HAL Id: inria-00071211
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00071211
Submitted on 23 May 2006
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Modeling and Compositional Analysis of Genetic Regulatory Networks
Gregor Gössler
To cite this version:
Gregor Gössler. Modeling and Compositional Analysis of Genetic Regulatory Networks. [Research
Report] RR-5801, INRIA. 2006. �inria-00071211�
ISRN INRIA/RR--5801--FR+ENG
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
Thème COM
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Modeling and Compositional Analysis of Genetic Regulatory Networks
Gregor Gössler
N° 5801
Janvier 2006
Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes
655, avenue de l’Europe, 38334 Montbonnot Saint Ismier (France)
23(5410/6"
798;:=<?>58@79A?B;BDCE:=8
FHGJILK"MNOQPSRUTWVYX[Z\ILK"M;X^]_`K"KbaJcJde]Lfgc=ZhX
ikjl_`m[MZnio_`prqnjlZ
snfgpJp5_`jlZntYM.jlMD]hGJMLjh]hGJMuc?vowgx`y{zR |=fgcW}Wd~MLjngyy`RzDxbpfg`MDX
@/;LJ`` ikjl_`ZlMLd~c{XaJHf9G=a{`McWaJKbM;jb_`(a{c{]Z\d_c{Xd~cf`c=V~d}Wd~cJ_jl=fgcJdeXKrFHGJMtYVWc{fgK"de]LX_`ZlGJM pJj\_gZlM;dc
]L_`c{]LMLc=ZljhfZ\d_c{X1d~cf9]M;d~XtYML{cJM;t=Vfj\MLaJ~fgZl_jlV9c{MZ[(_`j\GJde]hGa{Xla{fg~~V M;c{]_Kpf`X\XMDXfKa{Z\dZ\a{tYM@_`GJdGJ~V
]L_`K"pJ~M¡M;M;tY{f]h~_=_p{X;¢(MLd~cJ1fgJ~M(Zl_1K"_YtYMLJf`c{tfgc{f`VW£LMHdZ\X¤XZlj\a{]Z\aJj\MHf`c{tbM;G{f¥}Wd_j/deX¦]Ljla{]Ld~f`=_`j¤aJc{tJMLjhX[Zhfgc{tYd~cJ
Z\GJM.aJc{]Zld~_`c{X_`Z\GJM1pJj\_gZ\MLd~c{XHfgc{t ZlG{MLd~jdc=ZlM;j\f]Z\d_c{XL
§{_`jfnK_YtYM;d~cJ^j\f`KM;_jl^Zl_n5MkaXMLaJd~cpJjhf`]Zlde]M¨;Z[(_©f]Zl_j\Xfgj\Mk]j\a{]defg«ª?ZlG{MkK"_YtYML=Ka{XZ©f`dZ\GYaJ~V.j\MLpJj\M;XlMLc=Z
Z\GJMbf]Zlafg5MLGf¥}=d~_`j^_g¤ZlG{McJMZ[(_`j\?¨f`c{trdZQKa{XZ¬5MbXlaJpJp5_`jlZlMDtrWVf`c{fg~VYXdeXnfg~`_jldZlG{K"XZlG{fgZQfgj\M1M]LdM;cZQMLcJ_aJ`G
Z\_]_`p5M.dZ\G]_`K"pJ~M¡ K_YtYM;~X;¨{f`c{t X\]Lf`M.aJpr(ML~E¤FHGJM;jlML_`j\M`¨WZ\GJd~Xnp{fgp5MLjKfgM;XZ[(_"tJd®?MLj\MLc=Z^]_c=Zlj\dJaJZld~_`c{X;
§/d~j\XZ;¨¯(MpJjlMDXM;c=Z1f@jhfgK"ML(_`j\_`j.K"_WtJML~dcJrMLcJMLZlde]bj\MLaJefZl_jlVcJMLZ[_jlYX¬dc°f K_YtYa{~f`jQVMZ.©fgdZlGJaJ¦KfgcJc{MLj
{fXMDt_cZ\GJMKfZ\GJMLKfZ\d~];fg~VM;±E_aJc{tYMDt_jlKfg~deXK²_`(tYd®?MLj\MLc=Zldefg¤d~c{]~a{Xld_c{X;³´c_`a{jfgpJpJj\_f]hG¯¨5ZlGJMtJd®?MLj\MLc=Z
]L_`K"p_cJMLc=ZhX_g1Z\GJMXlVYX[Z\MLK¶µpJj\_gZ\MLd~c{X_j XlMZ\X@pJj\_gZlM;dcX\·f`c{t¸ZlG{MHf¥VZlG{MLV¹]_c{X[Z\j\f`dcºMDf`]hG¹_gZ\GJMLjD¨nfgj\MK"_YtYML~M;t
XlMLp{f`j\fgZlM;Vf`c{tK_YtYa{~f`jl~V`
TWMD]_c{t»¨Y(M1pJjl_p_=XMQM]LdM;cZ^f`_`j\dZ\GJKXZl_fgc{f`VW£;M¬Z\GJM15MLG{f¥}Wd~_`jH_g/ZlGJM1K"_YtYM;E¦FHGJM1f`_`j\dZ\GJKXfgj\MQ]L_`K"p_=Xd±
Z\d_c{fgdc"Z\GJM¬XlMLc{XlMZ\G{fZ¦Z\GJMLV}`M;jldV_Y]Lf`JpJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;X¤_c"ZlGJM¬dctYd}WdetYa{f`]_K"p_cJMLc=Z\X;¤TWaY]d~MLc=Z(]L_`c{tJdZ\d_c{X¤_`c"Z\GJM;XlM
~_Y]Lfg»p{jl_pM;jZ\dMDX(f`c{t _`c ZlGJM]L_`c{XZljhfgd~c=Z\X(MLZ[M;MLc ZlGJM]L_`K"p5_`cJM;cZhX(ZlGJM;cf`~_¹Z\_M]d~MLc=Zl~Vd~cYMLjp{jl_pM;jZ\dMDXH_gZ\GJM
GJ_MXlVYX[Z\MLKr¨JXla{]hGfXHjlMDf`]hG{f`Jd~dZ[Vfgc{t M¡YdeX[Z\MLc{]LM._goM;¼=aJd~d~Jj\daJK½X[ZhfZ\M;X;
F_];f`XlMQXZla{tJdMDXnXG{_¾ZlG{M1p_`ZlMLc=Z\d~f`»_g/ZlGJdeXfgpJp{jl_=f`]hG¯
¿À=Á?ÂlÃbÄ
Å/`
MLcJM.cJMLZ[_jl?¨YtYd®5M;jlM;c=Zldefg»d~c{]~a{Xld_c{XL¨YK"_YtYaJefgj\dZ[V`¨J]_K"p_=XdZld~_`c{f`¯fgc{f`VYXld~X;¨WM;¼=aJd~d~Jj\d~f{¨YjlMDf`]hG{f`Jd~dZ[V
MDX¬p{jl_`ZLd~cJMDXQfXlXlaJj\MLc=Z¬a{c j\f`c{tcJ_KJj\MbtYM_c{]Z\d_c{X.tJfgc{X¬Z\_`aYZ._`j\f`cJd~XlK"M}Wd~}¥f`c=Z; f tYVWc{f`K"d~¼=aJM
tYMDX1]_c{]M;cZ\j\fgZld~_`c{X.tYM"pJj\_gZLd~cJM;X1t{fgc{X.aJc{M"]LML~a{M"M;XZtL{cJd~Mpfgj1aJcjDXMDfga j;`aJefZ\_`d~jlM"¼=aJd¦]_cZ\dM;c=Z1Xl_`a{}`MLc=Z1tYM
cJ_KJj\MLaXMDXo_a{]~M;X¦tJMjLZlj\_f`]Zld~_`c]_`K"pJ~M¡YMDXL/io_`aJj¦]L_`K"pJj\MLc{tYj\MHMDXo_`c]Zld~_`cX¦tYM;X¦pJjl_`Z;dcJMDXoMZk~MLa{j\Xod~c=ZlMLjhf`]Zld~_`c{X;¨
