• Aucun résultat trouvé

Modeling and Compositional Analysis of Genetic Regulatory Networks

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Partager "Modeling and Compositional Analysis of Genetic Regulatory Networks"

Copied!
22
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: inria-00071211

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00071211

Submitted on 23 May 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Modeling and Compositional Analysis of Genetic Regulatory Networks

Gregor Gössler

To cite this version:

Gregor Gössler. Modeling and Compositional Analysis of Genetic Regulatory Networks. [Research

Report] RR-5801, INRIA. 2006. �inria-00071211�

(2)

ISRN INRIA/RR--5801--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

Thème COM

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Modeling and Compositional Analysis of Genetic Regulatory Networks

Gregor Gössler

N° 5801

Janvier 2006

(3)
(4)

Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes

655, avenue de l’Europe, 38334 Montbonnot Saint Ismier (France)

23(5410/6"

798;:=<?>58@79A?B;BDCE:=8

FHGJILK"MNOQPSRUTWVYX[Z\ILK"M;X^]_`K"KbaJcJde]Lfgc=ZhX

ikjl_`m[MZnio_`prqnjlZ

snfgpJp5_`jlZntYM.jlMD]hGJMLjh]hGJMuc?vowgx`y{zR |=fgcW}Wd~MLjngy€y`R‚zDxbpƒfg„`MDX

…@†/‡;ˆL‰‹ŠJŒ`ˆ` ikjl_`ZlMLd~c{XŽaJ’‘ƒHf9G=a{„`M“cWaJKb”ƒM;jb_`Ž(Ža{c{]Z\d•_€c{Xd~c–f`c=V~d•}Wd~cJ„—_€jl„=fgcJdeX˜Kr™šFHGJMtYVWc{fgK"de]LX_`ŽZlGJM pJj\_gZlM;d•c

]L_`c{]LMLc=Zljhf‹Z\d•_€c{X1d~c–f9]M;•›d~XœtYML‘{cJM;t”=Vfšj\ML„€aJ~fgZl_€jlV9c{MZ[ž(_`j\Ÿ—žGJde]hGa{Xla{fg~~V M;c{]_€Kœpƒf`X\X˜MDXfšKa{’Z\d’Z\a{tYM@_`ŽGJd•„€GJ~V

]L_`K"pJ~M¡ŽM;M;tY”{f€]hŸ~_=_€p{X;™¢(MLd~cJ„1fg”J~M(Zl_1K"_YtYMLJf`c{tœfgc{f`•VW£LMHd•Z\X¤X˜Zlj\a{]Z\aJj\MHf`c{tb”ƒM;G{f¥}Wd•_€j/deX¦]Ljla{]Ld~f`=Ž_`j¤aJc{tJMLjhX[Zhfgc{tYd~cJ„

Z\GJM.ŽaJc{]Zld~_`c{X_`ŽZ\GJM1pJj\_gZ\MLd~c{XHfgc{t ZlG{MLd~jd•c=ZlM;j\f€]Z\d•_€c{XL™

§{_`jfnKœ_YtYM;•d~cJ„^Žj\f`KœM;ž›_€jlŸ^Zl_n”5MkaƒX˜MLŽaJ€d~cpJjhf`]Zlde]M€¨;Z[ž(_Ž©f€]Zl_€j\Xfgj\Mk]j\a{]defg«ª?ZlG{MkK"_YtYML=Ka{X˜ZŽ©f`d’Z\GYŽaJ~•V.j\MLpJj\M;XlMLc=Z

Z\GJMbf€]Zlaƒfg”5MLGƒf¥}=d~_`j^_gŽ¤ZlG{McJMZ[ž(_`j\Ÿ?¨ƒf`c{trd’ZQKa{X˜Z¬”5MbXlaJpJp5_`jlZlMDtr”WVf`c{fg~VYX˜deXnfg~„`_€jld•ZlG{K"XZlG{fgZQfgj\M1M­“]Ld•M;c€ZQMLcJ_€aJ„`G

Z\_“]_`p5M.žd’Z\Gš]_`K"pJ~M¡ Kœ_YtYM;~X;¨{f`c{t X\]Lf`•M.aJprž(ML~E™¤FHGJM;jlMLŽ_`j\M`¨WZ\GJd~Xnp{fgp5MLjKfgŸ€M;X›Z[ž(_"tJd’®?MLj\MLc=Z^]_€c=Zlj\d•”JaJZld~_`c{X;™

§/d~j\X˜Z;¨¯ž(MœpJjlMDX˜M;c=Z1f@ŽjhfgK"MLž(_`j\ŸŽ_`j.K"_WtJML~d•cJ„r„€MLcJMLZlde]bj\ML„€aJef‹Zl_€jlVcJMLZ[ž›_€jlŸYX¬d•c°f Kœ_YtYa{~f`jQV€MZ.Ž©fgd•ZlGJŽaJ¦KfgcJc{MLj

”{f€X˜MDt—_€c—Z\GJMKf‹Z\GJMLKf‹Z\d~];fg~•V—ž›M;••±EŽ_€aJc{tYMDtšŽ_€jlKfg~deX˜K²_`Ž(tYd•®?MLj\MLc=Zldefg¤d~c{]~a{Xld•_€c{X;™œ³´c_`a{jfgpJpJj\_€f€]hG¯¨5ZlGJM“tJd’®?MLj\MLc=Z

]L_`K"pƒ_€cJMLc=ZhX“_gŽ1Z\GJM—XlVYX[Z\MLK¶µpJj\_gZ\MLd~c{X“_€j XlMZ\X@pJj\_gZlM;d•cƒX\·f`c{t¸ZlG{M—žHf¥VZlG{MLV¹]_€c{X[Z\j\f`d•cºMDf`]hG¹_gZ\GJMLjD¨nfgj\MšK"_YtYML~M;t

XlMLp{f`j\fgZlM;•V“f`c{tKœ_YtYa{~f`jl~V`™

TWMD]_€c{t»¨Yž(M1pJjl_€pƒ_=X˜MQM­“]Ld•M;c€Z^f`•„€_`j\d’Z\GJKX›Zl_fgc{f`•VW£;M¬Z\GJM1”5MLG{f¥}Wd~_`jH_gŽ/ZlGJM1K"_YtYM;E™¦FHGJM1f`•„€_`j\d’Z\GJKXfgj\MQ]L_`K"pƒ_=X˜d•±

Z\d•_€c{fgƒd•c"Z\GJM¬XlMLc{XlMZ\G{f‹Z¦Z\GJMLVœ}`M;jld•ŽVœ•_Y]Lf`JpJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;X¤_€c"ZlGJM¬d•cƒtYd•}WdetYa{f`ƒ]_€K"pƒ_€cJMLc=Z\X;™¤TWaY­“]d~MLc=Z(]L_`c{tJd’Z\d•_€c{X¤_`c"Z\GJM;XlM

~_Y]Lfg»p{jl_€pƒM;j˜Z\d•MDX(f`c{t _`c ZlGJM]L_`c{X˜Zljhfgd~c=Z\X(”ƒMLZ[ž›M;MLc ZlGJM]L_`K"p5_`cJM;c€ZhX(ZlGJM;cf`•~_‹ž¹Z\_M­“]d~MLc=Zl~V“d~cYŽMLjp{jl_€pƒM;j˜Z\d•MDXH_gŽZ\GJM

žGJ_€•MXlVYX[Z\MLKr¨JXla{]hGf€XHjlMDf`]hG{f`”Jd~•d•Z[V“fgc{t M¡YdeX[Z\MLc{]LM._gŽoM;¼=aJd~•d~”Jj\d•aJK½X[Zhf‹Z\M;X;™

Fž›_];f`XlMQX˜Zla{tJd•MDXnX˜G{_‹ž¾ZlG{M1pƒ_`ZlMLc=Z\d~f`»_gŽ/ZlGJdeXfgpJp{jl_=f`]hG¯™

¿šÀ=Á?ÂlÃbÄ

‰‹Å/‡`

„€MLcJM.cJMLZ[ž›_€jlŸ?¨YtYd•®5M;jlM;c=Zldefg»d~c{]~a{Xld•_€c{XL¨YK"_YtYaJefgj\d•Z[V`¨J]_€K"pƒ_=X˜d•Zld~_`c{f`¯fgc{f`•VYXld~X;¨WM;¼=aJd~•d~”Jj\d~f{¨YjlMDf`]hG{f`”Jd~•d•Z[V

(5)

‡  MDX¬p{jl_`ZLd~cJMDXQf€XlXlaJj\MLc=Z¬a{c „€j\f`c{tšcJ_€K”Jj\MbtYMœŽ_€c{]Z\d•_€c{X.tJfgc{X¬Z\_`aYZ._`j\„€f`cJd~XlK"M}Wd~}¥f`c=Z;™ f tYVWc{f`K"d~¼=aJM

tYMDX1]_€c{]M;c€Z\j\fgZld~_`c{X.tYM"pJj\_gZLd~cJM;X1t{fgc{X.aJc{M"]LML~•a{•M"M;X˜ZtL‘{cJd~Mœpƒfgj1aJcjDX˜MDfga j;„`aJef‹Z\_`d~jlM"¼=aJd¦]_€c€Z\d•M;c=Z1Xl_`a{}`MLc=Z1tYM

cJ_€K”Jj\MLaƒX˜MDXo”ƒ_€a{]~M;X¦tJMjLZlj\_€f`]Zld~_`cœ]_`K"pJ~M¡YMDXL™/io_`aJj¦]L_`K"pJj\MLc{tYj\MH•MDXoŽ_`cƒ]Zld~_`cƒX¦tYM;X¦pJjl_`Z;d•cJMDXoMZk~MLa{j\Xod~c=ZlMLjhf`]Zld~_`c{X;¨

d~¯M;X˜ZncD]M;X\X\fgd~jlM.tYM.K"_WtL~d~XlMLjMLZ^fgc{f`•VYXlMLjXlf"X˜Zlj\a{]Z\aJj\MQMLZnX˜_€cr]L_`K"p5_`jlZlMLK"M;c€ZD™

io_`a{j¼€aaJc°];f`tYj\MtYMK"_WtL~d~X\f‹Z\d•_€cXl_`d•Z1aYZld~•M@MLcpJj\fgZlde¼=aJM`¨/tYMLaY¡ Ž©f`]ZlMLa{j\X1Xl_`c=Z1pJj\d•K"_`jhtYdefgaY¡ª•M"K"_YtYIL~M“tY_`d•Z

j\MLpJj;XlMLc=Z\MLjo‘ƒtYI;•M;K"MLc=Z¦•M¬]_`K"p5_`jlZlM;KœM;c=ZojLM;{tYaj;XlM;f`a¯¨gMZ¦d~ƒtJ_`d•ZZlj\MnXlaJpJp5_`jlZp{f`j¦tYM;X¦f`•„€_`j\d’Z\GJK"M;X¤tfgcƒfg~VWXlM¼=aJd

Xl_`d~MLc=ZQf€XlXlML£bM­“]Lf€]MDX^p5_`aJj¬Zljhfgd•ZlM;jQtJM;X¬Kœ_YtYI;•MDX.]_`K"pJ~M¡YMDX^MLZ.¼=aJdop{f€XlXlMLc=Z ;]hG{ML~•M€™QfgcƒX¬]LMZ._`”Ym[MD]Zld•Ž[¨»f`j˜Z\d~]L•M

pJj\_`p5_€XlM1tYMLaJ¡ ]_€c€Z\jld~”JaYZ\d•_€c{X;™

f`”ƒ_€j\t¯¨ƒcJ_€a{Xnp{jDX˜M;c€Z\_`c{X^aJc—];f`tYj\Mp5_`aJj¬~f@Kœ_Yt;•deX\f‹Zld~_`cšK"_YtYaJefgd~j\MtYMj;XlM;f`aY¡ „ LcJde¼=aJM;X¬¼=aJdMDX[ZQ”{f`XXlaJj^~M

Ž_€jlKfg~deX˜K"MQ”Jd•M;c@Ž_€c{t1tYMDXHd•c{]L•aƒX˜d~_`c{XHtYd•®!Lj\MLc=Zld~ML~•MDXL™QfgcƒX›c{_gZlj\M1fgpJp{jl_Y]hGJM€¨=~M;XHtYd•®!Lj\MLc=Z\X]L_`K"pƒ_=Xlf`c=Z\X(tYašX˜VYX˜ZlILK"M

µ©pJjl_`Z;d•cJMDX@_€a¾MLcƒX˜M;K”J~M;XtYMpJjl_`Z;d•cJMDX\·“MZ~f–K"f`cJd~ILj\M tY_€c€Zd•eXrX˜M]_€c€Z\j\f`d•„€cJMLc=Z@KbaYZla{ML~•M;KœM;c=Z;¨¬Xl_`c=ZKœ_Yt;•deX;X

XLp{f`j;K"MLc=ZMZ^tYMQŽ©f#"L_`cK"_WtJaJ~f`d•j\M`™

$¦cƒX˜aJd•ZlM€¨‹cJ_`aƒX¯pJj\_`p5_€Xl_`c{X»tJM;Xf`•„€_`j\d’Z\GJK"M;X»ML­“]Lf`]LM;X»p5_`a{jfgcƒfg~VWXlMLj•Mk]L_`K"p5_`jlZlMLK"M;c€Z/tYaK"_YtYIL~M`™¤N›M;Xf`•„€_`j\d’Z\GJK"M;X

