NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
OF CANADA
1977
.:.ND PRINTING
Issued
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Associate Committee on the National Building Code
National Research Council of Canada
Ottawa
Price $6.50
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J.1 U.i£~i!&Y£S,,?-;'!'l!"-'~~;'~~~~:!!,!",'f"~ry,:,'~;' '~<"""""""c:""'",Cf'~T'-'4111IMPORTANT NOTICE
NBC/NFC News contains explanatory articles and comments on the contents of the
National Building Code and the National Fire Code together with announcements
of Code changes.
Itappears approximately four times a year. If you wish to be
placed on the mailing list to receive the NBC/NFC News please fill in the label on
the reverse side, detach and return. Note that even though you are receiving the
News now, you must complete the label and return
it as all previous mailing lists
are to be destroyed.
DETACH HEREThe Secretary
Fix stamp hereAssociate Committee on the National Building Code
National Research Council of Canada
Ottawa, Ontario
KIA OR6
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THE FOLLOWING ORGANIZATIONS COMMEND THE USE OF THIS CODE IN CANADA AS A BUILDING BYLAW
Association of Canadian Fire Marshals and Fire Commissioners Canadian Association of Fire Chiefs
Canadian Building Officials Association Canadian Construction Association Federation of Canadian Municipalities Canadian Home Manufacturers Association
Canadian Labour Congress Canadian Telecommunications
Carriers Association
Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation Construction Specifications Canada Factory Mutual Engineering Association
(Factory Mutual System)
Housing and Urban Development Association of Canada Insurers' Advisory Organization of Canada The Association of Consulting Engineers of Canada
The Canadian Chamber of Commerce The Canadian Council of Professional Engineers
The Engineering Institute of Canada The Royal Architectural Institute of Canada
Urban Development Institute (Canada)
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NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
OF CANADA
1977
Issued
by
the
Associate Committee on the National Building Code
National Research Council of Canada
Ottawa
NRCC No. 15555
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL BUILDING
AND NATIONAL FIRE CODES
When using this Code it is important to appreciate both the special relationship which exists between it and the National Fire Code with respect to fire safety and the need to consider the contents of both Codes in building design, construction and maintenance. The role of each Code with respect to fire safety can be summarized as follows:
National Building Code (NBC)-establishes the standard of fire safety for the
con-struction of new buildings, the reconcon-struction of buildings including extensions or alterations, buildings involving a change of occupancy and upgrading of buildings to remove an unacceptable fire hazard. *
National Fire Code (NFC)-establishes the standard for fire prevention, fire fighting
and life safety in buildings in use,
*
including standards for the conduct of activi-ties causing fire hazards, maintenance of fire safety equipment and egress facili-ties, standards for portable extinguishers, limitations on building contents and the establishment of fire safety plans including the organization of supervisory staff for emergency purposes. In addition, the NFC establishes the standard for prevention, containment and fighting of fires originating outside buildings which may present a hazard to a community and sets standards for the transportation of flammable and combustible liquids.The two Codes have been developed as complementary and coordinated docu-ments in order to reduce to a minimum the possibility of conflict in their respective contents. In order to ensure their effective application, it is important that fire and building officials be fully conversant with the fire standards of both Codes. Such officials should be involved both in the review and approval of with respect to fire safety prior to granting a building permit and with inspection of buildings for fire safety purposes. This is the only way to ensure that all known haz-ards have been considered and that a satisfactory standard of fire has been achieved.
*The extent of the NBC and the NFC to the upgrading of buildings to remove an unacceptable should be based on the judgment of the authority having jurisdictior. who must deal with each case on its merits.
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PREFACE
The National Building Code of Canada is published by the National Research Council through its Associate Committee on the National Building Code. It com-prises a model set of regulations for ensuring public safety in buildings and is writ-ten in legal form so that it can be adopted or enacted by appropriate legislative authorities in Canada.
Work on the seventh edition of this Code, as in previous editions, has been carried out with the voluntary assistance of the many experts from coast to coast who con-tribute to the operation of the Associate Committee on the National Building Code, thus ensuring that the Code keeps pace with advances in building technology. The Associate Committee members are appointed by the National Research Council, to serve as individuals and not as representatives of any organization. They are broadly representative of all major phases of building in Canada. The Committee has direct responsibility under the National Research Council for the preparation and publication of the Code, thus ensuring the autonomy of this document.
The staff of the Division of Building Research of the National Research Council provide technical and secretarial support, all of which is carried out at the direction of the Associate Committee. The many technical problems revealed by the use and revision of the Code are referred to the Division of Building Research for study in an attempt to make available to the Associate Committee the most up-to-date infor-mation on building technology.
The Associate Committee is assisted in the technical aspects of code writing by a number of Standing Committees, each of which is responsible for one major part of the Code. or for one of the associated documents. Each Standing Committee is made up of experts in the particular field for which it is responsible. Building and fire officials. architects, engineers. contractors and other experts share their experi-ence in the national interest. These Committees and their memberships are listed in the following pages.
The Code format is unchanged from the 1975 edition except that the metric equiva-lents which were included in the previous two editions have been omitted from this edi-tion. Instead, a pamphlet has been prepared which gives appropriate metric values of the imperial units of measure in the Code. This metric pamphlet is distributed auto-matically with each copy of the Code and is intended to provide a basis for building in metric terms pending completion of a fully metric Code in a subsequent edition. Where appropriate, metric pamphlets are also available for the Supplements and other associated Code documents.
An important feature of this Code is its close coordination with its companion document the National Fire Code which is prepared under the direction of the Associate Committee on the National Fire Code. To avoid duplication of require-ments in the two Codes. the National Building Code makes reference to appropriate requirements in the National Fire Code and vice versa. Both Associate Committees have agreed that the two Codes should not only be developed, but should also be administered as complimentary documents with both building and fire officials being involved in their enforcement. The statement on Page vii which has been included to encourage this approach takes on a special significance in light of the current interest being shown by provincial governments in these documents as form-ing the basis for uniform standards for buildform-ing safety within their respective juris-dictions.
