Apprendre à penser le monde quand il est troublé

Book Chapter

Reference

Apprendre à penser le monde quand il est troublé

HEIMBERG, Charles

HEIMBERG, Charles. Apprendre à penser le monde quand il est troublé. In: Lebrun, M. Et si l'école apprenait à penser... Bienne : HEP-Bejune, 2017. p. 263-279

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:151884

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

1 / 1

Editions HEP-BEJUNE Collection Débats

Sous la direction de Marlène Lebrun

Et si l’école apprenait

à penser...

² TI KWVÆ]MVKM LM[ KWTTMK\QWV[ Pratiques M\ Recherches LM[

uLQ\QWV[ LM TI 0-8 *-2=6- TI KWTTMK\QWV Débats IJWZLM LM[

Y]M[\QWV[ UIRM]ZM[ ZMTI\Q^M[ o T¼uL]KI\QWV M\ o TI NWZUI\QWV

;¼ILZM[[IV\o]VX]JTQKTIZOMIK\M]ZW]VWVLMT¼QV[\Q\]\QWV[KWTIQZM QV\uZM[[uXIZTM[uKPIVOM[M\TM[KWVNZWV\I\QWV[L¼QLuM[TIKWTTMK\QWV [WZ\MLMTIJWZI\WQZMLMTIXMV[uM^Q[M]VMZMTIVKML]LuJI\OZpKMo ]VTIVOIOM[QUXTMM\W]^ZMLM[XQ[\M[LMZuÆM`QWVWZQMV\uM^MZ[LM[

IK\QWV[XuLIOWOQY]M[M\LQLIK\QY]M[

-\[QT¼uKWTMIXXZMVIQ\oXMV[MZ

;W][TILQZMK\QWVLM 5IZTvVM4MJZ]V

Éditions HEP BEJUNE +WTTMK\QWV,uJI\[

Comité de lecture

.ZIVKM[KW ):+1,1)+767 XZWNM[[M]Z ZM[XWV[IJTM LM TI ZMKPMZKPM 0-8*-2=6-

;\uXPIVQM*7-+0)<0--:XZWNM[[M]ZMZM[XWV[IJTMLM[X]JTQKI\QWV[

0-8*-2=6-

.ZIVtWQ[2741)<XZWNM[[M]Z0-8*-2=6- )TIZQK3704-:XZWNM[[M]Z0-8*-2=6-

.ZIVtWQ[M8);+0-/7;;16XZWNM[[M]ZM0-8*-2=6-

+WUQ\u[KQMV\QÅY]M

2MIV4W]Q[ ,=.)A; XZWNM[[M]Z WZLQVIQZM =VQ^MZ[Q\u LM 4W]^IQVTI 6M]^M

2MIV4W]Q[,=57:<1-:XZWNM[[M]ZWZLQVIQZMPWVWZIQZM=VQ^MZ[Q\uLM 4QvOM

2IKY]M[/16-;<1-XZWNM[[M]ZLM[]VQ^MZ[Q\u[LQZMK\M]Z-;8-)Q`5IZ [MQTTM

5IZQM+uKQTM /=-:61-: UI{\ZM LM KWVNuZMVKM[ 0,: =VQ^MZ[Q\u +TI]LM*MZVIZL4aWV

*MZVIZL4)01:-XZWNM[[M]ZLM[]VQ^MZ[Q\u[-KWTM6WZUITM;]XuZQM]ZM 4aWV

5IZTvVM4-*:=6XZWNM[[M]ZM8P,0,:0-8*-2=6- 5WVQY]M4-*:=6XZWNM[[M]ZWZLQVIQZM=9)55WV\ZuIT

)JLMTPW]PIL 5)*:7=: XZWNM[[M]Z LQZMK\M]Z 4-:1+ =VQ^MZ[Q\u -T 2ILQLI5IZWK

8PQTQXXM 5-1:1-= XZWNM[[M]Z uUuZQ\M LM[ ]VQ^MZ[Q\u[ =VQ^MZ[Q\u 4]

UQvZM4aWV11

AW][[MN 6)1<*-4)1,8P,LQZMK\M]ZL]+:,)885IZZISMKP

A^M[:-=<-:XZWNM[[M]ZLM[]VQ^MZ[Q\u[=VQ^MZ[Q\u+PIZTM[LM/I]TTM 4QTTM

>QK\WZ;)=,)6XZWNM[[M]Z8P,0-84]KMZVM

*MZVIZL;+06-=?4AXZWNM[[M]ZWZLQVIQZM=61/-/MVv^M

>Q^QIVMA7=@XZu[QLMV\MLMT¼).-.

5Q[MMVXIOM"+TI]LM+PIXX]Q[<ZQ[\IV,WVbu +W]^MZ\]ZM"\OLM[QOVMZKWU

+WWZLQVI\QWVLMX]JTQKI\QWV"<ZQ[\IV,WVbu

·0I]\MÉKWTM8uLIOWOQY]M*-2=6-*QMVVM;]Q[[M :M[XWV[IJTMLMTIKWTTMK\QWV,uJI\["

5IZTvVM4MJZ]V

Ce texte est sous licence Creative Commons: elle vous oblige, si vous utilisez cet écrit, à en citer l’auteur, la source et l’éditeur original, sans modifications du texte ou de l’extrait et sans utilisation commerciale.

8

Table des matières

EN GUISE D’OUVERTURE Introduction

5IZTvVM4MJZ]V0-8*-2=6- J’écris ton nom

)V\WVQV5WMZQ/MVv^M25 I. CONCEPTUALISATION OU CE QU’EN PENSENT LES THÉORICIENS

Vous avez dit : « penser » ?

2MIV4W]Q[,]UWZ\QMZ=VQ^MZ[Q\uLM4QvOM De la pensée qu’il faut apprendre ou formater, à l’apprentissage de la pensée : quelques éléments d’une épistémologie perspectiviste pour un usage scolaire )TIZQK3WPTMZM\<ZQ[\IV,WVbu0-8*-2=6-59 L’émergence de la pensée. Développement intellectuel et psychopathologie du lien social

*MZ\ZIVL,]KKQVQ=VQ^MZ[Q\u8I]T>ITuZa5WV\XMTTQMZ111 Apprendre à penser à l’école ou mettre la morale à zéro ?

>QVKMV\4WZQ][=VQ^MZ[Q\uLM,QRWV De la formation de la pensée critique : que peut la philosophie ?

BISIZQI/PIbQ=VQ^MZ[Q\u5WPIUUML>:IJI\5IZWK

II. CE QU’EN PENSENT LES PRATICIENS Citoyenneté : les droits de l’enfant

)VVQKS;\M\\TMZ0-8*-2=6- La littérature au cœur des apprentissages : une médiation culturelle au service de la pensée

5QKPMT)]JZa0-8*-2=6-

9

La pensée critique en classe du français : une fondation éthique

;IUQ0ITPITM\.TWZMV\*QIW=VQ^MZ[Q\u4I^IT9]uJMK La littérature et le débat empathique et raisonnable

*ZQOQ\\M4W]QKPWVM\)OVv[8MZZQV,W]KMa41:,-.5WV\XMTTQMZ!

La formation du citoyen lecteur

8QMZZM4M:M]V+IZWTM*W]TIW]QVI\4QTQIVM<]Z+-8-+4aWV Repenser l’exercice de la dissertation par l’écriture collaborative

>ITMZa:QWV4aKuMLM8WZZMV\Z]a259 Apprendre à penser le monde quand il est troublé

+PIZTM[0MQUJMZO=VQ^MZ[Q\uLM/MVv^M

III. CE QUE PROPOSENT LES FORMATEURS L’école apprend-elle à penser ? Qu’en pensent les futurs enseignants ?

:IKPQLI-TYWJIQ+M:5-.5IZZISMKP Apprendre à penser le monde social par l’intermédiaire de la géographie scolaire.

Comment de futurs enseignants primaires enseignent-ils l’alimentation dans leur classe de stage ?

)TIQV8IKPM0I]\M-KWTM8uLIOWOQY]M>I]L L’impératif de penser l’agir professionnel en formation

.ZIVtWQ[M8I[KPM/W[[QV5IZQM+PZQ[\QVM2]QTTMZI\+PZQ[\QVM:QI\

0-8*-2=6- Sensibiliser les futurs enseignants aux écrits intermédiaires : un levier pour questionner leurs postures d’étayage ?

5IZQMTTM?aV[4I]ZMVKM.IUMTIZ\6QKWTM:IPQMZ<PQMZZa-^ZIZL 0I]\M-KWTM4uWVIZLLM>QVKQ·4W]^IQVTI6M]^M*MTOQY]M!

EN GUISE DE CONTINUATION Ecole du sport, école de la pensée

4I]ZMV\5I[[QI[..<:1.ZIVKM!

)XXZMVLZMoXMV[MZTMUWVLM Y]IVLQTM[\\ZW]JTu

+PIZTM[0MQUJMZO

Université de Genève

4M[ I\\MV\I\[ LM 8IZQ[ M\ LM *Z]`MTTM[ MV M\ TM[ KWVÆQ\[

L] 8ZWKPM7ZQMV\ M\ TI KZQ[M QV\MZVI\QWVITM LM[ ZuN]OQu[ I]`Y]MT[

[¼IRW]\MV\TM[MٺM\[LM[KZQ[M[ÅVIVKQvZM[M\LM[XWTQ\QY]M[L¼I][\u ZQ\uLIV[TMKILZMM]ZWXuMVVW][NWV\^Q^ZMLIV[]VKWV\M`\MLM LQٻK]T\u[ M\ L¼QVY]Qu\]LM Y]Q VuKM[[Q\M L¼M`IUQVMZ TM[ XZWJTvUM[

LM[WKQu\uLIV[\W]\MTM]ZKWUXTM`Q\uM\LMXZWXW[MZLM[[WT]\QWV[

IXX]auM[I]\IV\Y]MXW[[QJTM[]ZLM[IZO]UMV\[QUXTQY]IV\TIZIQ [WV[KQMV\QÅY]M

8IZ [I LuKTIZI\QWV LM ZMTI\Q^M I]` ÅVITQ\u[ M\ WJRMK\QN[ LM T¼jKWTMTIConférence intercantonale de l’instruction publiqueLMTI;]Q[[MZW UIVLMM\L]<M[[QVKQIXZv[+118XZWUM]\TINIK]T\uLMLQ[KMZVM UMV\M\T¼QVLuXMVLIVKMLMR]OMUMV\LM[uTv^M[ \MZUM[Y]QÅO]ZMV\

I][[Q LMX]Q[ ! LIV[ TI TWQ OMVM^WQ[M []Z T¼QV[\Z]K\QWV X]JTQY]M +118 ,IV[ ]VM [WKQu\u LM T¼QVNWZUI\QWV LuU]T\QXTQuM W„

T¼jKWTMV¼M[\XT][Y]¼]VM[W]ZKMXIZUQL¼I]\ZM[M\W„[¼M[\QV[\ITTuM ]VMKMZ\IQVMKWVN][QWVXZWXQKMI]ZMTI\Q^Q[UM^WQZMoTIKQZK]TI\QWV LM\PuWZQM[L]KWUXTW\TIZM[XWV[IJQTQ\uLMT¼jKWTMMVUI\QvZMLM LQ[KMZVMUMV\L¼QVLuXMVLIVKMLMR]OMUMV\M\LMXMV[uMI]\WVWUM M[\[IV[LW]\MXT][OZIVLMY]MLIV[TMXI[[u