d~¯M;XZncD]M;X\X\fgd~jlM.tYM.K"_WtL~d~XlMLjMLZ^fgc{f`VYXlMLjXlf"XZlj\a{]Z\aJj\MQMLZnX_cr]L_`K"p5_`jlZlMLK"M;cZD
io_`a{j¼aaJc°];f`tYj\MtYMK"_WtL~d~X\fZ\d_cXl_`dZ1aYZld~M@MLcpJj\fgZlde¼=aJM`¨/tYMLaY¡ ©f`]ZlMLa{j\X1Xl_`c=Z1pJj\dK"_`jhtYdefgaY¡ªM"K"_YtYIL~MtY_`dZ
j\MLpJj;XlMLc=Z\MLjotYI;M;K"MLc=Z¦M¬]_`K"p5_`jlZlM;KM;c=ZojLM;{tYaj;XlM;f`a¯¨gMZ¦d~tJ_`dZZlj\MnXlaJpJp5_`jlZp{f`j¦tYM;X¦f`_`j\dZ\GJK"M;X¤tfgcfg~VWXlM¼=aJd
Xl_`d~MLc=ZQfXlXlML£bM]Lf]MDX^p5_`aJj¬ZljhfgdZlM;jQtJM;X¬K_YtYI;MDX.]_`K"pJ~M¡YMDX^MLZ.¼=aJdop{fXlXlMLc=Z ;]hG{ML~MQfgcX¬]LMZ._`Ym[MD]Zld[¨»f`jZ\d~]LM
pJj\_`p5_XlM1tYMLaJ¡ ]_cZ\jld~JaYZ\d_c{X;
f`_j\t¯¨cJ_a{Xnp{jDXM;cZ\_`c{X^aJc];f`tYj\Mp5_`aJj¬~f@K_Yt;deX\fZld~_`cK"_YtYaJefgd~j\MtYMj;XlM;f`aY¡ LcJde¼=aJM;X¬¼=aJdMDX[ZQ{f`XXlaJj^~M
_jlKfg~deXK"MQJdM;c@_c{t1tYMDXHdc{]LaXd~_`c{XHtYd®!Lj\MLc=Zld~ML~MDXLQfgcXc{_gZlj\M1fgpJp{jl_Y]hGJM¨=~M;XHtYd®!Lj\MLc=Z\X]L_`K"p_=Xlf`c=Z\X(tYaXVYXZlILK"M
µ©pJjl_`Z;dcJMDX@_a¾MLcXM;KJ~M;XtYMpJjl_`Z;dcJMDX\·MZ~fK"f`cJd~ILj\M tY_cZdeXrXM]_cZ\j\f`dcJMLc=Z@KbaYZla{ML~M;KM;c=Z;¨¬Xl_`c=ZK_Yt;deX;X
XLp{f`j;K"MLc=ZMZ^tYMQ©f#"L_`cK"_WtJaJ~f`dj\M`
$¦cXaJdZlM¨cJ_`aX¯pJj\_`p5_Xl_`c{X»tJM;Xf`_`j\dZ\GJK"M;X»ML]Lf`]LM;X»p5_`a{jfgcfg~VWXlMLjMk]L_`K"p5_`jlZlMLK"M;cZ/tYaK"_YtYIL~M`¤NM;Xf`_`j\dZ\GJK"M;X
Xl_`c=Z]_`K"p5_XldZ\d_cJcJM;~XtJfgcXb~MrXM;c{X_#%d~eXb} Lj\dMLc=ZtYMDXpJjl_pJj\d&LZ;Xb~_W];fg~M;X"XlaJjb~M;X"]L_`K"p_=Xlf`c=Z\Xbdc{tJd}WdetYaJMLeX;'^MDX
]L_`c{tYdZld~_`cXXaYX\fgc=ZlMDX"XaJj]LM;X"pJj\_`p{jld(Z\M;X_Y];fg~M;XMZ@XlaJj~M;X]_c=Zljhfgd~cZ\M;XbMLc=Zlj\MrMDX]_Kp5_X\fgc=ZhXbp5MLj\K"MZlZlMLc=Z@f`_j\X
td~cY)Lj\MLjML];f`]LMLK"MLc=Z^tYMDXHpJjl_pJj\d&LZ;XHtYaXlVYX[Z\ILK"M.`~_`{f`E¨WZ\ML~MDX¼a{M1fZlZlMLd~`cfgJd~dZ.MLZnM¡YdeX[Z\MLc{]LM.t*D¼a{d~d{jlMDXL
¬MLaY¡Z\a{tYM;XtJM]Lf`XHK"_cZ\jlM;c=ZH~M.p_`ZlM;cZ\dM;tYM]LMZZ\MfgpJp{jl_Y]hGJM
+uÄ ; Â , jDXMDfga #Lc{d~¼=aJM¨Ydc{]LaXd~_`c{XtJd®!Lj\MLc=Zld~ML~~M;X;¨JK"_WtJaJ~f`jldZ¨Jfgc{f`VYXlMQ]L_`K"p5_XldZ\d_cJcJML~~M`¨ZhfZhXtMD¼=aJd~d~JjlM¨
fgZZlM;dc{fg{d~dZ
: ;
b0o- )k
<
À>=/À
?©¹
À>@
,EY
Ä ÁA=/À
ÃbÄ
B¯DC
i¦j\_gZlM;dcXaJ¬fGWaJ`MrcWaJK5MLj@_gQaJc{]Z\d_c{Xd~c¹fgcWV~d}Wd~cJ_`j\fgc{d~XlKrºq^cWV
pJj\_gZ\MLd~cd~XMLc]_YtYM;t"WV"f1`M;cJM`/³´c_j\tYM;j¤Zl_pJjl_YtYa]MZ\GJM^pJj\_gZ\MLd~c¯¨ZlGJM^]L_`j\jlMDXp5_`ctYdc{1`MLc{MnG{f`X¦Zl_5M&28E,F2 GHHHd~c=Zl_
K"M;X\XlMLcJMLj1sI^q'µ©KsI^qQ·¨G{d~]hGd~XQZ\GJMLcJ280KHZ\__`YZhfgd~cZ\GJM"pJj\_gZlM;dcMLYzN FHGJd~XpJjl_YtYa]Zld~_`cK"M;]hG{f`cJdeXK'deX
j\MLaJ~fgZlMDt@WVZ\GJM]_c{]M;cZ\j\fgZld~_`c _gp{jl_`ZlMLd~c{X;¨YGJde]hG];fgcO,5 PK_jQ >R> G »Z\GJM1pJj\_WtJa{]Z\d_c¯¨YM`{¤WVJd~c{tYd~cJZl_"Z\GJM
MLcJMf`c{t9tYdeX\fgJ~dc{"Zljhfgc{X\]j\dpJZld~_`c¯nq(ZnZ\GJMbX\fgK"M1Z\dK"M¨pJj\_gZ\MLd~c{X^f`jlMS12THg¬FHGJM5MLGf¥}=d~_`j^_g¦fMLcJMLZlde]1cJMZ[(_`j\
];fgcrM.K"_YtYML~M;tWV@fXlVYX[Z\MLK _`/tYd®5M;jlM;c=Zldefg¯MD¼afZld~_`cX_`Z\GJM._`j\K
˙
x = f (x, u) − g(x, u)x
µ[zD·GJM;jlMVU d~X¤f¬}`MD]Zl_jo_g{pJj\_gZ\MLd~c]L_`c{]LMLc=ZljhfZ\d_c{XjlM;pJjlMDXM;c=Zld~cJnZ\GJM]aJj\jlM;c=ZoXZ\fgZlM`¨ d~X¤f¬}`MD]Zl_jo_gW ./J]_c{]M;c=ZljhfZld~_`cXL¨
f`c{tYXkfgctZ@K"_YtYM;»ZlGJM1p{jl_YtYa{]Zld~_`cj\fgZlMDXL¨Jf`c{t tJML`jhf`t{fZld~_`c j\fgZlMDXL¨Yj\M;XlpMD]Z\d}ML~V[Lz9N¦FHGJMtYVWc{fgK"de]LXH_`Z\GJM1pJj\_gZlM;dc
]L_`c{]LMLc=ZljhfZ\d_c{X/d~XZlGWa{XktYM{c{M;tb=Vbf^j\MLaJ~fgZl_jlV.cJMLZ[_jl1GJde]hGaXa{f`~VM;c{]_Kpf`X\XMDXfQKa{Z\dZ\a{tYM_g5GJd~`GJ~V]_K"pJML¡
M;M;tY{f]h_W_p{XL.¢(MLd~cJrfgJ~MZ\_f`c{fg~VW£LMdZ\X.XZlj\a{]Z\aJj\MbfgctM;G{f¥}Wd_j¬deX.]j\a{]defg_`jQaJc{tJMLjhX[Zhfgc{tYd~cJ@ZlGJMbaJc{]Zld~_`c{XQ_g
Z\GJM1pJj\_gZlM;dcXfgc{t ZlG{MLd~jdc=ZlM;j\f]Z\d_c{XL