Where a change or addition to the 1975 NBC has been made. the paragraphs affected are indicated by a vertical line in the margin.
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The Associate Committee wishes to acknowledge the assistance provided by the many individuals who have contributed to the production of this edition and to express its appreciation to the Standards Writing Organizations whose standards are referenced in this document.
Comments on this edition of the Code will be the basis for the improvement of the next edition. Such comments are welcomed by the Associate Committee and should be submitted as soon as possible to be in time for consideration by the Committees preparing the eighth edition.
The Associate Committee is pleased to grant permission for the reprinting of this document, in whole or in part, provided appropriate acknowledgement is given in the reprinted material.
All communications with regard to the Code and its associated documents should be addressed to: The Secretary, The Associate Committee on the National Building Code, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OR6.
Le Code national du batiment, ses supplements et les documents qui s'y ratta-chent sont disponibles en fran<;ais. On peut se les procurer en s'adressant au Secn~
taire. Comite associe du Code national du batiment, Conseil national de recherches du Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OR6.
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A
GUIDE TO THE
USE
OF THE CODE
The National Building Code is essentially a set of minimum regulations respect-ing the safety of buildrespect-ings with reference to public health, fire protection and struc-tural sufficiency. It is not intended to be a text book of building design, advice upon which should be sought from professional sources. Its primary purpose is the pro-motion of public safety through the application of appropriate uniform building standards throughout Canada.
The Code is drafted in such a way that it may be adopted or enacted for legal use by any jurisdictional authority in Canada. It is divided into nine Parts, each Part being self-sufficient with a minimum of cross references. A decimal numbering sys-tem has been used throughout the Code. The first number indicates the Part of the Code, the second, the Section in the Part, the third, the Subsection and the fourth, the Article in the Subsection. An Article may be further broken down into Sen-tences (indicated by numbers in brackets), and the Sentence further divided into Clauses and Subclauses. These are illustrated as follows:
3. 3.5 3.5.1. 3.5.1.6. 3.5.1.6.(1) 3.5.1.6.(l)(e) 3.5.1.6.(l)(e)(i) Part Section Subsection Article Sentence Clause Subclause A summary of the contents of the Code follows: Part 1: Scope and Definitions
Throughout the Code certain words appear in italic type. These are the words which have been defined in Part I. This Part also contains a list of abbreviations used in the Code.
Part 2: Administration
Part 2 contains regulations that pertain to the application of the Code. In this Part are defined the powers, duties and responsibilities of those concerned.
Part 3: Use and Occupancy
This Part contains the requirements with respect to health and fire safety, which depend upon the use to which a building is put and its type of occupancy. The first section contains the interpretative material relating to occupancy classification and the more general features of fire protection. Sections that follow contain specific requirements relating to building size and occupancy and fire safety within floor are-as, exit requirements, requirements for service spaces and health requirements. An important feature of Part 3 is the Subsection dealing with fire in tall buildings. In addition new requirements have been added with respect to openings through floor assemblies. Part 3 also contains requirements to make "public buildings" more accessible to the handicapped.
Part 4: Design
This Part is made up of eigh t Sections. The first (4.1) deals with the loads to be used in design calculations and the methods of design to be followed. Section 4.2
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regulates foundation design and construction. The other Sections (4.3 to 4.8) deal with design in wood, masonry, concrete, steel and aluminum, and with the materials used to clad a building and protect it from the weather. Sections 4.3 to 4.7 contain only short performance requirements referring to the design methods outlined in detail in the relevant CSA Standards.
Part 5: Materials
This is a short Part but it includes an important Clause which permits the use of materials other than those directly specified in the Code providing equivalency of performance can be shown. The list of material Standards is no longer included; however, a complete listing of all Standards referenced in the Code is provided in a separate document.
Part 6: Building Services
Part 6 and the Canadian Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning Code which it references are concerned with the safe functioning of heating, ventilating, elevator and other service equipment installed in a building. The requirements deal mainly with installation. Corresponding provisions relating to fire safety as determined by the occupancy of the building are to be found in Part 3.
Part 7: Plumbing
Although plumbing is a service that could be classified under Building Services. the prominence and extent of its regulations warrant separate treatment. This Part contains only the basic legal statements with reference to Scope, Application and Administration. All detailed technical requirements are contained in the Canadian Plumbing Code which is published separately. This latter Code contains require-ments for the size and quality of fixtures and related pipes and fittings for plumbing systems, and in its Appendix has explanatory sketches and notes to further clarify these requirements.
Part 8: Construction Safety Measures - Public Safety at Construction Sites
This Part regulates the precautions that must be taken to protect the safety of the public in the vicinity of construction sites. It is similar to Part 7 in that it is quite short, all detailed technical requirements having been transferred to the Canadian Construction Safety Code, which is issued separately and is referenced in the N Be. The Construction Safety Code also contains a Section dealing with the safety of workmen on construction sites, but these requirements are not referenced in the National Building Code.
Part 9: Housing and Small Buildings
This Part provides detailed requirements for the construction of houses and small buildings up to 6,000 square feet per floor and three storeys in height. and applies to all occupancies except assembly. institutional and high hazard industrial. The resi-dential provisions of Part 9 combined with additional requirements for durability and performance make up the Residential Standards, used by Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation to govern construction under the National Housing Act.
SUPPLEMENTS
The following Supplements are published by the Associate Committee but do not form a legal part of the Code when it is adopted for use.
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Supplement No.1: Climatic Information for Building Design in Canada
This Supplement contains information on climatic loads to be expected in all parts of Canada. It is through the use of these climatic factors summarized in this Supplement, with appropriate adjustments for climate variation in different locali-ties, that the Code can be used nationally.
Supplement No.2: Fire Performance Ratings
Supplement No.2 provides a guide to the determination of the fire resistance, flame spread and smoke-developed ratings of materials in construction in relation to the provisions of the Code. It gives a procedure for calculating the fire-resistance rating of construction assemblies based on generic descriptions of the materials used in the assemblies.