Xl_`c=Z]_`K"p5_€Xld’Z\d•_€cJcJM;~XœtJfgcƒXb~MrX˜M;c{Xœ_#%–d~eXb} Lj\d’‘ƒMLc=ZœtYMDXœpJjl_€pJj\d&LZ;Xb~_W];fg~M;X"XlaJjb~M;X"]L_`K"pƒ_=Xlf`c=Z\Xbd•c{tJd•}WdetYaJMLeX;™'^MDX

]L_`c{tYd•Zld~_`cƒXX˜aY­“X\fgc=ZlMDX"X˜aJj“]LM;X"pJj\_`p{jld(Z\M;Xœ•_Y];fg~M;XœMZ@XlaJj~M;X]_€c=Zljhfgd~c€Z\M;XbMLc=Zlj\Mr•MDX]_€Kœp5_€X\fgc=ZhXbp5MLj\K"MZlZlMLc=Z@f`•_€j\X

td~cYŽ)Lj\MLjML­];f`]LMLK"MLc=Z^tYMDXHpJjl_€pJj\d&LZ;XHtYašXlVYX[Z\ILK"M.„`~_`”{f`E¨WZ\ML~•MDX¼€a{M1f‹ZlZlMLd~„`cƒfg”Jd~•d•Z.MLZnM¡YdeX[Z\MLc{]LM.t*D¼€a{d•~d•”{jlMDXL™

¬MLaY¡Z\a{tYM;XtJM]Lf`XHK"_€c€Z\jlM;c=ZH~M.pƒ_`ZlM;c€Z\d•M;tYM]LMZ˜Z\MfgpJp{jl_Y]hGJM€™

+uÄ ˆ;‡  Œ , ‡  jDX˜MDfga „#Lc{d~¼=aJM€¨Yd•c{]L•aƒX˜d~_`c{XtJd’®!Lj\MLc=Zld~ML~~M;X;¨JK"_WtJaJ~f`jld•Z€¨Jfgc{f`•VYXlMQ]L_`K"p5_€Xld’Z\d•_€cJcJML~~M`¨Zhf‹ZhXtMD¼=aJd•~d~”JjlM€¨

fgZ˜ZlM;d•„€c{fg”{d•~d’Z

(6)

: ;

b0o- )k

<

À>=/À

ˆ?©Œ¹‰

À>@

,EŠYˆ

Ä ‰ ÁA=/À

ˆ

ÃbÄ

‰B¯‡DC

i¦j\_gZlM;d•cƒXœŽaJ’‘ƒ¬fGWaJ„`MrcWaJK”5MLj@_gŽQŽaJc{]Z\d•_€c{Xd~c¹fgcWV~d•}Wd~cJ„_`j\„€fgc{d~XlKr™ºq^cWV

pJj\_gZ\MLd~cd~X›MLcƒ]_YtYM;t"”WV"f1„`M;cJM`™/³´c“_€j\tYM;j¤Zl_pJjl_YtYaƒ]MZ\GJM^pJj\_gZ\MLd~c¯¨€ZlGJM^]L_`j\jlMDX˜p5_`cƒtYd•c{„1„`MLc{MnG{f`X¦Zl_”5M&28E,F2 GHHHd~c=Zl_

K"M;X\XlMLcJ„€MLj1sI^q'µ©KsI^qQ·¨žG{d~]hGd~XQZ\GJMLcJ280KHZ\_š_`”YZhfgd~c—Z\GJM"pJj\_gZlM;d•cMLYzN ™FHGJd~XpJjl_YtYaƒ]Zld~_`cK"M;]hG{f`cJdeX˜K'deX

j\ML„€aJ~fgZlMDt@”WVZ\GJM]_€c{]M;c€Z\j\fgZld~_`c _gŽp{jl_`ZlMLd~c{X;¨YžGJde]hG];fgcO,5 PK_€jQ >R> G »Z\GJM1pJj\_WtJa{]Z\d•_€c¯¨YM`™„{™¤”WV“”Jd~c{tYd~cJ„œZl_"Z\GJM

„€MLcJMf`c{t9tYdeX\fg”J~d•c{„"Zljhfgc{X\]j\d•pJZld~_`c¯™nq(ZnZ\GJMbX\fgK"M1Z\d•K"M€¨ƒpJj\_gZ\MLd~c{X^f`jlMS12THg™¬FHGJM”5MLGƒf¥}=d~_`j^_gŽ¦f“„€MLcJMLZlde]1cJMZ[ž(_`j\Ÿ

];fgcr”ƒM.K"_YtYML~M;t”WV@fXlVYX[Z\MLK _`Ž/tYd•®5M;jlM;c=Zldefg¯MD¼€aƒf‹Zld~_`cƒX›_`ŽZ\GJM.Ž_`j\K

˙

x = f (x, u) − g(x, u)x

µ[zD·

žGJM;jlMVU d~X¤f¬}`MD]Zl_€jo_gŽ{pJj\_gZ\MLd~cœ]L_`c{]LMLc=Zljhf‹Z\d•_€c{XjlM;pJjlMDX˜M;c=Zld~cJ„nZ\GJM]aJj\jlM;c=ZoX˜Z\fgZlM`¨ d~X¤f¬}`MD]Zl_€jo_gŽW ./J]_€c{]M;c=Zljhf‹Zld~_`cƒXL¨

f`c{tYXkfgcƒtZ@šK"_YtYM;»ZlGJM1p{jl_YtYa{]Zld~_`cj\fgZlMDXL¨Jf`c{t tJML„`jhf`t{f‹Zld~_`c j\fgZlMDXL¨Yj\M;XlpƒMD]Z\d•}€ML~V[L•z9N™¦FHGJMtYVWc{fgK"de]LXH_`ŽZ\GJM1pJj\_gZlM;d•c

]L_`c{]LMLc=Zljhf‹Z\d•_€c{X/d~XZlGWa{XktYM‘{c{M;tb”=Vbf^j\ML„€aJ~fgZl_€jlV.cJMLZ[ž›_€jlŸ1žGJde]hGaƒX˜a{f`•~VM;c{]_€Kœpƒf`X\X˜MDXfQKa{’Z\d’Z\a{tYM_gŽ5GJd~„`GJ~V]_€K"pJ•ML¡

ŽM;M;tY”{f€]hŸš•_W_€p{XL™.¢(MLd~cJ„rfg”J~MZ\_f`c{fg~VW£LMd•Z\X.X˜Zlj\a{]Z\aJj\Mbfgcƒtš”ƒM;G{f¥}Wd•_€j¬deX.]j\a{]defgŽ_`jQaJc{tJMLjhX[Zhfgc{tYd~cJ„@ZlGJMbŽaJc{]Zld~_`c{XQ_gŽ

Z\GJM1pJj\_gZlM;d•cƒXfgc{t ZlG{MLd~jd•c=ZlM;j\f€]Z\d•_€c{XL™

+uÄ Å À ,?=\@–à ?ˆ^]`_a?À Œ À=à ?©‡ À ,?=À ŠY‰9Åb?dc À ‰ À>= ˆ^?EŠ, À>e /ŠYˆ^? Äf= ‡C FHGJMf`pJpJj\_€f`]hGš_`Ž"L~z^9N¦]L_`c{Xld~tJMLjhX¬f`cf`”{X[Z\j\f€]Z\d•_€c

_`Ž»ZlGJMQ]_`c=Z\d•cWaJ_€a{X¦X˜Z\f‹Z\M^Xlp{f`]LMnd•c=Z\_fXlMZk_`Ž¼=a{fg~d’Zhf‹Z\d•}€MnX[Zhf‹ZlMDXL¨=d~c“M;f€]hGœ_`Ž¯žGJde]hG9µ[zD·¦d~X›fgpJp{jl_¥¡Yd~K"fgZlMDtbžd•ZlG fX˜VYX˜ZlM;K

_`Žk•d~cJMDfgj¬tJd’®?MLj\MLc=ZldefgoMD¼€aƒf‹Zld~_`cƒXL™QPš_`j\MpJj\M;]Ld~XlML~V`¨ƒZlG{MœX˜Z\fgZlMbXlp{f€]M_`Ž¦ML}€MLj\V }‹fgj\defg”J~M

x i

deXQp{fgjlZld•Zld~_`cJMDtšd~c€Z\_ f X˜MLZ¬_gŽ

d~c=ZlMLj\}‹fgeX

D r i = {[0, θ 1 i )} ∪ {(θ j i , θ i j+1 ) | 1 6 j < p i } ∪ {(θ p i i , max i ]}

f`c{tšf“XlMZ^_`ŽZ\GJjlMDX˜G{_`etr}¥f`•a{M;X

D i s = {θ j i | 1 6 j 6 p i }

¨ƒžGJMLj\M

θ i j < θ j+1 i

Ž_€j

1 6 j 6 p i

™ MLZ

D i = D r i ∪ D i s

™FHGJM

„€•_€”{fg=X[Zhf‹ZlM(X˜pƒf`]Mkd~XZlGWa{Xp{fgjlZld•Zld~_`c{M;t1d~c=Zl_gDh

D = D 1 ×D 2 ×...×D n

™FHG{M›tY_€K"f`d•cƒXd~c

D r = D 1 r ×D 2 r ×...×D r n

f`jlM1]Lf`•~M;ti281./0K2$.tY_`Kf`d•c{X;¨WZlG{MtY_`Kfgd~c{X

D s = D r D r

f`jlM1];fg~•MDt[4j K,TR/ Sh ™

³´c¹j\ML„€aJ~fgZl_€jlV–tJ_`Kfgd~c{X

D ∈ D r

¨HZlG{M—]_€c{]M;c€Z\j\fgZld~_`c¸}‹fgj\d•MDX“f`];]_`jhtYd~cJ„Zl_°Z\GJM—jhf‹Z\d•_°_`Ž1pJjl_YtYaƒ]Zld~_`cºjhf‹Z\M9fgc{t tYM;„`jhf`tJfgZld~_`c j\fgZlM`ª

˙

x = µ D − ν D x

µ«`·

žd•ZlGrM;¼=aJd~~d•”Jj\d~aJK,X˜Z\fgZlM

φ

Xla{]hG ZlG{fgZ

φ i (D) = µ D iD i

³Ž

φ(D) ∈ D

ZlGJM;c“Z\GJM1X˜VYX˜ZlMLKX(X[Zhf¥VYX¦d~c

D

¨Y_`ZlGJM;jlždeX˜M¬d’ZHML}€MLc=Zlaƒfg~•Vœ•MDf¥}`MDX

D

f`c{t“M;c=ZlMLjhX(fgc f€t¥m˜f`]LMLc=Z(Xlžd•Z\]hGJd~cJ„

tY_€Kfgd~c¯™H³´c9X˜žd•Z\]hGJd~cJ„“tY_€Kfgd~c{XL¨{ZlGJMML}`_€•aJZld~_`cr_gŽoZlG{MX˜VYX˜ZlM;K½];fgcJcJ_`Zn”ƒMœ]_€Kœp{aYZlMDtrd•crZ\GJMX\fgK"MžHf¥V`¨{Xld•cƒ]M

µ

fgc{t

ν

f`jlM.cJ_`ZntYM‘{c{M;t ZlGJM;jlM€™¦q X˜_€•aYZ\d•_€c@Z\_"ZlGJdeXHpJj\_`”J~MLK#d~XHZ\GJM.a{XlM1_gŽ/tJd’®?MLj\MLc=Zldefg»d~c{]L•a{Xld~_`c{Xf€XHpJjl_€pƒ_=X˜MDt“”WV@§/d~•d~pJp5_‹}

L~z;N™ ¬MLp5MLc{tYd~cJ„_€c–Z\GJMš”5MLG{f¥}Wd~_`j"d•c¸Z\GJM9f`t¥m˜f€]M;c€Zj\ML„€aJ~fgZl_€jlV°tY_€K"f`d•cƒXL¨HX˜žd•Z\]hG{d•cJ„°tY_€Kfgd~c{Xfgj\M M;d’Z\GJMLj ]j\_€X\X˜MDt

d~c{X˜Z\fgc=ZhfgcJM;_`a{Xl•V€¨Y_`j(ZlG{MX˜VYX˜ZlMLK,Kf¥V“X[Zhf¥V“d•cZ\GJMX˜žd•Z\]hG{d•cJ„tY_€Kfgd~c@Ž_€jnX˜_€KœMQZ\d•K"M`™

FHGJMr]_€c=Zld~c=a{_`a{XbK"_WtJML_gŽœµ[z;·œ]Lf`c–”5M]L_`c{XlMLj\}‹f‹Z\d•}€ML~Vf`pJpJj\_¥¡Yd•Kf‹Z\M;t”WVftYd~X\]j\MZ\M@Z\j\f`c{Xld’Z\d•_€c–X˜VYX˜ZlM;K _`cZ\GJM

XlMZ_`Ž(¼=a{fg~d•Z\f‹Z\d•}€MœX˜Z\fgZlMDX

D

L~z^9N™¢(V9M¡YpJ~_`j\d•c{„@Z\GJd~XQZ\j\f`c{Xld’Z\d•_€cXlVYX[Z\MLK²d•Z1d~X.p5_€X\X˜d~”J~MœZl_šX˜d~Ka{~fgZlMœZlGJM"”5MLG{f¥}Wd~_`j._gŽ