4IKWVRWVK\]ZM[WKQWK]T\]ZMTTMKWV\MUXWZIQVMVuKM[[Q\M]VIXXZMV

\Q[[IOMLMTIOM[\QWVL]LW]\M"QTM[\QVLQ[XMV[IJTMLM[MXW[MZLM[

Y]M[\QWV[M\LMXZMVLZMOIZLMoVMXI[[MTIQ[[MZUIVQX]TMZ5IQ[[IV[

^MZ[MZLIV[T¼WZVQvZML¼]V[KMX\QKQ[UMZILQKIT[IV[\WUJMZLIV[TM XQvOML¼]VMXW[\]ZM[MTWVTIY]MTTM\W][TM[XWQV\[LM^]M[M^I]LZIQMV\

M\I]K]VMWX\QWVVM[MZIQ\Lv[TWZ[XZuNuZIJTMo]VMI]\ZM

;IV[Y]MKM\MZUM[WQ\\W]RW]Z[M`XTQKQ\MUMV\]\QTQ[uK¼M[\JQMV]VM NWZUML¼M[XZQ\KZQ\QY]MY]QXIZI{\XW]^WQZZuXWVLZMI]`LuÅ[TIVKu[

XIZTIKWUXTM`Q\uLM[XZWJTvUM[[WKQu\I]`IK\]MT[]VM[XZQ\KZQ\QY]M Y]¼QT[¼IOQZIQ\LMNIQZMIKY]uZQZW]KWV[\Z]QZMXIZTM[uTv^M[LIV[TM KILZM[KWTIQZM=VM\MTTMIUJQ\QWV[M[Q\]MoTIKZWQ[uMLMXT][QM]Z[

\PuUI\QY]M[Y]Q[¼QUXW[MV\I]RW]ZL¼P]QoT¼I\\MV\QWVLIV[T¼M[XIKM [KWTIQZM-TTMZMTv^MLIV[]VMTIZOMUM[]ZMLMTILQUMV[QWVLMKQ

\WaMVVM\uKWVKMX\LWV\TIXTIKMMٺMK\Q^MM[\KMXMVLIV\JQMVLQٻ KQTMoKMZVMZLIV[T¼QV[\Q\]\QWV

,M]`ZuKMV\M[M\]\QTM[X]JTQKI\QWV[LM[aV\Pv[MIJWZLMV\TINWZUI

\QWVoT¼M[XZQ\KZQ\QY]MMVUM\\IV\VW\IUUMV\T¼IKKMV\[]ZTM[VW

\QWV[L¼MVY]w\ML¼IZO]UMV\I\QWVM\LMUQ[MMVLuJI\4IXZMUQvZM NWVK\QWVLMT¼MVY]w\MKWV[Q[\MoQLMV\QÅMZTIVI\]ZMLM[QVNWZUI\QWV[

LQ[XWVQJTM[TMOMVZMLM[\M`\M[Y]Q[WV\UWJQTQ[u[M\K/uZIZL,M

>MKKPQKQ\MT¼M`MUXTML¼]V[Q\M]VQ^MZ[Q\IQZMKIVILQMVXZu[MV\IV\

]VLWK]UMV\IQZM[]Z]VXZu\MVL]IVQUITXZW\uOuTMLIP]"KM[Q\M IXXIZI{\LIV[]VXZMUQMZ\MUX[KWUUM[uZQM]`M\ÅIJTMUIQ[TM[

uTv^M[XM]^MV\a\ZW]^MZLM[QVLQKM[L]KIZIK\vZMVWV[KQMV\QÅY]M L]XZWXW[M\]VM[QUXTMZMKPMZKPMMVTQOVMTM]ZXMZUM\NIKQTMUMV\

LMLuKW]^ZQZY]MKM\IVQUITM[\QUIOQVIQZM,M>MKKPQ )QV[Q]VMLuUIZKPMLMLQ[\QVK\QWVL]^ZIQM\L]NI]`LMTIZuITQ\u [KQMV\QÅY]MM\LMTIKZWaIVKMXM]\MTTM[¼IUWZKMZUwUM[QQTVM NI]\XI[TMKIKPMZKM\\MLQ[\QVK\QWVM[\NZIOQTMM\TIKTWQ[WVXWZM][M MV\ZMKMY]MT¼WVXM]\XZW]^MZ[KQMV\QÅY]MUMV\M\KMY]QXM]\NIQZM T¼WJRM\L¼]VMKZWaIVKMZIQ[WVVIJTM1T[¼IOQ\XIZIQTTM]Z[LMVMXI[

UM\\ZMLIV[TMUwUMXIVQMZ\W][TM[LuJI\[MV^Q[IOMIJTM[MVKTI[[M VQ\W][TM[IZO]UMV\[[][KMX\QJTM[L¼u\IaMZLM[XW[Q\QWV[WXXW[uM["

QTV¼M[\XI[\W]RW]Z[XW[[QJTMLM\ZIVKPMZMVNIQ[IV\^ITWQZLM[ZIQ [WV[[KQMV\QÅY]M[M\[¼IOQ[[IV\LMLuKQ[QWV[oXZMVLZMLIV[T¼QV\u Zw\ OuVuZIT KM[ ZIQ[WV[ VM XZu^ITMV\ XI[ \W]RW]Z[ []Z TM[ ZIQ[WV[

uUW\QWVVMTTM[4M[LQ[XW[Q\QN[XW[[QJTM[LMT¼IZO]UMV\I\QWVMVKTI[[M [WV\XIZIQTTM]Z[XZu[MV\u[\Zv[KTIQZMUMV\LIV[]VMVW\MLM^MQTTM LMT¼1V[\Q\]\NZIVtIQ[L¼jL]KI\QWV/I][[MT1TaM[\Y]M[\QWV LM ^ITM]Z[ M\ LM LuJI\[ XPQTW[WXPQY]M[ I]\W]Z VW\IUUMV\ L¼]V

+IZZMNW]ZuL]KI\QWV1VNWJW]ZO=VQ^MZ[Q\uL]9]uJMKo+PQKW]\QUQ4M[I]\M]Z[

[WV\8I\ZQKS/QZW]L5I\PQM]/IOVWV;\uXPIVQM4M[[IZLM\2W[QIVM+WZV]\

KPMUQVMUMV\QV\MTTMK\]MTY]QXIZ\QZIQ\L¼]VMXZWJTuUI\Q[I\QWVXW]Z MV\ZI{VMZ]VMKWVKMX\]ITQ[I\QWVoXIZ\QZLMTIY]MTTM[MLu^MTWXXM ZIQ\T¼IZO]UMV\I\QWV

5IQ[ZM^MVWV[oTIKQ\WaMVVM\u,IV[TM8TIVL¼u\]LM[ZWUIVL+118 KM\\M VW\QWV IXXIZI{\ o TI NWQ[ LIV[ ]V KILZM LQ[KQXTQVIQZM XW]ZTM[^MM\^MKaKTM[[M]TMUMV\M\LIV[KMT]QLMTINWZUI\QWVOuVu ZITM[W][T¼QV\Q\]Tu®>Q^ZMMV[MUJTMM\M`MZKQKMLMTILuUWKZI\QM¯

+¼M[\ [W][ KM\ QV\Q\]Tu Y]M [WV\ M`XTQKQ\uM[ LM[ ^Q[uM[ XZQWZQ\IQZM[

LWV\ KMTTM LM ®8ZMVLZM KWV[KQMVKM LM[ LQ^MZ[M[ KWUU]VI]\u[ M\

Lu^MTWXXMZ]VMI\\Q\]LML¼W]^MZ\]ZMI]`I]\ZM[M\[IZM[XWV[IJQTQ\u KQ\WaMVVM¯+M[LQ^MZ[M[WKK]ZZMVKM[LMTIVW\QWVLMKQ\WaMVVM\uM\

[M[IXXZWKPM[LIV[LM[KILZM[LQ[\QVK\[T]QNWV\KW]ZQZTMZQ[Y]ML¼w\ZM LQٻKQTMoQLMV\QÅMZITWZ[UwUMY]¼MTTMM[\IٻZUuMLM\W]\M[XIZ\[

+MZQ[Y]M[¼IKKZWQ\L]NIQ\Y]¼I]UW\®KQ\WaMVVM\u¯[WV\LWVVuM[

LM[[QOVQÅKI\QWV[LQ[[MUJTIJTM[L]NIQ\Y]MT¼M`MZKQKMLMKMY]¼QTLu [QOVMM[\LQٺuZMUUMV\KWVt]M\L]NIQ\Y]MT¼IKKWZLV¼M[\XI[\W\IT

\IV\[¼MVNI]\[]ZTM[NWVK\QWV[LMT¼MV[MQOVMUMV\[KWTIQZML¼]VM[XZQ\

LMKQ\WaMVVM\u0MQUJMZO

6W][ITTWV[u^WY]MZY]MTY]M[QUXTQKI\QWV[\ZIV[^MZ[ITM[L¼]VMXZQ[M MVKWV[QLuZI\QWVLMTIKQ\WaMVVM\uLIV[]VXZWRM\LMNWZUI\QWVI\

\MV\QN o TI KWV[\Z]K\QWV L¼]VM XMV[uM KZQ\QY]M M\ ZIQ[WVVuM []Z TI [WKQu\u6W][MV^Q[IOMZWV[MV[]Q\MTINWZUI\QWVL¼]VM[XZQ\LMKQ

\WaMVVM\uLIV[TMKILZMLMTILQ[KQXTQVM®PQ[\WQZM¯T¼QV\uZw\LMKM KILZIOM[XuKQÅY]MZu[QLIV\LIV[T¼IXXWZ\LM[W]\QT[LMTIXMV[uMLQ[

KQXTQVIQZMXW]Z[MZMXZu[MV\MZTMUWVLMM\aIOQZI^MKTMXT][L¼I]