Supplement No.3: Commentary on Part 3
The main purpose of this Supplement (still in preparation at time of writing) is to explain the provisions of Part 3 and the reasons for the main groups of ments, and to provide background information on the application of these require-ments in practice. It will also contain material in support of the high-rise requirements in Part 3. The latter has, meanwhile, been issued separately under the title "Measures for Fire Safety in High Buildings."
Supplement No.4: Commentaries on Part 4
Supplement No.4 consists of explanatory material and related technical informa-tion useful to the designer in the applicainforma-tion of the design requirements in Part 4 of the Code. The design provisions for plain and reinforced masonry which were previ-ously contained in this Supplement are no longer included as, together with the design provisions for steel, aluminum, concrete and wood, they are now available as published Standards from the Canadian Standards Association and are referenced in the Code.
Supplement No.5: Building Standards for the Handicapped
This short but important Supplement is well described by its title. Whenever pro-vision must be made for the use of buildings by handicapped persons, the terms of this Supplement should be applied. Certain requirements in this Supplement are mandatory for "public buildings" under the 1977 edition of the National Building Code.
ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS
The Associate Committee on the National Building Code also publishes the fol-lowing associated documents, the majority of which have been mentioned above, which shows the close interrelationship of all these documents with the Code itself:
Canadian Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning Code 1977 Canadian Plumbing Code 1977
Canadian Construction Safety Code 1977 Residential Standards 1977
Canadian Farm Building Code 1977
Span Tables for Wood Joists, Rafters, Trusses and Beams 1977 List of Standards Referenced in the National Building Code 1977 Measures for Fire Safety in High Buildings 1977.
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THE ASSOCIATE COMMITTEE ON THE
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF CANADA,
ITS
STANDING COMMITTEES
AND
OTHER SPECIAL CODE COMMITTEES
ASSOCIATE COMMITTEE ON THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE A. G. Wilson (Chairman)
H. B. Dickens (Deputy Chairman) S. D. C. Chutter D. E. Cornish S. Cumming R. F. DeGrace M. G. Dixon J. T. Gregg W. B. Guihan R. V. Hebert J. S. Hicks
M. S. Hurst (ex officio) H. T. Jones P. M. Keenleyside J. Longworth J. A. McCambly C. J. McConnell R. C. McMillan Retired·
D. O. Monsen (ex officio) A. T. Muir** F.-X. Perreault A. R. Pitt G. B. Pope H. R. Stenson R. A. W. Switzer A. D. Thompson J. E. Turnbull C. J. Ward
D. W. Boyd (Research Advisor-Meteorology)
R. S. Ferguson (Research Advisor) R. H. Dunn (Secretary)
C. D. Carruthers (Chairman until November, 1975)
*Committee term completed during preparation of 1977 Code. "Deceased September 16, 1976. xv
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STANDING COMMITTEE ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN
J. Longworth (Chairman) N. N. Aylon R. L. Booth L. H. Bush J. F. Cutler A. G. Davenport V. C. Fenton P. J. Harris D. J. Kathol D. E. Kennedy D. J. L. Kennedy H. Krentz N. C. Lind Retired* G. W. Elkington O. Safir C. Marsh W. McCarthy V. Milligan W.Paul B. G. W. Peter A. G. Stermac E. Y. Uzumeri H. P. Vokey
W. R. Schriever (Research Advisor) R. H. Dunn (Secretary)
STANDING COMMITTEE ON BUILDING SERVICES
H. T. Jones (Chairman) G. F. Anderson F. Beairsto W. Clark G. W. Goodkey J. W. Ingram H. W. Klassen D. B. Leaney H. A. Locke Retired* J. O. Kentner W. McCarthy L. L. Merrifield F. L. Nicholson F. M. Powell A. G. Reed P. Thibault H. Wank J. F. K. Summers (Secretary)
A. D. Kent (Research Advisor until December, 1975)
*Committee term completed during preparation of 1977 Code.
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CSA/NBC JOINT LIAISON COMMITfEE ON LIMIT STATES DESIGN
D. J. L. Kennedy (Chairman) L. H. Bush A. G. Davenport J. L. deStein V. C. Fenton P. J. Harris N. C. Lind J. Longworth C. Marsh V. Milligan C. R. Wilson
D. E. Allen (Research Advisor and Secretary)
STANDING COMMITTEE ON USE AND OCCUPANCY
G. B. Pope (Chairman) D. M. Baird R. C. Burnett J. E. Cocks A. H. Cole I. Coop W.Giffin E. S. Hornby G. W. Lawson D. L. Lindsay H. A. Locke R. L. Maki J. L. Martin A. W. McIntyre P. Mercier-Gouin R. L. Montador J. Myles R. S. Nelson F. L. Nicholson C. N. W. Shewan G. V. Tatham
R. S. Ferguson (Research Advisor) M. Galbreath (Research Advisor)
J. F. K. Summers (Secretary)
STANDING COMMITTEE ON PLUMBING SERVICES
A. D. Thomson (Chairman) E. H. Anaka E. Belanger D. P. Carritt W. DeLaMare R. J. Hunt A. A. Knapp W. McCarthy R. G. McCurdy D. H. Minty K. A. Ramsay Reti red
*
B. M. Bolduc K. C. Ford R. Scott P. G. Spenst A. C. Spurrell L. F. Stanbrook J. E. Stott G. L. Swain R. W. A. YeatesR. K. Beach (Research Advisor) J. F. K. Summers (Secretary)
*Committee term completed during preparation of 1977 Code.