Z\GJMaJcƒtYMLj\•VWd~cJ„“„€MLcJMLZlde]1cJMZ[ž(_`j\ŸkL•z€zN«¨5_`j^}`MLj\d•ŽV pJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;X^•d~Ÿ`M”Jd~X˜Z\f`”Jd~•d•Z[ViL9N™ml^_‹ž›M;}`MLjD¨YZ\GJd~X¬K"MZ\GJ_Ytšd~X¬]aJj\j\MLc=Zl~V

~d•K"d•ZlMDt—”WVrZlG{MbML¡Wp5_`c{MLc=Zldefgo„`j\_‹žHZlGš_`Ž¦ZlG{MbZ\j\f`c{Xld’Z\d•_€c—X˜VYX˜ZlM;K'žd’Z\G9ZlG{MœcWaJKb”ƒM;j¬_`ŽkpJj\_gZ\MLd~c{XL™TYd•c{]LMbp{jl_€pƒM;j˜Z\d•MDX¬f`jlM

f`c{fg~VW£LM;t ”WV9MLcWaJK"M;j\fgZld~}`ML~VrM¡YpJ~_`j\d•c{„@Z\GJM“X[Zhf‹Z\M"Xlp{f€]MœŽjl_€K²fgcd•c{d’Z\d~f`kX[Zhf‹Z\M`¨X˜Z\fgZlM;XQZ\G{f‹Zf`jlM"cJ_`Z.j\M;f€]hG{fg”{•MbŽjl_€K

Z\GJM1d•c{d’Z\d~f`X[Zhf‹Z\M.f`jlM.cJ_`ZZ\f`Ÿ`MLc d•c=Z\_“f`]L]L_`aJc=ZD™

+uÄ Å ,©ŠY‰?©ˆÁ Š = Å°Œ Ä n_ Ä ‡?ˆ?Ä= Š ,»Š = Š ,Á ‡?©‡DC FHG{Md•c=Zlj\d~c{X˜de]H]_€Kœp{•ML¡Wd•Z[V_`Ž5d~c=ZlMLjhf`]Zld~_`c{X/”5MZ[ž(MLM;cœ„€MLcJMDXL¨`pJjl_`ZlM;d•c{X;¨

K"MZhfg”5_`~d~XlK fgc{t_gZlG{MLjXlaJ”{XlVYX[Z\MLKX/]_`cƒX˜detYMLj\M;t.d~cXlVYX[Z\MLKX”{d•_€•_€„`V`¨DG{f€X¯j\M;]M;c=Zl~V¬~M;tjlMDX˜MDfgjh]hGJMLjhX5Zl_^X˜ZlaƒtYV.ZlGJM›c{f‹Z\aJjhfg

K"_YtYaJefgj\d’Z[V"_`Žd•c=Z\MLjhf`]Z\d•_€c{Xkf`c{t"Z\_bj\MFo{MD]Z(d’ZHd•c@ZlGJM;d•jHK"_YtYMLeX;¨WXl_bf€X¦Z\_”5MQf`”J~MnZl_œpJj\_‹}Wd~tYM^Kœ_€jlM¬M­“]d~MLc=Zfg~„`_€jld•ZlGJKX

L9N ™

N›_€Kœp5_€Xld•Zld~_`c{f`ƒfgcƒfg~VWXldeX¤K"M;fgcƒX¦Z\G{f‹Z›ZlGJMQ”ƒM;G{f¥}Wd•_€j¦_gŽfbX˜VYX˜ZlM;K ]L_`c{XldeX[Z\d•cJ„_gŽtYd•®5M;jlM;c=Z(]_€K"pƒ_€cJMLc=Z\X¬µd~c@_€aJj›];f`XlM`¨

pJj\_gZ\MLd~c{X¬_`j¬XlMZhX^_`ŽkpJj\_gZ\MLd~c{X\·d~X.fgcƒfg~V=£;M;tr”WVrM¡JfgK"d~cJd~cJ„ZlG{Mb”5MLG{f¥}Wd~_`j¬_gŽ¤ZlG{Mœ]L_`K"pƒ_€cJMLc=ZhX¬f`c{tšGJ_‹ž ZlG{MLVšd~c€Z\MLjhf`]Z;¨

jhf‹Z\GJMLj1Z\G{fgc”WVfgc{f`•VW£Ld~cJ„ZlG{M“”ƒM;G{f¥}Wd•_€j1_gŽ(ZlGJM@_‹}`MLjhfg~¤X˜VYX˜ZlM;K™rs_€aJ„`GJ~V Xlp5M;fgŸWd~cJ„{¨ZlGJM ]_`K"p5_€Xld’Z\d•_€c{fg¦f`pJpJj\_€f€]hG

_€cJ•VG{f€X.Zl_9tYMDfg›žd’Z\GZlGJM@XlaJK+_gŽ(ZlGJM X[Zhf‹ZlM X˜p{f€]MDX._gŽHZlGJM ]_`K"p5_`cJM;c=Z\XQR žGJd~]hGdeXa{Xla{f`•~V—Kba{]hG°X˜Kfg~~MLj1Z\G{fgc

Z\GJM1X[Zhf‹ZlM1Xlp{f`]LM¬_`Ž¯ZlG{MQžG{_`~M.XlVYX[Z\MLK R ¨JX˜aƒ]hG“ZlGƒf‹Zd’Zn];fgc”ƒM.K"_`j\M^ML­]Ld•M;c=Z(Z\G{fgccJ_€cY± ]L_`K"p5_€Xld’Z\d•_€c{fg?fgc{f`•VYXld~X;¨Wfgc{t

X\]Lf`•MQ”ƒMLZ˜Z\MLjD™/³ZhXtY_‹žc{Xld~tJM^deXkZ\GJMQ•_=XlX(_gŽd•cYŽ_€jlKfgZld~_`c@tYa{M^Z\_œf`”{X[Z\j\f€]Z\d•_€c¯¨€žG{d~]hG K"f¥V~M;f€t"Zl_œ~M;X\X(f€]L]LaJj\fgZlM¬jlMDX˜aJ•Z\X;™

q pJj\M;]_€c{tYd•Zld~_`cšŽ_€j1]_`K"p5_€Xld’Z\d•_€c{fg/fg~„`_€jld•ZlGJKX^Zl_ ”ƒMfgp{pJ•de]Lf`”J~M`¨?d~X¬Z\G{f‹ZQZlGJMœK"_YtYMLo”5MœX˜Zlj\a{]Z\aJj\M;t»™1FHGJM;jlMLŽ_`j\M`¨

Z\GJd~X@p{fgp5MLj“f€]Z\a{fg~•V tYM;f`~Xžd•ZlG¸Z[ž(_°tYd’®?MLj\MLc=Z“deXlXlaJMDXLªšK"_YtYML~d~cJ„°„`M;cJMZ\d~]j\ML„`a{~fgZl_`j\V°cJMLZ[ž›_€jlŸYXœd•c¾fK"_YtYaJefgjV€MZ

Ž©f`d’Z\GYŽaJ/K"f`cJcJM;j;¨{f`c{tš]_€K"pƒ_=X˜d•Zld~_`c{f`•~V@f`c{fg~VW£Ld~cJ„"ZlGJM”ƒM;G{f¥}Wd•_€j_gŽoZlGJMKœ_YtYM;E™qpMpJj\_`p5_€XlM.f“Kœ_YtYM;•d~cJ„"ŽjhfgK"MLž(_`j\Ÿ

Ž_€jk„`M;cJMZ\d~]njlM;„`aJef‹Z\_`j\VcJMZ[ž(_`j\ŸYXL™/FHGJM^tYd•®?MLj\MLc=Z›]_€K"pƒ_€cJMLc=Z\Xk_gŽ?ZlG{M^X˜VYX˜ZlM;K½µ©pJjl_`ZlM;d•c{Xk_`jkXlMZhX¦pJj\_gZ\MLd~c{Xh·¤fgc{tœZ\GJMnžHf¥V

(7)

Z\GJMLV"]_€c{X[Z\j\f`d•cbM;f€]hGœ_`ZlGJM;j;¨€fgj\M(K"_YtYM;•MDtœXlMLpƒfgjhf‹ZlM;•Vbfgc{tbK"_WtJaJ~f`jl~V`™oFHGJM}€MLj\d’‘ƒ];f‹Z\d•_€cœf`•„€_`j\d’Z\GJKX/f`jlM]L_`K"pƒ_=X˜d•Zld~_`cƒfg

d~c@Z\GJM1X˜M;c{XlM¬Z\G{f‹ZHZ\GJMLV}€MLj\d’ŽV~_Y]Lfg?pJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;X(_€c@Z\GJM.d•c{tJd•}WdetYa{fg»]L_`K"pƒ_€cJMLc=ZhXL™¦TWaY­“]Ld•M;c€Zn]L_`c{tYd•Zld~_`cƒXH_`c“Z\GJM;XlM.•_Y];fg

pJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;X›fgc{t“_`c"ZlG{MQ]L_`c{X˜Zljhfgd~c=Z\X¤”5MZ[ž(MLM;cZlGJMQ]_€Kœp5_`c{MLc=Z\X¦ZlGJM;c fg~~_‹ž–Z\_M­“]Ld•M;c€Z\•V"d~cYŽMLj(pJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;Xk_gŽ?ZlGJMQžGJ_€•M

XlVYX[Z\MLKr¨{Xla{]hGf€XHjlMDf`]hG{f`”Jd~•d•Z[V_`j(ZlG{M1M¡Yd~X˜ZlM;c{]M._`Ž/MD¼€a{d•~d•”{jld~aJK,X˜Z\fgZlMDXL™

À ,EŠYˆ

À Å ÃÄ

‰BjC

¢(VcJ_‹ž ZlGJM;jlM@d~Xbfš~f`jl„€McWaJK”5MLjœ_gŽnfgp{pJjl_=f`]hGJMDXQZl_ Kœ_YtYM;›f`c{tfgcƒfg~VWXlM„`M;cJMZ\d~]“cJMZ[ž(_`j\ŸYXL™šq

„€_=_Yt_‹}`MLj\}Wd•M;žd~X/„`d~}`M;cd~cZ\GJMHX˜aJj\}`M;V._gŽ\L~z;yN«™oFHGJM(Kœ_YtYM;•d~cJ„.fgpJp{jl_=f`]hGJMDXf`tJ_`pYZ¤tYd•®5M;jlM;c€Z¤Kf‹Z\GJMLKfgZlde]Lfg€ŽjhfgK"MLž(_`j\ŸYXL¨

žGJde]hGœ}¥f`jlV.d~cbML¡YpJjlMDXlXld~}`MLc{M;X\Xfgcƒt1ZlG{MHf¥}‹f`d•efg”Jd~~d’Z[V1fgcƒtM­“]Ld•M;c{]V_`Ž{}`M;jld•‘ƒ];f‹Zld~_`cbfg~„`_`j\d•ZlGJKX;™Pš_€X˜Zo_gŽ{Z\GJMfg~„`_€jld•ZlGJKX

oƒf‹ZlZlM;c—ZlG{M K"_YtYML1f`c{t¾ž(_`j\Ÿ _€c¾Z\GJM „€•_€”{fg.X˜Z\f‹Z\MXlp{f€]M`¨^žd’Z\GJ_`aYZš]_€K"pJaYZ\fgZld~_`c{f`•~V¸Z\f`Ÿ=d~cJ„ºf`tY}‹f`c€Zhfg„€M9_gŽZ\GJM

K"_YtYaJefgj\d’Z[V@_gŽ/ZlGJM1pJj\_`”{•M;K™

FHGJM;jlM"deXfrždetYM}‹fgj\d•MLZ[V—_gŽHK"_YtYML~d•c{„9fgpJpJj\_€f€]hGJM;X¬”{f€X˜MDt _€c°tYd’®?MLj\MLc=Z\d~f`¦M;¼=a{fgZld~_`c{X;™*ln_‹ž(ML}€MLjD¨X˜d~Ka{~fgZld~_`cfgc{t

}€MLj\d’‘ƒ];f‹Z\d•_€c _`ŽQZ\GJM9]_€c=Zld~c=a{_`a{XK"_YtYM;^]Lf`c¸”5M9ML¡Wp5MLcƒX˜d~}`M€¨Hf`c{t¸KfgcWV–pJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;Xf`jlMšc{_gZ“ML}€MLc¹tYMD]detJfg”J~Mšd~cºZlGJdeX

ŽjhfgK"MLž(_`j\Ÿ?™ FHGJMLj\MŽ_€jlM€¨^XlML}`M;j\f`¬žHf¥VYX“G{f¥}€M ”5MLM;c&d~cW}`M;X˜Zld~„€fgZlMDtºZl_¹tYdeXl]LjlMLZld~£LM—ZlGJM°]_€c=Zld~c=a{_`a{X K"_WtJMLtYML‘{cJM;t&”WV

tYd•®?MLj\MLc=Zldefg.M;¼=a{fgZld~_`c{XžGJd~~Mp{jlMDX˜M;jl}Wd~cJ„”5MLG{f¥}Wd~_`jhfgQpJjl_€pƒM;j˜Z\d•MDXL~zN«¨.fgc{t K"_`j\M XlpƒMD]d•‘ƒ]Lf`•~V¾Xl_`aJc{tJcJM;X\XkL•z9Nfgc{t

j\M;f€]hG{fg”Jd~~d’Z[VhL N™qLNJa{XlM;Xop{jlMDtYd~];f‹Z\MHf`”{X˜Zljhf`]Z\d•_€cZ\_.f`aYZl_€Kf‹Zlde]Lf`•~V.‘{c{tœf.]_€c{X˜M;jl}‹fgZld~}`MHfgpJpJj\_¥¡Yd•KfgZld~_`c_`Žƒj\M;f`]hGƒfg”Jd~•d•Z[V

d~cšfb~d~cJM;f`jG=VW”Jj\det XlVYX[Z\MLKr™

³´c_`jhtYMLj(Z\_“tYM;f`»žd’Z\Gr]L_`K"pJ~M¡@c{MZ[ž(_`j\ŸWX;¨=d’ZnKf¥V“”5Mfœ„`_W_Yt@]hGJ_€d~]LM¬Z\_]hG{fgcJ„€M¬p{jlMD]deX˜d~_`crfg„=fgd~c{X[ZHM­“]Ld•M;c{]V€¨Jfgc{t

tYd~j\M;]Z\•V—Kœ_YtYM;¦„`M;cJMZ\d~]œcJMLZ[ž›_€jlŸYXQd~cfrtYdeXl]LjlMLZlMœŽjhfgK"MLž(_`j\Ÿ?¨¯X˜a{]hGf`X.XlVYX[Z\MLKX._gŽHtYd~X\]j\MZ\MYL{¨gyNk_€j1¢›_W_€•MDfgc LxJ¨ N

ŽaJcƒ]Zld~_`cƒXL¨J_€jjla{•ML±«”{f€X˜MDtŽ_€jlKfg~deX˜KXH~d•Ÿ€M¬Z\MLj\K j\MLžj\d’Z\d•cJ„XlVYX[Z\MLKX L•z ¨¯z¥wN«™

‰

@ Š =

?€ŠYˆ^?