\WVWUQMXW[[QJTM

9]MTY]M[I[XMK\[\ZIV[^MZ[I]`L¼]VMIXXZWKPM citoyenne des apprentissages

=VMNWZUI\QWVoTIKQ\WaMVVM\uKWV\ZQJ]IV\oTIKIXIKQ\uLMXMV [MZTMUWVLMVM[I]ZIQ\[MKWV\MV\MZLMXZWUW]^WQZLM[JWV[[MV\Q UMV\[[]ZTM®^Q^ZMMV[MUJTM¯XI[XT][Y]¼MTTMVM[I]ZIQ\[MTQUQ\MZ

oT¼QVRWVK\QWVLM[¼MV\MVQZoLM[^ITM]Z[Lu\MZUQVuM[[QTuOQ\QUM[

Y]¼MTTM[X]Q[[MV\w\ZM)XXZMVLZMoXMV[MZTMUWVLMMV\MZUM[LM KQ\WaMVVM\u K¼M[\ VWV [M]TMUMV\ M`IUQVMZ [WV NWVK\QWVVMUMV\

MV[MZuNuZIV\I]`\M`\M[NWVLIUMV\I]`ZMTI\QN[oTIXZW\MK\QWVLM[

LZWQ\[P]UIQV[Y]Q\\MoKWV[\I\MZY]MKM[LZWQ\[VM[WV\XI[ZM[XMK

\u[UIQ[K¼M[\MVKWZMLM^MVQZKIXIJTML¼MVLuKW]^ZQZTIKWUXTM`Q\u TM[XZWNWVLM]Z[TM[KWV\ZILQK\QWV[^WQZMTM[QVKMZ\Q\]LM[+¼M[\I][[Q [MLu\MZUQVMZXM\Q\oXM\Q\Y]IV\I]`UIVQvZM[L¼a^Q^ZMLM[¼aQV\u OZMZLM[¼MVIKKWUUWLMZTMKI[uKPuIV\L¼aIOQZM\LM[¼aMVOIOMZ oKWVLQ\QWV\W]\MNWQ[Y]MT¼MVOIOMUMV\M\T¼IK\QWVZMTv^MV\JQMVLM TI[XPvZMLMT¼I]\WVWUQMLMXMV[uMM\L¼QVQ\QI\Q^MLMT¼uTv^MMV\IV\

Y]¼IK\M]ZLMTI[WKQu\uW„QT^Q\

,IV[TMKWV\M`\M[KWTIQZMT¼uL]KI\QWVoTIKQ\WaMVVM\uVM[MKIZIK

\uZQ[M XI[ KWUXTv\MUMV\ [I]N M`KMX\QWV<sup>2</sup> KWUUM ]VM LQ[KQXTQVM [KWTIQZM [XuKQÅY]M M`XTQKQ\MUMV\ XZu[MV\M LIV[ TI OZQTTMPWZIQZM I^MK[M[[I^WQZ[LMZuNuZMVKMI]VQ^MI]IKILuUQY]M;QT¼WVMV^Q[IOM T¼PQ[\WQZMLMT¼uL]KI\QWV[KWTIQZMM\[QT¼WV\QMV\KWUX\ML]NIQ\Y]M KMY]Q[MVWUUMI]RW]ZL¼P]Q®uL]KI\QWVoTIKQ\WaMVVM\u¯[MLQ [IQ\VIO]vZM®QV[\Z]K\QWVKQ^QY]M¯MTTMITWVO\MUX[u\uM\LMUM]ZM XIZNWQ[MVKWZMu\ZWQ\MUMV\I[[WKQuMoT¼MV[MQOVMUMV\LMT¼PQ[\WQZM 4WZ[Y]MT¼WV[¼MٺWZKML¼MVLuÅVQZTM[KWV\MV][W]\ZMTMNIQ\Y]¼MTTM M[\ZMTQuMLMUIVQvZMXZQ^QTuOQuMI]`Y]M[\QWV[L¼IK\]ITQ\uKMZ\IQV[

ÅT[KWVL]K\M]Z[XM]^MV\w\ZMUQ[MVI^IV\Y]QZMTv^MV\LMXT][QM]Z[

LQ[KQXTQVM[LMZuNuZMVKMMVXIZ\QK]TQMZLM[KQMVKM[[WKQITM[

=VXZMUQMZÅTKWVKMZVMTIKWUXTM`Q\uLMTI[WKQu\uLM[M[uKPMTTM[

M\ LM \W][ TM[ uTuUMV\[ Y]Q TI KWUXW[MV\ +M ÅTTo ZMTv^M L] JWV [MV[9]Qu^Q\MLM[MKWV\MV\MZL¼M`XTQKI\QWV[[QUXTM[9]QQV^Q\Mo [MLMUIVLMZ[IV[KM[[MKMY]QXW]ZZIQ\TM[KWV\ZMLQZMW]TM[V]IVKMZ oXZw\MZI\\MV\QWVoTIXT]ZITQ\uLM[IK\M]Z[KWVKMZVu[o]V\Q\ZMW]

]VI]\ZMXIZ]VXZWJTvUMLM[WKQu\uM\IQV[QoTIXT]ZITQ\uLM[XWQV\[

LM^]MY]MT¼WVXM]\XZMVLZM[]ZT]Q5IQ[QTM[\JWVLMTMZMVNWZKMZ

+WUUMXIZM`MUXTMI]RW]ZL¼P]Q]VMPM]ZML¼®uL]KI\QWVKQ\WaMVVM¯XW]ZTM[KTI[[M[LM 9^M0IZUW[L]+aKTML¼WZQMV\I\QWVOMVM^WQ[

KMÅTQ[[]L]JWV[MV[XIZTM[IXXWZ\[LMTIOuWOZIXPQMM\LMT¼PQ[

\WQZMY]QXMZUM\\MV\LMKWV\M`\]ITQ[MZTM[XPuVWUvVM[M\LWVKL¼MV KWUXZMVLZM XIZ\QMTTMUMV\ TI KWUXTM`Q\u )QV[Q T¼uKPMTTM [XI\QITM oTIY]MTTM]VXZWJTvUMLM[WKQu\uM[\M`IUQVuOuZuW]Zu[WT]V¼M[\

MVXZQVKQXMXI[]VQY]M4M[M`MUXTM[XW]^IV\T¼QTT][\ZMZ[WV\U]T

\QXTM[8W]ZVMXZMVLZMY]¼]V[M]TLMKM[XZWJTvUM[ZMTI\Q^MUMV\

[QUXTMoXW[MZUIQ[XI[NWZKuUMV\oZu[W]LZMTWZ[Y]¼QTM[\LuKQLu LMKWV[\Z]QZM]VMI]\WZW]\MW]]VMTQOVMLM\ZIQVoOZIVLM^Q\M[[M KMTI V¼I XI[ TM UwUM QUXIK\ o T¼uKPMTTM L¼]V ^QTTIOM Y]M KM XZW RM\L¼IUuVIOMUMV\KW]XMZIQ\MVLM]`Y]¼oT¼uKPMTTML]XIa[LWV\

QTZMTQMZIQ\TM[LM]`^QTTM[XZQVKQXITM[1TMV^ILMUwUMMVKMY]Q KWVKMZVMTM[uKPMTTM[\MUXWZMTTM[M\TIXuZQWLQ[I\QWVLM[XZWJTvUM[

LM[WKQu\u1KQTIXZWJTuUI\QY]M[MNIQ\ZIXQLMUMV\XT][KWUXTM`M Lv[TWZ[Y]¼MTTMMVOIOMTMXI[[uTMXZu[MV\M\T¼I^MVQZIQV[QY]MVW[

ZMXZu[MV\I\QWV[LM[NWZUM[L¼u^WT]\QWVM\LMKPIVOMUMV\Y]QTM[ZM TQMV\ ,M UwUM KM[ Y]M[\QWV[ \MUXWZMTTM[ KWVKMZVMV\ [W]^MV\ KM Y]QM[\MVOIOuW]ZQ[Y]uXW]ZT¼I^MVQZo\ZI^MZ[TM[LuKQ[QWV[M\TM[

IZJQ\ZIOM[L]XZu[MV\-TTM[[WV\XIZNWQ[NWVLuM[[]ZLM[XZu^Q[QWV[

LWV\TIZQO]M]Z[KQMV\QÅY]MM[\MTTMUwUMLQ[K]\IJTMW]MV\W]\KI[

LQ[K]\uMKWUUMLIV[TMKI[LM[MٺM\[oKW]Z\UWaMVM\TWVO\MZUM LMTILM\\MLM[KWTTMK\Q^Q\u[X]JTQY]M[,IV[TMUwUM[MV[UIQ[MV XW[Q\QNKM[Y]M[\QWV[[MXW[MV\KPIY]MNWQ[Y]¼QT[¼IOQ\L¼QV^M[\QZLIV[

]VXZWRM\Y]QMVOIOMT¼I^MVQZ)QV[QMV^I\QTMVOuVuZITLM\W]\M[

TM[LuXMV[M[X]JTQY]M[Y]QKWVKMZVMV\T¼uL]KI\QWVTINWZUI\QWVW]

TIZMKPMZKPM6W][ZM^QMVLZWV[[]ZKM[Y]M[\QWV[LM\MUXWZITQ\u[o XZWXW[LMTILQ[KQXTQVMhistoire

j\ZWQ\MUMV\ZMTQuoTI\PuUI\QY]MLMT¼uOITQ\u]VI]\ZMÅTKWVL]K\M]Z M[\T¼IٻZUI\QWVL]KIZIK\vZM]VQ^MZ[MTLM[LZWQ\[P]UIQV[+MXZQV KQXMVMLM^ZIQ\LWVVMZTQM]oI]K]VMKWV\M[\I\QWV;WVIXXTQKI\QWV IKPWXXM XW]Z\IV\ []Z LM]` LQٻK]T\u[ 4I XZMUQvZM LuKW]TM LM T¼IUXTM]ZKZWQ[[IV\MLM[QVuOITQ\u[Y]QKIZIK\uZQ[MTMUWVLML¼I]

RW]ZL¼P]QI][[QJQMVoT¼uKPMTTMLMKPIK]VMLM[[WKQu\u[Y]QTMKWU XW[MV\Y]¼o]VMuKPMTTMOTWJITM)JWZLMZIVITa[MZLM[XZWJTvUM[

LM[WKQu\uK¼M[\JQMV[W]^MV\XZMVLZMTIUM[]ZMLM[W]ٺZIVKM[M\

L¼QVR][\QKM[Y]Q[WV\u\ZWQ\MUMV\TQuM[oKM[QVuOITQ\u[4I[MKWVLM

LMKM[LQٻK]T\u[KWVKMZVMLM[[WKQu\u[XIZ\QK]TQvZM[Y]QKWV\M[\MV\

KM KIZIK\vZM ]VQ^MZ[MT I] VWU LM \ZILQ\QWV[ MV \QZIV\ I][[Q IZO]

UMV\L]NIQ\Y]MTM[j\I\[Y]QWV\XWZ\uPQ[\WZQY]MUMV\T¼IٻZUI\QWV LM KM[ LZWQ\[ VM [¼MV [WV\ XI[ \W]RW]Z[ UWV\Zu[ ZM[XMK\]M]` LIV[

TMXI[[uKWTWVQITM\VMTM[ZM[XMK\MV\XI[LI^IV\IOMLIV[TMXZu[MV\

LM[KWVÆQ\[IZUu[1TXM]\aI^WQZToJQMV[…ZXI[UITL¼IJ][M\LM UI]^IQ[MNWQUIQ[QTV¼MVZM[\MXI[UWQV[^ZIQY]MTIKZuLQJQTQ\uL]

