef yiman-nsen s usirem n tlelli seg ufus n umsehres amcum.

2)- Si tama tmu li n Wa raben:

Deg yisegzawalen n tutlayt ta rabt n zik ne tura qqaren-d : « …Isem a eqqani n Yimazi en d Ma er,… s unamek n win yes an uli-s yeqwa,… yenna-d ebas Banu Mardas :

yettu al la el n yimazi en er yimezda n tefriqt ugafa… »(2). Akken da en fkan azal i ubeddel n ut gar snat n tergalin « » d « r » yettwa saben d yiwet n tergelt deg tutlayt tafransist, lama na tutlayt ta rabt tefrez gar snat n tergalin-a imi yal yiwet anda tiwe , tin yerran er-s kra n yimusnawen ttwalin d akken awal n « Amazi », yes a anamek i urgaz yettwakkes-d seg wawal « Amezda »yes an anamek n yimezda n Tefriqt Ugafa. Ad yeqqim Iben Xeldun gar yimezwura id-yewwin ef yimazi en akken ad yeqqim ayen id-nenna d turdiwin ur nse a ara.

1 _{: BELAID (S). « Fi Elmasala Elamaz iya », Dar Elhawm, 1999, p17.} 2 _{: Ibid, p17-18.}

6 *Amezda n tmaz a : « Anamek n tmaz a yettunefk i win yettu alen er yimazi en, ef tezrawin n tesnilest ttwa saben d wid yellan deg tmura n Burkinafa u, Tcad, Mali, Sinigal,

uzer Lkanari, Muri anya, Lme reb, Lezzayer, Tunes , Libya, Ma er…atg, yellan ddaw n

le kem n Yifiniqiyen d Lispan, Fransa, Talyan d Lengliz d ayen i ten-ye an i wakken ad ddmen yiwen n ay (Anadi ef tlelli) »(3).

3)- Si tama tmu li tamirant :

Wid ikemlen deg ubrid n unadi ef la el n yimazi en d akken, awal-a iban-d deg lawan-nni yimezda n Lma reb qqaren-asen L arab , uqbel llan qaren-asen Lbarber, anda yes a anamek n ugrud isel en ; « Iben Xeldun deg temsalt-a yettwali Lberber ttwajem en deg sin isulas imeqranen : Bren d mad is akked lbaranis n Mazi … »(4).

Akken d-yenna da en ; « Nutni seg Walad Kansan Ben am Ben Nu …, llan kra n warraw n am ; Kansan JEdd-s n Lberber, Ma rayen Jeddi-s n yimenza n yima riyen, d Fas in Jeddi-s n yimenza n yifalas iniyen »(5). ef tikti-a n Iben xeldun kemlen deg-s kra n yimusnawen n Lma reb nnan-d :« ef la el n yimazi en belli ttu alen er l ens amellal yettilin deg siwa tama rit d tefriqt ugafa ».

GAUVET,(G). : « ef yimussnawen n teqbilin n Twareg kkan-d seg teqbilin n Lhunud n Marikan, hujren-d er Tefriqt deg ubrid n ugafa si tama n umalu n Asya id-yeddan deg ubrid n Lquqaz, kra waye deg ubrid n Lirup n l erb»(6).

3 _{Ibid, p18} 4 _{Ibid, p18} 5_{Ibid, p18}

7

Xas akken yal amussnaw s turdiwin-is, amgired-agi n turdiwin aw ent er

waken; «Imazi en d imezda n Tefriqt Ugafa anda ssaw en ad d-sbedden tagelda tamezwarut deffir n tra at-nsen mgal um d Lwindal deg useggas n 206j.c, yella Masensen d netta i ye fen tagelda-a asmi yerbe Sifaqs d a yesbed-d tagelda-is ye fen seg tama n Sirta si ccerq alami d Muri anya si tama n7 l erb , tu alin er umezruy teqqar-d belli armi d lqarn wis kra (03) id-banent tgeldiwin n yimazi en » (8).

Mu emmed Cafiq yenna-d deg usegzawal-is : « …Lberber d yimezda n lme reb, amazi , imazi en tutlayt-nsen d tamazi t »(). I tugna lqayen d tezrawt i wen en yifit tu alin er yimussnawen n umezruy yecban HIRODITE d-yennan : ‘’Imazi en d agdud i iwumi fkan isem n Libicu…’’ , akken da yella G.Caumps i ixedmen a as n tezrawin ef umezruy n yimazi en d tira-nsen deg tektabt-is i iwumi isemma ‘’Les Berbèrs, Mémoires et identiés ‘’.

7

« Timsirin n Umezruy»,Aseggas amezwaru, Taseddawit n Tubiret,2011-2012.

8

8 A-b- Tamazi t :

1)- Tamazi t sumata :

Leqdic di temsalt-agi yettkemmilen er sdat , imi tu al s wazal-is tettune sab s timad-is d ta erma n yimazi en id-yellan seg talliyin-nni yazrin , si zman n Cacnaq Amenzu armi d ass-a ,tamazi t teju ug trennu, armi tu al d idles n tmurt n Lezzayer fell-as id- rebban warraw-is akken da tella d tutlayt n yimezda n tefriqt ugafa, ttwalint d tutlayt tayemmat yesduklen merra tantaliwin n tmazi t yellan, ihi dayen id-yellan s timawit yu al er tira i wakken ad tidir deg wulawen.

Tettu al tutlayt n tmazi t er wagraw n t amit id-yellan si tutlayin tiqburin ef waya yenna-d Iben Xaldun;”…belli b ant ef kra (03) n yi ricen;

*Agraw n Zanata *Agraw n Senha a *Agraw n Masami Senha a”(9).

Xas er tmurt n Lezzayer tamazi t tejma ;” Tacawit, Tamzabit, Tacel it, Tatergit, Taqbaylit, Tacenwit”, deg useggas n 1966 ssaw en wid i iteb en leqdic ef temsalt-a nnan-d d akken ala 17,8% i yhedren, ne yettmaslayen tamazi t deg-sen 11% ttmeslayen taqbaylit, 6% ttmaslayen tacawit, 0,8% d wid yettmaslayen tatergit. SALEM CAKER di tektabt-is yenna-d; “… Deg useggas n 1977 azal n 20% n yimazda n lezzayer i yettmaslayen tamazi t…”(10).Ma d temura n tefriqt ugafa ad d-naf azal n 80% n yimezda n n tmurt n lme reb i yettmaslayen tamazi t s tantaliyin-is;(Tacel it, Tamazi t n watle , Tarifit), xas ar Tunes, Libya d tmura ti rabin tiye ur llint ara deg-sent s wa as tmazi t.

9

Op cit,p33.

10

9 2)- Tamazi t d tutlayt ta elnawt :

Tettune sab d tutlayt s-way-s yettmeslay ugdud Azzayri, d tutlayt i izemren ad tili deg yi erbazen, ma yella i elbit ugdud i wakken ad tt-yelmed, yella-d deg-s leqdic seg zman aqbur abe da seg useggas n 1962 asmi tiwi lezzayer tilelli-is terra lwelha-s er tutlayt-is tanaslit seg wasmi id-ban « L araka Lbarbariya » deg useggas n 1963 id-yellan s usbeddi n « La cadimie berbère » anda yettekki deg-s umussnaw ameqqran n tmurt-nne Mulud

emri, akken id-sbedden da en deg useggas n 1980 ayen iwumi qqaren « ARAKET

ETAQAFA ELBARBARIYA », anda id-yella usqi n tigduda tazzayrit i Mulud M emri i

wakken ur yixeddem ara asarag ef tmazi t deg tseddawit n Tizi Wezzu, ay-a ye a agdud amazi ad yexdem la gréve di 20 avril 1980, igla-d s umennu gar yimazi en d yi allen n laman n tigduda, ineggura-a fen Sa id Sa di, Far at Mhenni d Jamal zinati d wiya …azal n 24 n yima bas i fen er l ebs imir-nni.Syin er da yu al 20 avril qqaren-as tafsut n yimazi en anda id-ssersen kra n yiswiyen-nsen ib an ad aw en er sdat seg-sen :

*Ilaq ef tigduda tazzayrit ad tqir s tmazi t wa ad tu al d tutlayt s wazal-is akka am ta rabt d tefransist.

*Ad tu al d tutlayt s ccan-is abe da ma swejden-d yiselmaden i uselmed n tneggarut-a. *Ad sekcemen tutlayt-a er u erbaz seg waswir-is amezwaru alama d tseddawit.

Syin akin tesbed-d l HCA(*), s ur uselway n tigduda “Zerwal” yedda-d deg-s aqiri amezwaru s ur tigduda tazayrit ef wayen te na amezwaru d tsennawit, imiren tella di 16 n lwilayat akken fkan la licence i wazal n 200 n yiselmaden n tseddawit akken id-tedda tmazi t di tili ri d uma af dayen yerran axeddim er sdat.Madi tallit n uselway n tigduda tazzayrit “Butefliqa” tebda tettara a ar er deffir imi tu al ur tt-ye ni ara i wakken ad tt-ili d tutlayt tun ibin am tutlayin tiye , dayen ye an ad nejmi en wid ixedmen andi ef tmazi t deg yel tamurt am ; Mali, Nijer, lmaruk…atg, si en i waken ad ttekkin di “Eljam iya El ama Lil

umam Elmuta ida”i waken ad aw en er yiswi-nsen.

