N0
ln N
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
t(J)
ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻟﺍ
ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻠﻟ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﺤﺘﻤﺍ ﺏﺍﻭﺠ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘ
– ﻱﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺩ 2011
ﺔﺒﻌﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ :
ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ 3 ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻟﺍ
: ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﺯﻴﻓ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ
ﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﻤﺘﻟ )
ﻁﺎﻘﻨ 7 (
. 1 ﻲﺌﺍﻭﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻟﺎﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻌﺸﻹﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ...
...
0.25
. 2 ﺃ . ﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺍﻭﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻌﺸﻹﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﻤ ﺏﺘﻜﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻟ
.
He Po
Rn 84218 42
86222 → +
...
0.5
ﺏ . ﺎﻤﻫ ﻥﺎﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻟﺍ :
– ﻲﻨﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻨﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ...
0.25
– ﻲﻠﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻨﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ...
0.25
. 3 ﺃ . ﺩﺠﻨ لﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ :
N0 = 483 Noyaux ...
0.25
ﺏ . ﺎﻤﻜﺇ ل لﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍ ...
1
t ( s ) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 N ( Noyaux ) 483 380 290 227 182 140 103 87 64
⎟⎠
⎜ ⎞
⎝
⎛ N
ln N0 0 0,24 0.50 0,76 0,98 1,24 1,54 1,71 2,02
. ـﺟ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺴﺭ ...:
1
ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﻟﺩﺎﻌﻤ ﻡﻴﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻁﺨ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ t
N a
ln N0⎟= ⋅
⎠
⎜ ⎞
⎝
⎛ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻡﻴﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ a ...
0.5
ﺩ . ﺎﻨﻴﺩﻟ
t :
0 e N
N= ⋅ −λ⋅ ...
0.25
ﻪﻨﻤ ﻭ
t :
0
N e
N = −λ⋅
/1
4
ﻥﺎﻓﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﻴﺒﻴﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﺘﻴﺭﺎﻏﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﻕﺒﻁﻨ :
N t ln N
0
⋅ λ
−
⎟⎟=
⎠
⎜⎜ ⎞
⎝ ... ⎛ 0.25
ﻰﻟﺇ لﺼﻨ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻭ :
N t
ln N0⎟= λ⋅
⎠
⎜ ⎞
⎝ ⎛
ـه ﺩﺠﻨ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤﺒ . :
a = λ ...
0.5
ﺏﺴﺤﻨ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺠﻨﻓ a
: a 0,0125S= −1
...
0.25
ﻪﻨﻤ ﻭ : λ = 0,0125 j–1 ...
0.25
ﻭ . ﺔﻌﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻜﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻨ ﻙﻜﻔﺘﺘ ﻲﻜﻟ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺭﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺼﻨ ﻥﻤﺯ .
...
0.5
ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ λ :
= ln2 t1/2
...
0.5
ﺩﺠﻨ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ :
1/ 2
t ln 2 55,45 S 0,0125
= =
. ...
0.5
ﺭﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻥﻴ :
) ﻁﺎﻘﻨ 5 (
. 1 ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﻁ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺼﻟﺍ
dt : Ldi uL = ...
0.5
. 2 ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺸ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ :
ﺎﻨﻴﺩﻟ
⎪⎩ :
⎪⎨
⎧
⋅
=
= uC
C q
dt i dq ﻪﻨﻤ ﻭ dt :
Cdu i= C ...
0.5
. 3 ﺎﻨﻴﺩﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻭﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻥﻤ :
0 u uC + L = ...
0.25
ﻰﻟﺇ لﺼﻨ ﺽﻴﻭﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ :
dt 0 u LCd
uC + 2 2C = ...
0.5
ﻫ ﻭ ﺔﻔﺜﻜﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﻁ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻘﻘﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻀﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ لﺩﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ .
. 4 ﺔﻟﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﻤ ﻕﺘﺸﻨ
⎟⎟⎠
⎜⎜ ⎞
⎝
= ⎛ πt
T cos 2 U ) t ( u
0 0
ﺩﺠﻨﻓ C
:
) t ( T u
t 4 T cos 2 T U
4 dt
u d
2 C 0
2 0 0
02 2 2C
2 ⎟⎟=− π ⋅
⎠
⎜⎜ ⎞
⎝
⎛ π
− π ... =
0.5
ﺔﻟﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺔﻴﻠﻀﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺽﻭﻌﻨ uC(t)
ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻘﺘﺸﻤ ﻭ :
0 ) t ( u LC ) t ( T u
4 2 C C
0
2 ⋅ + ⋅ =
− π
ﺩﺠﻨ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻭ :
LC 2
T0 = π ﺯﺍﺯﻬﻠﻟ ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻫ ﻭ
. . ...
0.5
ﻥﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﻨ
0 T0
f = 1
ﺩﺠﻨ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻭ LC :
2 f0 1
= π ...