UWVLMWKKQLMV\ITVM[¼M[\XI[\W]RW]Z[IٻZUuMKM[LMZVQvZM[IV VuM[LIV[TM[ITuI[LMTIXWTQ\QY]MQV\MZVI\QWVITM4IKWV[\Z]K\QWV [KWTIQZMLMKMXZQVKQXML¼]VQ^MZ[ITQ\uLM[LZWQ\[P]UIQV[^ITIJTMMV XIZ\QK]TQMZXW]ZTM[OZW]XM[LWUQVu[M\XW]ZTM[NMUUM[KWV[\Q\]M LWVKI]RW]ZL¼P]Q]VWJRMK\QN KQ\WaMVLM\IQTTMM\[M[KWV\M[\I\QWV[

L¼W„Y]¼MTTM[^QMVVMV\M\Y]MT[Y]¼MV[WQMV\TM[IZO]UMV\[LWQ^MV\

w\ZMLuKWV[\Z]Q\M[M\LuXI[[uM[

4WZ[Y]¼QTM[\Y]M[\QWVLMLZWQ\[P]UIQV[M\LMKQ\WaMVVM\uTI\aXWTW OQMXZWXW[uMXIZ<PWUI[05IZ[PITTI]TMVLMUIQVLMTI;MKWVLM /]MZZMUWVLQITMVMUIVY]MXI[L¼QV\uZw\5IZ[PITT!,IV[

[IXMZ[XMK\Q^MTM@>111^M[QvKTMI^MKTI:u^WT]\QWVNZIVtIQ[MI]ZIQ\

u\uKMT]QLMT¼IKY]Q[Q\QWVLM[LZWQ\[NWZUMT[TM@1@^M[QvKTMKMT]QLM T¼IKY]Q[Q\QWV LM[ LZWQ\[ XWTQ\QY]M[ MV ZuITQ\u LM[ LZWQ\[ XWTQ\QY]M[

]VQY]MUMV\UI[K]TQV[M\XIZKWV[uY]MV\\W]RW]Z[XI[]VQ^MZ[MT[

M\TI[MKWVLMUWQ\QuL]@@^M[QvKTMuLQÅuM[]ZTM[Z]QVM[LMTI;M KWVLM/]MZZMUWVLQITMLM^IQ\w\ZMKMTTMLMT¼IKY]Q[Q\QWVLM[LZWQ\[

[WKQI]`=VM\MTTM^Q[QWVY]QVMZMTv^MXI[L¼]VM[]KKM[[QWVLMXu ZQWLM[LQ[\QVK\M[UIQ[L¼]VMIKK]U]TI\QWVLMLQUMV[QWV[IXXMTuM[

oKWPIJQ\MZXW]ZZIQ\^WQZ[¼ILRWQVLZMXW]ZTM@@1^M[QvKTMTIXZWJTu UI\QY]MLM[LZWQ\[MV^QZWVVMUMV\I]`4¼MV[MUJTMXZu[MV\MT¼QV\uZw\

L¼]VM^Q[QWV[aV\Pu\QY]MM\KWUXTv\MLM[LQٺuZMV\M[KI\uOWZQM[LM LZWQ\[LWV\TM[[WKQu\u[KWV\MUXWZIQVM[WV\o[¼MUXIZMZ

8IZ IQTTM]Z[ T¼uL]KI\QWV [KWTIQZM o TI KQ\WaMVVM\u XIZKM Y]¼MTTM [¼ILZM[[M o LM[ MVNIV\[ M\ o LM[ ILWTM[KMV\[ VM [I]ZIQ\ VuOTQOMZ T¼QV\uZw\ L¼]V M`MZKQKM LM LuKMV\ZI\QWV Y]Q ZMVLM u^QLMV\M T¼QVu^Q

\IJTMXT]ZITQ\uLM[WXQVQWV[LM[ZuITQ\u[P]UIQVM[M\LM[[WT]\QWV[

Y]Q XM]^MV\ w\ZM IXXWZ\uM[ o \MT W] \MT XZWJTvUM <W]\ XZWJTvUM

!

LM[WKQu\u\W]\MY]M[\QWV[MV[QJTMQUXTQY]MT¼M`Q[\MVKMLMXT][QM]Z[

XWQV\[ LM ^]M LWV\ TM[ uTv^M[ WV\ o XZMVLZM KWVVIQ[[IVKM XW]Z XZMVLZMT¼M`IK\MUM[]ZMLMTM]Z[WXXW[Q\QWV[M\LMKMY]¼MTTM[QU XTQY]MV\)QV[QI^IV\LM[MLMUIVLMZXIZM`MUXTM[¼QT[[WV\XW]Z W] KWV\ZM TI KWV[\Z]K\QWV L¼]V [MKWVL \]JM ZW]\QMZ \ZI^MZ[IV\ TM[

)TXM[I]VQ^MI]L]/W\PIZLQTQUXWZ\MY]¼QT[M`IUQVMV\[uZQM][M UMV\M\I^MK\W]\MTIK]ZQW[Q\uVuKM[[IQZMTM[IZO]UMV\[LM[LQٺu ZMV\M[XIZ\QM[[WQ\MVNI^M]ZL]XZWRM\[WQ\XW]Z[¼aWXXW[MZ,IV[KM KI[[WV\oXZMVLZMMVKWV[QLuZI\QWVTIY]M[\QWVLMT¼MV^QZWVVMUMV\

JQMV[…ZUIQ[I][[QKMTTMLMTIKWPu[QWVVI\QWVITMLIV[T¼PaXW\Pv[M L¼]VQ[WTMUMV\L]KIV\WVL]<M[[QV^Q[o^Q[LMTI;]Q[[MKMTTMLM TI[uK]ZQ\uLM[][IOMZ[KMTTMLM[KW…\[MVOMVLZu[XIZTMXZWRM\^WQZM I][[QT¼QUXW[[QJQTQ\uLMNIQZMLM[XZu^Q[QWV[L¼QUXIK\[]ZTM\ZIV[XWZ\

o\ZI^MZ[TM[)TXM[u\IV\LWVVuT¼QVI]O]ZI\QWV\W]\MXZWKPIQVML¼]VM TQIQ[WVNMZZW^QIQZM

-VÅVM\XW]ZITTMZLIV[TMUwUM[MV[TIUQ[MMVT]UQvZMLMT¼M`Q[

\MVKMLMKWV\ZILQK\QWV[M\LMKWVÆQ\[L¼QV\uZw\[LIV[\W]\M[WKQu\u P]UIQVMIQV[QY]¼]VMZuÆM`QWV[]ZTIUIVQvZMLMTM[Zu[W]LZMMV ZMVWVtIV\o\W]\MNWZUMLM^QWTMVKMLIV[TMKILZML]TQJZMM`MZKQKM LM TI LuUWKZI\QM [WV\ LM]` WJRMK\QN[ XZQWZQ\IQZM[ XW]Z QV\uOZMZ TI LQUMV[QWVLMKQ\WaMVVM\uI]K¶]ZLM[IXXZMV\Q[[IOM[

1TV¼M[\XI[XW[[QJTMLM[¼MV\MVQZoT¼QV^MV\IQZMLM[XWQV\[LM^]M[]Z TMUWVLMM\LM[KWVÆQ\[Y]¼QT[MVOMVLZMV\MVTIQ[[IV\\W][TM]Z[XW[

\]TI\[[]Z]VUwUMXTIVM\MVILWX\IV\IQV[Q]VMXW[\]ZMZMTI\Q^Q[\M 4IXT]XIZ\LM[XZWJTvUM[LM[WKQu\uM`QOMV\LIV[T¼M[XIKMW„QT[[M XW[MV\LM[[WT]\QWV[ZM[XMK\]M][M[oTINWQ[L]JQMVKWUU]VM\LM T¼uY]Q\u<W]\MY]M[\QWV[WKQITMW]OuWXWTQ\QY]MLWVVMIQV[QTQM]o ]V\ZIQ\MUMV\Lu\MZUQVuXT][W]UWQV[R][\MXT][W]UWQV[uY]Q

\IJTMXW]ZTM[LQٺuZMV\M[XIZ\QM[-\TM[IZJQ\ZIOM[Y]QTMLu\MZUQVMV\

XM]^MV\ w\ZM LM LQٺuZMV\M[ VI\]ZM[ R]ZQLQY]M LQXTWUI\QY]M XWTQ

\QY]MUQTQ\IQZM^WQZM\W]\[QUXTMUMV\[WKQu\ITMTWZ[Y]MTM[IK\M]Z[

IOQ[[MV\XIZM]`UwUM[[IV[ZMKW]ZQZI]`QV[\Q\]\QWV[

+WUUMTIY]M[\QWVu\IQ\XW[uMI]`uTMK\M]Z[M\uTMK\ZQKM[LMTI;]Q[[MTM Nu^ZQMZ

;¼QTM[\LWVK[W]PIQ\IJTMY]MTM[IXXZMV\Q[[IOM[[KWTIQZM[UvVMV\o XZMVLZMTIUM[]ZMLM[KWVÆQ\[L¼QV\uZw\[M\LMTuOQ\QUQ\uY]QKIZIK

\uZQ[MV\TM[KWTTMK\Q^Q\u[P]UIQVM[QT[¼IOQ\uOITMUMV\LMXMZUM\\ZM I]`uTv^M[LM\ZI^IQTTMZ[]ZTM[UIVQvZM[LMTM[OuZMZW]LMTM[Zu [W]LZM-\K¼M[\ToY]¼QV\MZ^QMVVMV\TM[Y]M[\QWV[VWVUWQV[QUXWZ

\IV\M[LMTIXIKQÅKI\QWVM\LMTI^QWTMVKM,IV[TIXMZ[XMK\Q^M\ZIV[

^MZ[ITML¼]VMuL]KI\QWVoTIXIQ`Y]QXW]ZZIQ\[¼IRW]\MZoL¼I]\ZM[

ÅVITQ\u[ OuVuZITM[ I[[QOVuM[ o T¼QV[\Q\]\QWV [KWTIQZM TI XZu^MV\QWV LM[KWVÆQ\[LMTI^QWTMVKMM\LM[KZQUM[LMUI[[MI]ZIQ\u^QLMU UMV\\W]\M[IXTIKM+MZ\M[MTTMQV\MZ^QMV\LuRoKTIQZMUMV\LIV[TI LQ[KQXTQVMhistoireTWZ[Y]¼QT[¼IOQ\L¼u\]LQMZTM[UIVQNM[\I\QWV[LMTI