Äf= ÄfX

ˆ^]

À

_/Š/_

À

‰>C

³´c TYM;]Z\d•_€c W¨?ž(Md•c=Z\jl_YtYa{]LMZ\GJMK"_YtYML~d~cJ„ŽjhfgK"MLž(_`j\Ÿ?™^T=Z\f`j˜Z\d•cJ„“Žjl_€K,Z\GJMb¼=a{f`•d•±

Zhf‹Zld~}`MQK"_YtYML»_`Ž L~z^9N¨Yž›M.XlGJ_‹ž¾X˜G{_‹ž¾GJ_‹ž&fb„`M;cJMZ\d~]¬cJMZ[ž(_`j\Ÿ]Lf`c@”5MQK"_YtYM;•MDt@d~c fœK"_YtYaJefgj(ž(f¥Vd~c@_€aJj(Žj\f`KœM;ž›_€jlŸ?¨

f`c{t—]L_`K"p{fgj\M”5_gZ\G K"_YtYM;~X;™TWM;]Zld~_`c 9“pJj\M;XlMLc=ZhXQXlVWK”5_`~d~]}`M;jld•‘ƒ]LfgZld~_`c—f`•„€_`j\d’Z\GJKXnZ\G{f‹Z.M¡YpJ~_`d•ZQZlGJM"K"_YtYaJefgj\d’Z[Vr_gŽ

Z\GJM1K"_WtJML«™kTWM;]Zld~_`c d•~•aƒX[Z\j\fgZlM;XH_€aJjj\M;XlaJ’ZhXHžd’Z\GZ[ž›_"]Lf€X˜M1X˜Zla{tYd~M;X;¨{f`c{tTYM;]Z\d•_€c9wb]L_`c{]L•aƒtYM;X;™

  br

! "$#%'&(*)+*%,#.-&(/0$#%

³´c ZlGJM.Ž_€•~_‹žd~cJ„{¨Wž(M¬pJj\M;XlMLc=Zf"X˜d~K"pJ•d•‘{MDt@}€MLjhX˜d~_`c _gŽ¯Z\GJM]_€Kœp5_`c{MLc=Z(K"_YtYM;¯f`tY_€pYZlMDt@d~ciL~z1N«™¦§{_`jf"X˜MLZH_`Ž}‹fgj\defg”J~M;X

X

¨Y~MZ*2'tJMLcJ_`ZlM.ZlG{M.XlMZn_`Ž/}‹f`•a{fgZld~_`c{X(_`Ž

X

¨Jf`c{t •MLZ

P (X) = 2 X

”ƒM.Z\GJMX˜MLZ_gŽopJjlMDtYde]Lf‹Z\M;XH_€c32—™

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=87:90; ‰‹Š = ‡?ˆ^? Äf= ‡ Á ‡Lˆ À =< Z\j\f`c{Xld’Z\d•_€cXlVYX[Z\MLK

B

%&*.

(X, A, A c , G, F)

4\RE28

• X

%&*>f 1QFq'QP2 G0F@?

• A

%A> KSg('[D,F @B ./ ('Y46n %DC F5

A u

A c

B&RY[('SdREa{c{]_€c€Z\jl_€•efg”{•M ]_`c=Z\jl_€•efg”J~M , E@B62TT, P$?

• G : A → P (X)

T,F 1F 4j dRP2$ ,5 i 5H„`a{f`j\tkT, 'H$ Z4\RFiR D,F O,Hi,H,F./2@?

• F : A → X → X

H^, K 4j dRiFPF2$ D,F i HZ\j\f`c{X˜d•Zld~_`c ŽaJc{]Zld~_`c E

F^c{]_€c€Z\jl_€•efg”{•M@f€]Z\d•_€c{Xf`jlM“aƒX˜MDt°Zl_ jlM;pJj\M;XlMLc=Zd~cJpJaYZ"ML}€MLc=Z\XZlG{fgZ"];fgcJcJ_`Zb”5M“Z\jld~„`„€MLj\M;tcJ_€jpJj\ML}€MLc=ZlMDt°”WV Z\GJM

K"_YtYML~M;trXlVYX[Z\MLKr™¦§J_€jn]_`cW}€MLcJd~MLc{]LM`¨Wž(MQžj\d•ZlM

G a

f`c{t

F a

Ž_€j

G(a)

fgc{t

F (a)

¨ƒjlMDX˜p5M;]Zld~}`ML~V`™

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=HGI9KJ¯À Š = ˆ^?©Œ€‡ ÄX Š ˆL‰‹Š = ‡^?©ˆ^?Äf= ‡ Á ‡Lˆ À =< 52TE $1

B = (X, A, A c

B

G, F )

L>Fq›Z\j\f`cY±

Xld’Z\d•_€crjlM;~fgZld~_`c

→: X × A × X

.,HRYdRENM

∀x, x 0 ∈ X ∀a ∈ A . x → a x 0 ⇐⇒ G a (x) ∧ x 0 = F a (x)

E

OšÄ ˆ;ŠYˆ?Ä= ‡€ f`XHa{Xla{f`E¨ƒž›M1žj\d’Z\M

x → x 0

Ž_`j

∃a ∈ A . x → a x 0

¨ƒf`c{t

Ž_€jZlG{M1Zljhfgc{Xld•Zld~}`M1fgc{tj\MFo{ML¡Yd•}€M.]L•_=X˜a{jlM _`Ž

™QPQd•}€MLc

B = (X, A, A c , G, F)

¨=fgcf`]Zld~_`c

a ∈ A

d~X+2TTD,TRG0oŽj\_`K X˜_€K"MHX˜Z\fgZlM+Ud’Ž

∃x 0 , x 00 . x → x 0 ∧x 0a x 00

™

pM1jlM;pJj\M;XlMLc=Z”=V

G(B)

Z\GJM1tYdeXm[aJcƒ]Zld~_`cr_`Ž/d•Z\X„€a{fgjhtJX;¨=ZlG{fgZnd~X

G(B ) = W

a∈A G a

™

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=IRH90S ‰ À Å À Œ À ‡D‡ Ä ‰‹‡< )V P 28H Y$KF

B = (X, A, A c , G, F )

m28H ,H1

P ∈ P(X)

BbdRE

pJj\M;tJM;]MDXlXl_`jhXZ'

P

G$iD,F

a

% dRE 28H ,T1

pre a (P ) = G a ∧ P[F a (X )/X]

4\RF2T

P[F a (X )/X]

%SDGFK #H

'H28

P

G$h./ 'F2 .GF5 ./5 i('

X

G$

F a (X)

E

N›~M;f`jl~V`¨

pre a (P )

]hGƒfgjhf`]Z\MLj\d•£;M;X(fg~?ZlGJMX˜Z\fgZlMDX(Žjl_€K žGJde]hGML¡YM;]aJZld~_`c_gŽ

a

•MDf`tJX(Z\_“X˜_€K"M.X˜Z\fgZlM1X\f‹ZldeX˜ŽV=d~cJ„

P

™

(8)

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä= 9bÄf= ˆ;‰ Ä ,,EŠY† ,À _‰ À Å À Œ À ‡;‡ Ä ‰‹‡ < )V P

B = (X, A, A c , G, F )

#

P ∈ P(X )

BjdRE+28H ,H1

pre

c(P) = W

a∈A c pre a (P) ∧ ¬ W

a∈A u pre a (¬P )

,HRE28,KF2 F&Rn]L_`c=Zlj\_`~~f`”J~M¬pJj\M;tJM;]MDXlXl_`jhX& '

P

i#QK1 E

\F

pre

c 0 (P ) = P

B"

pre

c i+1 (P ) = pre

c pre

c i (P )

GH dREZ,T28G0 #28HH,HH2H*('

P i > 0

K1 E

\F j-

(P)

GHZdRE 0H F./ ('

Y = P ∪ pre

c(Y )

B"dRE %@B RZ,Hf52T0DGF0&#28HH,HH2HY('

P

2GF 282$ ./hGT2 (' K1 E

³´c=Zla{d’Z\d•}€ML~V`¨

P

]Lf`c ”5M1jlMDf`]hGJMDt“Žj\_`K

pre

c(P )

”WV@Xl_`K"M1]_`c=Z\jl_€•efg”J~M1f`]Zld~_`c¯¨Yd~c{tYM;pƒM;c{tYMLc=Z^_`ŽZ\GJM_Y]L]LaJjlj\MLcƒ]MQ_gŽ

aJcƒ]_`c=Z\jl_€•efg”J~M.f`]Z\d•_€c{X;™

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=I9F= ŠY‰?©Š = ˆ< )V P

B = (X, A, A c , G, F)

[ #28H ,HK

P ∈ P(X)

B

P

%hšd•cW}‹fgj\d~f`c=Z*'

B

'

P = ⇒ V

a∈A ¬pre a (¬P)

E+ "[ P2

P 6=

'F %&,T0HtJM;f`tJ•_Y]hŸ=±EŽj\MLMh '

P = ⇒ G(B)

E

pMtYM‘ƒcJM.Z[ž›__€pƒM;j\fgZld~_`c{X(_€cr]L_`K"p5_`cJM;c€ZhXLª¦]L_`K"p5_€Xld’Z\d•_€cf`c{tjlMDX[Z\jlde]Z\d•_€c¯™¦FHGJM1j\M;X˜Zlj\d~]Zld~_`c_gŽ¤fœ]L_`K"p5_`cJM;c€ZndeXnf

]L_`K"pƒ_€cJMLc=Z^f`„€fgd~c¯¨Yfgcƒt Xl_"d~XHZ\GJM]_€K"pƒ_=X˜d•Zld~_`c_gŽo]_`K"p5_`cJM;c=Z\X;™

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=H9bÄ O_ Ä ‡?ˆ?Ä= < \F

B i = (X 1 , A i , G i , F i )

B

i = 1, 2

B4j dR

X 1 ∩ X 2 = ∅

A 1 ∩ A 2 = ∅

E

B 1 kB 2

%&L>#H QdRE&52TE H$KF

(X 1 ∪ X 2 , A 1 ∪ A 2 , G 1 ∪ G 2 , F 1 ∪ F 2 )

E

FHGJdeXHdeXHZlGJMX˜Z\f`c{tJf`j\t f`XlV=cƒ]hGJjl_€cJ_`aƒXkpJj\_YtYa{]Z;™

I "%,#.- / #./0

sMDX[Z\jlde]Z\d•_€c{Xfg~~_‹ž¾Zl_]L_`c{X˜Zljhfgd~c“Z\GJM1”ƒM;G{f¥}Wd•_€jH_gŽ¤fZ\j\f`c{Xld’Z\d•_€cXlVYX[Z\MLKr™

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=I9KJ ˆDŠYˆ À Œ Ä= ‡;ˆL‰‹ŠE?= ˆ< )V P 28H $1

B = (X, A, A c , G, F)

B —X˜Z\fgZlM—]L_`c{X˜Zljhfgd~c=Z %i

#28H ,HK

P ∈ P(X )

E

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=H9 …"Œgˆ^?Äf= Œ Äf= ‡;ˆL‰‹ŠE?= ˆ < )q Pi 28H Y$KF

B = (X, A, A c , G, F )

B “f€]Z\d•_€c ]_€c{X˜Zljhfgd~c€ZQ % .0g('V28H ,H1F

V = (U a ) a∈A c

E

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=H9 @À ‡;ˆL‰?©Œ`ˆ^?Ä= < RE.j\M;X˜Zlj\de]Zld~_`cM('

B = (X, A, A c , G, F )

4j dRk*KK ,TE28 f

P

#O,5

,H528

V = (U a ) a∈A c

% dREg28 5 $1

B/(P, V ) = (X, A, A c , G 0 , F )

4\RE28V'F2 f$

a ∈ A c

B

(G a ) 0 =

G a ∧U a ∧pre a (P)

%qdRE1282 ,FKH .28 '

a B/V

E REq.28m('V./#,H280G0 ,5 E+28 *./,HRET,E

OšÄ ˆ;ŠYˆ?Ä= ‡€ pMžj\d•ZlM

B/V

Ž_`j

B/(

2.