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ST ANDING COMMITTEE ON CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MEASURES
J. T. Gregg (Chairman) M. E. Campbell R. K. Cleverdon B. Cruikshank R. A. Dahl B. L. Hanson J. D. Larkin J. C. Lavoie R. W. Law R. Litster B. MacNeill Retired* L. A. Deschamps J. D. Paton H. C. Phillips J. L. Richards N. C. Robinson K. O. J. Sidwell G. V. Smyth M. Teperman D. S. Walker
D. A. Lutes (Research Advisor)
J. F. K. Summers (Secretary)
STANDING COMMITTEE ON HOUSING AND SMALL BUILDINGS
A. T. Muir (Chairman)** G. N. Bilous R. F. Buckingham*** M. G. Dixon N. Gauthier J. E. Gillespie W. G. Griffi ths D. Jackson P. Jones A. W. Kempthorne D. E. Kennedy J. Kerr Retired* G. Adams E. C. MacNearney W. M. McCance A. W. McIntyre E. F. Osborne E. Talback A. Thorimbert B. Trempe H. T. Work
A. T. Hansen (Research Advisor)
J. F. K. Summers (Secretary)
STANDING COMMITTEE ON BUILDING STANDARDS FOR THE HANDICAPPED M. G. Dixon (Chairman) M. G. P. Cameron J. R. Champagne P. Cluff (Mrs) E. J. Desjardins J. Dottridge J. Fortin C. K. Hall D. W. Jonsson J. L. Martin Retired* A. L. Leblanc D. McClelland (Mrs) W. E. Milton H. M. Newman J. M. Phillips W. B. Race
M. E.
Whitridge (Mrs) D. Henning (Research Advisor)J. F. K. Summers (Secretary)
*Committee term completed during preparation of 1977 Code. **Deceased September 16, 1976.
*** Appointed Chairman October, 1976.
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STANDING COMMITTEE ON FARM BUILDING STANDARDS J. E. Turnbull (Chairman) M. G. Britton J. E. Brubaker G. L Calver L. A. Donoghue J. D. Gunn W. Hewitson F. R. Hore D. E. Kennedy W. Mitchell Retired· G. Jacob L. W. Gold (Chairman) J. R. Bateman J. E. Breeze J. F. Cutler J. E. Gillespie S. A. Marks P. Mercier-Gouin Retired· L. W. Allen M. A. Hyde E. B. Moysey W.G. Rooke L. M. Staley F. H. Theakston J. W. White C. R. Wilson R. G. Winfield
D. A. Lutes (Research Advisor) J. F. K. Summers (Secretary)
FIRE TEST BOARD
S. J. Murphy N. S. Pearce G. B. Pope G. W. Simonson W. W. Stanzak C. R. Thomson R. C. Wilson
M. Galbreath (Research Advisor) J. J. Shaver (Secretary)
*Committee term completed during preparation of 1977 Code.
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=
PARTl
SCOPE AND
DEFINITIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1.1
Short Title ... 3
Section 1.2
Scope. . . .. 3
Section 1.3
Definitions of Words and Phrases ... 3
Section 1.4
Abbreviations. . . .. 12
1
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PART 1 SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS
SECTION 1.1
SHORT TITLE
SUBSECTION 1.1.1. This Bylaw may be cited as "The Building Bylaw."
SECTION 1.2 SCOPE
SUBSECTION 1.2.1. This Bylaw applies to the design, construction and occupancy of new buildings, and the alteration, reconstruction, demolition, removal, relocation and occupancy of existing buildings.
SECTION 1.3 DEFINITIONS OF WORDS AND
PHRASES
SUBSECTION 1.3.1. Definitions of words and phrases used in this Bylaw that are not included in the list of definitions in this Part shall have the meanings which are commonly assigned to them in the context in which they are used in this Bylaw. tak-ing into account the specialized use of terms with the various trades and professions to which the terminology applies.
SUBSECTION 1.3.2. The words and terms in italics in this Bylaw have the fol-lowing meanings:
Access to exit (see Exit, access to).
Adfree::.ing means the adhesion of soil to a foundation unit resulting from the freezing of soil water. (Also referred to as "frost grip.")
Air-supported structure means a structure consisting of a pliable membrane which achieves and maintains its shape and support by internal air pres-sure.
A larm means a signal indicating an emergency requiring immediate such as an alarm for fire from a manual box, a water flow alarm, an alarm from an automatic fire alarm system or other emergency signal. A 1I0wabie bearing pressure (see Bearing pressure, allowable).
Allowable load (see Load, allowable).
Alteration means a change or extension to any matter or thing or to any occupancy regulated by this Bylaw.
Appliance means a device to convert fuel into energy, and includes all compo-nents. controls. wiring and piping required to be part of the device by the applicable standard referred to in this Bylaw.
Appropriate authority havingjurisdictioll means the departments of the provincial governments and agents thereof that have authority over the subject that is regulated.
Approl'ed means approved by the authority having jurisdiction or the appropriate authority havingjurisdictio!1.
A rchitect means a person who is a member or a licensee of a provincial or terri-torial association which is responsible for the administration and enforce-ment of the Architects Act within that province or territory.
A rtesian groundwater (see Groundwater, artesian).
Assembly occupancy means the occupancy or the use of a building. or part thereof. by a gathering of persons for civic, political, travel. religious, social, educationaL recreational or like purposes, or for the consumption of food or drink.
A ttic or roof space means the space between the roof and the of the top storey or between a dwarf wall and a sloping roof.
3
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4
Authority havingjurisdiction means
(a) with respect to the proclamation and amendment of this Bylaw, and the creation of a Board of Appeal, the adopting governmental body, or (b) with respect to the administration of this Bylaw, the person (desig-nated official) appointed by the adopting governmental body and any person authorized by him to administer this Bylaw.
Bachelor dwelling unit means a dwelling unit for I or 2 adults with or without I bedroom.
Balcony, interior (see Mezzanine).
Bearing pressure, allowable (as applying to foundations) means the maximum pressure that may be safely applied to a soil or rock by the foundation unit considered in design under expected loading and subsurface conditions. Bearing pressure, design (as applying to foundations) means the pressure applied
by a foundation unit to a soil or rock and which is not greater than the allowable bearing pressure.
Bearing surface means the contact surface between a foundation unit and the soil or rock upon which it bears.
Boiler means an appliance intended to supply hot water or steam for space heat-ing, processing or power purposes.