^QWTMVKMLIV[TM[[WKQu\u[VW\IUUMV\LIV[[M[M`XZM[[QWV[TM[XT][

M`\ZwUM["KZQUM[KWV\ZMT¼P]UIVQ\uOuVWKQLM[LWV\MVXIZ\QK]TQMZ TILM[\Z]K\QWVLM[R]QN[L¼-]ZWXM4¼]VMLM[XZQVKQXITM[LQUMV[QWV[

LMKM\\MXZu^MV\QWVKWV[Q[\MoM`IUQVMZXIZY]MT[UuKIVQ[UM[M\

XIZTMNIQ\LMY]MT[IK\M]Z[KM[\ZIOuLQM[WV\M]TQM]LIV[TMXI[[u 5IQ[MVUI\QvZML¼uL]KI\QWVoTIKQ\WaMVVM\uKM[WV\TM[UIVQvZM[

LMXMV[MZM\L¼IOQZXW]Z\MV\MZL¼u^Q\MZY]MLM\MTTM[PWZZM]Z[ZM[

[]ZOQ[[MV\Y]Q[WV\M`IUQVuM[M\Y]QXM]^MV\MTTM[I][[QNIQZMT¼WJRM\

L¼]VLuJI\IZO]UMV\u

*QMV[…ZKM\\MY]M[\QWVLMTI^QWTMVKMLM[[WKQu\u[P]UIQVM[M\LM[

UIVQvZM[LMTIXZu^MVQZIZ\QK]TMNWZ\MUMV\TM[M`XuZQMVKM[L]XI[[u XIZNWQ[\ZI]UI\QY]M[I^MKTM[LQٻK]T\u[L]XZu[MV\M\TM[QVY]Qu

\]LM[W]M[XWQZ[XW]ZT¼I^MVQZ-TTMUvVMIQV[QLIV[KMRM]KWU XTM`MLM[\MUXWZITQ\u[oUM\\ZMMVu^QLMVKM[¼IOQ[[IV\KM\\MNWQ[LM TILQ[KQXTQVMhistoire\W]\MT¼QUXWZ\IVKMLM[IXXZWKPM[M\LM[Y]M[

\QWVVMUMV\[[XuKQÅY]M[I]`LQ[KQXTQVM[[KWTIQZM[oTM]Z[UIVQvZM[

L¼QV\MZZWOMZTMUWVLMXW]ZMVNIQZM^WQZM\KWUXZMVLZMLM[I[XMK\[

XIZNWQ[XM]^Q[QJTM[W]QV^Q[QJTM[L]XWQV\LM^]M\ZIV[^MZ[ITW]Ou VuZITQ[\M

Penser le monde à travers les modes de pensée disciplinaire

,v[TI:u^WT]\QWVNZIVtIQ[MY]QMV\MVLIQ\I[[]ZMZTMLZWQ\LM\W][

o]VMQV[\Z]K\QWVXZQUIQZMTI|Y]MTMXZWJTvUM[¼M[\XW[uLMZMVLZM TM[[I^WQZ[IKKM[[QJTM[oLMVW]^MI]`X]JTQK[[KWTIQZM[M\TI[WT]\QWV ITWZ[ KWVt]M I u\u LM LuOIOMZ TM[ uTuUMV\[ NWVLIUMV\I]` LM KM[

[I^WQZ[1T[¼IOQ[[IQ\ITWZ[MVVMKWVNWVLIV\XI[T¼IJZuOuM\T¼uTuUMV

\IQZM)[\WTÅ LMZMVLZMXW[[QJTM]VMKWV[\Z]K\QWVLM[

[I^WQZ[VWVXI[MVTM[ZuL]Q[IV\W]MVTM[[QUXTQÅIV\L¼]VMUIVQvZM IZJQ\ZIQZMUIQ[MVUM\\IV\I]RW]ZTM]Z[VWaI]`uTuUMV\IQZM[KM]`

Y]Q[WV\^ZIQUMV\XWZ\M]Z[L¼]VXW\MV\QMTLMLu^MTWXXMUMV\KWOVQ

\QN +M\\M QLuM IaIV\ u\u ZMXZQ[M XIZ TM[ LQLIK\QY]M[ LQ[KQXTQVIQZM[

KMTTM[KQ [¼MٺWZKMV\ LM LuKZQZM M\ LM XZWUW]^WQZ TM[ UuKIVQ[UM[

XIZTM[Y]MT[TM[uTv^M[XM]^MV\M`MZKMZTIXMV[uMXZWXZMoKPIK]VM L¼MTTM[I]ÅTLMTM]Z[IXXZMV\Q[[IOM[0MQUJMZO 4IY]M[\QWVL]Z€TMLM[LQ[KQXTQVM[LIV[TIXW]Z[]Q\MLM[ÅVITQ\u[LM T¼QV[\Q\]\QWV[KWTIQZMM[\IQV[QXW[uMM\LuJI\\]M)ٻZUMZT¼QV\uZw\M\

TIVuKM[[Q\uLMXMZUM\\ZMI]`uTv^M[L¼MV\ZMZLIV[TM[UWLM[LMXMV [uMY]QTM]Z[WV\[XuKQÅY]M[K¼M[\[W]\MVQZY]MTMLu^MTWXXMUMV\L]

[MV[KZQ\QY]MXW]ZV¼w\ZMXI[Y]¼]VMNWZU]TMOIT^I]LuMQUXTQY]M LM[KWVVIQ[[IVKM[ZMTI\Q^M[oT¼uXQ[\uUWTWOQMLM[LQ[KQXTQVM[#M\I][[Q Y]M[IV[LM[XQTM[LQ[KQXTQVIQZM[[WTQLM[TM[XWV\[XT]ZQLQ[KQXTQVIQZM[

[WV\JZIVTIV\[M\Y]¼QT[[WV\LWVKLM[^WQM[XM][…ZM[XW]ZIKKuLMZo TIKWUXTM`Q\uL]UWVLM:WUXZMTM[uTv^M[I]`M`QOMVKM[LQ^MZ[M[

LM[XMV[uM[LQ[KQXTQVIQZM[K¼M[\TM]ZXZWXW[MZ]VMu\IXMVuKM[[IQZMo ]VKPMUQVMUMV\QV\MTTMK\]MTY]QV¼IZQMVL¼]VMMZZIVKM

+MXI[[IOMVuKM[[IQZMXIZTM[UI\ZQKM[LQ[KQXTQVIQZM[XIZTM[KWVKMX\[

NWVLIUMV\I]`M\TM]Z[ZMTI\QWV[XIZKM[uTuUMV\[Y]QZuXu\WV[TM VM[WV\XI[oKWVNWVLZMI^MK]VIJZuOuIZJQ\ZIQZMLM[I^WQZ[[XuKQITQ [u[XTu\PWZQY]M[M[\XIZILW`ITMUMV\]VMKWVLQ\QWVVuKM[[IQZMXW]Z XZMVLZMY]MTY]MLQ[\IVKMMV^MZ[TM[[I^WQZ[LQ[KQXTQVIQZM[M]`UwUM[

M\XW]ZIKKuLMZoL¼I]\ZM[XWQV\[LM^]M[]Z]VXZWJTvUMKWUXTM`M

=VM \MTTM KWVKMX\QWV LM T¼IXXZMV\Q[[IOM [¼QV[KZQ\ LIV[ ]V KW]ZIV\

LQIKPZWVQY]MKWUXZMVIV\VW\IUUMV\+WUuVQ][+WVLWZKM\0MZ JIZ\M\>aOW\[Sa-TTMI\\ZQJ]M]VMXTIKMKMV\ZITMoLM[[I^WQZ[KWV[Q LuZu[ ®XZuKQ[uUMV\ CKWUUME des outils de transformation des processus psychiques permettant plus de conscience et de liberté. Les disciplines et leur orga- nisation constituent CIQV[QE les outils par excellence de la profession enseignante. »

;KPVM]_Ta

Distinguer les niveaux de lecture des genres de textes

4M[ ÅVITQ\u[ [KWTIQZM[ ZMTI\Q^M[ o TI NIK]T\u LM LQ[KMZVMUMV\ M\

o T¼QVLuXMVLIVKM LM R]OMUMV\ LM[ uTv^M[ Y]Q [WV\ [IV[ LW]\M KWUUM VW][ T¼I^WV[ ^] o XZMVLZM XIZ\QK]TQvZMUMV\ I] [uZQM]`

LIV[VW\ZMuXWY]M\ZW]JTuMQUXTQY]MV\VW\IUUMV\L¼IXXZMVLZM oLQ[\QVO]MZTM[VQ^MI]`LMTMK\]ZMLM[OMVZM[LM\M`\M[XW]ZVM XI[UM\\ZM\W]\[]ZTMUwUMXTIVM\IQV[QVMXI[KWVNWVLZMXIZ M`MUXTM]V\M`\M[IKZuM\]V\M`\MLMXZWXIOIVLMXWTQ\QY]M]V XZQVKQXMKWV[\Q\]\QWVVMTM\]VZvOTMUMV\L¼][IOML¼]VM[XIKMKWT TMK\QN]VMM`XZM[[QWVUu\IXPWZQY]MM\]VMLM[KZQX\QWVNIK\]MTTM

*QMV[…ZKM[WJRMK\QN[[WV\IUJQ\QM]`M\TM]ZZuITQ[I\QWVM[\ZMV L]MLQٻKQTMXIZTM[XWZW[Q\u[M`Q[\IV\MV\ZMKM[LQٺuZMV\M[KI\uOW ZQM[LM\M`\M[M\TM]Z[][IOM[8MV[MZTMUWVLMMVMٺM\KMV¼M[\

XI[[M]TMUMV\KI\uOWZQ[MZ\W]\KMY]QTMKWUXW[MUIQ[K¼M[\I][[Q XIZNWQ[ZMUM\\ZMLMT¼WZLZMLIV[T¼u^MV\]MTTMKWVN][QWVLM[][IOM[

[WKQI]`LMKM[KI\uOWZQM[

,IV[ TM UwUM [MV[ QT QUXWZ\M Y]M TM[ uTv^M[ [IKPMV\ XMZKM^WQZ LIV[ TM]Z MV^QZWVVMUMV\ M\ QV\uOZMZ o TM]Z[ TMK\]ZM[ L] UWVLM ]VMLQUMV[QWV\MUXWZMTTM#Y]¼QT[[IKPMV\IQV[QLQ[\QVO]MZTM\MUX[

ZMXZu[MV\uLIV[]V\M`\MKMT]QLWV\QTM[\Y]M[\QWVLIV[[WVKWV\M V]TM\MUX[ZMXZu[MV\IV\KMT]QLMTIXZWL]K\QWVLMKM\M`\MUIQ[

I][[QTM\MUX[]T\uZQM]ZLM[WVM`IUMV+M[WV\ToLM[XZQVKQXM[

LMKWV\M`\]ITQ[I\QWVLWV\TIUWJQTQ[I\QWV[M[Q\]MI]K¶]ZLMTI KWV\ZQJ]\QWV LM TI LQ[KQXTQVMhistoire o TI XW[[QJQTQ\u LM XMV[MZ TM UWVLM

+M\\MLQ[\QVK\QWVLM[[\ZI\M[\MUXWZMTTM[UM\MVu^QLMVKMTMZ€TMNWV LIUMV\ITY]MRW]MV\LM[[I^WQZ[ZMTQu[o]VMuXQ[\uUWTWOQMLQ[KQXTQ VIQZMXW]ZXMV[MZTMUWVLM[]ZTIJI[ML¼]VMuT]KQLI\QWVZIQ[WVVuM LM[IKWUXTM`Q\u-TTM[]OOvZMXIZKWV\ZM]VMKMZ\IQVMXZ]LMVKMM\

]VM KMZ\IQVM Zu[MZ^M o T¼uOIZL LM[ uL]KI\QWV[ o° I] Lu^MTWXXM UMV\L]ZIJTMoTI[IV\uI]`KPWQ`^WQZMLIV[]VMKMZ\IQVMUM []ZMoTIKQ\WaMVVM\u°Y]QZuXWVLMV\KPIK]VMI[[]ZuUMV\oLM[