+uÄ Å À ,?=\@Ã ?^]`_a?À À=Ã ?© À ,?=À Y9Åb?dc À À>= ^?E, À>e /Y^? Äf= C FHGJMf`pJpJj\_f`]hG_`"L~z^9N¦]L_`c{Xld~tJMLjhX¬f`cf`{X[Z\j\f]Z\d_c
_`»ZlGJMQ]_`c=Z\dcWaJ_a{X¦XZ\fZ\M^Xlp{f`]LMndc=Z\_fXlMZk_`¼=a{fg~dZhfZ\d}MnX[ZhfZlMDXL¨=d~cM;f]hG_`¯GJde]hG9µ[zD·¦d~XfgpJp{jl_¥¡Yd~K"fgZlMDtbdZlG fXVYXZlM;K
_`kd~cJMDfgj¬tJd®?MLj\MLc=ZldefgoMD¼afZld~_`cXLQP_`j\MpJj\M;]Ld~XlML~V`¨ZlG{MXZ\fgZlMbXlp{f]M_`¦ML}MLj\V }fgj\defgJ~M
x i
deXQp{fgjlZldZld~_`cJMDtd~cZ\_ f XMLZ¬_g
d~c=ZlMLj\}fgeX
D r i = {[0, θ 1 i )} ∪ {(θ j i , θ i j+1 ) | 1 6 j < p i } ∪ {(θ p i i , max i ]}
f`c{tfXlMZ^_`Z\GJjlMDXG{_`etr}¥f`a{M;X
D i s = {θ j i | 1 6 j 6 p i }
¨GJMLj\Mθ i j < θ j+1 i
_j1 6 j 6 p i
MLZ
D i = D r i ∪ D i s
FHGJM_{fg=X[ZhfZlM(Xpf`]Mkd~XZlGWa{Xp{fgjlZldZld~_`c{M;t1d~c=Zl_gDh
D = D 1 ×D 2 ×...×D n
FHG{MtY_K"f`dcXd~c
D r = D 1 r ×D 2 r ×...×D r n
f`jlM1]Lf`~M;ti281./0K2$.tY_`Kf`dc{X;¨WZlG{MtY_`Kfgd~c{X
D s = D r D r
f`jlM1];fg~MDt[4j K,TR/ Sh ³´c¹j\MLaJ~fgZl_jlVtJ_`Kfgd~c{X
D ∈ D r
¨HZlG{M]_c{]M;cZ\j\fgZld~_`c¸}fgj\dMDXf`];]_`jhtYd~cJZl_°Z\GJMjhfZ\d_°_`1pJjl_YtYa]Zld~_`cºjhfZ\M9fgc{t tYM;`jhf`tJfgZld~_`c j\fgZlM`ª˙
x = µ D − ν D x
µ«`·dZlGrM;¼=aJd~~dJj\d~aJK,XZ\fgZlM
φ
Xla{]hG ZlG{fgZ
φ i (D) = µ D i /ν D i
³
φ(D) ∈ D
ZlGJM;cZ\GJM1XVYXZlMLKX(X[Zhf¥VYX¦d~cD
¨Y_`ZlGJM;jldeXM¬dZHML}MLc=Zlafg~VMDf¥}`MDXD
f`c{tM;c=ZlMLjhX(fgc ft¥mf`]LMLc=Z(XldZ\]hGJd~cJtY_Kfgd~c¯H³´c9XdZ\]hGJd~cJtY_Kfgd~c{XL¨{ZlGJMML}`_aJZld~_`cr_goZlG{MXVYXZlM;K½];fgcJcJ_`ZnM]_Kp{aYZlMDtrdcrZ\GJMX\fgK"MHf¥V`¨{Xldc]M
µ
fgc{t
ν
f`jlM.cJ_`ZntYM{c{M;t ZlGJM;jlM¦q X_aYZ\d_c@Z\_"ZlGJdeXHpJj\_`J~MLK#d~XHZ\GJM.a{XlM1_g/tJd®?MLj\MLc=Zldefg»d~c{]La{Xld~_`c{XfXHpJjl_p_=XMDtWV@§/d~d~pJp5_}L~z;N ¬MLp5MLc{tYd~cJ_cZ\GJM5MLG{f¥}Wd~_`j"dc¸Z\GJM9f`t¥mf]M;cZj\MLaJ~fgZl_jlV°tY_K"f`dcXL¨HXdZ\]hG{dcJ°tY_Kfgd~c{Xfgj\M M;dZ\GJMLj ]j\_X\XMDt
d~c{XZ\fgc=ZhfgcJM;_`a{XlV¨Y_`j(ZlG{MXVYXZlMLK,Kf¥VX[Zhf¥VdcZ\GJMXdZ\]hG{dcJtY_Kfgd~c@_jnX_KMQZ\dK"M`
FHGJMr]_c=Zld~c=a{_`a{XbK"_WtJML_gµ[z;·]Lf`c5M]L_`c{XlMLj\}fZ\d}ML~Vf`pJpJj\_¥¡YdKfZ\M;tWVftYd~X\]j\MZ\M@Z\j\f`c{XldZ\d_cXVYXZlM;K _`cZ\GJM
XlMZ_`(¼=a{fg~dZ\fZ\d}MXZ\fgZlMDX
D
L~z^9N¢(V9M¡YpJ~_`j\dc{@Z\GJd~XQZ\j\f`c{XldZ\d_cXlVYX[Z\MLK²dZ1d~X.p5_X\Xd~J~MZl_Xd~Ka{~fgZlMZlGJM"5MLG{f¥}Wd~_`j._gZ\GJMaJctYMLj\VWd~cJMLcJMLZlde]1cJMZ[(_`j\kLzzN«¨5_`j^}`MLj\dV pJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;X^d~`MJd~XZ\f`Jd~dZ[ViL9Nml^_M;}`MLjD¨YZ\GJd~X¬K"MZ\GJ_Ytd~X¬]aJj\j\MLc=Zl~V
~dK"dZlMDtWVrZlG{MbML¡Wp5_`c{MLc=Zldefgo`j\_HZlG_`¦ZlG{MbZ\j\f`c{XldZ\d_cXVYXZlM;K'dZ\G9ZlG{McWaJKbM;j¬_`kpJj\_gZ\MLd~c{XLTYdc{]LMbp{jl_pM;jZ\dMDX¬f`jlM
f`c{fg~VW£LM;t WV9MLcWaJK"M;j\fgZld~}`ML~VrM¡YpJ~_`j\dc{@Z\GJMX[ZhfZ\M"Xlp{f]Mjl_K²fgcdc{dZ\d~f`kX[ZhfZ\M`¨XZ\fgZlM;XQZ\G{fZf`jlM"cJ_`Z.j\M;f]hG{fg{Mbjl_K
Z\GJM1dc{dZ\d~f`X[ZhfZ\M.f`jlM.cJ_`ZZ\f``MLc dc=Z\_f`]L]L_`aJc=ZD
+uÄ Å ,©Y?©Á = Å° Ä n_ Ä ??Ä= ,» = ,Á ?©DC FHG{Mdc=Zlj\d~c{Xde]H]_Kp{ML¡WdZ[V_`5d~c=ZlMLjhf`]Zld~_`c{X/5MZ[(MLM;cMLcJMDXL¨`pJjl_`ZlM;dc{X;¨
K"MZhfg5_`~d~XlK fgc{t_gZlG{MLjXlaJ{XlVYX[Z\MLKX/]_`cXdetYMLj\M;t.d~cXlVYX[Z\MLKX{d__`V`¨DG{fX¯j\M;]M;c=Zl~V¬~M;tjlMDXMDfgjh]hGJMLjhX5Zl_^XZlatYV.ZlGJMc{fZ\aJjhfg
K"_YtYaJefgj\dZ[V"_`dc=Z\MLjhf`]Z\d_c{Xkf`c{t"Z\_bj\MFo{MD]Z(dZHdc@ZlGJM;djHK"_YtYMLeX;¨WXl_bfX¦Z\_5MQf`J~MnZl_pJj\_}Wd~tYM^K_jlM¬M]d~MLc=Zfg~`_jldZlGJKX
L9N
N_Kp5_XldZld~_`c{f`fgcfg~VWXldeX¤K"M;fgcX¦Z\G{fZZlGJMQM;G{f¥}Wd_j¦_gfbXVYXZlM;K ]L_`c{XldeX[Z\dcJ_gtYd®5M;jlM;c=Z(]_K"p_cJMLc=Z\X¬µd~c@_aJj];f`XlM`¨
pJj\_gZ\MLd~c{X¬_`j¬XlMZhX^_`kpJj\_gZ\MLd~c{X\·d~X.fgcfg~V=£;M;trWVrM¡JfgK"d~cJd~cJZlG{Mb5MLG{f¥}Wd~_`j¬_g¤ZlG{M]L_`K"p_cJMLc=ZhX¬f`c{tGJ_ ZlG{MLVd~cZ\MLjhf`]Z;¨
jhfZ\GJMLj1Z\G{fgcWVfgc{f`VW£Ld~cJZlG{MM;G{f¥}Wd_j1_g(ZlGJM@_}`MLjhfg~¤XVYXZlM;Krs_aJ`GJ~V Xlp5M;fgWd~cJ{¨ZlGJM ]_`K"p5_XldZ\d_c{fg¦f`pJpJj\_f]hG
