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Revisiting the bicriteria (length,reliability) multiprocessor static scheduling problem

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HAL Id: inria-00177117

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00177117v2

Submitted on 8 Oct 2007

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Revisiting the bicriteria (length,reliability) multiprocessor static scheduling problem

Alain Girault, Hamoudi Kalla

To cite this version:

Alain Girault, Hamoudi Kalla. Revisiting the bicriteria (length,reliability) multiprocessor static

scheduling problem. [Research Report] RR-6319, INRIA. 2007, pp.36. �inria-00177117v2�

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a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

Thème COM

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Revisiting the bicriteria (length,reliability) multiprocessor static scheduling problem

Alain Girault — Hamoudi Kalla

N° 6319

October 2007

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