, V )

™ MLZ

blocked(a) = G a ∧ ¬(G a ) 0

¨1fgcƒt¾~MZ

EA(x) = {a ∈ A | (G a ) 0 (x)}

”ƒM—ZlGJM X˜MLZ@_gŽf`]Zld~_`c{XZlG{fgZfgj\MšMLcƒfg”J~M;t¹fgZ U¤™ PQd•}€MLc¾f°pJj\M;tJd~];f‹ZlM

P

_€c¾fgc

n

±´tYd•K"M;c{X˜d~_`cƒfg^tY_`±

Kfgd~c

D

fgc{t

i ∈ {1, ..., n}

¨.•MLZ

inc i (P ) = P [x i − 1/x i ]

¨fgcƒt

dec i (P ) = [x i + 1/x i ]

tYMLc{_gZlMZ\GJMpJj\M;tYde]LfgZlM

P

XlGJd’ŽZ\M;t6—”WVº_`c{M—fg~_`cJ„ZlGJM

i

±EZ\G&tYd~KœM;c{Xld•_€c¯¨Zl_‹žHfgjhtJX@GJd•„€GJMLjfgc{t¾•_‹ž(MLj }¥f`•a{M;X;¨njlMDX˜p5M;]Zld~}`M;•V€™ §J_€j ML¡JfgK"pJ~M`¨

inc 1 (x 1 = 2 ∧ x 2 > 3) = (x 1 = 3 ∧ x 2 > 3)

™

q¬XœfXlpƒMD]defg]Lf€X˜M _gŽ¬f€]Zld~_`c¸]_€c{X[Z\j\f`d•c=ZD¨¤pJjld~_`j\d•Zld~M;XbG{f¥}`M ”ƒM;MLc XlGJ_‹žc°Z\_ ”5Mn,HmEFDGFHD>0,T7"!'H28Hi,H28

fP2 5L~zN™ ³´c _gZlG{MLj@ž(_`jhtJX;¨ZlG{MLV¹fg~•_‹ž½Z\_–MLcƒX˜aJj\M X\f‹ŽMLZ[VºpJjl_€pƒM;j˜Z\d•MDX“d~c f°K"_YtYaJefgjžHf¥V`¨nžGJd~~M—pJj\M;XlMLj\}Wd•cJ„

tYMDf`tY~_Y]hŸŽj\MLM;tJ_`Kr™

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=87$#I9 S ‰?Ä ‰?ˆ Á < pJj\d~_`j\d’Z[V khFV('&D,F

A = A c ∪ A u

%&h280

≺ ⊆ A c × A

E

OšÄ ˆ;ŠYˆ?Ä= ‡€ Ž_`j

A 0 ⊆ A

¨/•MLZ

A 0 /≺ = {a ∈ A 0 | ¬∃a 0 ∈ A 0 . a ≺ a 0 }

”ƒM"Z\GJM@XlMZ_gŽHKf‹¡Yd~K"f`¦f`]Zld~_`c{X.d~c

A 0

™

PQd~}`M;crXlMZhXH_gŽ¤f`]Zld~_`c{X

A 1

¨

A 2

ž›M.žj\d’Z\M

A 1 ≺ A 2

Ž_`j

∀a 1 ∈ A 1 ∀a 2 ∈ A 2 . a 1 ≺ a 2

™

q $g ,2 2 5$.deXnfbŽaJc{]Z\d•_€cšf`X\X˜_Y]def‹Z\d•c{„œfœpJj\d•_€jld•Z[Vžd•ZlGrML}€MLj\V“X[Zhf‹ZlM1_`Ž

B

™

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=87 7 9 4 Á = Š n?©ŒS_/‰?Ä ‰?©ˆ Á < #tYVWc{fgK"de]@p{jld~_`j\d’Z[V 28E 5 J$HK

B = (X

B

A, A c , G, F )

%

.0Z('"#28H ,HK #2

= (C ij ) a i ∈A c ,a j ∈A

E RES, M,HE52T L>H[G$g2@B

V (B,

2

) = (U a ) a∈A c

%

U a i = V

a j ∈A ¬(C ij ∧ G a j )

E

FHGJMp{jlMDtYd~];f‹Z\M;X

C ij

XlpƒMD]d•ŽVpJj\d•_€jld•Z[V1”5MZ[ž(MLMLcf€]Zld~_`cƒX

a i

f`c{t

a j

™/³Ž

C ij

d~X¤Zlj\aJMf‹ZkXl_`K"MX[Zhf‹ZlM€¨‹ZlG{MLc"d•cœZ\GJMnX˜VYX˜ZlM;K

j\M;X˜Zlj\d~]ZlMDt1”WVm#2»ZlG{M(f€]Zld~_`c

a i

]Lf`cJcJ_`Z”5M›ML¡WMD]aYZ\M;t1d•Ž

a j

deXM;c{fg”{•MDt»™WpM›žj\d•ZlM

C ij 7→ a i ≺ a j

Z\_^M¡YpJj\M;X\X»Z\GJM›Ž©f`]Z/ZlGƒf‹Z

a i

deXktJ_`K"d•cƒf‹ZlMDtœ”=V

a j

žGJMLc

C ij

G{_`etJXL™(PQd~}`MLc“ftYVWc{fgK"de]HpJjld~_`j\d•Z[VQ2¤f`c{tf1X[Zhf‹Z\MU¤¨€~MZ2

( x ) = {a i ≺ a j | C ij ( x )}

”5M.ZlGJM1p{jld~_`j\d’Z[V“tJM‘{cJMDt”=V*2Hf‹Z+U¤™¦q tYVWc{f`Kœde].pJj\d•_€jld•Z[VdeX 228&%+'D Pnd’Ž

C ij = ⇒ ¬C ji

Ž_`jnfg~

(a i , a j ) ∈ A c × A

™

(9)

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=87G 9 ; ‰‹Š = ‡?ˆ?5À Œ#,Ä ‡‰ À < )V P Q2 2 5$

46gDF#KgG$

+

dRE&28H Pg,0H./2T '

Eg)V P

$g , #2 2 $g2

= (C ij ) a i ∈A c ,a j ∈A

46*DF#K*G$ #2

+

dRE T"$#g ,"2 2 5$Y.,HR[dRE

∀i, j, k . C ij ∧ C jk = ⇒ C ik

E

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=87.RI9bÄ O_ Ä ‡^?©ˆ^?Ä=

ÄfX _/‰?Ä ‰?ˆ^?À ‡< RZ,H M ' 546 #2 2

1

2

%

1 ⊕ ≺ 2 =

(≺ 1 ∪ ≺ 2 ) +

E RZ,H ' 46[$g , #2 2 #2

1

#&2

2

4j dR #2

k = (C ij k ) a i ∈A c ,a j ∈A

B

k = 1, 2

B+ %

#2

1 ⊕

#2

2 = (C ij 1 ∨ C ij 2 ) a i ∈A c ,a j ∈A +

E

! "$# &(%, ) )! /0I "* #/8 # Q-%

pMnKfgŸ€M›Z[ž(_QŽaJc{tJf`K"MLc=Z\f`{tYdeX[Z\d•c{]Zld~_`c{X¦_`cf`]Zld~_`c{X¤f`c{tbZlGJM^X˜Z\fgZlM}‹fgj\defg”J~M;XZlG{MLVœKœ_YtYd•ŽV`™o§/d•jhX˜Z;¨gZ\GJMLj\MdeX¦f.p{fgjlZld•Zld~_`c

d~c=Zl_“]_€c{X˜Zljhfgd~cJM;t fgc{t aJc{]L_`c{X˜Zljhfgd~cJM;t }‹fgj\d~f`”J~M;X;™¤TYM;]_€c{t»¨Y”5_gZ\Grf`jlMQp{f`j˜Z\d’Z\d•_€cJM;tf`];]_`jhtYd~cJ„bZl_"ZlG{MLd~jn]_`c=Z\jl_€•efg”Jd~~d’Z[V€™

bÄ= ‡;ˆL‰‹ŠE?=À Å ‡DC = Œ Ä= ‡;ˆL‰‹ŠE?=À Å ŠY‰?EŠY†,À ‡C Fncƒ]_`cƒX[Z\j\f`d•cJMDt"µ_`jd•cJp{aYZh·¯}¥f`jldefg”{•MDX¯fgj\MocJ_gZXlaJ”Ym[MD]Z¯Z\_nM;¼=aJd~~d•”Jj\defJ™

FHGJM;V¾]Lf`c&”5M]L_`c{Xld~tJMLj\M;t¾f€X ]L_`c{X˜Z\f`c€Zrf`X d•c L•z¥N¨^d~c&žGJde]hG ];f`XlM9Z\GJMLV¾];fgc&”5MML~d•K"d~c{f‹Z\M;t¾”5MŽ_€jlMfgp{pJ•VWd~cJ„Z\GJM

}€MLj\d’‘ƒ];f‹Z\d•_€c fg~„`_€jld•ZlG{K"X;™ap Mf€XlXlaJK"M.GJMLj\MQZlG{fgZaJc{]_€c{X˜Zljhfgd~cJM;t }‹fgj\d~f`”J•MDX(K"f¥V@ML}`_€•}€M¬~d~Ÿ`M1]_€c{X[Z\j\f`d•c{M;t }¥f`jldefg”{•MDXL™

bÄ= ˆL‰ Ä ,,©ŠY†a?,5?ˆÁ C FHGJM›tYd~X˜Zld~c{]Zld~_`c1”5MZ[ž(MLMLc]L_`c=Zlj\_`~efg”J~M¦fgc{t.a{c{]_€c€Z\jl_€•efg”{•M¤f`]Zld~_`c{Xfg~•_‹žnX?Z\_^]_€c{Xld~tYM;j»ZlG{MkX˜VYX˜ZlM;K

f€Xfk546"!0$F2 h1”5MZ[ž(MLM;c°fn,T28F21fgcƒt9Z\GJMiP 28f «™ Fncƒ]_`c=Z\jl_€•efg”J~M"f`]Z\d•_€c{Xf`jlMœZlj\d~„`„`M;jlMDt9”WV9Z\GJM

M;c=}Wd~jl_€cJK"MLc=Z/f`c{t];fgcJcJ_`Z”5M›M;cYŽ_`jh]MDt1_`jpJjlM;}`M;c€Z\M;t1”WVQZlG{M›]_€c=Zlj\_`~•M;j;¨DžGJMLj\M;f€X]L_`c=Zlj\_`~~f`”J~Mkf`]Zld~_`c{X]Lfgc”ƒM›Zlj\d•„€„`M;jlMDt

_€jntYd~X\fg”{•MDt@”WV f"]L_`c=Zlj\_`~•M;j(Xl_f`X(Z\_“XlfgZldeX[ŽV@Xl_`K"M.pJj\_`p5MLjlZ[V9µŽ_€jd•c{X˜Z\f`c{]M€¨Jj\M;f`]hGX˜_€K"M.X˜Z\fgZlM¥·™¤³Ž/ZlGJM]L_`c=Zlj\_`~•M;j]Lfgc

X\f‹Z\d~X˜ŽVZlG{M1pJjl_€pƒM;j˜Z[V@GJ_‹ž›M;}`M;jkZ\GJM1MLcW}Wd•j\_`c{KœM;c=ZH”5MLGƒf¥}`M;X;¨Wd’ZnGƒf`XfS4j f *H2811$‹™

FHGJdeX.p{f`j˜Z\d’Z\d•_€c—deX._`jlZlGJ_€„`_`cƒfg¯Z\_ZlGJM"p{f`j˜Z\d’Z\d•_€c d~c=Zl_r]_`cƒX[Z\j\f`d•cJMDt—f`c{t—a{c{]_€c{X[Z\j\f`d•c{M;tš}‹fgj\defg”J~M;X;™&p¹GJde]hGf`]Z\d•_€c{X

f`jlM]hG{_€XlMLcZl_“”5M µ©aJcƒ·˜]_`c=Z\jl_€•efg”J~MtYM;pƒM;c{tJXn_€crZlGJMbpJj\_`p5MLjlZ[V“Zl_@”ƒMb}`MLj\d•‘{M;t»™§{_`jnd~c{X˜Z\fgcƒ]M`¨5d~cš_`jhtYMLjZ\_@fgcƒX˜ž(MLjZ\GJM

¼=aJMDX[Z\d•_€c GJ_‹ž¹Zl_"]_€c=Zlj\_`5d•cJp{aYZn]_`cƒ]MLc=Z\j\fgZld~_`c{X›d•c _`jhtYMLj›Zl_"j\M;f€]hG@X˜_€K"M¬X˜Z\f‹Z\M ¨Y_`cJ~VœZlGJM.aJcƒ]_`cƒX[Z\j\f`d•cJMDt@f€]Zld~_`cƒX›f`jlM

]L_`c{Xld~tJMLj\M;tšf`X¬]_€c€Z\jl_€•efg”{•M€™›³Ž¤Z\GJMpJj\_`”{•M;K,deXnžGJMLZlGJM;jQXl_`K"MX˜Z\fgZlMdeXnj\M;f€]hG{fg”{•MfgZ¬fg~E¨ƒZlG{MLc—f`•/f`]Z\d•_€c{X^XlGJ_€aJ~tr”5M

]L_`c{Xld~tJMLj\M;t"f`X¤]L_`c=Zlj\_`~~f`”J~M`™³Ž»ž(Mnfgj\MHd•c=ZlM;jlMDX[Z\M;tœd~cžGJMZ\GJMLjkXl_`K"MnX˜Z\fgZlMdeX¤jlMDf`]hG{f`”J~M(d~cf.GJ_€X˜Zld~~MnMLcW}Wd•j\_`c{KœM;c=Z;¨‹Z\GJMLc

ML¡Yf€]Z\•VZ\GJM1d~cJpJaYZ¬f€]Z\d•_€c{XHfgj\M¬Z\_"”ƒM]L_`c{Xld~tJMLj\M;tf`XHaJc{]L_`c=Zlj\_`~efg”J~M`™

G CR C7 S ?À Œ À=à ?©‡ À ,?=/À ŠY‰@‡ Á ‡Lˆ À ‡

4À65b=

?ˆ?