_cJVG{fX.Zl_9tYMDfgdZ\GZlGJM@XlaJK+_g(ZlGJM X[ZhfZlM Xp{f]MDX._gHZlGJM ]_`K"p5_`cJM;c=Z\XQR GJd~]hGdeXa{Xla{f`~VKba{]hG°XKfg~~MLj1Z\G{fgc
Z\GJM1X[ZhfZlM1Xlp{f`]LM¬_`¯ZlG{MQG{_`~M.XlVYX[Z\MLK R ¨JXa]hGZlGfZdZn];fgcM.K"_`j\M^ML]LdM;c=Z(Z\G{fgccJ_cY± ]L_`K"p5_XldZ\d_c{fg?fgc{f`VYXld~X;¨Wfgc{t
X\]Lf`MQMLZZ\MLjD/³ZhXtY_c{Xld~tJM^deXkZ\GJMQ_=XlX(_gdcY_jlKfgZld~_`c@tYa{M^Z\_f`{X[Z\j\f]Z\d_c¯¨G{d~]hG K"f¥V~M;ft"Zl_~M;X\X(f]L]LaJj\fgZlM¬jlMDXaJZ\X;
q pJj\M;]_c{tYdZld~_`c_j1]_`K"p5_XldZ\d_c{fg/fg~`_jldZlGJKX^Zl_ Mfgp{pJde]Lf`J~M`¨?d~X¬Z\G{fZQZlGJMK"_YtYMLo5MXZlj\a{]Z\aJj\M;t»1FHGJM;jlML_`j\M`¨
Z\GJd~X@p{fgp5MLjf]Z\a{fg~V tYM;f`~XdZlG¸Z[(_°tYd®?MLj\MLc=ZdeXlXlaJMDXLªK"_YtYML~d~cJ°`M;cJMZ\d~]j\ML`a{~fgZl_`j\V°cJMLZ[_jlYXdc¾fK"_YtYaJefgjVMZ
©f`dZ\GYaJ/K"f`cJcJM;j;¨{f`c{t]_K"p_=XdZld~_`c{f`~V@f`c{fg~VW£Ld~cJ"ZlGJMM;G{f¥}Wd_j_goZlGJMK_YtYM;EqpMpJj\_`p5_XlM.fK_YtYM;d~cJ"jhfgK"ML(_`j\
_jk`M;cJMZ\d~]njlM;`aJefZ\_`j\VcJMZ[(_`j\YXL/FHGJM^tYd®?MLj\MLc=Z]_K"p_cJMLc=Z\Xk_g?ZlG{M^XVYXZlM;K½µ©pJjl_`ZlM;dc{Xk_`jkXlMZhX¦pJj\_gZ\MLd~c{Xh·¤fgc{tZ\GJMnHf¥V
Z\GJMLV"]_c{X[Z\j\f`dcbM;f]hG_`ZlGJM;j;¨fgj\M(K"_YtYM;MDtXlMLpfgjhfZlM;Vbfgc{tbK"_WtJaJ~f`jl~V`oFHGJM}MLj\d];fZ\d_cf`_`j\dZ\GJKX/f`jlM]L_`K"p_=XdZld~_`cfg
d~c@Z\GJM1XM;c{XlM¬Z\G{fZHZ\GJMLV}MLj\dV~_Y]Lfg?pJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;X(_c@Z\GJM.dc{tJd}WdetYa{fg»]L_`K"p_cJMLc=ZhXL¦TWaY]LdM;cZn]L_`c{tYdZld~_`cXH_`cZ\GJM;XlM._Y];fg
pJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;Xfgc{t_`c"ZlG{MQ]L_`c{XZljhfgd~c=Z\X¤5MZ[(MLM;cZlGJMQ]_Kp5_`c{MLc=Z\X¦ZlGJM;c fg~~_Z\_M]LdM;cZ\V"d~cYMLj(pJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;Xk_g?ZlGJMQGJ_M
XlVYX[Z\MLKr¨{Xla{]hGfXHjlMDf`]hG{f`Jd~dZ[V_`j(ZlG{M1M¡Yd~XZlM;c{]M._`/MD¼a{d~d{jld~aJK,XZ\fgZlMDXL
À ,EY
À Å ÃÄ
BjC
¢(VcJ_ ZlGJM;jlM@d~Xbf~f`jlMcWaJK5MLj_gnfgp{pJjl_=f`]hGJMDXQZl_ K_YtYM;f`c{tfgcfg~VWXlM`M;cJMZ\d~]cJMZ[(_`j\YXLq
_=_Yt_}`MLj\}WdM;d~X/`d~}`M;cd~cZ\GJMHXaJj\}`M;V._g\L~z;yN«oFHGJM(K_YtYM;d~cJ.fgpJp{jl_=f`]hGJMDXf`tJ_`pYZ¤tYd®5M;jlM;cZ¤KfZ\GJMLKfgZlde]LfgjhfgK"ML(_`j\YXL¨
GJde]hG}¥f`jlV.d~cbML¡YpJjlMDXlXld~}`MLc{M;X\Xfgct1ZlG{MHf¥}f`defgJd~~dZ[V1fgctM]LdM;c{]V_`{}`M;jld];fZld~_`cbfg~`_`j\dZlGJKX;P_XZo_g{Z\GJMfg~`_jldZlGJKX
ofZlZlM;cZlG{M K"_YtYML1f`c{t¾(_`j\ _c¾Z\GJM _{fg.XZ\fZ\MXlp{f]M`¨^dZ\GJ_`aYZ]_K"pJaYZ\fgZld~_`c{f`~V¸Z\f`=d~cJºf`tY}f`cZhfgM9_gZ\GJM
K"_YtYaJefgj\dZ[V@_g/ZlGJM1pJj\_`{M;K
FHGJM;jlM"deXfrdetYM}fgj\dMLZ[V_gHK"_YtYML~dc{9fgpJpJj\_f]hGJM;X¬{fXMDt _c°tYd®?MLj\MLc=Z\d~f`¦M;¼=a{fgZld~_`c{X;*ln_(ML}MLjD¨Xd~Ka{~fgZld~_`cfgc{t
}MLj\d];fZ\d_c _`QZ\GJM9]_c=Zld~c=a{_`a{XK"_YtYM;^]Lf`c¸5M9ML¡Wp5MLcXd~}`M¨Hf`c{t¸KfgcWVpJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;Xf`jlMc{_gZML}MLc¹tYMD]detJfgJ~Md~cºZlGJdeX
jhfgK"ML(_`j\? FHGJMLj\M_jlM¨^XlML}`M;j\f`¬Hf¥VYXG{f¥}M 5MLM;c&d~cW}`M;XZld~fgZlMDtºZl_¹tYdeXl]LjlMLZld~£LMZlGJM°]_c=Zld~c=a{_`a{X K"_WtJMLtYML{cJM;t&WV
tYd®?MLj\MLc=Zldefg.M;¼=a{fgZld~_`c{XGJd~~Mp{jlMDXM;jl}Wd~cJ5MLG{f¥}Wd~_`jhfgQpJjl_pM;jZ\dMDXL~zN«¨.fgc{t K"_`j\M XlpMD]d]Lf`~V¾Xl_`aJc{tJcJM;X\XkLz9Nfgc{t
j\M;f]hG{fgJd~~dZ[VhL NqLNJa{XlM;Xop{jlMDtYd~];fZ\MHf`{XZljhf`]Z\d_cZ\_.f`aYZl_KfZlde]Lf`~V.{c{tf.]_c{XM;jl}fgZld~}`MHfgpJpJj\_¥¡YdKfgZld~_`c_`j\M;f`]hGfgJd~dZ[V
d~cfb~d~cJM;f`jG=VWJj\det XlVYX[Z\MLKr
³´c_`jhtYMLj(Z\_tYM;f`»dZ\Gr]L_`K"pJ~M¡@c{MZ[(_`j\WX;¨=dZnKf¥V5Mf`_W_Yt@]hGJ_d~]LM¬Z\_]hG{fgcJM¬p{jlMD]deXd~_`crfg=fgd~c{X[ZHM]LdM;c{]V¨Jfgc{t
tYd~j\M;]Z\VK_YtYM;¦`M;cJMZ\d~]cJMLZ[_jlYXQd~cfrtYdeXl]LjlMLZlMjhfgK"ML(_`j\?¨¯Xa{]hGf`X.XlVYX[Z\MLKX._gHtYd~X\]j\MZ\MYL{¨gyNk_j1¢_W_MDfgc LxJ¨ N
aJc]Zld~_`cXL¨J_jjla{ML±«{fXMDt_jlKfg~deXKXH~dM¬Z\MLj\K j\MLj\dZ\dcJXlVYX[Z\MLKX Lz ¨¯z¥wN«
@ =
?Y^?