0.5 /2 4
. 5 ﺃ . ﺩﺠﻨ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ :
s 100 T
2 0 = µ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻭ
: s 50 T0 = µ .
...
0.5
ﺭﺘﺍﻭﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ f0
: Hz 10 . 50 2 10 10
. 50
f 1 4
6
0 = −6 = =
. ...
0.5
ﺏ . ﺩﺠﻨ ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻥﻤ :
L 4 C T2
02
= π ...
0.5
ﻲﻁﻌﻴ ﻱﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻟﺍ
( )
3,1.10 F 3,1nF : 10. 20 10 4
10 .
C 50 3 9
6 2
=
× =
= × − − −
. ...
0.25
ﺙﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﻤﺘﻟﺍ :
) ﻁﺎﻘﻨ 8 (
. 1 ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﻭﺘﻭﺭﺒ ﺕﻴﺒﺜﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜ ﺩﺭﻓ لﻜ ﻭﻫ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ،ﺩﺘﺸﻨﻭﺭﺒ H+
ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻭﺃ ...
0.25
ﺎﻤﻫ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺘﻠﺨﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻟﺍ :
) aq 3( )
aq
4( /NH NH+
...
0.25
) aq ) (
(
2O /HO
H A −
..
...
. 0.25
. 2 ـﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻲﻁﻌﻨ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ لﻭﻠﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻨ ـﻟﺍ ﻥﻷ pH
ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ pH ...
0.5
. 3 ﺕﻻﻭﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ :
mol 001 , 0 10
. 100 01 , 0 CV
n1 = = × −3 = ...
0.25
. 4 ﺎﻤﻜﺇ ل ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﺠ ...:
1 ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ
NH3(aq) +H2O(A) = NH4+(aq) +HO−(aq) ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ
ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻟﺍ ( mol ) ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺩﺘﺒﻹﺍ
x= 0 0,001 ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻟﺎﺒ 0 0
ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ
x = xf 0,001-xf ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻟﺎﺒ xf xf
. 5 ﻥﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﻨ
f pH 3O ] 10 H
[ + = −
...
0.25
ﺩﺠﻨ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻭ :
10,59 11 1
3 f
[H O ]+ =10− =2,57.10 mol.L− − ...
0.25
. 6 ﺎﻨﻴﺩﻟ
14 :
3
e [H O ] [HO ] 10
K = + ⋅ − = −
ﺩﺠﻨ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻭ :
f 3
14 f [H O ] ] 10
HO
[ +
− = −
...
0.25
ﻲﻁﻌﻴ ﻱﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻟﺍ
1 :
4 11
14
f 3,89.10 mol.L
10 . 57 , 2 ] 10 HO
[ − = − − = − −
...
0.25
ﺎﻨﻴﺩﻟ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﺠ ﻥﻤ V :
] x HO
[ − f = f
ﺩﺠﻨ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻭ :
V ] HO [
xf = − f ⋅ ...
...
0.25
/3
4
ﻲﻁﻌﻴ ﻱﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻟﺍ :
mol 10
. 89 , 3 1 , 0 10 . 89 , 3
xf = −4× = −5 ...
0.25
. 7 ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﻴﺩﻟ :
V c xmax = ⋅ ...
0.25
ﻲﻁﻌﻴ ﻱﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻟﺍ :
mol 10
1 , 0 10 . 1
xmax = −2× = −3 ...
0.25
. 8 ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ
max :
f
x
= x ... τ 0.25
ﻲﻁﻌﻴ ﻱﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻟﺍ :
0389 . 10 0
10 . 89 , 3
3 5 =
=
τ − −
...
0.25
ﻥﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻨ
<1 ﻡﺎﺘ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻭ τ ...
+ 0.25 0.25
. 9 ﺎﻨﻴﺩﻟ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﺠ ﻥﻤ V :
x ] c
NH
[ 3(aq) f = − f ...
...
0.5
ﻲﻁﻌﻴ ﻱﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻟﺍ :
mol 10
. 61 , 1 9
, 0
10 . 89 , 3 001 , ] 0 NH
[ 3(aq) f = − −5 = −3 ...
0.25
ﺩﺠﻨ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻟﺍ لﻭﺩﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻟﺫﻜ
1:
f 4 f
4 3,89.10 mol.L V
] x NH
[ + = = − −
. ...
...
0.25
. 10 ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺔﻀﻭﻤﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺒﺎﺜ Ka
.
f 4
f 3 f
a 3
] NH [
] NH [ ] O H
K =[ + ×+ ...
...
....
...
1
ﻲﻁﻌﻴ ﻱﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻟﺍ
10 :
4
11 3
a 6,35.10
10 . 89 , 3
10 . 57 , 2 10 . 61 ,
K = 9 − × − − = −
... . 0.25
ﺩﺠﻨ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻭ :
2 , 9 10
. 35 , 6 log K
log
pKa =− a =− −10 = ... .
0.25
/4
4