Ä=87 H9 4Ä

–ŠE?

=

‡<

E DF2 21F #28.,

θ = θ 1 × ... × θ n

4j R

θ i = {θ 1 i , ..., θ p i i }

2828H

V '(ZlGJj\M;XlGJ_`etJX BaH.,HRYdRE

0 < θ 1 i < ... < θ i p i

E W

D i r (θ) = {[0, θ i 1 )} ∪ {(θ i j , θ j+1 i ) | 1 6 j < p i } ∪ {(θ p i i , ∞)}

D s i (θ) = {θ j i | 1 6 j 6 p i }

Egmg Rm25./h

θ

4\RE* %V,0H2!'H28 dRE,Hf1'DE W

D i = D i r ∪D i s

E R

KKVED,H

IR n >0

%VdR>.>\E25 #T KtY_€K"f`d•cƒX

D = D 1 ×D 2 ×... ×D n

E RE E

D r = D r 1 ×D 2 r ×... ×D r n

28 ,H0Hj\ML„€aJ~fgZl_€jlV h @B6R Dh

D s = D r D r

28 ,H0HXlžd’Zh]hGJd~cJ„tY_`Kfgd~c{XE

4À65b=

?ˆ?

Ä=87 9 S ?À Œ À=Ã

?E‡

À

,5?

=/À

ŠY‰“‡

Á

‡;ˆ

À

=<

W

M = (X, U, Y, θ, µ, ν)

4j dR

• X = {x 1 , ..., x n }

hFV(' 28H!KP.HX˜Z\f‹Z\M.}¥f`jldefg”{•MDX&#

U, Y ⊆ X

RQq ']_`c=Z\jl_€•efg”J~M #1]_€c{X˜Zljhfgd~cJM;t

P2 G0@BV28F5H,F PF$ E Q.&R

Y = {x 1 , ..., x m }

?

• θ = θ 1 × ... × θ n

B 4j dR

θ i = {θ 1 i , ..., θ i p i }

.,TR[R

0 < θ i 1 < ... < θ p i i

BH^, KF&4j RkP2$ hFH n 28DF28H*FV('HZ\GJjlMDX˜G{_`etJX ?

• µ : D r (θ) → IR m >0

T,F 1F 4j dR[P2$*281./0K2$ Dh OhPT,K2&('Hp{jl_YtYa{]Zld~_`cj\fgZlMDX ?

• ν : D r (θ) → diag(IR m >0 )

H^, K 4j dRiFPF2$h2T./012$ h O #b 52 'Y('tJML„`jhf`t{f‹Zld~_`c j\fgZlMDX E FHGJM¬X˜MLZ

X

d~Xkp{fgjlZld•Zld~_`c{M;t"d~c€Z\_fXlMZ

U

_`Ž6,T28G0(fgc{tfXlMZ

X r U

_gŽ./#,H280G0k}¥f`jldefg”{•MDXL™³´c“f`tJtYd•Zld~_`c¨

ž(M¬XlaJpJp5_€XlM

X

Z\_”5M^p{f`j˜Z\d’Z\d•_€cJM;td~c=Zl_œfX˜MLZ

Y

_gŽ ,HH28 Hnf`c{t“fXlMZ

X r Y

_`Ž./,HH28 H_€jm #./{}‹fgj\defg”J~M;X;™

¢(_gZ\Gšp{fgjlZld•Zld~_`cƒX^fgj\M1d~c{tYMLp5MLcƒtYMLc=Z;™¬§J_`j

D ∈ D

¨5~MZ

R(D) ⊆ D r

”5M1ZlG{MbXlMZ^_`Žoj\ML„€aJef‹Zl_€jlV tY_`Kfgd~c{XnZlG{fgZ^G{f¥}`M

D

d•c

Z\GJMLd~jn”5_`aJc{t{fgj\V`¨JXla{]hG@Z\G{f‹Z

R(D) = {D}

Ž_€j

D ∈ D r

™

³´cj\ML„`a{~fgZl_`j\VštY_`Kf`d•c{X;¨¯Z\G{f‹ZdeX.Ž_€jX[Zhf‹ZlMDX

x ∈ D

Ž_€jXl_`K"M

D ∈ D r

¨ZlGJM”5MLG{f¥}Wd~_`j1_`Ž

M

d~X1„€d•}€MLc”WV–µE€·™“³´c Xlžd’Zh]hGJd~cJ„°tY_`Kfgd~c{X;¨›žG{MLj\Mµ«`·œdeX"cJ_gZ@tYML‘{cJMDt»¨(§/d~•d~pJp5_‹} L~z;N^tJM‘{cJMDX"ZlG{Mšpƒ_=XlXld•”{•Mr”5MLG{f¥}Wd~_`jhX”WVZ\GJM9tYd•®5M;jlM;c=Zldefg

d~c{]~a{Xld•_€c

˙

x ∈ H (x)

žd•ZlG

H (x) = ¯ co {µ(D 0 ) − ν(D 0 )x | D 0 ∈ R(D)}

(10)

žGJM;jlM

¯

co(E)

deX¬ZlGJMXlKfg~•MDX[Z1]~_€XlM;t9]L_`cW}`ML¡šG=VWp5MLjl±«j\M;]Z\f`cJ„`~Mb]L_`c=Z\f`d•cJd~cJ„@ZlGJMXlMZ

E

L~zDY¨¤z^9N™FHGWa{X;¨?Ž_`j

x ∈ D

Ž_`j

Xl_`K"M.jlM;„`aJef‹Z\_`j\V“tY_`Kf`d•c

D ∈ D r

¨

H(x) = {µ(D) − ν(D)x}

™

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=87$I9JÀ Š = ˆ^?EŒ`‡ < R&28 CT,K2 F '

M

28&dRE F./ E& '

x ˙ ∈ H (x)

E

p¹d•ZlGJd~cºf9j\ML„`a{~fgZl_`j\V tJ_`Kfgd~c

D

žd’Z\G

x ˙ = µ D − ν D x

¨¦ZlG{M pJj\_gZ\MLd~c–]_€c{]M;c=Zljhf‹Zld~_`cƒXML}€_`~}`MZ\_‹ž(f`j\t{XfnK2D ./ GF2 ./œ¨ƒXl_`~aYZ\d•_€c _`Ž

0 = µ D − ν D x

ª

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=87 9

φ

< 2 $

D ∈ D r

Bj0

φ(D)

1 RHZhfgj\„`MZ(M;¼=aJd~•d~”Jj\d•a{K '

D

H.,HRZdRE

φ i = µ i (D)/ν i (D)

'F2

i = 1, ..., m

1R ,H528 HhP2 DGF E

rÁ _ Ä ˆ^] À ‡^?E‡ 7 R/28.RE./*R/ % T2k46O 7nRnH./#5 dRE"'F2nf$ 281./0K2$ Dh

D

B

∃D 0

D r . φ(D) ∈ D 0

BRq %@Bq K2DV./ G2 * 4j dR> i281./012$ E@BV E

G CR CG /Š,?©ˆ;ŠYˆ?ƒÀ Ä Å À ,

³´cZlG{d~XnXlM;]Zld~_`cž›M1XlGJ_`jlZl~V“pJj\M;XlMLc=ZHZlG{M¼€aƒfg~d’Zhf‹Zld~}`MQK"_YtYML¯_`Žofœ„€d•}€MLcpJd•MD]M;žd~XlM.•d~cJM;f`jnX˜VYX˜ZlM;K¨Jf€XtYM‘ƒcJM;td~ckL~z^9N«™

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=87$I9

eq

< )q P

θ = θ 1 × ... × θ n

B46*L># #28H ,HK

eq i #

D

B

i ∈ {1, ..., n}

B

# ∈ {<, 6, >, >}

.,HRYdRE

'

x i ∈ Y

dRE

eq i # (D) ⇐⇒ _

D 0 ∈R(D)

∀x i ∈ D i 0 . φ i (D 0 )#x i

'F2

# ∈ {<, >}

Sf$

D = (D 1 , ..., D n ) ∈ D

Bq

eq 6 i = ¬eq > i

B #

eq > i = ¬eq < i

?

'

x i ∈ X r Y

RF

eq # i =

2.1E

³Z^];fgcr”ƒMbX˜M;MLcZlG{fgZZlGJMpJjlMDtYde]Lf‹Z\M;XH_€crXlžd•Z\]hGJd~cJ„“tY_€K"f`d•cƒXnfgj\M.jlMD]aJjhX˜d~}`M;•V“tJM‘{cJMDtržd’Z\GšjlMDX˜p5M;]ZHZl_“~_‹ž›M;j˜± _`jhtYM;j

Xlžd’Zh]hGJd~cJ„tY_`Kf`d•c{X;™¹³´c=ZlaJd•Zld~}`M;•V€¨(ZlGJMšpJj\M;tJd~];f‹ZlMDX

eq # i

d•c=ZlM;jlp5_`ef‹Z\M @Z\GJM9j\MLef‹Z\d•}€M p5_€Xld’Z\d•_€cº_gŽQZ\fgj\„`MLZM;¼=aJd~•d~”Jj\d~f_gŽ

Z\GJMf`t¥m˜f€]MLc=Z.jlM;„`aJef‹Z\_`j\VtJ_`Kfgd~c{X;™FHGJMœpJjlMDtYde]Lf‹Z\M;X

eq i < (D)

f`c{t

eq i > (D)

X˜p5M;]Ld’ŽVšžGJM;cXl_`K"M"f`t¥m˜f€]M;c€ZQjlM;„`aJef‹Z\_`j\V tY_€Kfgd~c G{f€XHd’ZhXM;¼=aJd~~d•”Jj\d~aJK#~MŽZn_`Ž

D i

fgcƒt@j\d•„€G=ZH_`Ž

D i

¨YjlMDX˜p5M;]Zld~}`ML~V`™

MZ

reg i

fgc{t

switch i

”ƒMbZlGJMbpJj\M;tYde]LfgZlM;XQ]hG{f`j\f€]ZlM;jld~£Ld~cJ„œZlG{Mbj\ML„€aJ~fgZl_€jlVfgc{t9Xlžd•Z\]hGJd~cJ„ tJ_`Kfgd~c{Xn_`Ž

D i

¨?j\M;XlpƒMD]±

Z\d•}€ML~V`™›§{_`j

D ∈ D

¨ƒ•MLZ

switching(D) = {x i | switch i (D)}

”ƒM.Z\GJMXlMZn_`ŽoXlžd’Zh]hGJd~cJ„}‹fgj\d~f`”J•MDXHd•c

D

™ MLZ

succ i

fgc{t

prec i

”ƒM.Z\GJMX˜aƒ]L]MDXlXl_`jHfgcƒt p{jlMDtYM;]LM;X\X˜_€jkŽaJcƒ]Zld~_`cr_€c Z\GJM1_`jhtYM;jlMDt@XlMZ_gŽ¤tY_`Kf`d•c{X

D i

™

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=87$t)V P # T,H4j %Y H2*$1

M = (X, U, Y, θ, µ, ν)

'Z E

n

B dREF. K PSh^DF

Q(M)

%mL>#T&+R+KK !K28E 5 28TR

Q(M) = (D, →)

4j Rh52TE

→⊆ D ×D

.,HR dRE

∀D, D 0 ∈ D

B

D → D 0 ⇐⇒ switching(D) ⊂ switching(D 0 ) ∧ not

tr(D)∧

^

i=1,...,n

D i 0 = prec i (D i ) ∧ eq < i (D) ∨ D 0 i = succ i (D i ) ∧ eq > i (D) ∨ D 0 i = D i

switching(D 0 ) ⊂ switching(D) ∧ not

tr(D 0 )∧

^

i=1,...,n

D i 0 = prec i (D i ) ∧ eq 6 i (D 0 ) ∨ D 0 i = succ i (D i ) ∧ eq > i (D 0 ) ∨ D 0 i = D i

4\RF28

not

tr(D) = ^

x i ∈Y

reg i (D) ∨ min

D 0 ∈R(D) φ i (D 0 ) < D i < max

D 0 ∈R(D) φ i (D 0 )

³´c=Zla{d’Z\d•}€ML~V`¨¥]_`cƒtYd’Z\d•_€c

not

tr(D)

deX¯X\f‹ZldeX˜‘{M;t.d•ŽJtY_`Kfgd~c

D

d~XcJ_gZ28E FfE¨Dd~c.ZlGJM(X˜M;c{X˜MoZ\G{f‹Zd’ZdeX¯d~c{X˜Z\f`c€ZhfgcJM;_`a{Xl~V ]Ljl_=XlXlM;t”WVfgcWV Zljhf‹m[MD]Zl_€jlV_gŽ