LMUIVLM[[WKQITM[LWV\TITuOQ\QUQ\uXIZI{\QVKWV\M[\IJTMW]V¼IXI[

ow\ZMLQ[K]\uMQKQ-VMٺM\KM[uL]KI\QWV[o°[QMTTM[[MLu\W]ZVMV\

LM[IXXZMV\Q[[IOM[LQ[KQXTQVIQZM[UuZQ\MV\MTTM[I][[QL¼w\ZMIJWZLuM[

M\Y]M[\QWVVuM[I]UWaMVLM[UwUM[LQ[XW[Q\QN[[KQMV\QÅY]M[LMTI XMV[uMM\LMTIUQ[MoLQ[\IVKMKZQ\QY]M[

Faire valoir sans prescrire

4¼jKWTMIaIV\XW]ZUQ[[QWVLMZMVLZMTM[uTv^M[KIXIJTM[LMXMV[MZ TM UWVLM M\ [M[ XZWJTvUM[ TM[ MV[MQOVIV\[ LWQ^MV\ ZMTM^MZ LM]`

LuÅ[ 4M XZMUQMZ M[\ LM XW]Z^WQZ KM[ uTv^M[ LM [I^WQZ[ M\ LM [I

^WQZNIQZMQ[[][LM[[KQMVKM[[WKQITM[\ZIV[KMVLIV\TM[MV[KWUU]V M\VW]ZZQ[[IV\TIXMV[uM®[MKWVLIQZM¯4MLM]`QvUMM[\]VXM]

XIZILW`ITMUMV\ LM NIQZM ^ITWQZ KM[ ZM[[W]ZKM[ [IV[ XW]Z I]\IV\

TM[ XZM[KZQZM KIZ MTTM[ [WV\ TM NZ]Q\ UWUMV\IVu L¼]VM ZMKPMZKPM [KQMV\QÅY]MY]Q[MXW]Z[]Q\1T^I[IV[LQZMY]MKM[LM]`LuÅ[VM XM]^MV\w\ZMZMTM^u[MVUwUM\MUX[Y]M[QTM[uTv^M[M\TM[MV[MQ OVIV\[[¼IKKWZLMV\[]ZTI^ITM]ZoTINWQ[uUQVMV\MM\u^WT]\Q^MLM T¼IXXWZ\LM[KPMZKPM]Z[

5IQ[KM[LM]`LuÅ[XW[MV\]VXZWJTvUMLIV[]VMuKWTMLMUI[[M LWV\ TM[ ÅVITQ\u[ LM KQ\WaMVVM\u KWVKMZVMV\ MV XZQVKQXM \W][ TM[

uTv^M["TIUQ[MoLQ[\IVKMTIXMV[uMKZQ\QY]MT¼I]\WVWUQMLMXMV[uM M\TI[MKWVLIZQ[I\QWVK¼M[\oLQZMT¼IKKv[oLM[UWLM[LMZIQ[WVVM UMV\M\LMXMV[uM[KQMV\QÅY]M[LQ[\QVK\[L][MV[KWUU]V\W][KM[

WJRMK\QN[ [WV\ LQٻKQTM[ o I\\MQVLZM XIZ LM[ uTv^M[ Q[[][ LM UQTQM]`

LuNI^WZQ[u[M\ZQ[Y]MV\IQV[Q[QT¼WVV¼aXZw\MXI[I\\MV\QWVLMKWV\ZQ J]MZoT¼uKPMKM\I]LuKZWKPIOM[KWTIQZM[*I]\QMZ:IaW]!

<W]\MNWQ[T¼QV[\Q\]\QWV[KWTIQZMVM[I]ZIQ\ZMVWVKMZoZMVLZMXZWOZM[

[Q^MUMV\\W][TM[uTv^M[KIXIJTM[LMXMV[MZTMUWVLMMVZMKW]ZIV\

oLM[UWaMV[XT][ÅIJTM[Y]MKM]`Y]QNItWVVMV\T¼WXQVQWVLM[MV[

KWUU]V -\ XW]Z KM NIQZM XIZUQ [IV[ LW]\M JMI]KW]X L¼I]\ZM[

\ZWQ[KI\uOWZQM[LMXZWJTvUM[IٺMK\IV\TM[[WKQu\u[KWV\MUXWZIQVM[

XIZIQ[[MV\QV\uZM[[IV\M[oIJWZLMZMVKTI[[M"TM[XZWJTvUM[LMT¼MU XTWQM\LMTIXZW\MK\QWVLM[\ZI^IQTTM]Z[KM]`LMTIUQOZI\QWVM\TM]Z[

KWV[uY]MVKM[K]T\]ZMTTM[KM]`LMT¼MV^QZWVVMUMV\MVÅV6W][UWV

\ZMZWV[JZQv^MUMV\Y]¼QTM[\JuVuÅY]MoT¼QV\MTTQOMVKML¼]VUWVLM

\ZW]JTuL¼IJWZLMZKM[XZWJTvUM[I^MKTM[ZM[[W]ZKM[KWVKMX\]MTTM[

M\TM[Uu\PWLM[LMTILQ[KQXTQVMhistoire "TIKWUXIZIQ[WVo\ZI^MZ[TM

\MUX[M\T¼M[XIKMY]QM`IUQVMZM[[MUJTIVKM[M\LQ[[MUJTIVKM[#TM[

LQ[KWV\QV]Q\u[ LM[ XZWKM[[][ PQ[\WZQY]M[ Y]Q QV^ITQLMV\ T¼PaXW\Pv[M L¼]VZuKQ\TQVuIQZML]XI[[u#TIXZQ[MMVKWUX\M[QU]T\IVuMLMNWKITM[

L¼WJ[MZ^I\QWVM\L¼IVITa[MLQ^MZ[QÅuM[#W]MVKWZMTIZMKWV[\Z]K\QWV LM[XZu[MV\[L]XI[[uY]Qu\]LQMTM[IK\M]Z[M\TM]Z[QVQ\QI\Q^M[LIV[

TMKWV\M`\MZM[XMK\QN LMTM]Z[M`XuZQMVKM[M\LMTM]Z[QVKMZ\Q\]LM[

;QT¼uXQ[\uUWTWOQMLMTILQ[KQXTQVMhistoireMV\IV\Y]M[KQMVKM[WKQITM M\P]UIQVMXZu[MV\M\W]\M[[WZ\M[LMKWUXW[IV\M[Y]QXMZUM\\MV\

]VMIVITa[MLM[XZWJTvUM[[WKQu\I]`QTMV^ILMUwUMIXZQWZQ[IV[

LW]\MI^MKLM[QV\MV[Q\u[^IZQIJTM[LM[I]\ZM[LQ[KQXTQVM[[KWTIQZM[

-\ KM XW\MV\QMT KZQ\QY]M M`Q[\M uOITMUMV\ LIV[ LM[ IXXZWKPM[

XT]ZQLQ[KQXTQVIQZM[ Y]Q NWV\ LQITWO]MZ LM[ IXXZWKPM[ [XuKQÅY]M[

LM XT][QM]Z[ LQ[KQXTQVM[ 4I LQ[KQXTQVMhistoire V¼M[\ LWVK QKQ Y]¼]V M`MUXTMLM[KQMVKMLMZuNuZMVKMLWV\TI^MZ[QWV[KWTIQZMI^MK[M[

KIZIK\uZQ[\QY]M[ XZWXZM[ +PMZ^MT !! KWV\ZQJ]M o ZMVLZM TM[

uTv^M[KIXIJTM[LMXMV[MZTMUWVLM

Penser le monde par l’intermédiaire de la discip- line histoire

+M\\M LQ[KQXTQVM M[\ KWVt]M KWUUM ]VM []KKM[[QWV LM [uY]MVKM[

L¼MV[MQOVMUMV\ M\ L¼IXXZMV\Q[[IOM I[[WKQIV\ ]VM KMZ\IQVM \PuUI

\QY]ML]XI[[uI^MK]VMKWUXW[IV\MLMTIOZIUUIQZML]Y]M[\QWV

VMUMV\ LM T¼PQ[\WQZM [KWTIQZM 0MQUJMZO 4M[

ZM[XWV[IJTM[LM[KWV\MV][LQ[KQXTQVIQZM[WXvZMV\TM]Z[KPWQ`KWUX\M

\MV]LMTILW]JTMQUXW[[QJQTQ\uLM\ZIQ\MZ\W]\MT¼PQ[\WQZMP]UIQVMM\

L¼IJWZLMZTM[NIQ\[ZM\MV][MVUWJQTQ[IV\\W]\M[TM[UIVQvZM[LMY]M[

\QWVVMZ Y]Q [WV\ [XuKQÅY]M[ I]` PQ[\WZQMV[ )QV[Q Lv[ TWZ[ Y]¼]VM VIZZI\QWVTQ[[MKWV\QV]MM\KWUXTv\MLMT¼PQ[\WQZMP]UIQVMM[\\MV]M XW]ZQTT][WQZMQT[¼IOQ\LM[MLW\MZLMKZQ\vZM[oTINWQ[[KQMV\QÅY]M[M\

ZMTQu[I]`ÅVITQ\u[LM[IXXZMV\Q[[IOM[[KWTIQZM[XW]ZKPWQ[QZKMY]Q^I W]VM^IXI[w\ZMIJWZLuMVKTI[[MIQV[QY]MTM[UIVQvZM[XW[[QJTM[

M\XMZ\QVMV\M[L¼IJWZLMZKMY]Q^IT¼w\ZM

-VY]WQT¼PQ[\WQZM[KWTIQZMXM]\MTTMIQLMZoXMV[MZTMUWVLM'8W]Z ZuXWVLZM o KM\\M Y]M[\QWV LM]` I]\M]Z[ LM ZuNuZMVKM UuZQ\MV\

L¼w\ZMXZQWZQ\IQZMUMV\KWV^WY]u[XIZKMY]¼QT[WV\M`XZQUuLM[QLuM[

M[[MV\QMTTM[IaIV\\ZIQ\I]ZMOIZLPQ[\WZQMV[]ZTMUWVLM,IV[]VM KWVNuZMVKMLM!5IZK*TWKPIMVMٺM\LuÅVQT¼PQ[\WQZML¼]VM UIVQvZM I][[Q [aV\Pu\QY]M Y]¼MٻKIKM KWUUM ®TI [KQMVKM L¼]V KPIVOMUMV\C°E]VM[KQMVKMLM[LQٺuZMVKM[¯*TWKP,IV[

]V\M`\MXT][\IZLQNX]JTQuo\Q\ZMXW[\P]UMR][\MIXZv[TIO]MZZMQT II][[QNIQ\^ITWQZY]¼I]®° grand désespoir des historiens, les hommes n’ont pas coutume, chaque fois qu’ils changent de mœurs, de changer de vocabu- laire » *TWKP ⁵+M\\MI[[WKQI\QWVLMT¼PQ[\WQZMM\L]XI[[u o]VMNWZUML¼IT\uZQ\uoTIY]MTTMVW][LMUM]ZMZQWV[ZMTQu[XIZLM[

TQMV[ LM KWV[\IV\M[ \ZIV[NWZUI\QWV[ M[\ uOITMUMV\ M`XZQUuM XIZ +IZTW/QVbJ]ZOM\[WVKWVKMX\L¼estrangement]VXZWKM[[][UMV\IT LMUQ[MoLQ[\IVKMLMKMY]MVW][WJ[MZ^WV[L]XI[[uXW]ZVW][

XZu[MZ^MZLMT¼QTT][QWVIVITWOQY]M\W]\MVKWV\ZQJ]IV\oZMVLZMKM XI[[uXT][QV\MTTQOQJTM/QVbJ]ZO

,IV[TMLWUIQVMLMT¼PQ[\WQZM[WKQITMM\L]\ZI^IQTXW]ZT¼uXWY]M KWV\MUXWZIQVM T¼u\]LM L] KPIVOMUMV\ LM[ LQٺuZMVKM[ LM[ Z]X

\]ZM[M\LM[KWV\QV]Q\u[KWVKMZVMLM[XZWJTvUM[Y]Q[MXW[MV\LIV[

8W]Z]VMXZu[MV\I\QWV[]KKQVK\M"P\\X["___]VQOMKPNIX[MMLPQKMLWKZMN OZIUUIQZMKWV[]T\uTMUIZ[

<QZuL]\M`\MApologie pour l’histoire ou métier d’historienuKZQ\MV!

