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Contribution to the modelling of the tribological surface transformations

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HAL Id: hal-00959754

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Contribution to the modelling of the tribological surface transformations

Grégory Antoni

To cite this version:

Grégory Antoni. Contribution to the modelling of the tribological surface transformations. ISRN

Tribology, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2013, 2013, pp.254705. �10.5402/2013/254705�. �hal-

00959754�

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(8)

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