M

jlMDf`]hGJd~cJ„

D

™§J_€jZ\GJMr]Lf`XlM@žG{MLj\M

Y = X

¨

Q(M)

]_`j\j\M;Xlpƒ_€c{tJXML¡Jf`]Z\•V Zl_ ZlG{M

¼=a{f`•d•Z\fgZld~}`MQZljhfgc{Xld•Zld~_`c„`jhfgpJGtYM‘{c{M;td•c L~z^9N ™

(11)

G CR CR Ä O_ Ä=/À= ˆ +uÄ Å À ,©‡

pM"cJ_‹ž pJj\_`p5_€XlM1ZlGJM]L_`c{X˜Zlj\a{]Z\d•_€c9_gŽ(f“p{f`d•jQ_gŽ›]L_`K"p5_`cJM;c€Zl±«”ƒf`XlM;tšK"_YtYMLeX^Žjl_€K²f“pJd~M;]LMLždeX˜Mœ•d~cJMDfgj.X˜VYX˜ZlMLKr™1FHGJM;V

f`jlM^XlVWK”5_`~d~]`¨€d~cZ\GJMQXlMLcƒX˜MZ\G{f‹Z›ZlGJM.X˜Z\f‹Z\M^Xlp{f`]LM^fgc{t@X˜aJ”ƒX˜MLZ\XkZlGJM;jlM;_gŽ¯fgj\Mnj\MLpJj\M;XlMLc=ZlMDtf`XkpJjlMDtYde]Lf‹Z\M;X;¨€jhf‹Z\GJMLj¦ZlG{f`c“”WV

M;c=a{KœM;j\fgZld~cJ„œZlGJMX˜Z\fgZlMDXL™

S ‰ Ä _ Ä ‡?ˆ?Ä= 7

not

tr = V

i=1,...,n reg i ∨ inc i (eq i 6 ) ∧ dec i (eq > i ) ∨ eq < i ∧ eq > i

E

MZ

P(X )

tYM;cJ_gZ\MQZlGJMXlMZn_`ŽpJj\M;tYde]LfgZlMDXH_`c

X

™

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=HG #I9

C(M)

< )V P[+# H,T4j % #T2$1

M = (X, U, Y, θ, µ, ν)

Bb46QD>6"dREQ,HmEah^DF

C(M) = (

evels, A, A c , G, F ) = (B 1 kB 2 k...kB n )/V

'F04a E

• ∀i = 1, ..., n . B i = counter (D i )

B #

• V : A → P (D(θ))

.,TRR

V (B i .inc) = V i >

V (B i .dec) = V i <

4j dR

V i < =reg i ∧ not

tr ∧ eq < i

µ59€·

switch i ∧ inc i (not

tr ∧ eq 6 i )

µ ·

V i > =reg i ∧ not

tr ∧ eq > i

µ«w`·

switch i ∧ dec i (not

tr ∧ eq i > )

µE€·

4\RF28

(D i )

%&ZGT./DTZ,H./K2QD>6H

D i (θ)

G$hdRE&528E [$KF

(D i ) = {level i }, {inc i , dec i }, {G inc i = level i 6 θ p i i , G dec i = level i > θ 1 i }, {F inc i = succ i (level i ), F dec i = prec i (level i )}

4\RF2T

{inc i , dec i }

28g,H280G0 128F5 E",HE52T H *D,F '

x i ∈ U

128F5 E

x i ∈ Y

E

\F

(Q, )

GT&dRE Fh ,F '

C(M)

E

q]Zld~_`c{X

inc i

µ

dec i

·]_€jlj\M;Xlp5_`c{t Zl_fgc°d~c{]j\M;f€X˜M µ©tYMD]j\M;f`XlMD·1”=V_`c{M@_gŽHZ\GJM tYdeX\]j\MZld~£LMDt]_€c{]M;c=Zljhf‹Zld~_`c

level i

_gŽ

pJj\_gZ\MLd~c

i

™QIn_`Zlde]MbZlG{fgZQž(MœtJ_@cJ_`Z.f€XlXlaJK"MaJcƒ]_`cƒX[Z\j\f`d•cJMDtš}‹fgj\d~f`”J~M;X^Zl_@”5M]_€c{X[Zhfgc=Z;™1FHGJMœpJj\M;tYde]LfgZlMDX

V i <

fgc{t

V i >

XlpƒMD]d•ŽVžGJM;cœf¬Z\j\f`c{X˜d•Zld~_`cœtYM;]LjlM;K"MLc=Zld~cJ„

x i

f`c{td~c{]LjlM;KœM;c=Zld~cJ„

x i

¨gjlMDX˜p5M;]Zld~}`M;•V€¨‹d~XoM;c{fg”J~M;t¯™/Pš_€jlM(pJj\M;]Ld~XlML~V`¨g~d~cJM;X

(

9

)

f`c{t

(

w

)

Xlp5M;]d•ŽV.ZlGƒf‹Z/ZlGJM;jlM›d~XofZ\j\f`c{Xld’Z\d•_€c1Žjl_€K fn~_‹ž›M;j˜±_`jhtYMLj?Z\_¬f^GJd•„€GJMLjl± _`jhtYMLjXlžd•Z\]hGJd~cJ„¬tJ_`Kfgd~cd~c1ZlG{M(tYd~j\M;]Z\d•_€c_gŽ

Z\GJM^Zhfgj\„`MLZ¦M;¼=aJd~•d~”Jj\d•aJK _`Ž»ZlGJMQX˜_€aJj\]LM^tY_€K"f`d•c™ d•cJMDX

( )

fgc{t

(



)

„€d•}€MZlG{M¬]_€c{tYd•Zld~_`c{XkŽ_`jkZljhfgc{Xld•Zld~_`c{X›tYM;]LjlMDf`Xld•cJ„.Z\GJM _€j\tYM;j;ªoZ\GJMLVKaƒX[Zn”5M]_€K"p{f‹Z\d•”J~M1žd•ZlGrZlG{MjlM;~fgZld~}`M.p5_€Xld’Z\d•_€c_`ŽZ\GJM1Zhfgj\„`MZMD¼€a{d•~d•”{jld~aJK½_gŽ/ZlGJMtJM;X˜Zld~c{f‹Z\d•_€crtJ_`Kfgd~c¯™

N›_€c{tYd•Zld~_`c

not

tr

KfgŸ€M;XbX˜aJj\M“Z\G{f‹ZœZlG{MLj\M@deXbf—Zljhfgc{Xld•Zld~_`cŽj\_`K f Xlžd•Z\]hGJd~cJ„ tJ_`Kfgd~c

D ∈ D s

Z\_f—GJd~„`GJM;j˜±_`jhtYMLj Xlžd’Zh]hGJd~cJ„9tY_`Kf`d•c_`cJ~V—d•Ž

D

d~X1c{_gZ1ZljhfgcƒX˜d~MLc=Z.Ž_`jf`cWV—tYd~KœM;c{Xld•_€c/ZlGJM;jlMdeX1fZljhfgc{Xld•Zld~_`c Zl_9fr~_‹ž›M;j˜± _`jhtYMLj.tY_€K"f`d•c

D

_`cJ~Vrd’Ž

D

d~XQcJ_`Z^Z\j\f`c{X˜d~MLc=Z¬Ž_`j.fgcWVštYd•K"M;c{X˜d~_`c™ I^_gZ\d~]LMZ\G{f‹Z

V i < ∧ V i >

deXQcJ_gZ.cJM;]LM;X\Xlf`jld~~Vg'FL¨»Xld•cƒ]M"X˜žd•Z\]hGJd~cJ„

tY_€Kfgd~c{XHKf¥V“G{f¥}`MQK"_`j\MQZlG{f`c_€cJMQZ\f`jl„€MZM;¼=aJd~•d~”Jj\d•a{K™

À –ŠY‰B 7f ,H

k

% HF, P BRhGHP D>6 0HPF TiRE4`dREg$1 %gD,F.$ 2 5 HS K

,Hm5 E RES46'28 Z,HZ28ZRQH,HR

B i

%Z,HE 28Hi Y,HmLB 2*dRE

B 1 kB 2 k...kB n

%,TE 28HOYZ >0,T#FfE R/ %,HRE ,T4j q.>.$ D1OJdRED28H('Z K28,5 GT46T

dREgh^DFT&#28K E E q./5 YE#28KF & n#h,T#Ffh./5 KS !Kh^./02 b0H >YK # !

,Hm 5 #$ % Eq-mK28FFf5 > H,HR"2TKF *4j dRhQFK281",T#FfWh$ 0H 1Q 1REHP^$&DG28,5

'"dREQGHHREP^ 2 E ^h,HRE ,T $ dRE2Q,F0F$ f128, m2TKF KBE'F2" HK#,H6281 E R"F &,TBj

g,T#FfB4\R/ 0 > #F REGH2 ,HF FK281g,HmE5 E

pMtYM‘ƒcJMf"X˜MD]_`cƒt ]L_`K"pƒ_€cJMLc=ZK"_YtYML¯_‹}€MLjl±f`pJpJj\_¥¡Yd•Kf‹Z\d•c{„.ZlGJM.Z\j\f`c{X˜d•Zld~_`cj\MLef‹Zld~_`c _gŽ

Q(M)

™

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=HG 7 9

C(M) ˆ

< )V PMh H,HF4j %Z #T2h$1

M

B"46ZD>6ZRZ,H#Ff"h^DF

C(M) = (D, A ˆ

B

A c , G, F) = (B 1 kB 2 k...kB n )/V

'F04a E

• ∀i = 1, ..., n . B i = counter (D i )

B #

• V : A → P (D)

.,TRR

V (B i .inc) = V i >

V (B i .dec) = V i <

4j dR

V ˆ i < =reg i ∧ not

tr ∧ eq < i ∨ switch i ∧ inc i (eq 6 i )

V ˆ i > =reg i ∧ not

tr ∧ eq > i ∨ switch i ∧ dec i (eq i > )

(12)

\F

(Q, ) ˆ

GH&RQ ,& '

C(M) ˆ

E

"U ŠO_ ,À7 \F .> ,HE 2 '>#0 ('Q46 #28KF

a

b

>R> G H,HRRF2V#28.,5 E RF 2

28FEH,5 P28., 2TK 28 D>6H G$

µ a =

20

'

0 6 x a < θ 2 a ∧ 0 6 x b < θ b 1

0

dRE24j %

µ b =

20

'

0 6 x a < θ 1 a ∧ 0 6 x b < θ b 2

0

dRE24j %

4j dR

θ a 1 = θ b 1 = 4

θ a 2 = θ b 2 = 8

E Rh12T5 O28KF (' GTRh#28KF 28h46$

2

E ./28 *87DFK,HREF&R

$g ,F ('R"H$KF Bb&8RE4a"R ,H228# . 15 P

Q(M)

"L>#H E ./28 8RE4a

dRE Fhf5 ,F&('

C(M )

#

C(M) ˆ

E

θ 2 b

θ 1 b

θ a 2 θ a 1

x b

0 x a

θ 2 b

θ 1 b

θ 1 a θ 2 a x a

0 x b

§/d~„`aJj\Mnz`ª»ikG{f`XlM¦X˜pƒf`]M¤_`ŽWZlGJM›pJd•MD]M;žd~XlM¤•d~cJMDfgjXlVYX[Z\MLK žd’Z\G1jlM;~fgZld~}`M¤p5_€Xld’Z\d•_€cQ_`ŽWZ\fgj\„`MLZ¯M;¼=aJd~•d~”Jj\d~f1µ©•MLŽZh·fgc{tQZ\j\f`c{X˜d•Zld~_`c

XlVYX[Z\MLK#_`ŽZ\GJM¼=a{fg~d’Zhf‹Z\d•}€MQK"_YtYM;

Q(M)

µj\d~„`G=Zh·™

x b

θ 2 b

θ 1 b

θ a 1 θ a 2 x a

0

x b

θ 2 b

θ 1 b

θ 1 a θ a 2 x a

0

§/d~„`aJj\MYªkN›_`K"p5_`cJM;c€ZnK"_YtYM;~X

C(M)

µ©•MLŽZh·f`c{t

C(M ˆ )

µ©jld~„`G=Zh·™

G CR C +uÄ Å À , bÄ O_oŠY‰?©‡ Ä=

FHGJMbŽ_`~~_‹žd•cJ„“Z[ž›_@ZlGJM;_`j\MLKX^XlGJ_‹ž ZlGƒf‹Z

C(M)

Ž©f`d’Z\GYŽaJ~•VšK"_YtYMLeX

Q(M)

¨5a{pšZl_ ZlGJMbK"d~X\X˜d~cJ„tYd~f`„`_€c{fgZljhfgc{Xld’Z\d•_€c{X;™

§{jl_€K fQ”Jd~_`~_`„`de]Lf`Ypƒ_€d•c=Z¦_`Ž5}Wd~MLž1¨‹Z\GJd~X›fgpJp{jl_¥¡Yd~K"fgZld~_`cœ]Lfgcœ”5M¤m[a{X˜Zld•‘{M;tœ”WVZ\GJMHŽ©f`]Z¤ZlG{fgZkpJj\_WtJa{]Z\d•_€cœf`c{t"tYML„€j\f€tJf‹Z\d•_€c

_`ŽbpJj\_gZ\MLd~c{X f`jlMcJM;}`MLjpJj\M;]Ld~XlML~V¹K"M;f`XlaJj\M;t¾f`c{t¾j\MLp{jlMDX˜M;c€Z\M;t&”=VºZ\GJM°tYd•®5M;jlM;c€Z\d~f`.M;¼=a{f‹Z\d•_€c{X;¨^cJ_€jf`jlM ZlGJM;VºZlj\aJ~V