Breeching means a flue pipe or chamber for receiving flue gases from 1 or more flue connections and for discharging these gases through a single flue con-nection.
Building means any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or occupancy.
Building area means the greatest horizontal area of a building above grade within the outside surface of exterior walls or within the outside surface of exterior walls and the centre line of firewalls.
Buildingface, exposing (see Exposing buildingface).
Building height (in storeys) means the number of storeys contained between the roof and the floor of the first storey.
Business and personal services occupancy means the occupancy or use of a building or part thereof for the transaction of business or the rendering or receiving of professional or personal services.
Caisson (see Pile).
Chimney means a primarily vertical shaft enclosing at least 1 flue for conducting flue gases to the outdoors.
Chimney, factory-built means a chimney consisting entirely of factory-made parts, each designed to be assembled with the other without requiring fabrication on site.
Chimney liner means a conduit containing a chimney flue used as a lining of a masonry or concrete chimney.
Chimney, masonry or concrete means a chimney of brick, stone, concrete or approved masonry units constructed on site.
Chimney, metal means a single-wall chimney of metal constructed on site. Cladding, exterior means those components of a building which are exposed to
the outdoor environment and are intended to provide protection against wind, water or vapour.
Closure means a device for shutting off an opening through a construction assembly, such as a door or a shutter, and includes all components such as hardware, closing devices, frames and anchors.
Combustible (as applying to an elementary building material) means that such material fails to conform to ULC-S114-1975, "Standard Method of Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials." Combustible construction means that type of construction that does not meet the
requirements for noncombustible construction.
Constructor means a person who contracts with an owner or his authorized
project or any part thereof.
agent to undertake a project, and includes an owner who contracts
~With
•.•..•. more than I person for the work on a project or undertakes the work on aCopyright
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Dead load means the weight of all permanent structural and nonstructural com-ponents of a building.
Deep foundation means a foundation unit that provides support for a building by transferring loads either by end-bearing to a soil or rock at considerable depth below the building, or by adhesion or friction, or both, in the soil or rock in which it is placed. Piles are the most common type of deep founda-tion.
Design bearing pressure (see Bearing pressure, design). Designer means the person responsible for the design. Design load (see Load, design).
Dwelling unit means a room or suite of rooms operated as a housekeeping unit, used or intended to be used as a domicile by I or more persons and usu-ally containing cooking, eating, living, sleeping and sanitary facilities. Excavation means the space created by the removal of soil, rock or fill for the
purposes of construction.
Exhaust duct means a duct through which air is conveyed from a room or space to the outdoors.
Exit means that part of a means of egress that leads from the floor area it serves, including any doorway leading directly from a floor area, to a public thoroughfare or to an approved open space.
Exit, access to means that part of a means of egress within a floor area that pro-vides access to an exit serving the floor area.
Exit, horizontal means that type of exit connecting 2 floor areas at substantially the same level by means of a doorway, vestibule, bridge or balcony, such floor areas being located either in different buildings or located in the
same building and fully separated from each other by a firewall.
Exit level (as applying to Subsection 3.2.6.) means the lowest level in an enclosed exit stairway from which an exterior door provides access to a public thoroughfare or to an approved open space with access to a public thoroughfare at approximately the same level either directly or through a vestibule or exit corridor.
Exit storey (as applying to Subsection 3.2.6.) means a storey from which an exte-rior door provides direct access at approximately the same level to a pub-lic thoroughfare or to an approved open space with access to a pubpub-lic thoroughfare.
Exposing building face means that part of the exterior wall of a bUilding which faces one direction and is located between ground level and the ceiling of its top storey, or where a building is divided into fire compartments, the exterior wall of a fire compartment which faces one direction.
Exterior cladding (see Cladding, exterior). Factory-built chimney (see Chimney, factory-built).
Fill means soil, rock, rubble, industrial waste such as slag, organic material or a combination of these that is transported and placed on the natural sur-face of a soil or rock or organic terrain. It mayor may not be compacted. Fire compartment means an enclosed space in a building that is separated from
all other parts of the building by enclosing construction providing a fire separation having a required fire-resistance rating.
Fire damper means a closure which consists of a normally held open damper installed in an air distribution system or in a wall or floor assembly, and designed to close automatically in the event of a fire in order to maintain the integrity of the fire separation.
Fire load (as applying to an occupancy) means the combustible contents of a room or floor area expressed in terms of the average weight of combustible materials per square foot, from which the potential heat liberation may be calculated based on the calorific value of the materials, and includes the furnishings, finished floor, wall and ceiling finishes, trim and temporary and movable partitions.
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Fire-protection rating means the time in hours or fraction thereof that a closure, window assembly or glass block assembly will withstand the passage of flame when exposed to fire under specified conditions of test and per-formance criteria, or as otherwise prescribed in this Bylaw.
Fire resistance means the property of a material or assembly to withstand fire or give protection from it; as applied to elements of buildings, it is character-ized by the ability to confine a fire or to continue to perform a given structural function, or both.
Fire-resistance rating means the time in hours or fraction thereof that a material or assembly of materials will withstand the passage of flame and the transmission of heat when exposed to fire under specified conditions of test and performance criteria, or as determined by extension or interpre-tation of information derived therefrom as prescribed in this Bylaw. Fire-retardant treated wood means wood or a wood product that has had its
sur-face-burning characteristics such as flame spread, rate of fuel contribution and density of smoke developed, reduced by impregnation with fire-retardant chemicals.
Fire separation means a construction assembly that acts as a barrier against the spread of fire and may not be required to have a fire-resistance rating or a fire-protection rating.
Fire stop means a draft-tight barrier within or between construction assemblies that acts to retard the passage of smoke and flame.
Fire stop flap means a device intended for use in horizontal assemblies required to have a fire-resistance rating and incorporating protective ceiling mem-branes, which operates to close off a duct opening through the membrane in the event of a fire.
Firewall means a type of fire separation of noncombustible construction which subdivides a building or separates adjoining buildings to resist the spread of fire and which has a fire-resistance rating as prescribed in this Bylaw and has structural stability to remain intact under fire conditions for the required fire-rated time.