]VM ZMTI\Q^M KWV[\IVKM UIQ[ RIUIQ[ M`IK\MUMV\ LIV[ TM[ UwUM[

\MZUM[8ZMVWV[Y]MTY]M[M`MUXTM[4IY]w\ML]\ZI^IQTM\TIKZIQV\M L]KP€UIOMLIV[TM[UQTQM]`XWX]TIQZM[M\W]^ZQMZ[\ZI^MZ[MV\TM[

[WKQu\u[ QVL][\ZQITQ[uM[ LMX]Q[ TM @1@^M[QvKTM I] UWQV[ -\ \W]\M KM\\MXuZQWLMIu\uKWV[\IUUMV\UIZY]uMXIZLM[^IZQI\QWV[LMTI KWVRWVK\]ZMuKWVWUQY]MI^MKMVXIZ\QK]TQMZLM[KZQ[M[LMT¼MUXTWQ

<W]\MNWQ[TM[\I\]\L]KP€UIOMV¼M[\XI[TMUwUMLIV[TM[IVVuM[

\ZMV\ML]@@^M[QvKTMY]MLIV[]VMXuZQWLMXT][ZuKMV\MW„]V[a[

\vUML¼I[[]ZIVKMXZW\vOM]VMXIZ\QMI]UWQV[LMKMTTM[M\KM]`Y]Q [WV\XZQ^u[L¼MUXTWQ,MUwUM\W]\MT¼PQ[\WQZMW]^ZQvZMM[\KIZIK\u ZQ[uMXIZLM[KWVÆQ\[[WKQI]`M\LM[UW]^MUMV\[LMOZv^M<W]\MNWQ[

KM[LMZVQMZ[XM]^MV\w\ZMKWVY]uZIV\[W]LuNMV[QN[LMZMTI\Q^MUMV\

TWVO]ML]ZuMW]\Zv[KW]Z\[QV[KZQ\[W]XI[LIV[]VMLaVIUQY]MLM VuOWKQI\QWVM\K)QV[QTM\ZI^IQTL¼PQ[\WQZMZMTv^ML¼]VMIK\Q^Q\uLM KWUXIZIQ[WVY]QKWV[Q[\MoQLMV\QÅMZI][[QJQMVTM[XWQV\[KWUU]V[

Y]MTM[LQ[\QVK\QWV[MV\ZMLM]`[Q\]I\QWV[L¼]VKWV\M`\M[XI\QW\MU XWZMTLQٺuZMV\

4M[Y]M[\QWV[QLMV\Q\IQZM[[WV\[W]^MV\KWV^WY]uM[o\ZI^MZ[LM[Zu NuZMVKM[oT¼PQ[\WQZMM\MTTM[QVKQ\MV\Lv[TWZ[TM[XZI\QKQMV[LMKM\\M LQ[KQXTQVMoUM\\ZMMVu^QLMVKMTIKWV[\IVKM\W]\I]TWVOLMT¼PQ[

\WQZMP]UIQVMLMXPuVWUvVM[UQOZI\WQZM[Y]QWV\KWV\ZQJ]uL¼]VM UIVQvZM[QOVQÅKI\Q^MoNWZOMZTIKWUXTM`Q\uLM[[WKQu\u[KWV\MUXW ZIQVM[,v[TWZ[T¼]VLM[OM[\M[XZQ^QTuOQu[LMTIUQ[MoLQ[\IVKMPQ[\W ZQMVVMKWV[Q[\MR][\MUMV\oLuKWV[\Z]QZMTM[ZuKQ\[M\PVWOuVu\QY]M[

Y]Q NWV\ KZWQZM o \WZ\ o ]VM XZu\MVL]M KWV\QV]Q\u LM T¼QLMV\Q\u LM OZW]XM[P]UIQV[Y]QVW][^QMVLZIQ\LM\MUX[\Zv[TWQV\IQV[\MT[KM[

ZuKQ\[VI\QWVI]`L]@1@^M[QvKTMY]QXIZ\QKQXMV\LMT¼QV^MV\QWVLMTI

\ZILQ\QWVM\Y]QNWV\ZMUWV\MZT¼WZQOQVMLMKMZ\IQVM[VI\QWV[R][Y]¼o T¼uXWY]MUuLQu^ITM0WJ[JI_U:IVOMZ#/MIZa 4M[\PuUI\QY]M[LMT¼PQ[\WQZM[WKQITMZMTI\Q^M[I]`MVRM]`QLMV\Q\IQZM[

M\UQOZI\WQZM[^WQMV\TM]ZIVITa[M[¼MVZQKPQZXIZ]VMXZQ[MMVKWUX\M [QU]T\IVuM LM LQٺuZMV\M[ uKPMTTM[ \MUXWZMTTM[ [XI\QITM[ W] [WKQu

\ITM[MVKZWQ[IV\LM[XWQV\[LM^]ML¼MVPI]\M\L¼MVJI[-`IUQVIV\

]VUW]^MUMV\[WKQITKWUUMTM[OZv^M[L].ZWV\XWX]TIQZMLM!

)V\WQVM8ZW[\MVIXIZM`MUXTMLuOIOuLM[[QOVQÅKI\QWV[LQٺuZMV\M[

UIQ[KWUXTuUMV\IQZM[[MTWVY]MTINWKITM\MUXWZMTTMLMT¼PQ[\WZQMV [M[Q\]MLIV[TMKWV\M`\MQUUuLQI\LMTIUWJQTQ[I\QWVLIV[TILuKMV VQMLMKZQ[MLM[IVVuM[\ZMV\MW]LIV[TMXZMUQMZY]IZ\LM[QvKTML]

NWZLQ[UMM\LMTIZI\QWVITQ[I\QWVL]\ZI^IQT8ZW[\8IZIQTTM]Z[

Y]IVLTM[^IZQI\QWV[LMNWKITM[XWZ\MV\[]ZTM[M[XIKM[KWV[QLuZu[

MTTM[UM\\MV\KM\\MNWQ[I]RW]ZLM[XPuVWUvVM[UQOZI\WQZM[KWV\MU XWZIQV[ ZMTM^IV\ L¼]VM XZWJTuUI\QY]M L¼QVKT][QWVM`KT][QWV Y]Q u^WT]MMVNWVK\QWVLM[Lu^MTWXXMUMV\[XWTQ\QY]M[M\uKWVWUQY]M[

LM[[WKQu\u[oXIZ\QZW]I]LMToLMTIKWV[\Q\]\QWVLM[j\I\[VI\QWV[

,MVWUJZM]`XZWJTvUM[LM[WKQu\uLQ[K]\u[IK\]MTTMUMV\LIV[T¼M[

XIKMX]JTQKZMTv^MV\L¼]VMNWZUML¼QVY]Qu\]LMXW]ZT¼I^MVQZ4¼PQ[\W ZQWOZIXPQMIQLMV\QÅuKMXPuVWUvVMKWUUMT¼M`XZM[[QWVL¼]VMKZQ[M LM[PWZQbWV[L¼I\\MV\MY]QUvVMZIQ\o]VMNWZUMLMXZu[MV\Q[UM0IZ

\WO,IV[KMKILZMTM[Y]M[\QWV[ZMTI\Q^M[oT¼MV^QZWVVMUMV\

M\oT¼u\I\LMTIXTIVv\MWV\TIXIZ\QK]TIZQ\uLMXW]^WQZw\ZMIXXZuPMV LuM[XIZ]VMIVITa[MLMTM]Z[\MUXWZITQ\u[U]T\QXTM[MV\ZMMٺM\[QU UuLQI\[XMZ[XMK\Q^M[oKW]Z\W]UWaMV\MZUM[XZWRMK\QWV[LMTWVO]M L]ZuM4IXZWJTuUI\QY]MuKWTWOQY]MLM^ZIQ\w\ZMQV^M[\QMMVXZMVIV\

I][[QMVKWV[QLuZI\QWVTMXI[[uVWV[M]TMUMV\XW]ZM`IUQVMZLM[[Q

\]I\QWV[IV\uZQM]ZM[IaIV\[][KQ\uLM[XZu^Q[QWV[QVY]Qu\IV\M[M\XW]Z

^WQZKWUUMV\MTTM[u\IQMV\IXXZuPMVLuM[oT¼uXWY]MUIQ[uOITMUMV\

XW]Z QLMV\QÅMZ LM[ MٺM\[ KWV\MUXWZIQV[ LM VuOTQOMVKM[ IVKQMVVM[

KWUUMLIV[TMKI[LM[^QK\QUM[LMT¼IUQIV\MY]QXM]^MV\Lu^MTWXXMZ ]VKIVKMZLMTIXTv^ZMXT][QM]Z[LuKMVVQM[IXZv[TM]ZM`XW[Q\QWVo KMXWQ[WV4¼QLuMKMV\ZITMMVUI\QvZML¼PQ[\WQZMM\LM\MUXWZITQ\u[

M[\LMZMKWV[\Z]QZMTM[XZu[MV\[L]XI[[uTM[QVKMZ\Q\]LM[LMXZu[MV\[

[Q\]u[LIV[TMXI[[uXW]Zu^Q\MZLMZMOIZLMZKMXI[[uMV[MTIQ[[IV\

\ZWXQVÆ]MVKMZXIZKMY]MT¼WVKWVVI{\LMTI[]Q\MLM[u^uVMUMV\[M\

XT][XIZ\QK]TQvZMUMV\LMKMY]¼QTM[\IL^MV]LM[IK\M]Z[

-VÅVLM[X]JTQKI\QWV[ZuKMV\M[ZMTI\Q^M[oPQ[\WQZMKWV\ZMNIK\]MTTM ,I^QL # 5MZKQMZ # ,MT]MZUWb ;QVOIZI^uTW]