Äf= ÄfX
^]
À
_//_
À
>C
³´c TYM;]Z\d_c W¨?(Mdc=Z\jl_YtYa{]LMZ\GJMK"_YtYML~d~cJjhfgK"ML(_`j\?^T=Z\f`jZ\dcJjl_K,Z\GJMb¼=a{f`d±
ZhfZld~}`MQK"_YtYML»_` L~z^9N¨YM.XlGJ_¾XG{_¾GJ_&fb`M;cJMZ\d~]¬cJMZ[(_`j\]Lf`c@5MQK"_YtYM;MDt@d~c fK"_YtYaJefgj((f¥Vd~c@_aJj(j\f`KM;_jl?¨
f`c{t]L_`K"p{fgj\M5_gZ\G K"_YtYM;~X;TWM;]Zld~_`c 9pJj\M;XlMLc=ZhXQXlVWK5_`~d~]}`M;jld]LfgZld~_`cf`_`j\dZ\GJKXnZ\G{fZ.M¡YpJ~_`dZQZlGJM"K"_YtYaJefgj\dZ[Vr_g
Z\GJM1K"_WtJML«kTWM;]Zld~_`c d~aX[Z\j\fgZlM;XH_aJjj\M;XlaJZhXHdZ\GZ[_"]LfXM1XZla{tYd~M;X;¨{f`c{tTYM;]Z\d_c9wb]L_`c{]LatYM;X;
br
! "$#%'&(*)+*%,#.-&(/0$#%
³´c ZlGJM._~_d~cJ{¨W(M¬pJj\M;XlMLc=Zf"Xd~K"pJd{MDt@}MLjhXd~_`c _g¯Z\GJM]_Kp5_`c{MLc=Z(K"_YtYM;¯f`tY_pYZlMDt@d~ciL~z1N«¦§{_`jf"XMLZH_`}fgj\defgJ~M;X
X
¨Y~MZ*2'tJMLcJ_`ZlM.ZlG{M.XlMZn_`/}f`a{fgZld~_`c{X(_`X
¨Jf`c{t MLZP (X) = 2 X
M.Z\GJMXMLZ_gopJjlMDtYde]LfZ\M;XH_c324À65b= ??Ä=87:90; = ?^? Äf= Á L À =< Z\j\f`c{XldZ\d_cXlVYX[Z\MLK
B
%&*.(X, A, A c , G, F)
4\RE28• X
%&*>f 1QFq'QP2 G0F@?• A
%A> KSg('[D,F @B ./ ('Y46n %DC F5A u
A c
B&RY[('SdREa{c{]_cZ\jl_efg{M ]_`c=Z\jl_efgJ~M , E@B62TT, P$?• G : A → P (X)
T,F 1F 4j dRP2$ ,5 i 5H`a{f`j\tkT, 'H$ Z4\RFiR D,F O,Hi,H,F./2@?• F : A → X → X
H^, K 4j dRiFPF2$ D,F i HZ\j\f`c{XdZld~_`c aJc{]Zld~_`c EF^c{]_cZ\jl_efg{M@f]Z\d_c{Xf`jlMaXMDt°Zl_ jlM;pJj\M;XlMLc=Zd~cJpJaYZ"ML}MLc=Z\XZlG{fgZ"];fgcJcJ_`Zb5MZ\jld~`MLj\M;tcJ_jpJj\ML}MLc=ZlMDt°WV Z\GJM
K"_YtYML~M;trXlVYX[Z\MLKr¦§J_jn]_`cW}MLcJd~MLc{]LM`¨W(MQj\dZlM
G a
f`c{tF a
_jG(a)
fgc{tF (a)
¨jlMDXp5M;]Zld~}`ML~V`4À65b= ??Ä=HGI9KJ¯À = ^?© ÄX L = ^?©^?Äf= Á L À =< 52TE $1
B = (X, A, A c
BG, F )
L>FqZ\j\f`cY±XldZ\d_crjlM;~fgZld~_`c
→: X × A × X
.,HRYdRENM∀x, x 0 ∈ X ∀a ∈ A . x → a x 0 ⇐⇒ G a (x) ∧ x 0 = F a (x)
EOÄ ;Y?Ä= f`XHa{Xla{f`E¨M1j\dZ\M
x → x 0
_`j∃a ∈ A . x → a x 0
¨f`c{t→ ∗
_jZlG{M1Zljhfgc{XldZld~}`M1fgc{tj\MFo{ML¡Yd}M.]L_=Xa{jlM _`→
QPQd}MLcB = (X, A, A c , G, F)
¨=fgcf`]Zld~_`ca ∈ A
d~X+2TTD,TRG0oj\_`K X_K"MHXZ\fgZlM+Ud∃x 0 , x 00 . x → ∗ x 0 ∧x 0 → a x 00
pM1jlM;pJj\M;XlMLc=Z=V
G(B)
Z\GJM1tYdeXm[aJc]Zld~_`cr_`/dZ\Xa{fgjhtJX;¨=ZlG{fgZnd~XG(B ) = W
a∈A G a
4À65b= ??Ä=IRH90S À Å À À D Ä < )V P 28H Y$KF
B = (X, A, A c , G, F )
m28H ,H1P ∈ P(X)
BbdREpJj\M;tJM;]MDXlXl_`jhXZ'
P
G$iD,Fa
% dRE 28H ,T1pre a (P ) = G a ∧ P[F a (X )/X]
4\RF2TP[F a (X )/X]
%SDGFK #H'H28
P
G$h./ 'F2 .GF5 ./5 i('X
G$F a (X)
EN~M;f`jl~V`¨
pre a (P )
]hGfgjhf`]Z\MLj\d£;M;X(fg~?ZlGJMXZ\fgZlMDX(jl_K GJde]hGML¡YM;]aJZld~_`c_ga
MDf`tJX(Z\_X_K"M.XZ\fgZlM1X\fZldeXV=d~cJP
4À65b= ??Ä= 9bÄf= ; Ä ,,EY ,À _ À Å À À ; Ä < )V P
B = (X, A, A c , G, F )
#P ∈ P(X )
BjdRE+28H ,H1pre
c(P) = W
a∈A c pre a (P) ∧ ¬ W
a∈A u pre a (¬P )
,HRE28,KF2 F&Rn]L_`c=Zlj\_`~~f`J~M¬pJj\M;tJM;]MDXlXl_`jhX& 'P
i#QK1 E\F
pre
c 0 (P ) = P
B"pre
c i+1 (P ) = pre
c pre
c i (P )
GH dREZ,T28G0 #28HH,HH2H*('P i > 0
K1 E
\F j-
(P)
GHZdRE 0H F./ ('Y = P ∪ pre
c(Y )
B"dRE %@B RZ,Hf52T0DGF0HH,HH2HY('P
2GF 282$ ./hGT2 (' K1 E
³´c=Zla{dZ\d}ML~V`¨
P
]Lf`c 5M1jlMDf`]hGJMDtj\_`Kpre
c(P )
WV@Xl_`K"M1]_`c=Z\jl_efgJ~M1f`]Zld~_`c¯¨Yd~c{tYM;pM;c{tYMLc=Z^_`Z\GJM_Y]L]LaJjlj\MLc]MQ_gaJc]_`c=Z\jl_efgJ~M.f`]Z\d_c{X;
4À65b= ??Ä=I9F= Y?© = < )V P
B = (X, A, A c , G, F)
[ #28H ,HKP ∈ P(X)
BP
%hdcW}fgj\d~f`c=Z*'B
'P = ⇒ V
a∈A ¬pre a (¬P)
E+ "[ P2P 6=
'F %&,T0HtJM;f`tJ_Y]h=±Ej\MLMh 'P = ⇒ G(B)
EpMtYMcJM.Z[__pM;j\fgZld~_`c{X(_cr]L_`K"p5_`cJM;cZhXLª¦]L_`K"p5_XldZ\d_cf`c{tjlMDX[Z\jlde]Z\d_c¯¦FHGJM1j\M;XZlj\d~]Zld~_`c_g¤f]L_`K"p5_`cJM;cZndeXnf
]L_`K"p_cJMLc=Z^f`fgd~c¯¨Yfgct Xl_"d~XHZ\GJM]_K"p_=XdZld~_`c_go]_`K"p5_`cJM;c=Z\X;
4À65b= ??Ä=H9bÄ O_ Ä ??Ä= < \F
B i = (X 1 , A i , G i , F i )
Bi = 1, 2
B4j dRX 1 ∩ X 2 = ∅
A 1 ∩ A 2 = ∅
EB 1 kB 2
%&L>#H QdRE&52TE H$KF
(X 1 ∪ X 2 , A 1 ∪ A 2 , G 1 ∪ G 2 , F 1 ∪ F 2 )
EFHGJdeXHdeXHZlGJMXZ\f`c{tJf`j\t f`XlV=c]hGJjl_cJ_`aXkpJj\_YtYa{]Z;
I "%,#.- / #./0
sMDX[Z\jlde]Z\d_c{Xfg~~_¾Zl_]L_`c{XZljhfgd~cZ\GJM1M;G{f¥}Wd_jH_g¤fZ\j\f`c{XldZ\d_cXlVYX[Z\MLKr
4À65b= ??Ä=I9KJ DY À Ä= ;LE?= < )V P 28H $1
B = (X, A, A c , G, F)
B XZ\fgZlM]L_`c{XZljhfgd~c=Z %i#28H ,HK
P ∈ P(X )
E4À65b= ??Ä=H9 "g^?Äf= Äf= ;LE?= < )q Pi 28H Y$KF
B = (X, A, A c , G, F )
B f]Z\d_c ]_c{XZljhfgd~cZQ % .0g('V28H ,H1FV = (U a ) a∈A c
E
4À65b= ??Ä=H9 @À ;L?©`^?Ä= < RE.j\M;XZlj\de]Zld~_`cM('
B = (X, A, A c , G, F )
4j dRk*KK ,TE28 fP
#O,5,H528
V = (U a ) a∈A c
% dREg28 5 $1B/(P, V ) = (X, A, A c , G 0 , F )
4\RE28V'F2 f$a ∈ A c
B(G a ) 0 =
G a ∧U a ∧pre a (P)
%qdRE1282 ,FKH .28 'a B/V
E REq.28m('V./#,H280G0 ,5 E+28 *./,HRET,EOÄ ;Y?Ä= pMj\dZlM
B/V
_`jB/(
2., V )
MLZblocked(a) = G a ∧ ¬(G a ) 0
¨1fgct¾~MZEA(x) = {a ∈ A | (G a ) 0 (x)}
MZlGJM XMLZ@_gf`]Zld~_`c{XZlG{fgZfgj\MMLcfgJ~M;t¹fgZ U¤ PQd}MLc¾f°pJj\M;tJd~];fZlMP
_c¾fgcn
±´tYdK"M;c{Xd~_`cfg^tY_`±Kfgd~c
D
fgc{ti ∈ {1, ..., n}