First storey (see Storey,first).
Flame-spread rating means an index or classification indicating the extent of spread-of-flame on the surface of a material or an assembly of materials as determined in a standard fire test as prescribed in this Bylaw.
Floor area means the space on any storey of a building between exterior walls and required firewalls, including the space occupied by interior walls and partitions, but not including exits and vertical service spaces that pierce the storey.
Flue means an enclosed passageway for conveyingflue gases.
Flue collar means the portion of a fuel-fired appliance designed for the attach-men t of the flue pipe or breeching.
Flue pipe means the pipe connecting the flue collar of an appliance to a chimney. Forced-air furnace (see Furnace,forced-air).
Foundation means a system or arrangement of foundation units through which the loads from a building are transferred to supporting soil or rock. Foundation, deep (see Deep foundation).
Foundation, shallow (see Shallowfoundation).
Foundation unit means one of the structural members of the foundation of a bUilding such as a footing, raft or pile.
Frost action means the phenomenon that occurs when water in soil is subjected to freezing which, because of the water ice phase change or ice lens growth, results in a total volume increase or the build-up of expansive forces under confined conditions or both, and the subsequent thawing that leads to loss of soil strength and increased compressibility.
Furnace means a space-heating appliance using warm air as the heating medium
and usually hav;ng prov;s;on for the attachment of ducts. . ~
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Furnace, means a furnace equipped with a fan that provides the pri-mary means for circulation of air.
Garage, repair means a building or part thereof where facilities are provided for the repair or servicing of motor vehicles.
Garage, storage means a building or part thereof intended for the storage or parking of motor vehicles and which contains no provision for the repair or servicing of such vehicles.
Gas vent (as applying to heating or cooling systems) means that portion of a venting system designed to convey vent gases vertically to the outside air from the vent connector of a gas-fired appliance, or directly from the appliance when a vent connector is not used, and includes any offsets. Grade (as applying to the determination of building height) means the average
level of finished ground adjoining a building at all exterior walls, as deter-mined by the authority having jurisdiction (see Storey,first).
Groundwater means a free standing body of water in the ground.
Groundwater, artesian means a confined body of water under pressure in the ground.
Groundwater level (groundwater table) means the top surface of a free standing body of water in the ground.
Groundwater, perched means a free standing body of water in the ground extending to a limited depth.
Guard means a protective barrier around openings in floors or at the open sides of stairs, landings, balconies, mezzanines, galleries, raised walkways or other locations to prevent accidental falls from one level to another. Such barrier mayor may not have openings through it.
Heat detector means a device for sensing an abnormally high air temperature or an abnormal rate of heat rise and automatically initiating a signal indicat-ing this condition.
Hem)' timber construction means that type of combustible construction in which a degree of fire safety is attained by placing limitations on the sizes of wood structural members and on thickness and composition of wood floors and roofs, by avoidance of concealed spaces under floors and roofs and by use of approved fastenings, construction details and adhesives for struc-tural members.
High hazard industrial occupancy (see Industrial occupancy, high hazard). High occupant load means an occupant load where the number of persons in a
room or floor area is such that the area of floor per person is not more than 12 sq ft.
Hori::ol1wl exit (see Exit, horizonta/).
Hori::ontal service .Ipace means a space such as an attic, duct, ceiling, roof or crawl space oriented essentially in a horizontal plane. concealed and gen-erally inaccessible, through which building service facilities such as pipes. ducts and wiring may pass.
Independent central station means a continually supervised station under the control of a company independent of the owners of the building to be pro-tected. that conforms with :\lFPA 71-1974, "Installation, Maintenance and Use of Central Station Signaling Systems."
Indirect service water heater (see Service Imter heater, indirect).
Industrial occupancy means the occupancy or use of a building or part thereof for assembling, fabricating, manufacturing, processing, repairing or storing of goods and materials.
Industrial occupancy, high hazard (Group F, Division 1) means an industrial occupancy containing sufficient quantities of highly combustible and flammable or explosive materials which. because of their inherent charac-teristics. constitute a special fire hazard.
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Industrial occupancy, medium hazard (Group F, Division 2) means an industrial occupancy in which the combustible content is more than
to
lb or 100,000 Btu/sq ft of floor area and not classified as high hazard industrial occupan-cy.Industrial occupancy, low hazard (Group F, Division 3) means an industrial occupancy in which the combustible content is not more than
to
lb or 100,-000 Btu/sq ft of floor area.Infirm persons means all institutionalized persons whose age or health is such that they require institutional care or treatment.
Institutional occupancy means the occupancy or use of a building or part thereof by persons who are involuntarily detained, or detained for penal or cor-rectional purposes, or whose liberty is restricted, or require special care or treatment because of age, mental or physical limitations.
Interconnected floor spaces means superimposed floor areas or parts of floor areas in which floor assemblies that are required to be fire separations are pene-trated by openings that are not provided with closures.
Limiting distance means the distance from an exposing building face towards a property line, the centre line of a street, lane, public thoroughfare or an imaginary line between 2 buildings on the same property, measured at right angles to the exposing buildingface.
Live load means the load other than dead load to be assumed in the design of the structural members of a building. It includes loads resulting from snow, rain, wind. earthquake and those due to occupancy, including movable partitions.
Load, allowable (as applying to foundations) means the maximum load that may be safely applied to a foundation unit considered in design under expected loading and subsurface conditions.
Loadbearing (as applying to a building element) means subjected to or designed to carry loads in addition to its own dead load, excepting a wall element subjected only to wind or earthquake loads in addition to its own dead load.
Load, design (as applying to foundations) means the load applied to a foundation unit and which is not greater than the allowable load.
Load, fire (see Fire load).
Load, high occupant (see High occupant load). Load, occupant (see Occupant load).
Low hazard industrial occupancy (see Industrial occupancy, low hazard). Alasonry or concrete chimney (see Chimney, masonry or concrete).