K¼M[\oLQZMoT¼PQ[\WQZMLMKMY]QV¼M[\XI[IL^MV]UIQ[Y]QI]ZIQ\X]

T¼w\ZM[WV\XIZ\QK]TQvZMUMV\QV\uZM[[IV\M[XW]ZT¼MV[MQOVMUMV\-V

MٺM\T¼PQ[\WQZMY]Q[¼IXXZMVLoT¼uKWTMM[\[W]^MV\XZu[MV\uMKWUUM TQ[[MM\TQVuIQZMUIZY]uMXIZLM[ZMTI\QWV[LMKI][MoMٺM\VI\]ZI TQ[uM[IXZv[KW]X[IV[TIQ[[MZI]K]VMXTIKMoT¼QVKMZ\Q\]LMLM[[Q\]I

\QWV[L]XI[[uM\oKMY]QI]ZIQ\X][MLuZW]TMZI]\ZMUMV\7Z[Q T¼IXXZMV\Q[[IOMLMT¼PQ[\WQZMLWQ\^ZIQUMV\KWV\ZQJ]MZo]VMQV\MTTQOQ JQTQ\uL]XI[[uetL]XZu[MV\[WVMV[MQOVMUMV\VM[I]ZIQ\NIQZMT¼uKW VWUQMLMKM\\MLuKWV[\Z]K\QWVLMT¼QVuT]K\IJTMM\LMKM\\MW]^MZ\]ZM oL¼I]\ZM[XW[[QJTM[LIV[[M[XZI\QY]M[ZuÆM`Q^M[

<W]\KWUX\MNIQ\XW]ZY]MKM\IXXZMV\Q[[IOMLMT¼PQ[\WQZMoT¼uKWTM KWV\ZQJ]M^ZIQUMV\oXMV[MZTMUWVLM\MTY]¼QTM\\MTY]¼QTLM^QMV\QT NI]LZIQ\ITWZ[KWUUMT¼I[]OOuZu8I\ZQKS*W]KPMZWVMVY]M

\W]\MTIXTIKMVuKM[[IQZM[WQ\I][[QTIQ[[uMoTILQUMV[QWVLMT¼QUXZu

^]"

®4WZ[Y]MT¼PQ[\WQZM[MTIQ[[MMVNMZUMZLIV[]VXQvOMQLMV\Q\IQZM MTTM[MTQUQ\MI]®LuRouKZQ\¯MTTMKWV[MV\oKM\\M\PuWTWOQMLM T¼QVuT]K\IJTMY]QM[\TIKI\I[\ZWXPMY]Q^QMV\4I[M]TMXMV[uM KZQ\QY]MY]Q^IQTTMK¼M[\LMKWUXZMVLZMY]ML¼I]\ZM[KPWQ`[WV\

XW[[QJTM[ 4¼PQ[\WQZM KWV\QV]M XIZKM Y]¼MTTM M[\ KWV\QV…UMV\

W]^MZ\M-TTMVM[MKWV\MV\MXI[LMKMY]QN]\UIQ[LMUM]ZM IKK]MQTTIV\Mo[M[LM^MVQZ[XW[[QJTM[<MTTMM[\XM]\w\ZMTI[M]TM TMtWV LM T¼PQ[\WQZM" MTTM I TI KMZ\Q\]LM Y]¼o KPIY]M UWUMV\

[¼M[\QV^MV\uY]MTY]MKPW[MY]MT¼WVV¼I^IQ\XI[XZu^]¯

Références bibliographiques

)[\WTNQ 28 La saveur des savoirs. Disciplines et plaisir d’apprendre 1[[aTM[5W]TQVMI]`"

-;.uLQ\M]Z

*TWKP5L’Histoire, La Guerre, la Résistance8IZQ["9]IZ\W/ITTQUIZL

*W]KPMZWV8®4IZMKPMZKPMLMT¼QLMV\Q\uM[\KWV\ZIQZMoT¼QLuMUwUML¼PQ[\WQZM¯

MV\ZM\QMV I^MK )VVM +PMUQVLe Monde [MX\MUJZM -V TQOVM" P\\X"IJWVVM[TM UWVLMNZK]T\]ZMIZ\QKTM!XI\ZQKSJW]KPMZWVTIZMKPMZKPMLMTQLMV\Q\M M[\KWV\ZIQZMITQLMMUMUMLPQ[\WQZMG! GP\UTKWV[]T\uTMUIZ[

!

+PMZ^MT)!! La culture scolaire8IZQ["*MTQV

*I]\QMZ-:IaW]8!Les inégalités d’apprentissage : programmes, pratiques et malentendus scolaires. 8IZQ["8=.KWTT®jL]KI\QWV[WKQu\u¯

+118 ,uKTIZI\QWV LM TI +WVNuZMVKM QV\MZKIV\WVITM LM T¼QV[\Z]K\QWV X]JTQY]M LM TI

;]Q[[MZWUIVLMM\L]<M[[QV+118ZMTI\Q^MI]`NQVITQ\u[M\WJRMK\QN[LMT¼jKWTMX]JTQY]M L] RIV^QMZ -V TQOVM" P\\X"___KQQXKPLWK]UMV\[[PW_.QTMI[X'1,%

KWV[]T\uTMNu^ZQMZ

+118 Plan d’études romand -V TQOVM" P\\X["___XTIVLM\]LM[KP KWV[]T\u TM UIZ[

,I^QL2®:uNTM`QWV[[]ZTM[]KPZWVQM[[KWTIQZM[¯À l’école de Clio. Histoire et didactique de l’histoire.,W[[QMZVˆ"®:uKQ\[M\UQ[M[MV\M`\ML]XI[[ujKWTMU][uMTQ\\uZI\]ZM¯-V TQOVM"P\\X["MKWTMKTQWPaXW\PM[M[WZO KWV[]T\uTMUIZ[

,M>MKKPQ/Former l’esprit critique. 1. Pour une pensée libre1[[aTM[5W]TQVMI]`"-;.

jLQ\M]Z4M+INuXuLIOWOQY]M

,MT]MZUWb9;QVOIZI^uTW]8Pour une histoire des possibles. Analyses contrefactuelles et futurs non advenus.8IZQ[";M]QT

/I][[MT 5IZQM ,u^MTWXXMZ T¼M[XZQ\ KZQ\QY]M XIZ T¼IZO]UMV\I\QWV" LM T¼uTv^M I] KQ

\WaMV,W[[QMZLM^MQTTMLMT¼1.jVˆ Nu^ZQMZ4aWV"-6;LM4aWV-VTQOVM"P\\X"

QNMMV[TaWVNZ^[\,)LM\IQT[,W[[QMZXPX'XIZMV\%IKK]MQTLW[[QMZ% TIVO%NZ KWV[]T

\uTMUIZ[

/MIZa82Quand les nations refont l’histoire. L’invention des origines médiévales de l’Europe.

8IZQ[")]JQMZuLQ\QWVWZQOQVITM

/QVbJ]ZO+4¼M[\ZIVOMUMV\8ZuPQ[\WQZML¼]VXZWKuLuTQ\\uZIQZM1VÀ distance. Neuf essais sur le point de vue en histoire. 8IZQ["/ITTQUIZLuLQ\QWVWZQOQVITM!!

/QVbJ]ZO + 6W[ UW\[ M\ TM[ TM]Z[ =VM ZuNTM`QWV []Z TM Uu\QMZ L¼PQ[\WZQMV I]

RW]ZL¼P]Q1VL’estrangement : Retour sur un thème de Carlo Ginzburg, Essais. Revue interdisciplinaire d’Humanités. *WZLMI]`"jKWTMLWK\WZITM5WV\IQOVM0]UIVQ\u[PWZ[[uZQMXX!.

0IZ\WO.Régimes d’historicité. Présentisme et expériences du temps. 8IZQ["4M;M]QT

0MQUJMZO + L’histoire à l’école. Modes de pensée et regard sur le monde. 1[[aTM[5W]TQ VMI]`"-;.jLQ\M]Z

0MQUJMZO+®4¼uL]KI\QWVoTIKQ\WaMVVM\uo/MVv^MM\MV;]Q[[MZWUIVLM"KWU UMV\NIQZM^ITWQZ[IV[XZM[KZQZM'¯Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenchaftiche Pädagogik8ILMZJWZV"

>MZTIO.MZLQVIVL;KPVQVOPVˆ XX

0MQUJMZO+®>Q[Q\MZ+TQW"XW]Z]VMIVITa[MLQLIK\QY]MLMZuKQ\[U][uI]`L¼PQ[

\WQZM¯1V.:W][[MI]LQZLes présents des passés douloureux. Musées d’histoire et configurations mémorielles. Essais de muséohistoire8IZQ["5QKPMT0W]LQIZLjLQ\M]Z

0MQUJMZO+®4¼QV\MTTQOQJQTQ\uL]XI[[u"]VMNQVITQ\uL¼IXXZMV\Q[[IOMM\LM[ZMKPMZKPM[

Y]QTIY]M[\QWVVMV\¯À l’école de Clio. Histoire et didactique de l’histoire. ,W[[QMZVˆ"®4¼QV\MT TQOQJQQuL]XI[[u"]VMNQVITQ\uL¼IXXZMV\Q[[IOMM\LM[ZMKPMZKPM[Y]QTIY]M[\QWVVMV\¯-V TQOVM"P\\X["MKWTMKTQWPaXW\PM[M[WZOKWV[]T\uTMUIZ[

0MQUJMZO+®;]Q[[MZWUIVLM=VI]\ZMZMOIZLNZIVKWXPWVM[]ZT¼PQ[\WQZM[ILQ LIK\QY]M[M[][IOM[[KWTIQZM[¯1V;4ITIO†M,]TIKITLQZDidactique et histoire. Des synergies complexes:MVVM["8ZM[[M[]VQ^MZ[Q\IQZM[LM:MVVM[XX

0WJ[JI_U -2 :IVOMZ < LQZ L’invention de la tradition 8IZQ[" jLQ\QWV[ )U[

\MZLIUuLQ\QWVWZQOQVITM!

5IZ[PITT<0!Citizenship and social class : and other essays+IUJZQLOM"=VQ^MZ[Q\a8ZM[[

5MZKQMZ+1V;4ITIO†M,]TIKITLQZ®4¼PQ[\WQZMKWV\ZMNIK\]MTTM8MZ[XMK\Q^M[

uXQ[\uUWTWOQY]M[ XMZ[XMK\Q^M[ LQLIK\QY]M[¯Didactique et histoire. Des synergies complexes :MVVM["8ZM[[M[]VQ^MZ[Q\IQZM[LM:MVVM[XX!

8ZW[\)Autour du Front populaire. Aspects du mouvement social au XX^e siècle. 8IZQ[";M]QT

;KPVM]_Ta* Vygotsky, l’école et l’écriture/MVv^M"=VQ^MZ[Q\uLM/MVv^M+IPQMZ[LMTI

;MK\QWVLM[[KQMVKM[LMT¼uL]KI\QWVVˆ