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Consistent Checkpointing in Message Passing Distributed Systems

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HAL Id: inria-00074117

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00074117

Submitted on 24 May 2006

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Consistent Checkpointing in Message Passing Distributed Systems

Roberto Baldoni, Jean-Michel Hélary, Achour Mostefaoui, Michel Raynal

To cite this version:

Roberto Baldoni, Jean-Michel Hélary, Achour Mostefaoui, Michel Raynal. Consistent Checkpointing in Message Passing Distributed Systems. [Research Report] RR-2564, INRIA. 1995. �inria-00074117�

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a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Consistent Checkpointing in Message Passing Distributed Systems

Roberto Baldoni, Jean Michel Helary Achour Mostefaoui , Michel Raynal

N˚ 2564

Juin 1995

PROGRAMME 1

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