Means of egress means a continuous path of travel provided by a doorway, hall-way. corridor, exterior passageway, balcony, lobby, stair, ramp or other egress facility or combination thereof, for the escape of persons from any point in a building, floor area, room or contained open space to a public thoroughfare or other approved open space. (Means of egress includes exits and access to exits.)
.4fedium hazard industrial occupancy (see Industrial occupancy, medium hazard). Mercantile occupancy means the occupancy or use of a building or part thereof
for the displaying or selling of retail goods, wares or merchandise. Metal chimney (see Chimney, metal).
Mezzanine means an intermediate floor assembly between the floor and ceiling of any room or storey and includes an interior balcony.
Noncombustible (as applying to an elementary building material) means that such material conforms to ULC-SI14-l975, "Standard Method of Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials." Noncombustible construction means that type of construction in which a degree
of fire safety is attained by the use of noncombustible materials for struc-tural members and other building assemblies.
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Occupancy means the use or intended use of a building or part thereof for the shelter or support of persons, animals or property.
Occupancy, major means the principal occupancy for which a building or part thereof is used or intended to be used, and shall be deemed to include the subsidiary occupancies which are an integral part of the principal occupancy.
Occupant load means the number of persons for which a building or part thereof is designed.
Owner means any person, firm~ or corporation controlling the property under consideration.
Partition means an interior wall I storey or part-storey in height that is not load bearing.
Party wall (see Wall, party).
Perched groundwater (see Groundwater, perched).
Permit means permission or authorization in writing by the. authority having jurisdiction to perform work regulated by this Bylaw and, in the case of an
occupancy permit, to occupy any building or part thereof.
Pile means a slender deep foundation unit, made of materials such as wood, steel or concrete or combination thereof, which is either premanufactured and placed by driving, jacking, jetting or screwing, or cast-in-place in a hole formed by driving, excavating or boring. (Cast-in-place bored piles are often referred to as caissons in Canada.)
Plenum means a chamber forming part of an air duct system.
Plumbing system means a drainage system, a venting system and a water system or parts thereof.
Post-disaster building means a building essential to provide services in the event of a disaster, and includes hospitals, fire stations, police stations, radio stations, telephone exchanges, power stations, electrical substations, pumping stations (water and sewage) and fuel depot buildings.
Private sewage disposal system means a privately owned plant for the treatment and disposal of sewage (such as a septic tank with an absorption field). Professional engineer means a person who is a member of or a licensee of a
pro-vincial or territorial association which is responsible for the administra-tion and enforcement of the Professional Engineers Act or Engineers Act within that province or territory.
Proprietary control centre means a continually supervised station under the con-trol of the owner or others interested in the building or buildings to be pro-tected that conforms with Class A proprietary signalling systems in NFPA 72D-1975, "Installation, Maintenance and Use of Proprietary Pro-tective Signaling Systems for Watchman, Fire Alarm and Supervisory Service."
Public building (as applying to requirements for the design of buildings for phys-ically handicapped persons) means a building to which the public is admitted, but does not include apartment buildings, houses, boarding houses or buildings of Group F major occupancy or buildings of Group D major occupancy of a single tenancy.
Public corridor means a corridor that provides access to exit from individually owned or rented rooms, suites of rooms or dwelling units.
Range means a cooking appliance equipped with a cooking surface and I or more ovens.
Repair garage (see Garage, repair).
Residential occupancy means the occupancy or use of a building or part thereof by persons for whom sleeping accommodation is provided but who are not harboured or detained to receive medical care or treatment or are not involuntarily detained.
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Restaurant means any building or portion thereof where food is offered for sale for immediate consumption therein, but does not include any building or portion thereof where drink or prepackaged food requiring no further preparation before consumption is offered for sale.
Return duct means a duct for conveying air from a space being heated, venti-lated or air-conditioned back to the heating, ventilating or air-condition-ing appliance.
Rock means that portion of the earth's crust which is consolidated, coherent and relatively hard and is a naturally formed, solidly bonded, mass of mineral matter which cannot readily be broken by hand.
Sanitary drainage system means a drainage system that conducts sewage. Separation, fire (see Fire separation).
Service room means a room or space provided in a building to accommodate building service equipment such as air-conditioning or heating appliances, electrical services, pumps, compressors and incinerators.
Service space means space provided in a building to facilitate or conceal the installation of building service facilities such as chutes, ducts, pipes, shafts or wires.
Service space, horizontal (see Horizontal service space). Service space, vertical (see Vertical service space).
Service water heater means a device for heating water for plumbing services. Service water heater, indirect means a service water heater that derives its heat
from a heating medium such as warm air, steam or hot water.
Service water heater, storage type means a service water heater with an integral hot water storage tank.
Shallow foundation means a foundation unit which derives its support from soil or rock located close to the lowest part of the building which it supports. Smoke detector means a device for sensing the presence of visible or invisible
particles produced by combustion, and automatically initiating a signal indicating this condition.
Soil means that portion of the earth's crust which is fragmentary, or such that some individual particles of a dried sample may be readily separated by agitation in water; it includes boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand. silt, clay and organic matter.
Space heater means a space-heating appliance for heating the room or space within which it is located, without the use of ducts.
Space-heating appliance means an appliance intended for the supplying of heat to a room or space directly, such as a space heater, fireplace or unit heater, or to rooms or spaces of a building through a heating system such as a central furnace or boiler.
Sprinklered (as applying to a building or part thereof) means that the building or part thereof is equipped with a system of automatic sprinklers.
Stage means a space designed primarily for theatrical performances with provi-sion for quick change scenery and overhead lighting. including environ-mental control for a wide range of lighting and sound effects and which is traditionally, but not necessarily, separated from the audience by a pros-cenium wall and curtain opening.
Storage garage (see Garage, storage). Storage-type service water heater
(see Service water heater, storage type).
Storey means that portion of a building which is situated between the top of any floor and the top of the floor next above it, and if there is no flOOf above it, that portion between the top of such floor and the ceiling above it. Storey, first means the lowest storey having its ceiling more than 6 ft above
grade.