]L_`c=Zld~cWaJ_`a{X;¨¯”JaJZ@µ_`cfK"_`~M;]a{~f`jQ~ML}€ML·.tYdeXl]LjlMLZlMœŽaJc{]Zld~_`c{X;™FHGJMLj\MŽ_€jlM€¨fgcWV9]_€jlj\M;]Z"µZlG{fgZd~X;¨”{d•_€•_€„`de]Lfg~~VrXl_`a{c{t{·

K"_YtYMLžd•~¯”5M1jl_€”Ja{X˜ZHM;cJ_`a{„`GrX˜_f`X›Z\_“fg~•_‹ž¹Ž_€jd•c=Z\MLj\•MDf¥}=d~cJ„bZljhfgc{Xld•Zld~_`c{XHd~c{X˜ZlM;f€t@_`ŽoXlVWc{]hGJj\_`cJ_€a{X(X[Z\MLp{X;™

; ] ÀWÄ ‰ À 7'

D D 0

'F2

D, D 0 ∈ D

BRF

D → D 0

E

(13)

FHG{fgZd~X;¨Jd•Ž

C(M)

];fgcKfgŸ`M1Xl_`K"MQZljhfgc{Xld•Zld~_`c¯¨WZ\GJMLc

Q(M )

];fgcrKfgŸ`M¬ZlG{MXlf`KœMQZ\j\f`c{X˜d•Zld~_`c™

q2T^ ' E TWa{pJpƒ_=X˜MkZlG{fgZ

D D 0

™o§JaJjlZlG{MLjoX˜aJp{pƒ_=X˜M€¨Džd•ZlG{_`aYZ/•_=XlX_gŽJ„€MLcJM;j\f`•d•Z[V`¨;ZlG{fgZ

D 0 k < D k

¨gf`c{t

∀i 6= k . D 0 i = D i

™

pMtYdeX[Z\d•cJ„€aJdeX˜GZ[ž(_"];f`XlM;X;™

³Ž

switch(D k 0 )

ZlGJM;c@”WV ^ML‘{cJd•Zld~_`crgyY¨

V k < (D)

fgc{t"Z\GWa{X

(not

tr ∧ eq k < )(D)

™¦¢›VtYML‘{cJd•Zld~_`c“_`Ž

d’Z(Ž_`~•_‹žnX¦ZlG{fgZ

D → D 0

™

³Ž_`cZ\GJM“_gZ\GJMLj1Gƒfgc{t»¨

switch(D k )

¨ZlG{MLc

inc k (eq k 6 )

(D)

¨¤fgcƒt—Z\GWa{X

eq k 6 (D 0 )

™¬M‘{c{M

D 00

Xla{]hGZlG{fgZŽ_`jbfgcWV

i = 1, ..., n

¨

D i 00 = prec i (D i )

d’Ž

switch i ∧ inc i (eq i 6 )

(D)

¨

D i 00 = succ i (D i )

d•Ž

switch i ∧ dec i (eq i 6 )

(D)

¨(fgc{t

D 00 i = D i

_gZ\GJMLj\žd~XlM`™ p MG{f¥}€M

D k 0 = D 00 k

fgc{t

∀i . reg i (D 00 ) ∨ inc i (eq > i )

(D 00 ) ∧ dec i (eq i < )

(D 00 )

™rFHGWa{X.”WV tYML‘{cJd•Zld~_`c _gŽ

eq < i

f`c{t

eq > i

¨

∀i . reg i (D 00 ) ∨ (eq i > ∧ eq < i )(D 00 )

¨¯f`c{t

not

tr(D 00 )

™.¢(VštYML‘{cJd•Zld~_`c9_`Ž

¨?d•Z¬Ž_€•~_‹žnX Z\G{f‹Z

D → D 00

™kTWd~c{]M

not

tr(D 0 )

¨Jd•ZŽ_`~•_‹žnX(Z\G{f‹Z

D → D 0

™

; ] ÀWÄ ‰ À G

∀D, D 0 ∈ D . D → D 0 = ⇒ D D 0

'

∃k . D k 6= D k 0 ∧ ∀j 6= k . D 0 j = D j

E

³´c=Zla{d’Z\d•}€ML~V`¨=d’Ž

Q(M)

]Lf`cK"f`Ÿ`MnXl_`K"MZ\j\f`c{X˜d•Zld~_`c“]hGƒfgcJ„€d•cJ„1_€cJ~VZlG{M^}‹fg~aJMn_`Ž¯_`cJM}‹fgj\defg”J~M`¨`ZlGJM;c

C(M)

];fgcKfgŸ€M Z\GJMXlf`K"M¬Z\j\f`c{Xld’Z\d•_€c¯™

q2T^ ' E TWa{pJpƒ_=X˜MbZlGƒf‹Z

D → D 0

™1§JaJjlZlGJM;j1X˜aJp{pƒ_=X˜Mbžd’Z\GJ_`aYZ1~_€X\X^_`Žk„`M;cJMLjhfg~d•Z[V@Z\G{f‹Z

∀i . D 0 i 6 D i

™Qp M"tYdeX[Z\d•cJ„€aJdeX˜G

Z[ž(_];f`XlM;X;ª

switching(D) ⊂ switching(D 0 )

µd~c{]j\M;f€X˜d~cJ„ _`jhtYMLj·^f`c{t

switching(D 0 ) ⊂ switching(D)

µ©tYMD]j\M;f`Xld~cJ„

_€j\tYM;jh·™³´cbZlGJM(‘{jhX˜Zo];f`XlM`¨

(not

tr∧ eq k < )(D)

GJ_`etJX/”WV^ML‘{cJd•Zld~_`cz1J¨`fgc{tZlGWa{X

V k < (D)

™o³´cZ\GJMX˜M;]L_`c{t]Lf`XlM`¨

eq k 6 (D 0 )

f`c{t ZlGWa{X

inc k (eq 6 k )

(D)

¨{f`c{t

V k < (D)

™¤³´cr”5_gZ\Gr];f`XlM;X;¨€Z\GJM1d~Kœp{•de]LfgZld~_`cŽ_`~•_‹žnX;™

p¹GJM;c“X˜_€K"MntYd~f`„`_€c{fg¯µ©_`jhtYMLjl±«d~c{]LjlMDf`Xld•cJ„¬_`jo±´tYM;]LjlMDf`Xld•c{„=·Zljhfgc{Xld•Zld~_`c"d~X¦pƒ_=XlXld•”{•Md~c

Q(M)

¨gZlG{MLc“Xl_`K"Md•c=Z\MLj\•MDf¥}=d~cJ„

deXp5_€X\X˜d~”J~MQd~c

C(M) ˆ

™¦§{_`j\Kfg~•V?ª

S ‰ Ä _ Ä ‡?ˆ?Ä=IG '

D → D 0

switching(D 0 ) ⊂ switching(D)

BjRF

D ˆ D 0

E

q2T^ ' E TWa{pJpƒ_=X˜M¬žd’Z\GJ_`aJZ›~_€X\X¤_gŽ¯„€MLcJM;j\f`•d•Z[VZ\G{f‹Z

∀i . D i 0 6 D i

¨Wfgc{t"~MZ

I = {i | D i 6= D i 0 }

™/³ZkŽ_€•~_‹žnX¤”WV ^ML‘{cJd•Zld~_`c z ZlG{fgZ

V

i∈I eq i 6 (D 0 )

™ MZ

(i 1 , i 2 , . . . , i k )

”ƒM“Xl_`K"Mp5MLj\KaYZhf‹Zld~_`c_`Ž›Z\GJMd•cƒtYd~]LM;Xd•c

I

™šN›_`c{XldetYMLj.Z\GJM@XlM;¼=aJMLcƒ]M"_gŽ

tY_€Kfgd~c{X

D i 0 , D i 1 , D i 2 , . . . , D i k = D 0

X˜aƒ]hG@Z\G{f‹Z

D i 0 = D

¨{fgc{t Ž_€jnfgcWV

j ∈ {1, ..., k}

¨

D i j

tYd’®?MLjhXHŽj\_`K

D i j− 1

_`cJ~V

d~cZlGJM"Ž©f€]Z1ZlGƒf‹Z}‹fgj\d~f`”J~M

x i j

deX1X˜žd•Z\]hGJd~cJ„rd~c

D i j− 1

fgc{t jlM;„`aJef‹Z\_`j\Všd•c

D i j

™“¢(V—tYML‘{cJd•Zld~_`c_gŽ

V ˆ <

d’Z1Ž_€•~_‹žnXQZlGƒf‹Z

D ˆ D i 1 ˆ . . . ˆ D i k − 1 ˆ D 0

™

FHGJdeX›pJjl_W_`Ž¯ML}`M;c@XlGJ_‹žnX¦Z\GJM¬X˜Zlj\_`c{„`MLj›jlMDX˜a{’Z›ZlG{fgZQ$nd~c=ZlMLj\~M;f¥}Wd•c{„_gŽf`c@_`jhtYM;j˜±´tYM;]LjlMDf`Xld•c{„¬Z\j\f`c{Xld’Z\d•_€c_gŽ

Q(M)

deX

p5_€X\X˜d~”J~M1d•c

C(M )

™

G CR C Z= Å À ‰  ŠE_\_/‰ Ä>U ?ŠYˆ?Ä=

q¬XfšXld•K"pJ~d’‘5]Lf‹Z\d•_€c°_gŽHZlG{M@]_€Kœp5_`c{MLc=ZK"_WtJML«¨/ž(MpJj\_`p5_€XlMfšjlMDX[Z\jlde]Z\d•_€c—Z\_9j\ML„`a{~fgZl_`j\V9fgcƒt‘{j\X˜Z˜±_`jhtYM;jX˜žd•Z\]hGJd~cJ„

tY_€Kfgd~c{XL™oq^X/ž(MHžd•~JX˜G{_‹ž1¨¥ZlGJMHaJc{tJMLjl±f`pJpJj\_¥¡Wd~Kf‹Z\d•_€c1d~Xo_`ŽZlMLc"X˜Zld~•YpJj\M;]Ld~XlM(MLcJ_€aJ„`GZl_1]hGJM;]hŸ1j\M;f€]hG{fg”{d•~d’Z[V.pJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;X;™

4À65b= ?ˆ?Ä=HG G 9

D 01

< \

D 01

,HRE28,12 gRQq 'Q281./2 E #*>62H! 282 H4j K,HR> YDh E M

D 01 = D ∧ _

i∈{1,...,n}

^

j∈{1,...,n} r {i}

reg j

F^c{tYMLjl±´fgpJpJj\_¥¡Yd•KfgZld~_`c1deX/f€]hGJd~ML}`MDt1”WV1jlMDX[Z\jlde]Z\d•c{„nZlG{M(K"_YtYM;=žd•ZlGbZlG{MHX˜Z\fgZlMH]_€c{X[Z\j\f`d•c=Z

D 01

™oFHG{f‹Zod~X;¨‹ž(M(]L_`c{Xld~tJMLj

C(M)/D 01

d~c{X[Z\M;f€t“_gŽ

C(M )

™¦FHG{d~X(deX(]L•MDfgj\•Vf`c@aJc{tJMLjl± f`pJpJj\_¥¡Wd~Kf‹Z\d•_€c_gŽ¯Z\GJM.”ƒM;G{f¥}Wd•_€j(tYML‘{cJMDt“”WV"ZlGJM1¼=a{f`•d•Z\fgZld~}`M K"_YtYML«™

  h L "!“   )+½!

³´cšZ\GJdeX¬XlM;]Zld~_`cšž(MtYdeXl]La{XlX^jlMDX˜a{’ZhXHZl_]_`K"p5_€Xld’Z\d•_€c{fg~~V ]hGJMD]hŸ@j\M;f`]hGƒfg”Jd~•d•Z[V@p{jl_€pƒM;j˜Z\d•MDXnfgc{t9M¡Yd~X˜ZlM;c{]M_gŽ¤M;¼=aJd~•d~”Jj\d•a{K

X˜Z\fgZlM;X;™o§J_`j¤MDf`]hGœ_gŽƒZlGJMDX˜MpJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;X;¨gf.X˜aJ­]Ld•M;c=Zk]_`cƒtYd’Z\d•_€cbdeX¤tYML‘{cJM;tbZ\G{f‹Z¦d~K"pJ•d~M;X¤ZlGJMpJj\_`p5MLjlZ[V`™³´cb_€j\tJMLj/Zl_1M;c{X˜a{jlM

ML­]Ld•M;c{]Vœžd•ZlGJ_€aYZk”5MLd~cJ„.Zl_W_]_€c{XlMLj\}¥fgZld~}`M€¨‹ZlGJM¬X˜aY­“]Ld•M;c€Zk]L_`c{tJd’Z\d•_€c{X¤a{XlMn”5_gZlG"Z\GJMaJc{tJMLjl±f`pJpJj\_¥¡Wd~Kf‹Z\d•_€c

C(M)

f`c{t

Z\GJM1_‹}`M;j˜±´fgpJp{jl_¥¡Yd~K"fgZld~_`c

C(M ˆ )

_`ŽZ\GJM1pJd~M;]M;žd~XlM.•d~cJMDfgjnXlVWX˜ZlM;K

M

™

Références

Documents relatifs

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt -

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt -

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt -

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt -

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt -

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt -

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt -

Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt -