High-performance thermal insulation in building envelopes

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High-performance thermal insulation in building envelopes

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Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya and Michael Swinton

High-Performance Thermal

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2 Presentation Outline

 What is high performance thermal insulation?

 Vacuum insulation panel – advantages and

challenges

 Various applications

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3  Primary mechanisms • Conduction • Convection • Radiation  Influenced by • Air infiltration • Air intrusion • Moisture accumulation

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4 High Performance Thermal Insulation ?

 Higher thermal resistance

 Long service life

 Environmentally friendly

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5 Thermal Performance Improvement Continues

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Air Space Vermiculite Perlite Cellulose Mineral Fibre Polymeric Foam Aerogel VIP R -V alu e P er In ch . RSI -v alue per 25 .4 mm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

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6

Heat Transfer Across Air Spaces –

Contribution by Radiation, Conduction and Convection

CBD – 149; Shirtliffe

Basics for High Performance Thermal Insulation 1” Convection Conduction Radiation 0 0.2 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 0.4 1.6 Heat f low /temp erature dif ference = 1/R BTU/ hr ft 2 F

Ordinary air spaces Air spaces with reflective surface

Spaces filled with glass fibres

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7

Reduce Air Conduction Component – High Thermal Resistance

Thermal conductivity (W m-1 K-1) R-value per inch 0.040 3.6 0.035 4.1 0.030 4.8 0.025 5.8 0.020 7.2 0.015 9.6 0.010 14.4 0.005 28.9

Insulation – Components for Heat Transfer

0.03 0.02 0.01 20 40 60 80 100 Th ermal con du cti v it y (W/ m.K ) Density (kg/m3) 0 0 Air conduction Radiation Solid conduction

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8 High Performance Thermal Insulation

 Closed-cell foam insulation

• Blowing agent conductivity Air conductivity

 Aerogel

• Air conductivity (nanopore) < Air conductivity

(macropore)

 Vacuum insulation

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9

Solid polymer matrix

Closed cell

(Blowing agent)

High Performance Thermal Insulation

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 Aerogel: Air conductivity (nanopore)

< Air conductivity (macropore)

0 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.020 0.024 0.028

1.0E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 Gas pressure (Pa)

Fumed silica/aerogel Pore diameter 10 mm 1 mm 0.1 mm 0.01 mm 0.001 mm T h e rm a l C o n d u c ti v it y [W /( m K )]

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 VIP: Air conductivity component zero

0.03 0.02 0.01 20 40 60 80 100 Ther mal conducti v it y (W /m.K ) Density (kg/m3) 0 0 Air conduction Radiation Solid conduction

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12 Vacuum Insulation Panel (VIP)

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RSI -v alu e p er 25.4 mm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Air Space Vermiculite Perlite Cellulose Mineral fibre Polymeric foam Aerogel VIP R -v alue per in ch.

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Glass Fibre

EPS

285 mm (11.25”)

R36

VIP

Source: NRCan

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Multi-layer envelope film Core-bag

Pressed silica core with opacifier

Gas barrier/ facer foil

Getter/desiccant Core material

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1. Core Material – imparts mechanical strength

and thermal insulating capacity

2. Gas Barrier / Facer Foil – provides air and

vapour tight enclosure for core material

3. Getter / Desiccant – adsorbs residual or

permeating atmospheric gases or water vapour in the VIP enclosure

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 Inherent advantages

• Higher thermal resistance*

• Reduced thickness of the component

• Recyclable

* Any damage in the vacuum system (even a small pinhole) will severely destroy the thermal insulating capacity of VIPs

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 Challenges

• Cost (relatively expensive)

• Building physics and engineering

– Aging and durability

– Thermal bridge effects at edges

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19 Alternative Core Materials for VIP

 Precipitated silica, fumed silica, nanogel

(silica aerogel) are used as core materials

 Core materials are expensive

 Alternative core materials can reduce the

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20 Vacuum Guarded Hot Plate (VGHP)

VGHP Operation

Vacuum enclosure

Cold plates

Fixed end

Stand

Main guarded heater Cold plates

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21 Thermal Characteristics of Core Materials

Thermal Characteristics vs. Pore Pressure (Mineral Oxide Fibre Board)

0 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 Th er ma l c on du ctiv ity (W /m.K )

Pressure (Pa) – Log scale

3.6 R -v alue Pe r In ch 4.8 7.2 14.4 28.8 A tmo sp h er ic p ressu re

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22 Thermal Characteristics of Core Materials

Source: http://www.glacierbay.com/vacpanelinfo.asp 0 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Th er ma l con du ctiv ity (W/ m.K

) Nanogel (Barrier Ultra-R)

Open-cell polyurethane

Open-cell polystyrene

Precipitated silica

Pressure (Pa) – Log scale

A tmo sp h er ic p ressu re 3.6 R -v alue Pe r In ch 4.8 7.2 14.4 28.8

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23 Mineral Oxide Fibre Board (MOFB) High Density Glass Fibre (HDGF)

Pore Structure Analysis – Scanning Electron Microscopic

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24

Thermal Characteristics of MOFB and HDGF

Alternative Nano-Porous Core Materials

0 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 Th er ma l c on du ctiv ity (W /m.K )

Mineral oxide fibre board High density glass fibre

A tmo sp h er ic p ressu re 3.6 R -v alue Pe r In ch 4.8 7.2 14.4 28.8

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25

Pumice Zeolite

Particle Size Analysis – Output from Particle Analyzer

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26

Thermal Characteristics of Pumice and Zeolite Powders

0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 T h e rm a l C o n d u c ti v ity (W /m .K )

Pressure (Pa) - Log Scale

Zeolite Powder 0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 T h e rm a l C o n d u c ti v it y ( W /m .K )

Pressure (Pa) - Log Scale

Pumice Powder 1.8 R -v a lue P e r Inc h 2.1 2.4 2.9 3.6 4.8 7.2 14.4

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27

Basic Hypothesis of Fibre-Powder Composite

Fibres

Powder particle

Pores

(a) Fibrous pore structures (b) Fibrous pore structures

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28

Basic Hypothesis of Fibre-Powder Composite

3.5 mm 3.5 mm 3.5 mm 3.5 mm 3.5 mm 3.5 mm 3.5 mm 25 mm Powder Fibreboard

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29

Comparison of Thermal Characteristics –

New/Alternative Core Materials vs. Nanogel and Precipitated Silica Alternative Nano-Porous Core Materials

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 Th er ma l c on du ctiv ity (W /m.K )

Mineral oxide fibre – Pumice powder composite High density glass fibre – Pumice powder composite Precipitated Silica

Nanogel

Mineral oxide fibre – Zeolite powder composite

A tmo sp h eri c p ress u re 1.8 R -v alue Pe r In ch 2.1 2.4 2.9 3.6 4.8 7.2 14.4

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30 Alternative Nano-Porous Core Materials

New Vacuum Packaging Facility at NRC-IRC

Chamber

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31 Vacuum Insulation Panel

 Challenges

• Building physics and engineering

– Aging and durability

– Thermal bridge effects at edges

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32 Aging and Durability

 Manufacturing

 Properties of core materials

 Handling and exposure

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33 Thermal Bridge

 Use large panels

 Overlap panels

 Fill gaps at edges with insulating materials

Source: IEA/ECBCS Annex 39

Warm side

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34 Condensation

 VIP is an absolute vapour barrier

 Avoid damp construction materials

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35 Various Applications

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36 Various Applications Floor Wall Ceiling Wall

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37 Apartment and Office Block (Europe)

Façade Renovation After Concrete Vertical Lath VIP Foam Panel Plaster

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38 Office Building (Europe)

Insulated Prefabricated Concrete Elements

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39 Prefabricated Wall Elements

Coping stone Lath Anchor Polyurethane foam Vacuum insulation Vapour stop Concrete ca. 27 cm

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40 Semi-detached House (Europe)

Façade Renovation

Before After

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41

Cross-section of Insulated Wall

Semi-detached House

Wall Vapour barrier Vacuum insulation (15 mm) Polystyrene (35 mm) PVC rail Reinforcing plaster (3 mm) Synthetic resin plaster (3 mm) 56 mm

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42 Installation

Semi-detached House

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43 Performance Assessment

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44 Terraced House (Europe)

Building Envelope Renovation

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45

Cross-section of Insulated Wall

Terraced House

Brick wall (340 mm)

Separating layer (10 mm) Vacuum insulation (30 mm) Compressible foam tape

Lath of laminated wood (40/30) Hespen-profile (12 x 40 mm) Vacuum insulation (15 mm)

Soft grain board painted with bitumen (22 mm) Fermacell board HD (15 mm)

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46 Performance Assessment

2002

2003

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47 Net Zero Energy Super E House (Japan)

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48 Flat Roof Assembly

Source: Chris Mattock MRAIC, Habitat Design Plus Consulting Ltd.

TYPICAL FLAT ROOF Metal roof Roofing paper 12.5 mm plywood sheathing shaped 38x184 @ 610mm o.c. Fibreglass bracket 150 mm Rock wool (R22) Roofing paper 12.5 mm plywood sheathing 241 mmI-joist @610mm o.c. 241 mm Icynene A.B. (R34.2) 21 mm VIP (R43) 19x89 strapping @610mm o.c. 12.5mm drywall ceiling Paint finish

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49 Harmony House Equilibrium Project (Canada)

RSI 1.06 R 6 triple glazed windows

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50 Wall Assembly

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51 Conclusions

 High performance thermal insulation can be

used in various components of the exterior building envelopes.

 Vacuum Insulation Panel (VIP) offers a great

new opportunity for the thermal insulation industry in Canada.

 NRC-IRC is in the forefront of VIP technology

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52 Parting Shot

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53 Parting Remarks

All the forces in the world are not so

powerful as an idea whose time has

come.

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54 Insulation and Building

Materials Laboratory (IBML)

Heat flow metre– thermal conductivity

Vacuum guarded hot plate – thermal conductivity

Guarded hot plate – thermal conductivity

Pressure plate apparatus – desorption isotherm

Partial immersion – water absorption coefficient

Sorption / desorption measurement – sorption / desorption isotherm

Focus Areas

 Thermal and moisture performance assessment of

insulation and building materials

 National thermal measurement calibration laboratory

 Research support to CCMC and CCC

 Development of standard test methods

 Analytical techniques for thermal and moisture

transport process

 Maintain and enhance unique hygrothermal material

property database

 Research on innovative building materials

Measurement to

Innovation

Constant temperature and humidity chambers – water vapour diffusion Air permeability apparatus –

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55 Thank You

 Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)

 Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation

(CMHC)

 Kingspan Insulated Panels

 Kumar Kumaran

 Nicole Normandin

 David van Reenen

 John Lackey

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