10 3)- Tamazi t di lakul:

Deg useggas n 1994 MCB(*) , yesawe i wsiwel n wa bas n leqraya i waken ad yessuter tamazi t di lakul, imi llant kra n temna in di temurt rrant-d ef usiwel-agi akka am Tizi Uzu, Bgayet, Bwira, Bumerdas, d S if a bas-agi yeqqim armi d yebrir anda d-yella umlilli n yina masen n MCB akked d tsiwelt n tigduda, id-yellan deg wass n 22 yebrir 1995, anda d lul HCA, tegla-d s unekcum n tmazi t er u erbaz azzayri, s waya ihegga-d usqamu unnig n timuz a yiwwet n tennant (le stage), anda ttekin azal n245 n yiselmaden i yerzan asalu n uselmed n tmazi t di ctenber n useggas 1995, anda te ef azal n 16 n lwilayat n tmurt deg wayen y nan annar n leqraya s tmzi t. Ggrant-d ala 06 n lwilayat, ssebba n wanact-agi imi yem ebren n wa ric n leqraya di aq n lwilayat ff en-d mgal uselmed n tmazi t tiwe taluft-a er usuter n yimawlan ma yella b an ad ren warra-nsen tamazi t ne ala, aya yella-d asmi tebda tmazi t amkan-is, xas akken ye ra-d wayen ara tt-ye en ad tt-u al er deffir, lam na ur teb i ara tu alin-a txedm-d tmazi t asurif meqren er sdat, imi tu al tes a ahillen s arayen yessen acu kan ur telli ara d tutlayt yedduklen d ayen ye an aselmed-is yemmugr-d a as n wuguren gar-asen :

Amxellaf n tantaliwin.

Ugur n tira. Snat-a n temsal ger wuguren igejdanen id-tmagar tmazi t deg uselmed-is. Tin yerran er-s ur tes i ara yiwen n uzayer i banen di temurt.Ihi tamazi t di lakul yella-d amzun d targit, tu al d tidet te ra di temurt-nna , xas akken t el lama na tettwaqbel, xas llan wid ur nab i ara assa ma i yi elli ayen yellan icud yefsi, dayen yeffa la tab er tafat, tura yiwwi-d l al ad tt-u al tejmilt meqren i wid yefnanrru -nsen

ef tmazi t.

11 er tagara n yixef-agi, ayen i n wala deg wayen yrzan a ric n yimazi en. Xas akken mxallafen yimusnawen ef wawal-agi lama na saw en er yiwen n unamek id-yeqqaren d akken tt-u alen er yimezda n tefriqt ugafa, ma d a ric n tmazi t tettu al tikli-is er zman aqbur, tebda tettban-d akken i wata seg wasmi id-bedd L HCA (asqamu unnig n timuz a ), tennernas wa as imi tekcem tmazi t er u erbaz amezwaru.

12

13 Aselmed n yidles d tutlayt n tmazi t deg uswir-is amezwaru (d a erbaz ne ayen i wumi qqaren lakul), yella-d ef sin n yiseggasen 4eme d 5eme année, aya yella-d la sab n umahil ajdid id-yusan s ur u elnaf n trebga, maqbel yella ayen i wumi qqaren aselmed agejdan ur d-yeddi ara deg-s uselmed n tmazi t di la sab deg uswir-a. Almi d useggas 2005, yedda-d unekcum n tmazi t er u erbaz dayen id-yerran axeddim er sdat, d ayen yibanen yessefra en s wa as imi tuget n yiselmaden deg uswir-a d imaynuten

id-en, arnu ur-s lmajhud n usqamu unnig n timuz a id-yellan ilfayda n tmazi t d uressi-is di tudert n yinelmaden merra, d ayen s wacu terra asurif meqren er sdat imi tekcem srid

14

B- Aselmed n Tmazi t deg Uswir-is Amezwaru:

B-a- Li ala n uswir amezwaru:

Uqbel ad d-nekcem er yiswi n uselmed n tmazi t deg wayen yerzan aswir amezwaru, ianda ara d-yu al yilem i damdan isel en i wakken ad yikemmel leqraya deg yiswiren nni en, ne i wakken ad d-yeffa er tudert n uxeddim ma yella ylazmit l al, ihi yewwi-d l al ad d-nemmesli ef li ala n uswir-agi?.

1)- Uqbel timunent:

Aselmed deg uswir-a amezwaru di Lezzayer s umata di tallit-a uqbel timunent, yella-d deg yir ala imi tella tmurt-nne ddaw n le naya n timhersa ne ddaw n le kum afransis, i ye fen tamurt aya ye a-tt ad d-mager uguren s wa as deg uselmed, ma i kan di tmazi t ula d ta rabt tella txus mli , imi le kum Arumi i yekkaten i waken ad tidir tutlayt-is tafransist ef la sab n tutlayin ntmurt-nne .

2)- Umba d timunent:

Di tallit-a tamurt n Lezzayer terza yiberdan d imaynuten, akken da fkan lmajhud-nsen yimusnawen-nne deg wayen ye nan yixeddimen ef temsalt-a n uselmed amik ara yenerni? .Tessawe Lezzayer i wakken ad d-ssers kra n terkizin i ylaqen akka am Ta rabt, Timeslemt, d t elnawt yes an asirem n yimuqranen deg tudert Tadimuqra it ger tlufa timezwura aselmed yella s tarrayt n tutlayt yellan ma i d tutlayt ta elnawt, imi tella d tutlayt timesta mert tin yerran er-s d ayen id-yisa en kan i wagraw me iyen seg warraw n tmurt di lawan-nni ala 10% i yellan aqqaren. Seld timunent n Lezzayer yella-d l ahed anda ur yufi ara u erbaz amezwaru imukan ara d-yijem en arraw n tmurt i yca en er wubrid n tmusnid tusna, i kemmel-d ur-s ayen i wumi semman;”Li arat Lfanniya”, ye fen uguren n uselmed aya yella-d s tsertit n umsahres yellan s tekti Fransa n uselmed, akken id-yisa en kan i warraw n yimeqranen n tmurt.

15 Ihi s waya tigduda-nne tekkat ayen yellan deg ufus-is i wakken ad d-yisa uselmad-a deg uswir-is amezwaru merra i warraw-is, ef waya ad d-nini; “… Aswir amezwaru d aswir ara d-yisa en i yilem iyen, ne d aswir i ylezmen yilm iyen merra deg tmura n uma al, imi aselmed yettwa sab amzun d l aq n yal yiwen, tin yerran er-s yell ager tmezwura i te wa yel tigduda,… Acu kan aswir amezwaru yettsa -d kan i yilem iyen ur naessawe ara 16 n yiseggasen di la mer-nsen…”(11).

B-b- Iswi n uswir Amezwaru:

ef la sab n wayen id-yusan deg unejmu n uselmed n tmura ti rabin id –yellan deg useggasen n 1954 d 1955, di Ma er ef usentel n uswir amezwaru i ylaqen i yilem iyen i wakken ad isinen kra n tmusniwen d la wayed, w ad affen iman-nsen, amik ara ferzen abrid-nsen d a yefka-d kra n tsuraf gar-asent;

Tezmert i tusna n terkizin timezwura akka am leqraya d tira.

erbaz amezwaru yesnarnay timusniwin ilemden yilem iyen deguxxam.

erbaz amezwaru yettk tagnit i tu fa deg tutlayt-is d tusna n tutlayin tiberraniyen. erbaz amezwaru yessebgan-d assa yellan ger uselmad d unalmad-is.

S waya akken ad yawwe yiwen er yiswiyen-a d wiye ilaq-as ad yili yes a tarrayt n uselmed yemwatan d uswir-a, akken id-tedda deg udlis n wahillen n uswir-a id-yef en s ur una laf n trebga deg waggur n tuber 1968 yella-d deg-s wawal ef uselmed n tutlayt ta rabt d tefransist d wayen ye nan s waya n leqraya i yal yiwet, akken da tefka azal i wayen ara ye wa umdan di tudert-is, cwi cwi , tu al tmazi t s wazal-is deg uselmed-is deg yi erbazen.

11

Wizarat Elta lim Elibtidai wa Eltanawi, Lezzayer, 1973/1974,p41.

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B-c- Aselmed n Tmazi t deg Uswir-a:

Leqraya n tmazi t s tubet n lxa er i tt-qqaren yinalmaden, ar wassa leqraya-agi d azref kan ur telli ara d alas, ihi aselmed n tmazi t i gellu-d yid-s uselmed n yiles amazi d la wayed-is(13), i wakken ad yigerrez uselmed n tmazi t di tmurt-nne yessefk ad yili;(14)

Tamezwarut tamazi t ad tili d tanaga (la matière) am tiye , ad tekki deg yikayaden. Tis snat, te ri (l’autorisation paternelle) ilaq ad yettwakkes.

Ttis tlata, ilaq wid yes arayen tamazi t-agi ad ilin welhen er wanect-agi.