Stove means an appliance intended for cooking and space heating.
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-Street means any highway, road, boulevard, square or other improved thoroughfare 30 ft or more in width, which has been dedicated or deeded for public use, and is accessible to fire department vehicles and equip-ment.
Subsurface investigation means the appraisal of the general subsurface condi-tions at a building site by analysis of information gained by such methods as geological surveys, in situ testing, sampling, visual inspection, labora-tory testing of samples of the subsurface materials and groundwater observations and measurements.
Supervisory signal means a signal indicating the need for action in connection with tlie supervision of sprinkler and other extinguishing systems or equipment, or with the maintenance features of other protection systems. Supply duct means a duct for conveying air from a heating, ventilating or conditioning appliance to a space to be heated, ventilated or air-conditioned.
Theatre means a place of public assembly intended for the production and viewing of the performing arts or the screening and viewing of motion pictures, and consisting of an auditorium with permanently fixed seats intended solely for a viewing audience.
Unit heater means a suspended space heater with an integral air circulating fan. Unprotected opening (as applying to exposing building face) means a doorway,
window or opening other than one equipped with a closure having the required fire-protection rating, or any part of a wall forming part of the exposing buildingface that has afire-reSistance rating less than required for the exposing buildingface.
Unsafe condition means any condition that could cause undue hazard to life, limb or health of any person authorized or expected to be on or about the premises.
Vent connector (as applying to heating or cooling systems) means the part of a venting system that conducts the flue gases or vent from the flue col-lar of a gas appliance to the chimney or gas vent, may include a draft control device.
Vertical service space means a shaft oriented essentially vertically that is pro-vided in a building to facilitate the installation of building services includ-ing mechanical, electrical and plumbinclud-ing installations and facilities such as elevators, refuse chutes and linen chutes.
Walkway means a covered or roofed pedestrian thoroughfare used to connect 2 or more buildings in which the least horizontal dimension of the thor-oughfare is less than 30 ft.
Wall, party means a wall jointly owned and jointly used by 2 parties under ease-ment agreeease-ment or by right in law, and erected at or upon a line separating 2 parcels of land each of which is, or is capable of being, a sep-arate real-estate entity.
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SECTION 1.4 ABBREVIA nONS
SUBSECTION 1.4.1. ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES OF ASSOCIATIONS 1.4.1.1. The abbreviations in this Bylaw for the names of associations shall have the meanings assigned to them in this. Subsection. The addresses of such associa-tions are shown in brackets following the name of each association.
ACI ... American Concrete Institute
(P.O. Box 4754, Redford Station, Detroit, Michigan 48219 U.S.A.)
ACNBC ... Associate Committee on the National Building Code
(National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OR6) ANSI ... American National Standards Institute
(1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018 U.S.A.) ASHRAE ... American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers
(345 East 47th Street, New York, New York 10017 U.S.A.) ASTM ... American Society for Testing and Materials
(1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 U.S.A.) CGA ... Canadian Gas Association
(55 Scarsdale Road, Don Mills, Ontario M3B 2R3) CGSB ... Canadian Government Specifications Board
(c/o Department of Supply and Services, 88 Metcalfe Street, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OS5) CLA ... Canadian Lumbermen's Association
(27 Goulburn Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario KIN 8C7) CSA ... Canadian Standards Association
(178 Rexdale Blvd., Rexdale, Ontario M9W IR3) FS ... Federal Specifications and Standards
(General Services Administration, Washington, D.C. 20405 U.S.A.)
HI ... Hydronics Institute (heating)
(35 Rusco Place, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey 07922 U.S.A.)
HRA ... Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Institute of Canada
(Suite 267, 385 The West Mall, Etobicoke, Ontario M9C IE7) NBC ... National Building Code of Canada
(National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OR6) NFPA ... National Fire Protection Association
(470 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210 U.S.A.) NLGA ... National Lumber Grades Authority
(1055 West Hastings Street, Vancouver,
B.c.
V6E 2E9) ULC ... Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada(7 Crouse Road, Scarborough, Ontario M I R 3A9) WCLIB ... West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau
(1750 S.W. Skyline Blvd., P.O. Box 25406 Portland, Oregon 97225 U.S.A.) WWPA ... Western Wood Products Association
(Yeon Building, Portland, Oregon 97204 U.S.A.)
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-SL'BSECTION 1.4.2. ABBREVIATIONS OF WORDS AND PHRASES
1.4.2.1. The abbreviations of words and phrases in this Bylaw shall have the mean-ings assigned to them in this Subsection.
ASWG ... American Standard Wire Gage B&SG . . . .. Brown and Sharpe Gage Btu ... British thermal unites) cfm ... cubic foot (feet) per minute CLS ... Canadian Lumber Standard cu ft ... cubic foot (feet)
db ... decibel(s) deg ... degree(s) of ... degree(s) Fahrenheit diam. . ... diameter F" ... Fahrenheit degree(s) ft ... foot (feet)
ftlsec ... foot (feet) per second ga ... gauge
... gallon(s)
gpm ... gallon(s) per minute GSG ... Galvanized Sheet Gage hr ... hour(s) Hz ... hertz in ... inch(es) Inc ... Incorporated J ... joule(s) lb ... pound(s) max. . ... maximum min. . ... minimum min. . ... minute(s)
MSG . . . .. Manufacturers' Standard Gage
NI A ... not applicable
No. . ... number(s) nom. ... nominal o.c. .. . ... on centre oz ... ounce(s)
psf ... pound(s) per square foot psi ... .. pound(s) per square inch psig ... pound(s) per square inch gauge R ... thermal resistance
sec. . ... second(s) sq ft ... square foot (feet) sq in ... square inch(es) sq yd ... square yard(s) SWG ... Standard Wire Gage temp. . ... temperature T &G ... tongue and groove
US gpm . . . United States gallon(s) per minute USSG ... United States Standard Gage W ... watt(s) wt ... weight