Aselmed n tmazi t yem -id ef udem n dqayaq-nni n tsusmi d yiswi-nni n tikli ef wid iru en d asfel i tmazi t, ass-a ihi wid yes arayen ne wid yeqqaren tamazi t, ssa en taftilt n tusna i wakken ad as-d-efk tafat deg ubrid n unadi ef yi uran-nsen d tutlayt d yiles amazi , “ Aselmed n tmazi t uerra-d axeddim er sdat seg wagur n yennayer 2005 er da, anect-a yella-d s unekcum n tmazi t er u erbaz amezwaru, ayen yessefra en da en imi tuget n yiselmaden deg uswir-a d imaynuten id-f en s tuget n tmazi t, akken id-rran asurif er s dat imi tekcem srid deg uselmed s tarrayin tatrarin am tid n tmura id-yufraren, aba da imi asqamu unnig n timiz a yemwata d u lif n trebga n usegmi, ssudsen-d timlilit-a ta elnawt di lfayda n yiselmaden deg wayen yerzan tusnagmert, d tagnit da en akken ad mlilen gar-asen, wad mlilen d wid i yezwaren er waya…”(15).

13

Djellaoui .M : « Actes du colloque International sur L’enseignement »,2013, p1.

14

Merrahi Yousef End… : «Timuz a », Ed HCA, Mai, 2004, p60.

15

17 I tugna talqayt ef temsalt-agi nerra lwalha-nna er;

1)- Amecwar-is :

Seg zik tamazi t te ra yid-s am tse a-nni yu en rrif n teb irt ur tufi ara wayqumen i yes, teqqim ur tettwafres ara lama na teqqim tedder imi ezzif-it yizuran-is ddan deg umezruy, annect tedda talsa.Si zman n Ccacnaq tebda-d amecwar-is s yin almi d unekcum arumi er da, bdan i sekriyen d yimusnawen irumiyen la ttqumun s tezrawin ye nan yidles d yiles amazi , ssin er da ldin lakulat seg id-f en warraw n tmurt yecban ;Si Eemmar Bulifa, Belqasem Bensadira, Tawes Amruc, M. M emri lhan-d d yidles-nsen uwweten lmejhud-nsen akken at id-jem en uqbel ad itwattu. ef wakka i bdan sseqrayen iles amazi am Bulifa deg u erbaz iminig n Buzerri a deg tallit irumiyen,ne M.M emri deg tseddawit tallemmast n lezzayer yimiren id-craq tikli-s tamezwarut. Akken akken almi d yebrir n useggas n 1980 anda i tt-isiwe udabu er ukeddar mi iig el, asarag i iteddu ad yexdem M .M emri ef yisefra iqdimen n teqbaylit, ef waya id-kren yilem iyen akken ad d-sbegnen d akken ulac lezzayer mebla tamazi t. Imiren ye ra wayen ye ran, xas llan wid an la bus, lama na asuter n

tmazi t ur ye bis ara, deg tallit-nni d Tasa dit Yasin, Salem Caker i yellan ger wid id-yufraren id-yefkan udem atrar i tezrawin n tmazi t, ama deg tesnilest ama deg tmedyazt.

Akken akken armi d tnekra n tuber 1988 ildin tawwurt “Tigduda d tlellin wawal”, tkemmel tem ayt n tmazi t armi i tt-id-yimakta udabu tamazi t-nni d a yeldi di tazwara n tallit n useggas n 1990 sin igezda n yiles d yedles amazi yiwen di Tizi wuzu, waye di Bgayet.Syin er da la tettu al er deffir, imi adabu anagar s tyita n tasri ye an le nas merra wahmen asunded n yinelmaden deg tmurt n leqbayel, iswi-nsen d aanekcum n tmazi t er lakul, anecta iwi-asen merra la sab i yem ebren n tsertit illen ma tella s erben almud ad tefsi tmazi t deg ta rabt terre -asen deg u ud ufan yiman-sen ussan-nni usan-d gar sin yiberdan yiwen deg-sen ilaq ad xtiren ya ad en taluft ad texser ma ikemmel usunded, ya ad d-rr en i wakken ad tt-kcem tmazi t er lakul. Ihi imtawa udabu d yima nasen n umussu adelsan amazi ef unekcum n tmazi t er u erbaz azzayri, dayen id-yerran asurif er sdat seg useggas n 2005 ef waya ihi yewwi-d l al ad na jel tikli deg wayen yerzan tamazi t deg usewjed n wahillen d tarrayin n ulmud n tira d tjerrumt n tmazi t.

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2)- Amezruy-is

:

Aselmed n tutlayt d yidles amazi , yettu al er tlemmast n lqern wis 19 ef ufus n yinagmayin n lezzayer d wiye d iberraniyen, anda yettu al er-sen unekcum n tmazi t er erbaz. Di tmurt n lezzayer yettu al umezruy-is er talliyin-nni yezrin anda d-gren asurif meqren seg tallit n temsahrest armi d tura, anda yennerna seg uselmed n war ahillen d war tasuddest er uselmed asudsan, s wahilen “seld talalit n yidlisfusen d wahilen n tmazi t”, ihi amezruy n uselmed n tutlayt tana lit id-yeddan ef kra n talliyen, seg tallit tamhersit ara ass-a:

2-1)- Tallit Tamezwarut:

Tebda seg tagara n tasut tis XIX armi d timunent n lezzayer deg useggas n 1962, tallit-a llan seqdacen tarrayt d tansayt tebda seg yiseggasen n 1800 armi d useggas n 1962, aselmed deg tallit-a yella deg ufus n temhersit tafransist ama deg yi erbazen, ne deg wanda nni en am u erbaz n Buzerri a akked d tmezdayt n tsekliwin n lezzayer, deg tallit-a da en f en-d kra n yidlisen id-yettawin ef tjerrumt. Seg tezrawin timenza id-yellan ef tutlayt n tmazi t d tid

yebdan deg tallit-a tamhersant, gar tezrawin-a ad d-nnaf snat n tezrawin s wazen-sent id-yessufe Bulifa; tamezwarut d agmar n tmedyazt taqbaylit id- yef en deg useggas n 1904

anda i yura isefra n si Mu end U M end, ma d tis snat d tezrawt ef tjerrumt n teqbaylit id-yef en deg useggas n 1913, arnu er-sent leqdicat n kra n yinagmayen ef tesnilest n tmazi t deg tseddawit n lezzayer gar-asen ; A.Basset, J.M.Dallet, Apicard i yi urben fella-s melba ma nettu leqdic n FDB id-yellan s ur « Les péres Blanes », deg Ein L emmam deg useggas n 1946, d leqdic n wannar n tezrawin ef temna tn leqbayel id-yellan deg Tizi Uzu deg useggas n 1954, tuget n temsirin id-yellan deg tallit-a mugent s tarrayin tansayin i yettwasnen s wa as n yismawen.

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2-2)- Tallit Tis Snat :

Tebda seg useggas n 1962 armi d useggas n 1994, anda i tt-wasqedcent snat n tarrayin tella tarrayt tusridt d tarrayt tarusridt, akken id-yella usnerni-nsent. Deg tarrayt tusridt M.M emri di leqdicat-is yessawe er kra n temsirin s tmazi t deg waggur n tuber 1965 armi tt-waksent deg useggas n 1973, yella-d uselmed-nsent s tutlayt n tmazi t id-yeglan s umaynut i tmazi t, imi tu al tessaqdac tawuri ta eftulayant(*) d tasnawalt(*) i yettalen tawuri n uselmed.Iswi n uselmed deg tallit-a ibed ef uselmed n tira, xas ar tarrayt tis snat armi d yiseggasen n 80 id-ban seld n tafsut n yimazi en ,xedmen a as n leqdicat I usnerni n tmazi t deg yal ahil, deg uheyi n temliliyen d yisaragen deg tarrayt-a sqqedcen:

-Tira. -Ilugan.

-Aseqdec n tutlayt tafransist deg usegzi n temsirin n tmazi t.

Deg tallit-a d a tarrayt d tamaynut qqaren-as tarrayt tasle rit, anda id-yella deg-s umaynut i uselmed n tmazi t akka am : uselmed s umyaru, asile n yiselmaden,…atg, tarrayt-a tefka afud i uselmed n tmazi t imi deg useggas n 1981yenerna leqdic n tdukliwin tidelsanin n yiminigen, dayen s wacu id-nnulfan yima afen, imi azal n am (08) n tedwilin n tmazi t yal ddurt deg yima afen deg Fransa.Seg tallit-a tamhersant armi d ass-a yellad unejmu n yennayer deg useggas n 1990 id-yeglan s usurif meqqren imi tekcem tmazi t er tseddawit tazzayrit.

(*) Ta eftulayant: Métalinguistique. (*) Ttasnawalt: Terminologie.

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3)- Tallit tis kra :

Tikli n tallit-agi yebda seg unekcum n tmazi t er u erbaz armi d ass-a, seld umussu amazi i ye fen ac al d aseggas, tutlayt n tmazi t armi tu al tekcem er u erbaz deg useggas n 1995/1996, aya yella-d ilmend n tana t taselwayant, u un wis 95/147 id-yef en deg u emmis un ib u un wis 29 deg 28 Mayu 1995, deffir n u unzu n u erbaz i ye fen azal n useggas deg tmurt n leqbayel , imi tella-d tallit-a d ta ezfant tedda-d ef sin ye ricen :

Amezwaru : (1995/2002)

Tebda s unekcum n tmazi t er u erbaz, aba da seld n useggas 1995, yu al uselmed yebna ef snat n tsuddisin tin n l HCA , akked d tin n MEN(*). Anda HCA teffern-d

awas-is, imi aselmed yettili-d i wid yettheyyin akayad i unekcum er tseddawit d tsennawit, xas ar u awas n MEN yeb a ad yerr aselmed n tmazi t d win ara yilin deg temna inn lezzayer merra, ma i anagar deg 16 n temna in, iwakken da en ad d-heyyin akayad n ugerdas amezwaru BEF, deg useggas n 2001, ad d-run win n BAC deg useggas n 2003/2004, aya ibna

ef sin yiswan :

- Deg u erbaz alemmas ilaq ad sseqdacen yiwen n umawal yezdin akk timna in.

- Deg tesnawit ilaq ad sseqdacen yiwet n tutlayt tameslagent(*), s lma na ad tu al d yiwet n tutlayt . Xas akken ur d-yelli ara wayen id-bna HCA d MEN , lama na asceddim yettkemmil er sdat imi tuget n yiselmaden n tmazi t tnadin ef usnulfu n tarrayin timaynutin d ilfayda n uselmed n tmazi t.

Wis sin :Tura (2003/armi d ass-a)

Seg useggas n 2003 er da kecment-d tarrayen-nni en er wannar n uselmed n tmazi t dayen id-yeglan s wayen yelhan i wre i n tutlayt tayemmat deg wulawen n yimdanen, anda ara d-naf belli aselmed n tmazi t iger-d asurif meqqren aba da seg unekcum n tmazi t er erbaz amezwaru d ubeddel n tarrayin, imi ayen yellan d amaynut merra yella-d di lfayda n uselmed n tmazi t. S wakka aselmed n tmazi t ilaq-as ad as-yettunefk wazal meqren d tezrawt lqayen , i wakken ad tu al s wazal-is am nettat am tutlayin tiye . Xas akken adlis urbiz ur i wata ara i unelmad , acku yettwura s snat, yella zik s kra n tmeslayin deg yiwen n udlis.

(*) MEN : A lif n usegmi a elnaw. (*) Tameslagent : Lange standard.

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B-d- Tarrayin n Uselmed n Tmazi t:

1)- Tarrayt Tansayt:

Tarrayt-a tettwaceqdec deg tmurt mi tella ddaw n ufus n temhersit tafransist, ihi ula d aselmed n tmazi t imiren yella deg ufus n ufransi amcum ama deg u erbaz ne deg wayen

nni en, yettban-d uzal n uselmed deg uswir n usufe n yidlisen d unadi. Ger tezrawin id-yellan ef tutlayt n tmazi t llant d tezrawin s wazal-nsent, d tid id-yef en ef ufus n

umusnaw BOULIFA;

-Tamezwarut d tin id-yellan d agmar n tmedyazt taqbaylit id-yef en deg useggas n 1904. -Tis snat d tin id-yellan ef tjerrumt n teqbaylit id-yef en deg useggas n 1913.

Tarrayt-a tt-u alen yi uran-is er tallit anda teqwa tlatinit, fkan-as a as n yismawen akka am; tarrayt taqburt, tarrayt n tjerrumt,…atg, akken tbed tarrayt-a deg uselmed-is ef (18); * Almud yettili-d s u fa deg uxxam, s yimal yettim ur s yimal yessaxdam ayen akken ye fa , aba da mi llan kra n yisental id-xedmen deg yimahilen n leqraya, tamazi t tettu al er tmucuha deg uselmed-is.

* Ma yella nerra a ar er deffir ad d-naf belli tasekla n tmazi t s umata d ayen id-yellan d timawit yu al er tira ef ufus n yimusnawen n tmurt d wiye d iberraniyen. ef waya aselmed s tarrayt-a d win ur d-nemmezg ara wassaren imaynuten n tmetti aba da seld n tdamsa d tnezzut.

18

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2)- Tarrayt Tarusridt:

D tin id-yellan deg useggas n 1890, tebna tarrayt-a ef tu alin yel tikelt er tsuqilt n interlingual, imi tettwali d akken tettak-d yisallen i yse an i wagraw n tesnilest yettwasqedcen deg tantaliwin yettwasnen. Deg ta ult-a n uselmed s umata d tutlayt tayemmat tutlayt-a deg uselmed-is tettu al er tarrayt-a mi ara yili axeddim i tutlayin tiberraniyin, ger yimusnawen n tmurt yefkan azref i tarrayt-a deg leqdicat-nsen yecban; Bensedira, Boulifa, Nait Zerrad, Achab, acu kan tettili-d tu alin er tarrayt-a yel tikelt, xas nulfant-d tarrayin tiye teqqim s wazal-is deg uselmed. Asmi ur d-yelli ara yiwen n umahil ne tarrayin i ybanen i uselmed n tmazi t u alen s arayen s tarrayt tansayt, acu kan deg lebni n tarrayt-a ad naf belli tbedd ef tira, d yilugan d tu alin er tefransist deg uselmed-iyes.

3)- Tarrayt Tusridt:

Tarrayt-a tban ef yisem-is tettili-d srid deg uselmed, tettwa sab tarrayt-a ger tmezwura ef wacu i ybedd uselmed d uheyyi n tutlayin deg tlemmast n lqaren wis XIX, ibedd yiswi-ines ef uselmed n tutlayin-nni s timad-is, war ma tu al er tutlayin-nni en ef waya i as-semman tusridt, imi deg useggas n 1902 id-teflali tarrayt-a deg fransa tarrayt-a tamaynut tbedd ef umenzay i wumi qqaren srid, d tanmegla n tarrayt n tjerrumt d usu el acku ur tettu al ara er;

- Tutlayt tayemmat.

- Tutlayt yettwarun i yettwasnen i uselmed n tutlayt. - Tajerrumt taflalayt.

Ger wid id-yufraren ad d-naf Sa id Bulifa d netta i yefkan afud i uselmed n tmazi t ilmend n tarrayt-a, mi iseqdec deg udlis-is “Méthode de langue kabyle” i wakken ad yesnerni akken I wata tarrayt-a ef tarrayt tarusridt, yesseqdec da en adiwenni i uselmed n tmazi t. Lama na deg tesle t i leqdic n ulmad n tarrayt-a ad naf deg u ric n yilu ma id-yemmalen aseqdec n tarrayt tansayt yemwatan d useqdec n tutlayt tafransist, s waya ad yeqqim uselmed n tmazi t s tmazi t war tu alin er tutlayin nni en(19).

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4)- Tarrayt Tasle rit:

Deg uselmed n tmazi t, tban-d yiwet n tarrayt d tamaynut i wumi qqaren tarrayt tasle rit(*), tettili tarrayt-a deg udlisfusn tizi wuccen id-yef en deg fransa tettwa sab d tawil i warraw n tmurt yellan d yi riben i wakken ur tettun ara tutlayt-nsen , wid ixedmen adlisfus s tarrayt-a, nnan-d belli tella-d seld tiremit n useqdec n tutlayt taqbaylit deg useggas 1957, ma deg useggas n 1963 yiwen yessufa -d azal n 120 d adiwenni s yisental yemxallafen tt-awin-d ef tudert n tamirant, tarrayt-a tett awan mli deg uselmed n tmazi t imi deg udlis n “Tizi

wuccen”, tewwi-d aba ur i uselmed n tmazi t acku inelmaden ufan iman-nsen ugar deg

tarrayt-a, aba da seld yiseggas n 1981 anda yennerna leqdic n tdukliwin n yiminigen, d ayen s wacu id-nnulfan yima afen id-yefkan afud i gerzen i tmazi t.Akken da d-yella s ur tdukliwin i iqedcen ef temsalt-agi akka am MCB, d Accadémie Berbèr, anda d-f ent azal ne ugar n (07) n tes unin d yi misen.

5)- Tarrayt n Usenfar:

Asenfar d yiwet n tarrayt n uselmed d ulmud, tebna ef wugur ilaq-as tifrat ara d-afen yinelmaden deg leqdic-nsen, tarrayt-a tetta a anelmad ad yesseqsi iman-is d acu n yiswi id-yessewjed akken ad tyawe , ef tarrayt-a n usenfar a as n yinagmayen id-yiwin awal fella-s gar-asen(20):

Harl Duglas yenna-d; “ Asenfar d tagzemt deg umahil, ixedm-it unelmad deg wannar, yefkan inzi er wanda yettidir imi daxeddim yett atimen fella-s ad yerr yiswi i uxeddim-nni”. Kilbatrik yenna-d belli; “ Asenfar d a ar n umahil i yes an yiswi ye afarit leqdic, yettili-d ger wagraw n yinelmaden ibedd ef yiswi…”.

Jun Diwi yenna-d da en; “ Yettwali tusna d l ella n uxemmem deg wuguren i ycudden er tmeddurt-is, xas ar usenfar d akayad I walla -is”. Yeb a ad d-yini belli d asenfar i yessawa en

er tusna.

S umata; “ asenfar d tarrayt yefkan azal meqqren i tewtilin n ulmad, imi ur ten-ecla ara deg wallalen n ulmad maca terra tamu li-s i unelmad tesnernay timusniwin-is d tezmert-is anda anelmad ad yili deg waéddad ef wallalen n unadi d tririt ilaqen, s um iwen ara d-yilin gar yiferdisen n ugraw”(21)

20

CERYAF,(D).”Aselmed n Tutlayt Tamazi t s Tarrayt n Usenfar”, Ben Aknoun, 2008/2009, p16.

21

Beldjudi Abd Lmalek; “Timlilitn n yiselmaden ef usnan n wahil n uswir wis sin tsennawit”, Lezzayer, 2006, p11.

24 ef waya ihi; “ Tarrayt-a d tin yetheyyin anelmad er tudert imi lsas-is d axeddim n usenfar ara d-yefren ne ad t-id-yefk s ur-s”(22). Ad yeqqim iswi n uselmed s tarrayt-a yes a lfayda meqqren i gemmu n ulmud n yinelmaden imi; “iswi n tarrayt-a d ademmer n unelmad er uttkal ef yiman-is, d tifin n tzemmar yefren deg-s, d wamek ara tent-yesseqdec melmi i tent-yes a”.

6)- Aselmed s Tzemmar:

Aselmed s tzemmar, d tarrayt tamaynut id-tewwi tmurt-nne seg tmura-nni en am kanada d Tunes. Almud n tmazi t yewwi-d ad yili yebded ef u errer n tzemmar deg tutlayt, tugart er yimaz awalen, acku ur-sen d tu alin seg timawit er tira. Akken d gmunt tzemmar-a, ilaq ad yili uselmed s userrus n yinelmaden deg tegnatin ilaqen akken ad gzun anamek d wazal n wayen ilemden ad rnun ad d-skeflen ayen snen yakan, aya ad yili s useqdec n yermad n umsidef ilmend n tegnatin akked wuguren. Irmad n ulemmud akk yewwi-d ad ilin urzen er tudert n yal ass, s wanecta inelmaden ad d-rren ddehn-nsen er ulemmud ad rnun ad gzun ayen lemden, ihi s waya ma yebed uselmed n tmazi t akka ad a -yawi er usegmu n yiketturen deg walla en n yinelmaden: ad yezmer i tesle t i usemlil ad yernu ad yefru uguren-is s wesnuzgem(23).

ef waya ihi nezmer ad d-nini belli; “ Anekmar s tzemmar d asile n umdan akken ad yizmir i yiman-is deg tudert-is, ad yernu ad yefk i tmetti i deg yettidir asurrif er sdat , ma i d ta art n walla kan d leqdic-is tin yerran er-s anelmad ad yizmir ad yexdem kra deg tegnit i deg yella s useqdec n tmusni i yellan deg-s”(24).

22

Beldjudi Abd Lmalek; “Ussan n tezrawt”,Bgayet, 2005, p8

23

( Séminaire ; ‘’Tannant usile n iselmaden n tmazi t ‘’, Zéralda, 2004 p10-11.

24

25

*Assa yellan ger Tarrayt n Usenfar d Unakmar s Tzemmar:

Asenfar d tarrayt i d-yeddan deg wahil amaynut n uselmed i yettwasemman “anekmar s tzemmar”, imi ma neb a ad nexdem kra n usenfar , d-nemmager a as n wuguren i wumi ara d-naf tifrat dagi i nezmer. ef waya ihi “ Asenfar yurez er unekmar s tzemmar , acku deg-s id-ttefrurint tzemmar n unelmad i yesseqdec deg usenfar-is, da en iswi-nsen d yiwen d ademmer n yinelmaden er uttkal ef yiman-nsen, er usekfel n tzemmar yefrn deg-sen, d usegmu n tmusniwin-nsen d wawamek ara tent-yesseqdec deg tegnatin i wulmen”(25).

25

26

B-e- Allalen n uselmed:

Allalen n uselmed tt-wa saben d yal ta awsa yessexdam uselmad deg usiwwe n tmusniwin-is , s tarrayt ara d-yerren lwalh n yinelmaden er tqacuct n leqraya d tusna, aba da ma yessexdem uselmad allalen-a akken ilaq, lama na IBRAHIM. M, yenna-d deg waya; “…Ur nezmir ara ad d-nini dakken allalen n uselmed d yel ta awsa yessexdam uselmad deg usnerni n uselmed d usebgen n tektiwin s tugna fessusen mebla ma yu al er wallalen d yizamulen d nwamer…”(26).

Tamazi t ur txulef ara almuden wiye deg wallalen n uselmed-is, acu kan yel almud yetti wi ayen ef wacu ara ytekki uselmad i wakken ad yesselmed yinelmaden deg yel aswir, d a erbaz amezwaru ne d alemmas, di tesnawit ne di tseddawit, ihi yel aswir s wallalen yettwasqedcen deg-s, s waya a erbaz amezwaru n tmazi t yettili deg-s:

1)- Aselmad n Tutlayt:

“ Mebla cek axeddim n uselmed ger yixeddimen i yiwa ren, imi tettwa sab d axeddim n lebni n ugdud ”(27) . Swaya ad d-naf d akken tabrat n uselmad tew er s wa as fella-s, imi yettxemmim yel tikelt amik ara yer yilemzi yes an setta 06 n yiseggasen di l emr-is, d amdan inmetti (yettekki deg tmetti ne yekcem deg-s), ef wayen id-yelmed s ur yimawlan-is seg uxxam, d wayen yelmed s ur yiselmaden-is deg u erbaz yesnarnay timusniwin-is, ef wazal yes a uselmad tigduda-nne terra ddahn-is er temsalt n usewjed n yiselmaden n tmazi t i yel aswir aba da aswir amezwaru yettwa saben d lsas ef wacu ara ybedd yel anelmad deg yiswiren id-iteddun, xas ulama di tazwara ur tes i ara aselmad n tmazi t almi d useggas n2005, te na-ten temsalt-a , ihi yessefk ad d-ilin yiselmaden n tmazi t, i wakken ad te ef tmazi t amkan-is ilaq ef yiselmaden ad efren tarrayt i watan i wakken ad d-rren lawhi n yinelmaden er tutlayt-nsen. Yewwi-d ef tnemhalt n usegmi ad rren lbal-nsen er u un n yinelmaden yettilin deg yiwet n tne rit ( ur yilaq ara ad eddin i 26).

26

IBRAHIM .M:”Elwasila Eta limiya”,M er, 1976, p31.

27

2)- Tafelwit i Uselmed:

Tafelwit n uselmad ger t awsiwin i yitti wi yel aselmad, i wakken ad d-yessiwe timusniwin-is er walla n yinelmaden, akken da tella d ta awsa yettilin deg yal a erbaz ne yal amkan n uselmed, yettu al tilin n t awsa-agi er zman aqbur ttu alen er-s yal tikelt imi tett awan akken i wata aselmad deg uxeddim-is, tafelwit-a tettili er daxel n tzeqqa n uselmed, akken it-t awan aselmad it-t awan anelmad i wakken ad yelmed akken ilaq, tu alin n uselmad er t awsa-agi iw sishil n wafham n temsirin.

3)- Idlisen n lakul:

Yettwa sab wadlis n lakul slma na wid id-yettheyyi u elnaf n trebga ger wallalen yellan s wazal-nsen, imi yettwi ettem l al ef yal aswir s umahil is-d-swejden, d a ad d-nef belli yettili er uselmad seg tama seg tama taye yettili er unelmad, i wakken ad yeshil l al i yal yiwen deg-sen, aselmad iyes ara ye fer amahil n leqraya, ma danelmad i wakken ad yi awen yiman-is i wesnerni n tmusniwin-is deg uxxam, aheyyi n yidlisen n lakul yettili di lfayda n wid yeqqaren d wid yettkammilen deg ubrid n tusna.

Mi ara ad d-nu al er temsalt-a n wadlis n lakul d wazal yes a yessefk fella- ad d-nu al er kra n tsuraf gar-asent;

Tawyri-is:

Tettban twuri-is deg waggazen id-yiteddun:

- Adlis n lakul i hayya-d amahil ara ye fer uselmad deg yal tamsirt.

- Adlis n lakul yettak-d yisallen i yilem i yett awan-it akken ilaq deg tugnit n leqraya d walmad.

- Adlis-a ur yelli ara kan d yijerri en n tira ise u les images ara y awnen deg wafham n temsirin. Md; deg usegzi n wa ris.

- ef la sab n tne laft n trebga yal adlis n tmazi t i yal aswir yettili-d d yisenfar yal asenfar yella ef tegzimin yel tagzemt tella deg-s: yi risen n t uri, tajerrumt, taseftit, tirwelt…atg.

Adlis n lakul yessexdam-it uselmad mi ara yebdu deg uheyyi n temsirt, xas er unelmad yessexdam-it mi ara yheyyi iman-is deg uxxam.

28

4)- Ahil n uselmed:

Deg wahil n uselmed ilaq ad n er iswan i er neb a ad nawe , d acu-ten yegburen d yermad iwatan; d acu-ten yiberdan ne tarrayin ara ne fer akken ad nawe er yiswan-nni. Ad naf deg-s kra n tlufa d tigejdanin deg wahil, ad d-nemmeslay ef snat seg-sent;

*Iswan: Ilaq ad d-ibin deg-sen d acu i nattraju deg unelmad ad t-yesseqdec s tzemmar-is akked wayen yelmed, ne d acu yezmer ad t-yexdem.

*Igburen: Ilaq ad ilin qqnen er yiswan ama deg tmusniwin s umata, ama deg useqdec n wayen yessen deg tudert-is, akken ilaq da en ad ilin d ime ulen, ddan d tudert n yal ass akked wayen i a -d- yezzin tin yerran er-s ad ilin ilmend n wuswir n unelmad d wayen yessen ne yelmed yakan.(28)

I wakken ad yili uselmed n tmazi t iwata, tamezwarut akk yewwi-d ad tili d tutlayt s wazal-is am nettat am tutlayt ta rabt.

28

29

B-f- Uguren id-temlal Tmazi t deg u erbaz:

Xas akken aselmed n tutlayt n tmazi t deg lezzayer d win id-yellan seg zik, yewwi-d amecwar ezzifen aba da seg unekcum n tmazi t er u erbaz, lama na aya ur ttye i ara ne ur ttyessiwe ara i wakken ur d-tmagar ara uguren deg ubrid n uselmed-is,macca yetteddu-d yid-s aselmed n yidles amazi , lama na aya yettili-d deg ubrid-is kra n yi ewwiqen ne uguren ger-asen:

1)- Ayen yerzan Tasensegmit:

Aselmed n tutlayt tayemmat yewwi-d l al ad yili seg tem i, tutlayt-a tbeddu tikli-s seg uxxam tettnerni memba d deg u erbaz, acu kan tamazi t ur te fir ara abrid-a imi aselmed n tutlayin tiberraniyen yezwar aselmed n tutlayt tamazi t, dayen ye an amdan deg useqsi n yiman-is amik ara yu al er tmazi t?, aya ye a tamazi t ad tu al yel tikelt er deffir, ef waya id-yenna Le Thanakoai; “Tutlayt d allal agejdan i tenfalit d taywelt ger yimdanen. Aselmed s timad-is d allal yerzan asiwe n tmusniwin akked d tektiwin, anda tutlayt tettawi amur agejdan. Wid iqedcen deg tsensegmit ttwalin-tt tes a azal meqqren imi ulac win ara ynekren aya, imi allal yelhan i uselmed d tutlayt tayemmat n uqcic akken id-yura deg uneqqis n L’Unesco. S tmu li n tsensegmit, tetta a anelmad ad yelmed s tem awla d tefset ugar ma yelmed s tutlayin-nni en ur yessin ara”(29).

29

30

2)- Uguren n Uselmed d yiselmaden:

Gar wuguren yimeqranen id-yettmagar uselmed n tmazi t ad naf uguren n uselmed d yiselmaden, yettban wugur n uselmed s wa as seg uswir-is amezwaru aba da seg wasmi yettunefk rray n uselmed n tmazi t i yimawlan, d ayen is-yesneqsen deg wazal-is wa ttu al er rrif-nni i tu tikelt-nni tamezwarut, tin yerran er-s ad d-naf tikwal ula d yinelmaden yilem iyen n u erbaz ur s fkin ara azal is-yilaqen am walmuden wiye , ne fkan azal i tutlayin tiye ef tmazi t aya siljiha, si tama taye ad naf d akken tamazi t ur tettwa sab ara amzun d almud ilaq as-yettunefk wazal-is, aba da imi ara ad naf ur tettwaqbal ara deg uselmed deg uswir-is amazwaru. Tubiret gar temna in i yqeblen aselmed n tmazi t , lama na ar tura ur tessawe ara i wakken ad terr tamazi t d almud am walmuden-nni en deg yi erbazen n temna t-agi, dayen i -ye an newhem i wacu ar tura ur tettwaqbal ara tmazi t deg uselmed-is deg yi erbazen.

Ula d tigduda-nne deg wayen ye nan tamsalt-a, seld mi id-yefka udabu tasuddest ur nlaq ara i tmazi t d ayen it-yessa lin seg lmizan-is ama deg tmetti, ne deg uselmed rnu er waya uguren n tusnalmedt imi ur d-yelli ara uxemmem ef tarrayin i watan d ugburen n tmazi t, alad a deg uselmed n tnagarut-a i wumi tlaq tmu li deg-s w ad tt-ili s wazal-is acku, aselmed n tmzazi t deg yiseggasen-is imenza anda yettunefk wanzi i ugujil ur nes i ara yimawlan, imi ur tebni ara ef yiwel n tal a yezdin aselmed n tutlayt n tmazi t yal yiwen amik yes aray, d ayen ye an yiselmaden ad d-fernen anagar n yi risen n tjerrumt d tu alin er umezruy d yidles n tmaz a.

3)- Lx

n yidlisen d ubedl n wahilen :

Yal almud s wazal-is, d a ta elnaft n trebga te ef deg ufus-is ayen yezan asebded n wahilen n leqraya d usewjed n yidlisen n lakul iwatan d yal aswir n uselmed, ef waya yewwi-d l al i wakken ayewwi-d tu al tmazi t s wazal-is, lama na tettmagar-yewwi-d uguren n lix n yidlisen ne n tektabin yettwarun s tmazi t i lfayda n yinelmaden n tutlayt-nsen, akka am ta rabt deg uswir-is amezwaru fkan azal t uri, dayen i wumi d-swejden timucuha timec i wesnerni n tnaggarut-a, akken ad d-naf da en allant ula s tefransist, deg l ala-a anelmad arennu deg emmel n tutlayt-nni, lama na aya ur d-yelli ara deg tmazi t. Ta uri deg tmazi t tettili-d ilmend n yi risen id-yellan deg umahil n leqraya, amar yella lwaqt i t uri s tmazi t a ha-t llant tektabin am tid n ta rabt d tfrasist, aselmad ad yaf ayen ara tye awnen deg uxeddim-is.

31 Tin yerran er-s leqdicat id-yellan ef tmazi t , tuget deg-sen ttwarunt s tefrasist d ugur anda yettaf unelmad ne aselmad yettu al yal tikelt er tsuqilt, yette fen lwaqt. Adlis id-yettwiheggan i weswir amezwaru yella-d ef snat n tutlayin tamazi t d ta rabt. Tama-nni n te rabt ur telhi ara i wnalmad s wa as imi tetta at yettkukru deg walmad n tutlayt-is akkan i wata, imi yal tikelt yettu al er te rabt-nni it-yetta an ur tt-yessusruy ara akken ilaq.

4)- Ayen yerzan Tarrayt d Ugbur:

Ma nu al-d er wayen te na tarrayt ad naf iman-nne deg wugur n tira-s id-yellan ef kra (03); s latinit, s ta rabt, s tfina deg temsalt-a ur d-yelli ara umwati ef yiwet seg-sent, lama na tugt deg-sen sexdamen talatinit. Akken da i yettamxalaf uselmed seg yiwen er waye , dayen i -d-yeglan s wugu n wugbur, agbur-a yerza:

Tigzi n u ris: Tikwal ur yemwata ara wafren n u risen d yiseqsiyen id-ttakken er taggara-nni, yettiw ir l al i wnalmad akken ad yefhem .

Amawal: Xas akken ttarran ddahen-nsen i usegzi n wawalen iwa ren lama na aya ur d-yettili ara ef la sab n uswir n unelmad, d-yettilid wafran n wawalen-a ef la sab n uselmad d wayen yefhim ara.

Tajerrumt d Tirawalt: Ttwasuddsent-d akken anelmad ad yeddu, ad ittekki merra deg yi ricen n temsirt; adyani, ad yise zen, ad d-yaf alugen, macca tikwal ur watant ara tasekka n u ris.

Ilu ma: Yellan di temsirt , d wid ara d-yemlen ma tegzam tamsirt akken ma tella s telqayt.Tikwal yettili-d wam ezber deg kra n yilu ma ma i kan deg tmazi t ula deg warmuden-nni en.(30)

30

32 Aselmed n tutlayt d yidles amazi , ef yisellen id-yellan ger yifasen-na , nessawe ad d-nini d akken ilaq as-yettunefk wazal meqren d tezrawt lqayen, imi tettuna sab d tutlayt tayemmat tekcem tagara-agi deg uselmed-is deg uswir-is amezwaru, terra-d s waya afud i gerzen i wre i–is deg wannar-a n uselmed, abe da imi tettwa leb s ur yimdanen yeb an tu alin er la el-nsen ef uselmed n tutlayin tiberraniyen, xas akken tamazi t deg uselmed-is tettmagar-d deg ubrid-is a as n wuguren ne i ewwiqen i tt-ye an tuttu al yel tikelt er deffir, lama na iselmaden n tutlayt-a fkan tezmart-nsen i uheggi n wallalen d tarrayin d ussegem n wahilen, deg yal aswir d a erbaz amezwaru, d a erbaz alemmas, d tsennawit, d tseddawit, ne deg tmetti d ayen id-yellan merra i lfayda n tmazi t.

34 Aselmed n tmazi t yebda deg tidmi tis 19, d tallit taqdimt yerna te ra s ddaw la naya afransis, aya yella-d deg u erbaz n yiselmaden Mu end Sa id Bulifa i yellan d aselmad deg erbaz-a yessawe yessufe -d yiwen n udlis deg useggas n 1897 i wumi i ysemma “Tajerrmt

n Teqbaylit”, deg useggas n 1913 tebda tutlayt n tmazi t tettaflali-d imi tekcem deg ugezdu n

tmeslayin n usammar (INALC ), deg aris. Deg useggas n 1946 yim ebren irumyen s nulfan-d axxam n yidlisen n tmazi t deg Micli, asmi tiwwi tmurt-nne timunnent-is yennerna s wa as leqdic ef temsalt-a n tmazi t, abe da seg useggas n 1988 anada yewwe uselmed n tmazi t deg tdukliwin er wawras, Ta erdayt d wunzul n tmurt, seg 1990 Amussu Adeldan Amazi , ihegga-d yiwet n tmesbanit yerran adabu Azzayri s ufus tne laft n tseddawiyin yeldi tiwwura n tseddawit n Tizi wezzu i tutlayt d yidles amazi , akken ldin waye deg Bgayet deg 1991. S waya d wayen id-ye ran meqbel asmi id-yella una bus ef leqraya deg yi erbazen gar yiseggasen 1994-1995, yegla-d s wayen yelhan i tmazi t ihi, D acu-t wayen id-yellan menba d 1995?.I wumi qqaren l HCA?.

35

C- HCA d wayen Texdem i Tmazi t :

C-a- Iwumi qqaren HCA:

Deg 20 Yebrir n useggas n 1994, tebda tettban-d nniya ta eqqanit n wid yekkaten ef temsalt n tmazi t d usuter-is, i waken ad ttu al d tutlayt ta elnawt yettwaqblen s ur tigduda-nne , asuter-a ur yettwaqbel ara i tikelt tamezwarut, d a iwden sutrent i tikelt tis snat deg unekcum n u erbaz aseggas n 199-1995, asmi tigduda-nne ur d-rri ara f en er yiberdan deg kra n temna in n leqbayel, akka tigduda-nne ur d-fki ara udem i temselt-a d ayen ye an tidukliwin yekkaten ef tmazi t ad siwlen i yim ebren n yi erbazen i una bus n leqraya, s waya saw en ad d-rren ddahn n tigduda tazzayrit er wayen i y errun lama na imiren yeffa urekti tabaqit akken qqaren at zik, d ayen i umi ur tezmir ara, taneggarut-a i useggem n li ala tessawel i yim ebren n tdukliwin-a ef tmazi t, tessuter seg-sen tu alin er leqraya d ayen ur d-yellin ara armi d aseggas n 1995.

Seld Amussu Amazi i ye fen ac al d aseggas, tutlayt n tmazi t tu al tekcem er u erbaz deg useggas n 1995/1996, aya yella-d ilmend n tana t taselwayant deg u un wis 95/147 id-yef en deg u mis unsib u un wis 29 deg 28 Mayu n useggas 1995, seld a unzu n u erbaz id-yellan azal n useggas, seg 1994 armi d 1995. ef una bus-a n leqraya, tane laft n usegmi tesbed-d deg yebrir 1995 aseqamu unnig n Timmuz a (HCA)(31).

31 _LACEB,(

36

C-b- Axeddim n HCA :

Yettuna sab Usqamu Unnig n Timuz a d lsas amezwaru id-sbedd tgelda-nne i lfayda n tmazi t, seg leqdicat i texdem d ayen id-yerran i tmazi t azal-is, imi d nettat i ye fen tamsalt-agi te re ad d-efk yiswi-s deg wayen yerzan asekcem n tmazi t deg uselmed w ad tu al d almud am walmuden-nni en, akken tettwa sab d tutlayt tayemmat yessefk fella- ad ten er akken da ur fazent ara tutlayin tiberraniyen ef tmazi t. Te re da en amik ara tt- ef tmazi t amkan-is deg Tili ri, deg wa mis, deg Uma af …atg.

HCA te na s wa as tamsalt n uselmed d uheyyi n yiselmaden n tmazi t, seg useggas n 1995/1996 tessawe theyya-d azal n 243 n yiselmaden i yes an ddeqs n tmusniwin d tiremmit deg wannar-a, asmi bdan tikli n uselmed yu l al ala 16 n temna in i yqeblen tamazi t deg uselmed, xas akken tewwet ac al d aseggas tamsalt-a d wa as n uguren id-tmagar HCA deg ubrid-is tettkemmil axeddim d tiklmi-is er sdat, d ayen id-yibanen seg useggas n 2005 imi tekcem tmazi t er u erbaz amezwaru, d tikli-a i -d-yewwin er tizi n wass-a, tamazi t ass-a

deg temna in itt-yesselmaden tu al tettekki deg yikayaden n BEM, d BAC. Ayen id-yesbegnen mli tamazi t imi HCA txeddem ef usewjed n udlis “Almed Tamazi t”,d

axeddim usnan da en id-fka i tmazi t yella-d s wazal-is imi er en ad d-xedmen Amawal n tmazi t ara yezdin tantaliwin-nni en n tutlayt-agi(32).

32

37

C-c- Ayen Te na HCA :

1)- Seg Tama Tasuddest :

Tasuddest n usqamu unnnig n Timuz a :

Yesbedd-d yiwen n wahil i yettuqeblen ass n 09 yulyu 1995 i yefkan tazwart i usekcem n tmazi t er u erbaz, yu al yesumer snat n tektiwin;

-Tamezwarut d aheggi n yiwet n tannant n yiselmaden i yew en deg tallit-nni 245 n yimunnan.

-Tis snat anamek n usekcem n tmazi t deg yi erbazen deg 16 n temna in deg useggas-nni a urbiz id-iteddun (Tizi wezzu , Bwira, Bgayet, Bumerdas, Tipaza, Batna, Bisekra, Ghardaya, Stif, Alger, Khenchla, Tamenrasset, Oran, Ilizi, Elbayed, O.E.B ).

ef la sab n usenqed id-yellan ger elluy n wazal n uselmed-a ye alen s lxetyar, d uheggi n yikayaden n (BEF d BAC) ara d-yefken turdiwin i yse an ef wayen mu ur ssaw en yinelmaden er tagara, s waya tefka-d HCA, tiktiwin-nni en deg tsuddest-a tis snat id-yellan

ef kra (03) n wudmawen:

A- S udem n yel ta awsa s lwaqt-is:d ayen ye nan ajma d useggem n yisallen

id-yegran s timawit yerna ttwasen, d wayen yellan d lma sus i wakken ad t-b un i tikelt taye .

B- S udem n lxetyar n uxeddim yellan s wazal-is:deg waya HCA te a abrid i MEN yefkan tezmert-is ef wal ed n tutlayt-a i ybanen am yi ij.

C- S udem inmetti: imi timetti-nne d tin yessutren tutlayt-is deg yi erbazen d almud

am wiye , ilaq ad yettunefk wazal am tutlayin-nni en(33).

Ihi ef waya HCA twala d akken i wakken ur d- elli ara deg lu la -nni amezwaru tefka-d aya-agi:

38 * Ilaq wara yeqqumen s uswir alemmas ( ikayaden n BEF , BAC).

* Ayen id-yesbegnen lxilaf yellan deg: wayen yerzan lxetyar d wayen ilaqen i uselmed…atg.

* Ayen d-fka MEN i uselmed d walmad.

er taggara HCA tqeyyem aseggas amezwaru n tmazi t 95/96, tefka-d tiremmit-nni en i uselmed n tutlayt-a deg kra (03) yiseggasen id-teddun, yella-d waya ef snat n tsebbiwin: 1)- Tefka-d lmiza n tira s yisekkilen n ta rabt d tira s yisekkilen n tlatinit, deg wayen yerzan tameslayt n tmazi t.

2)- Ayen u ur tewwe tesnilest d la didactique, d tremmiyen n uselmed n tmazi t deg ugezdu i wagdud itt-yeb an.

Xas er wayen yerzan amahil d twuri-is HCA terra-d sin wannawen n twuri:

1)- Tawuri tastratijit anda abrid n uselmed n tmazi t yettbeddil yerna yurez er leqdic n HCA; tutlayt n tmazi t deg uselmed-is akken tettwa sab d allal n taywelt ( ef la sab n tanna t n 95-147).

2)- Tawuri tasnedwelt ara tt-yerren d tin yettwaqblen i wafham, teshel i tmaslayt, i t uri d tira(34).

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Tasuddest n tne laft n usegmi:

Tane laft tesbedd-d yiwen n wahil d-yellan ilmend n tu alin er u erbaz 1996/1997, d tseddest ur n edda ara deg wayen id-ihegga usqamu unnig n timuz a, acku iswi-is d tira n tutlayt-agi s yisekkilen n ta rabt, arnu er-s uguren d yi ewwiqen i yettmagar uselmed-agi akka am; lix n yiselmaden, n yidlisen, tin yerran er-s ur yettekki ara deg yikayaden n BEF d BAC.

Seld n tedyant n tefsut taberkant n yebrir n useggas n 2001, yella-d ubeddel deg tmendawt tamazi t tu al d tutlayt ta elnawt. Seg yebrir n useggas n 2002, adabu yessuter aseggem n u ric n leqraya anda tamazi t t uza-d amur-is, yimdebren te na temsalt egnen ad asen-d-fken allalen te wa w ad yebdu uselmed n tneggarut-a seg useggas wis ukuz (04) n uswir amezwaru.

Deg useggas n 2003, nejma en yiselmaden deg Tizi Wezzu akken ad d-sil en anida ara yelmed unelmad merra yi ricen n tutlayt n tmazi t, d ayen u ur ssaw en ad d-suf en deg useggas-a adlis n tmazi t n uswir amezwaru n ulmud alemmas, deg useggas n 2004 efren t-id s yidlisen n ulmud wis sin, wis kra , wis uku (35).

MEN deg t awact-is tamezwarut tessawe i wakken ad d-efk kra (03) n wudmawen: -Ayen id-yellan uqbel n uheggi n ukkayad i yisenfar n umahil yettwicudden er yi risen n tjerrumt d l’orthographe n yiswiren-a ( seg 7 AF almi d 3AS), ara yilin seg useggas 96/97 armi d useggas 2001/2002.

- Akayad d-yellan i umahil-a deg yiseggasen-a (97/98-2002/2003), deg tallit-a llan-d kra n yiktazalen d leqrarat imatuten ef yegrawen.

-Axeddim s yimahilen d wayen id-yellan deg yidlisen s tarrayt n yigrawen deg yiswiren yemxallafen seg useggas n 98/99 armi d useggas 2003/3004.

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40 Xas er yiswan id-fka tsuddest n MEN te fer abrid n HCA, anda d-fka ef waya snat n tfaksutin;

A- Deg tallit tagejdant yiswi n tallit-a d win ye nan a ric n tesnedwelt s tusna n uselmed n tneggarut-a, imi yimusnilsen xedmen tizrawin-nsen ef tjerrumt d tseftit.

B- Deg tallit tanaddayt yettban yiswi n tallit-a seg usnerni n tusna n uselmed xas yella-d kra ubeddel deg yimahilen yel tikelt(36).

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2)- Seg Tama n Ta ir (Encadrement) :

Iselmaden :

Yella-d ef la sab n wid ye fen tamsalt-agi n tmazi t dakken msefhamen d wid yellan xedmen tannant-nsen ef uselmed i wakken ad se ren deg la il ar d-kemlen leqraya, xas er wid id-yerran ef usiwel-agi d yimawlan n tmazi t yellan yakan seg uselmed n tutlayt ta rabt, ne tutlayt tafransist, ne tutlayt tanglizit d wid yeb an ad awden lebni n uselmed n tutlayt tayemmat. Seg tama taye MEN tettkemmil axeddim-is deg wayen id-heyya ma yemwata d twuri n ugdud deg temsalt-a n uselmed, xas ulama yella-d lixsas s wa as deg waya, lama na ef le sab n terba t tamezwarut id-yef en seg ugzdu n Tizi, d ugezdu n Bgayet, tt-wiheyyan s lixsas n uselmed s yisallen yellan yakan ( ef tmusniwin id-yellan deg ufus-nsen).

Deg useggas n 96/97, MEN teswejd-d azal n 140 n yiselmaden, tettkemmil axeddim i wakken ad d-heyyi wiye ef yiswiren layen d tiremmiyin ara d-yefken afud nni en i tmazi t, d ayen ur d-yellin ara ar ass-a. Ma deg useggas n 2000 s nulfan-d licence di tmazi t, anda tettwa sab terba t tamezwarut n licence d tin id-yef en deg useggas n 2002/2003.

Iselmaden s uswir layen :

Iswi n yiselmaden yellan s uswir layen deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tmazi t d wid yellan seg yiselmaden yettwifernen, yerna llan ddaw le naya-nsen. ef wuswir yemwatan a as i yheyyan timusniwin n tasnedwelt, S ur tne laft n lxedma ef tmazi t d wayen ye nan sociolinguistique deg taggara, d ayen id-sbegnen s wa as n yisental deg wayen yerzan taneggarut-a(37).

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3)- Seg Tama n uwellah d-fka tne laft :

Timusniwin n ten laft:

Uqbel ad nexdem tasle t i wayen d-fka MEN ef tutlayt n tmazi t amzun d almud i ykecmen deg uselmed, yessefk fella- ad d-nerr ddahen-nne er wayen yerzan tarrayin ara yettwisqedcen deg wannar n uselmed-is, i wakken ad w en er yiswi n uheyyi n tutlayt. Akken da tasnarrayt n tutlayt yella-d deg-s be u ef la sab n uheyyi i tutlayin tiberraniyin s yiswiyen n tutlayt tayemmat. MEN tettkemmil axeddim n sin yimecwaren agejdan d unadday ara d-yilin ef tlata n yiseggasen, amecwar amezwaru dayen yebnan ef yiswi u usejhed n wayen yeqnen er wayen yellan d amaynut, xas er wayen yellan d anadday yerza a as n lxilafat n yimazi en i ykecmen deg uktawal.

Mebla ma nettu d akken tane laft terza yel aggaz yes an assa er tesnilest n tmazi t akken ma llant.

Tamazi t d tutlayt Tayemmat:

Tutlayt n tyemmat deg tefriqt ugafa, tettwa sab d la chance n ugdud i wakken ad d-yessebgen amezruy-is. Deg ubriud n uselmed tamazi t d tutlayt tamaynut deg tmurt n

Lezzayer, yella-d uxeddim n tne laft n trebga ef temsalt-a i tkelt tamezwarut deffir timunent lezzayer, imi te fel di tazwara ef umgired yellan ger tutlayt tayemmat d tutlayt tanaddayt. Akken da tutlayt-a inagmayen d yimusnawen n trebga d tesnilest ur te fil ara ef wayen te wa tmazi t.Deg temsalt-a Selon J.Dudois yenna-d: “ Tettwa sab tutlayt tayemmat d tutlayt tamezwarut ara yelmed deg uxxam…”(38).

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Ahillen d yiswi-nsen:

HCA xas akken ur tt- in ara ad d-xdem iman-is deg wayen yerzan a ric-a n wahillen ara efren deg uselmed lama na tefka tezmert-is i wayen yeqnen er waya alad a deg uheyyi n wahillen ilaqen deg uselmed d ayen ur d-nelli ara akken i wata, er tama n lxetyar n yi buren yellan yakan s lixsas n wayen te wa tutlayt, rrnu er waya tbed ef tesnillest d sciolinguistique deg wayen ye nan tarrayin d yiswan id-yettwiheyyan. Ihi tamazi t imi d tutlayt yewwi-d l al ad tt-ili deg uselmed mebla le sab ef waya fkan-d a as n tantaliwin i uselmed-is yel tikelt tasuddest-is tettwa sab d tutlayt tayemmat, d ayen i ten-ye an ad xedmen id-yellan ef tesnillestn tutlayt-agi. Ahillen-a n tmazi t xedmen fella-s a as n wid ye fen a ric-a deg uheyyi n wahillen i yel aswir, yel aswir d wayen is-yilaqen, di tagara ahillen yettwisqedcen d wid id heyya INRE ef ufus n yiselmaden n tmazi t(39).

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4)- Seg tama n yidlisen:

INRE tesuf -d adlis n useggas wis 07 n u erbaz alemmas (07eme AF), n yiseggasen n urbizen n 1998/1999 d 1999/2000 anda d-xdem deg-s sin n yidlisen, amezwaru tira-s tella-d

s tlatinit xas er wis sin yettwaru s ta rabt.Deg umezwaru yiwin-d deg-s kra n yi risen id-yellan s tantaliwin yemxallafen ( taqbaylit, tacawit, tacenwit, tam abit, tamahaqt).Xas er

tama n yisental d wid yes an assa er wayen i cudden er umezruy d wayen yittidir wumdan deg tudert n yel ass, MD: ger yi risen id-yellan ad naf “Yennayer” d yiwen n u ris id-yellan seg yi risen yettwarun deg udlis-a yella-d s 05 n tantaliwin-agi yiswi-nsen deg waya d

asebgen n yel tamna t amik yettili yennayer ur-sen d acu xeddmen?, amik tettmagaren?. Mebla ma ttu dakken yennayer-a d ansay i mazal ar ass-a deg tmura n tmaz a. A ric-a n

wahillen yella-d ef la sab n wayen yerzan aktawal d utekki ef tarrayin i watan i uselmed n tmazi t.

Adlis a urbiz ur yelli ara kan d ase fer n yi risen deg tidet d axeddim yebnan ef tesnilest id-yellan s ur yinagmayin d yimuisnilsen n tneggaru-a, d ayen id-yettbanen seg sin waggazen-a:

Aheggi n yidlisen i urbizen yettili-d s ur yigrawen i ye nan tamsalt-a d ayen ur nebni ara ef tarrayin kan, lama na d leqdic id-yellan fella-s s wazal-is.

Yettban umkan n tutlayt ef lebni n uxeddim id-fkan les planification d les modernization(40).

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