¨.MLZinc i (P ) = P [x i − 1/x i ]
¨fgctdec i (P ) = [x i + 1/x i ]
tYMLc{_gZlMZ\GJMpJj\M;tYde]LfgZlMP
XlGJdZ\M;t6WVº_`c{Mfg~_`cJZlGJMi
±EZ\G&tYd~KM;c{Xld_c¯¨Zl_HfgjhtJX@GJdGJMLjfgc{t¾_(MLj }¥f`a{M;X;¨njlMDXp5M;]Zld~}`M;V §J_j ML¡JfgK"pJ~M`¨inc 1 (x 1 = 2 ∧ x 2 > 3) = (x 1 = 3 ∧ x 2 > 3)
q¬XfXlpMD]defg]LfXM _g¬f]Zld~_`c¸]_c{X[Z\j\f`dc=ZD¨¤pJjld~_`j\dZld~M;XbG{f¥}`M M;MLc XlGJ_c°Z\_ 5Mn,HmEFDGFHD>0,T7"!'H28Hi,H28
fP2 5L~zN ³´c _gZlG{MLj@(_`jhtJX;¨ZlG{MLV¹fg~_½Z\_MLcXaJj\M X\fMLZ[VºpJjl_pM;jZ\dMDXd~c f°K"_YtYaJefgjHf¥V`¨nGJd~~MpJj\M;XlMLj\}WdcJ
tYMDf`tY~_Y]hj\MLM;tJ_`Kr
4À65b= ??Ä=87$#I9 S ?Ä ? Á < pJj\d~_`j\dZ[V khFV('&D,F
A = A c ∪ A u
%&h280≺ ⊆ A c × A
EOÄ ;Y?Ä= _`j
A 0 ⊆ A
¨/MLZA 0 /≺ = {a ∈ A 0 | ¬∃a 0 ∈ A 0 . a ≺ a 0 }
M"Z\GJM@XlMZ_gHKf¡Yd~K"f`¦f`]Zld~_`c{X.d~cA 0
PQd~}`M;crXlMZhXH_g¤f`]Zld~_`c{X
A 1
¨
A 2
M.j\dZ\M
A 1 ≺ A 2
_`j
∀a 1 ∈ A 1 ∀a 2 ∈ A 2 . a 1 ≺ a 2
q $g ,2 2 5$.deXnfbaJc{]Z\d_cf`X\X_Y]defZ\dc{fpJj\d_jldZ[VdZlGrML}MLj\VX[ZhfZlM1_`
B
4À65b= ??Ä=87 7 9 4 Á = n?©S_/?Ä ?© Á < #tYVWc{fgK"de]@p{jld~_`j\dZ[V 28E 5 J$HK
B = (X
BA, A c , G, F )
%.0Z('"#28H ,HK #2
= (C ij ) a i ∈A c ,a j ∈A
E RES, M,HE52T L>H[G$g2@B
V (B,
2) = (U a ) a∈A c
%
U a i = V
a j ∈A ¬(C ij ∧ G a j )
EFHGJMp{jlMDtYd~];fZ\M;X
C ij
XlpMD]dVpJj\d_jldZ[V15MZ[(MLMLcf]Zld~_`cX
a i
f`c{t
a j
/³
C ij
d~X¤Zlj\aJMfZkXl_`K"MX[ZhfZlM¨ZlG{MLc"dcZ\GJMnXVYXZlM;K
j\M;XZlj\d~]ZlMDt1WVm#2»ZlG{M(f]Zld~_`c
a i
]Lf`cJcJ_`Z5MML¡WMD]aYZ\M;t1d
a j
deXM;c{fg{MDt»WpMj\dZlM
C ij 7→ a i ≺ a j
Z\_^M¡YpJj\M;X\X»Z\GJM©f`]Z/ZlGfZ
a i
deXktJ_`K"dcfZlMDt=V
a j
GJMLc
C ij
G{_`etJXL(PQd~}`MLcftYVWc{fgK"de]HpJjld~_`j\dZ[VQ2¤f`c{tf1X[ZhfZ\MU¤¨~MZ2
( x ) = {a i ≺ a j | C ij ( x )}
5M.ZlGJM1p{jld~_`j\dZ[VtJM{cJMDt=V*2HfZ+U¤¦q tYVWc{f`Kde].pJj\d_jldZ[VdeX 228&%+'D Pnd
C ij = ⇒ ¬C ji
_`jnfg~(a i , a j ) ∈ A c × A
4À65b= ??Ä=87G 9 ; = ??5À #,Ä À < )V P Q2 2 5$
≺
46gDF#KgG$≺ +
dRE&28H Pg,0H./2T '≺
Eg)V P$g , #2 2 $g2
= (C ij ) a i ∈A c ,a j ∈A
46*DF#K*G$ #2
+
dRE T"$#g ,"2 2 5$Y.,HR[dRE∀i, j, k . C ij ∧ C jk = ⇒ C ik
E
4À65b= ??Ä=87.RI9bÄ O_ Ä ^?©^?Ä=
⊕
ÄfX _/?Ä ?^?À < RZ,H M ' 546 #2 2≺ 1
≺ 2
%≺ 1 ⊕ ≺ 2 =
(≺ 1 ∪ ≺ 2 ) +
E RZ,H ' 46[$g , #2 2 #21
#&22
4j dR #2k = (C ij k ) a i ∈A c ,a j ∈A
B
k = 1, 2
B+ %#2
1 ⊕
#22 = (C ij 1 ∨ C ij 2 ) a i ∈A c ,a j ∈A +
E! "$# &(%, ) )! /0I "* #/8 # Q-%
pMnKfgMZ[(_QaJc{tJf`K"MLc=Z\f`{tYdeX[Z\dc{]Zld~_`c{X¦_`cf`]Zld~_`c{X¤f`c{tbZlGJM^XZ\fgZlM}fgj\defgJ~M;XZlG{MLVK_YtYdV`o§/djhXZ;¨gZ\GJMLj\MdeX¦f.p{fgjlZldZld~_`c
d~c=Zl_]_c{XZljhfgd~cJM;t fgc{t aJc{]L_`c{XZljhfgd~cJM;t }fgj\d~f`J~M;X;¤TYM;]_c{t»¨Y5_gZ\Grf`jlMQp{f`jZ\dZ\d_cJM;tf`];]_`jhtYd~cJbZl_"ZlG{MLd~jn]_`c=Z\jl_efgJd~~dZ[V
bÄ= ;LE?=À Å DC = Ä= ;LE?=À Å Y?EY,À C Fnc]_`cX[Z\j\f`dcJMDt"µ_`jdcJp{aYZh·¯}¥f`jldefg{MDX¯fgj\MocJ_gZXlaJYm[MD]Z¯Z\_nM;¼=aJd~~dJj\defJ
FHGJM;V¾]Lf`c&5M]L_`c{Xld~tJMLj\M;t¾fX ]L_`c{XZ\f`cZrf`X dc Lz¥N¨^d~c&GJde]hG ];f`XlM9Z\GJMLV¾];fgc&5MML~dK"d~c{fZ\M;t¾5M_jlMfgp{pJVWd~cJZ\GJM
}MLj\d];fZ\d_c fg~`_jldZlG{K"X;ap MfXlXlaJK"M.GJMLj\MQZlG{fgZaJc{]_c{XZljhfgd~cJM;t }fgj\d~f`JMDX(K"f¥V@ML}`_}M¬~d~`M1]_c{X[Z\j\f`dc{M;t }¥f`jldefg{MDXL
bÄ= L Ä ,,©Ya?,5?Á C FHGJMtYd~XZld~c{]Zld~_`c15MZ[(MLMLc]L_`c=Zlj\_`~efgJ~M¦fgc{t.a{c{]_cZ\jl_efg{M¤f`]Zld~_`c{Xfg~_nX?Z\_^]_c{Xld~tYM;j»ZlG{MkXVYXZlM;K
fXfk546"!0$F2 h15MZ[(MLM;c°fn,T28F21fgct9Z\GJMiP 28f « Fnc]_`c=Z\jl_efgJ~M"f`]Z\d_c{Xf`jlMZlj\d~``M;jlMDt9WV9Z\GJM
M;c=}Wd~jl_cJK"MLc=Z/f`c{t];fgcJcJ_`Z5MM;cY_`jh]MDt1_`jpJjlM;}`M;cZ\M;t1WVQZlG{M]_c=Zlj\_`~M;j;¨DGJMLj\M;fX]L_`c=Zlj\_`~~f`J~Mkf`]Zld~_`c{X]LfgcMZlj\d`M;jlMDt
_jntYd~X\fg{MDt@WV f"]L_`c=Zlj\_`~M;j(Xl_f`X(Z\_XlfgZldeX[V@Xl_`K"M.pJj\_`p5MLjlZ[V9µ_jdc{XZ\f`c{]M¨Jj\M;f`]hGX_K"M.XZ\fgZlM¥·¤³/ZlGJM]L_`c=Zlj\_`~M;j]Lfgc
X\fZ\d~XVZlG{M1pJjl_pM;jZ[V@GJ_M;}`M;jkZ\GJM1MLcW}Wdj\_`c{KM;c=ZH5MLGf¥}`M;X;¨WdZnGf`XfS4j f *H2811$
FHGJdeX.p{f`jZ\dZ\d_cdeX._`jlZlGJ_`_`cfg¯Z\_ZlGJM"p{f`jZ\dZ\d_c d~c=Zl_r]_`cX[Z\j\f`dcJMDtf`c{ta{c{]_c{X[Z\j\f`dc{M;t}fgj\defgJ~M;X;&p¹GJde]hGf`]Z\d_c{X
f`jlM]hG{_XlMLcZl_5M µ©aJc·]_`c=Z\jl_efgJ~MtYM;pM;c{tJXn_crZlGJMbpJj\_`p5MLjlZ[VZl_@Mb}`MLj\d{M;t»§{_`jnd~c{XZ\fgc]M`¨5d~c_`jhtYMLjZ\_@fgcX(MLjZ\GJM
¼=aJMDX[Z\d_c GJ_¹Zl_"]_c=Zlj\_`5dcJp{aYZn]_`c]MLc=Z\j\fgZld~_`c{Xdc _`jhtYMLjZl_"j\M;f]hG@X_K"M¬XZ\fZ\M ¨Y_`cJ~VZlGJM.aJc]_`cX[Z\j\f`dcJMDt@f]Zld~_`cXf`jlM
]L_`c{Xld~tJMLj\M;tf`X¬]_cZ\jl_efg{M³¤Z\GJMpJj\_`{M;K,deXnGJMLZlGJM;jQXl_`K"MXZ\fgZlMdeXnj\M;f]hG{fg{MfgZ¬fg~E¨ZlG{MLcf`/f`]Z\d_c{X^XlGJ_aJ~tr5M
]L_`c{Xld~tJMLj\M;t"f`X¤]L_`c=Zlj\_`~~f`J~M`³»(Mnfgj\MHdc=ZlM;jlMDX[Z\M;td~cGJMZ\GJMLjkXl_`K"MnXZ\fgZlMdeX¤jlMDf`]hG{f`J~M(d~cf.GJ_XZld~~MnMLcW}Wdj\_`c{KM;c=Z;¨Z\GJMLc
ML¡Yf]Z\VZ\GJM1d~cJpJaYZ¬f]Z\d_c{XHfgj\M¬Z\_"M]L_`c{Xld~tJMLj\M;tf`XHaJc{]L_`c=Zlj\_`~efgJ~M`
G CR C7 S ?À À=Ã ?© À ,?=/À Y@ Á L À
4À65b=
??
Ä=87 H9 4Ä
E?
=
<
E DF2 21F #28.,
θ = θ 1 × ... × θ n
4j R
θ i = {θ 1 i , ..., θ p i i }
2828HV '(ZlGJj\M;XlGJ_`etJX BaH.,HRYdRE
0 < θ 1 i < ... < θ i p i
E WD i r (θ) = {[0, θ i 1 )} ∪ {(θ i j , θ j+1 i ) | 1 6 j < p i } ∪ {(θ p i i , ∞)}
D s i (θ) = {θ j i | 1 6 j 6 p i }
Egmg Rm25./hθ
4\RE* %V,0H2!'H28 dRE,Hf1'DE WD i = D i r ∪D i s
E RKKVED,H
IR n >0
%VdR>.>\E25 #T KtY_K"f`dcXD = D 1 ×D 2 ×... ×D n
E RE E
D r = D r 1 ×D 2 r ×... ×D r n
28 ,H0Hj\MLaJ~fgZl_jlV h @B6R Dh
D s = D r D r
28 ,H0HXldZh]hGJd~cJtY_`Kfgd~c{XE4À65b=
??
Ä=87 9 S ?À À=Ã
?E
À
,5?
=/À
Y
Á
;
À
=<
W
M = (X, U, Y, θ, µ, ν)
4j dR• X = {x 1 , ..., x n }
hFV(' 28H!KP.HXZ\fZ\M.}¥f`jldefg{MDX&#U, Y ⊆ X
RQq ']_`c=Z\jl_efgJ~M #1]_c{XZljhfgd~cJM;tP2 G0@BV28F5H,F PF$ E Q.&R
Y = {x 1 , ..., x m }
?• θ = θ 1 × ... × θ n
B 4j dR
θ i = {θ 1 i , ..., θ i p i }
.,TR[R0 < θ i 1 < ... < θ p i i
BH^, KF&4j RkP2$ hFH n 28DF28H*FV('HZ\GJjlMDXG{_`etJX ?• µ : D r (θ) → IR m >0
T,F 1F 4j dR[P2$*281./0K2$ Dh OhPT,K2&('Hp{jl_YtYa{]Zld~_`cj\fgZlMDX ?• ν : D r (θ) → diag(IR m >0 )
H^, K 4j dRiFPF2$h2T./012$ h O #b 52 'Y('tJML`jhf`t{fZld~_`c j\fgZlMDX E FHGJM¬XMLZX
d~Xkp{fgjlZldZld~_`c{M;t"d~cZ\_fXlMZU
_`6,T28G0(fgc{tfXlMZX r U
_g./#,H280G0k}¥f`jldefg{MDXL³´cf`tJtYdZld~_`c¨(M¬XlaJpJp5_XlM
X
Z\_5M^p{f`jZ\dZ\d_cJM;td~c=Zl_fXMLZY
_g ,HH28 Hnf`c{tfXlMZX r Y
_`./,HH28 H_jm #./{}fgj\defgJ~M;X;¢(_gZ\Gp{fgjlZldZld~_`cX^fgj\M1d~c{tYMLp5MLctYMLc=Z;¬§J_`j
D ∈ D
¨5~MZR(D) ⊆ D r
5M1ZlG{MbXlMZ^_`oj\MLaJefZl_jlV tY_`Kfgd~c{XnZlG{fgZ^G{f¥}`MD
dcZ\GJMLd~jn5_`aJc{t{fgj\V`¨JXla{]hG@Z\G{fZ
R(D) = {D}
_jD ∈ D r
³´cj\ML`a{~fgZl_`j\VtY_`Kf`dc{X;¨¯Z\G{fZdeX._jX[ZhfZlMDX
x ∈ D
_jXl_`K"MD ∈ D r
¨ZlGJM5MLG{f¥}Wd~_`j1_`M
d~X1d}MLcWVµE·³´c XldZh]hGJd~cJ°tY_`Kfgd~c{X;¨G{MLj\Mµ«`·deX"cJ_gZ@tYML{cJMDt»¨(§/d~d~pJp5_} L~z;N^tJM{cJMDX"ZlG{Mp_=XlXld{Mr5MLG{f¥}Wd~_`jhXWVZ\GJM9tYd®5M;jlM;c=Zldefgd~c{]~a{Xld_c
˙
x ∈ H (x)
dZlGH (x) = ¯ co {µ(D 0 ) − ν(D 0 )x | D 0 ∈ R(D)}
GJM;jlM
¯
co(E)
deX¬ZlGJMXlKfg~MDX[Z1]~_XlM;t9]L_`cW}`ML¡G=VWp5MLjl±«j\M;]Z\f`cJ`~Mb]L_`c=Z\f`dcJd~cJ@ZlGJMXlMZE
L~zDY¨¤z^9NFHGWa{X;¨?_`jx ∈ D
_`jXl_`K"M.jlM;`aJefZ\_`j\VtY_`Kf`dc
D ∈ D r
¨H(x) = {µ(D) − ν(D)x}
4À65b= ??Ä=87$I9JÀ = ^?E` < R&28 CT,K2 F '
M
28&dRE F./ E& 'x ˙ ∈ H (x)
Ep¹dZlGJd~cºf9j\ML`a{~fgZl_`j\V tJ_`Kfgd~c
D
dZ\Gx ˙ = µ D − ν D x
¨¦ZlG{M pJj\_gZ\MLd~c]_c{]M;c=ZljhfZld~_`cXML}_`~}`MZ\_(f`j\t{XfnK2D ./ GF2 ./¨Xl_`~aYZ\d_c _`0 = µ D − ν D x
ª4À65b= ??Ä=87 9
φ
< 2 $D ∈ D r
Bj0φ(D)
1 RHZhfgj\`MZ(M;¼=aJd~d~Jj\da{K 'D
H.,HRZdREφ i = µ i (D)/ν i (D)
'F2
i = 1, ..., m
1R ,H528 HhP2 DGF ErÁ _ Ä ^] À ^?E 7 R/28.RE./*R/ % T2k46O 7nRnH./#5 dRE"'F2nf$ 281./0K2$ Dh
D
B∃D 0 ∈
D r . φ(D) ∈ D 0
BRq %@Bq K2DV./ G2 * 4j dR> i281./012$ E@BV EG CR CG /,?©;Y?À Ä Å À ,
³´cZlG{d~XnXlM;]Zld~_`cM1XlGJ_`jlZl~VpJj\M;XlMLc=ZHZlG{M¼afg~dZhfZld~}`MQK"_YtYML¯_`ofd}MLcpJdMD]M;d~XlM.d~cJM;f`jnXVYXZlM;K¨JfXtYMcJM;td~ckL~z^9N«
4À65b= ??Ä=87$I9
eq
< )q Pθ = θ 1 × ... × θ n
B46*L># #28H ,HK
eq i #
D
Bi ∈ {1, ..., n}
B# ∈ {<, 6, >, >}
.,HRYdRE
•
'x i ∈ Y
dREeq i # (D) ⇐⇒ _
D 0 ∈R(D)
∀x i ∈ D i 0 . φ i (D 0 )#x i
'F2
# ∈ {<, >}
Sf$D = (D 1 , ..., D n ) ∈ D
Bqeq 6 i = ¬eq > i
B #eq > i = ¬eq < i
?•
'x i ∈ X r Y
RFeq # i =
2.1E³Z^];fgcrMbXM;MLcZlG{fgZZlGJMpJjlMDtYde]LfZ\M;XH_crXldZ\]hGJd~cJtY_K"f`dcXnfgj\M.jlMD]aJjhXd~}`M;VtJM{cJMDtrdZ\GjlMDXp5M;]ZHZl_~_M;j± _`jhtYM;j
XldZh]hGJd~cJtY_`Kf`dc{X;¹³´c=ZlaJdZld~}`M;V¨(ZlGJMpJj\M;tJd~];fZlMDX
eq # i
dc=ZlM;jlp5_`efZ\M @Z\GJM9j\MLefZ\d}M p5_XldZ\d_cº_gQZ\fgj\`MLZM;¼=aJd~d~Jj\d~f_gZ\GJMf`t¥mf]MLc=Z.jlM;`aJefZ\_`j\VtJ_`Kfgd~c{X;FHGJMpJjlMDtYde]LfZ\M;X
eq i < (D)
f`c{teq i > (D)
Xp5M;]LdVGJM;cXl_`K"M"f`t¥mf]M;cZQjlM;`aJefZ\_`j\V tY_Kfgd~c G{fXHdZhXM;¼=aJd~~dJj\d~aJK#~MZn_`D i
fgct@j\dG=ZH_`
D i
¨YjlMDXp5M;]Zld~}`ML~V`
MZ
reg i
fgc{t
switch i
MbZlGJMbpJj\M;tYde]LfgZlM;XQ]hG{f`j\f]ZlM;jld~£Ld~cJZlG{Mbj\MLaJ~fgZl_jlVfgc{t9XldZ\]hGJd~cJ tJ_`Kfgd~c{Xn_`
D i
¨?j\M;XlpMD]±
Z\d}ML~V`§{_`j
D ∈ D
¨MLZswitching(D) = {x i | switch i (D)}
M.Z\GJMXlMZn_`oXldZh]hGJd~cJ}fgj\d~f`JMDXHdcD
MLZsucc i
fgc{t
prec i
M.Z\GJMXa]L]MDXlXl_`jHfgct p{jlMDtYM;]LM;X\X_jkaJc]Zld~_`cr_c Z\GJM1_`jhtYM;jlMDt@XlMZ_g¤tY_`Kf`dc{X
D i
4À65b= ??Ä=87$t)V P # T,H4j %Y H2*$1
M = (X, U, Y, θ, µ, ν)
'Z En
B dREF. K PSh^DFQ(M)
%mL>#T&+R+KK !K28E 5 28TRQ(M) = (D, →)
4j Rh52TE→⊆ D ×D
.,HR dRE∀D, D 0 ∈ D
BD → D 0 ⇐⇒ switching(D) ⊂ switching(D 0 ) ∧ not
tr(D)∧
^
i=1,...,n
D i 0 = prec i (D i ) ∧ eq < i (D) ∨ D 0 i = succ i (D i ) ∧ eq > i (D) ∨ D 0 i = D i
∨
switching(D 0 ) ⊂ switching(D) ∧ not
tr(D 0 )∧
^
i=1,...,n
D i 0 = prec i (D i ) ∧ eq 6 i (D 0 ) ∨ D 0 i = succ i (D i ) ∧ eq > i (D 0 ) ∨ D 0 i = D i
4\RF28
not
tr(D) = ^
x i ∈Y
reg i (D) ∨ min
D 0 ∈R(D) φ i (D 0 ) < D i < max
D 0 ∈R(D) φ i (D 0 )
³´c=Zla{dZ\d}ML~V`¨¥]_`ctYdZ\d_c
not
tr(D)
deX¯X\fZldeX{M;t.dJtY_`Kfgd~cD
d~XcJ_gZ28E FfE¨Dd~c.ZlGJM(XM;c{XMoZ\G{fZdZdeX¯d~c{XZ\f`cZhfgcJM;_`a{Xl~V ]Ljl_=XlXlM;tWVfgcWV Zljhfm[MD]Zl_jlV_gM
jlMDf`]hGJd~cJD
§J_jZ\GJMr]Lf`XlM@G{MLj\MY = X
¨Q(M)
]_`j\j\M;Xlp_c{tJXML¡Jf`]Z\V Zl_ ZlG{M¼=a{f`dZ\fgZld~}`MQZljhfgc{XldZld~_`c`jhfgpJGtYM{c{M;tdc L~z^9N
G CR CR Ä O_ Ä=/À= +uÄ Å À ,©
pM"cJ_ pJj\_`p5_XlM1ZlGJM]L_`c{XZlj\a{]Z\d_c9_g(fp{f`djQ_g]L_`K"p5_`cJM;cZl±«f`XlM;tK"_YtYMLeX^jl_K²fpJd~M;]LMLdeXMd~cJMDfgj.XVYXZlMLKr1FHGJM;V
f`jlM^XlVWK5_`~d~]`¨d~cZ\GJMQXlMLcXMZ\G{fZZlGJM.XZ\fZ\M^Xlp{f`]LM^fgc{t@XaJXMLZ\XkZlGJM;jlM;_g¯fgj\Mnj\MLpJj\M;XlMLc=ZlMDtf`XkpJjlMDtYde]LfZ\M;X;¨jhfZ\GJMLj¦ZlG{f`cWV
M;c=a{KM;j\fgZld~cJZlGJMXZ\fgZlMDXL
S Ä _ Ä ??Ä= 7
not
tr = V
i=1,...,n reg i ∨ inc i (eq i 6 ) ∧ dec i (eq > i ) ∨ eq < i ∧ eq > i
EMZ
P(X )
tYM;cJ_gZ\MQZlGJMXlMZn_`pJj\M;tYde]LfgZlMDXH_`cX
4À65b= ??Ä=HG #I9
C(M)
< )V P[+# H,T4j % #T2$1M = (X, U, Y, θ, µ, ν)
Bb46QD>6"dREQ,HmEah^DFC(M) = (
evels, A, A c , G, F ) = (B 1 kB 2 k...kB n )/V
'F04a E• ∀i = 1, ..., n . B i = counter (D i )
B #• V : A → P (D(θ))
.,TRRV (B i .inc) = V i >
V (B i .dec) = V i <
4j dRV i < =reg i ∧ not
tr ∧ eq < i ∨
µ59·switch i ∧ inc i (not
tr ∧ eq 6 i )
µ ·V i > =reg i ∧ not
tr ∧ eq > i ∨
µ«w`·switch i ∧ dec i (not
tr ∧ eq i > )
µE·4\RF28
(D i )
%&ZGT./DTZ,H./K2QD>6HD i (θ)
G$hdRE&528E [$KF(D i ) = {level i }, {inc i , dec i }, {G inc i = level i 6 θ p i i , G dec i = level i > θ 1 i }, {F inc i = succ i (level i ), F dec i = prec i (level i )}
4\RF2T{inc i , dec i }
28g,H280G0 128F5 E",HE52T H *D,F 'x i ∈ U
128F5 Ex i ∈ Y
E\F
(Q, )
GT&dRE Fh ,F 'C(M)
Eq]Zld~_`c{X
inc i
µ
dec i
·]_jlj\M;Xlp5_`c{t Zl_fgc°d~c{]j\M;fXM µ©tYMD]j\M;f`XlMD·1=V_`c{M@_gHZ\GJM tYdeX\]j\MZld~£LMDt]_c{]M;c=ZljhfZld~_`c
level i
_g
pJj\_gZ\MLd~c
i
QIn_`Zlde]MbZlG{fgZQ(MtJ_@cJ_`Z.fXlXlaJK"MaJc]_`cX[Z\j\f`dcJMDt}fgj\d~f`J~M;X^Zl_@5M]_c{X[Zhfgc=Z;1FHGJMpJj\M;tYde]LfgZlMDXV i <
fgc{tV i >
XlpMD]dVGJM;cf¬Z\j\f`c{XdZld~_`ctYM;]LjlM;K"MLc=Zld~cJ
x i
f`c{td~c{]LjlM;KM;c=Zld~cJ
x i
¨gjlMDXp5M;]Zld~}`M;V¨d~XoM;c{fgJ~M;t¯/P_jlM(pJj\M;]Ld~XlML~V`¨g~d~cJM;X
(
9)
f`c{t
(
w)
Xlp5M;]dV.ZlGfZ/ZlGJM;jlMd~XofZ\j\f`c{XldZ\d_c1jl_K fn~_M;j±_`jhtYMLj?Z\_¬f^GJdGJMLjl± _`jhtYMLjXldZ\]hGJd~cJ¬tJ_`Kfgd~cd~c1ZlG{M(tYd~j\M;]Z\d_c_gZ\GJM^Zhfgj\`MLZ¦M;¼=aJd~d~Jj\daJK _`»ZlGJMQX_aJj\]LM^tY_K"f`dc dcJMDX
( )
fgc{t(
)
d}MZlG{M¬]_c{tYdZld~_`c{Xk_`jkZljhfgc{XldZld~_`c{XtYM;]LjlMDf`XldcJ.Z\GJM _j\tYM;j;ªoZ\GJMLVKaX[Zn5M]_K"p{fZ\dJ~M1dZlGrZlG{MjlM;~fgZld~}`M.p5_XldZ\d_c_`Z\GJM1Zhfgj\`MZMD¼a{d~d{jld~aJK½_g/ZlGJMtJM;XZld~c{fZ\d_crtJ_`Kfgd~c¯N_c{tYdZld~_`c
not
tr
KfgM;XbXaJj\MZ\G{fZZlG{MLj\M@deXbfZljhfgc{XldZld~_`cj\_`K f XldZ\]hGJd~cJ tJ_`Kfgd~cD ∈ D s
Z\_fGJd~`GJM;j±_`jhtYMLj XldZh]hGJd~cJ9tY_`Kf`dc_`cJ~VdD
d~X1c{_gZ1ZljhfgcXd~MLc=Z._`jf`cWVtYd~KM;c{Xld_c/ZlGJM;jlMdeX1fZljhfgc{XldZld~_`c Zl_9fr~_M;j± _`jhtYMLj.tY_K"f`dcD
_`cJ~VrdD
d~XQcJ_`Z^Z\j\f`c{Xd~MLc=Z¬_`j.fgcWVtYdK"M;c{Xd~_`c I^_gZ\d~]LMZ\G{fZV i < ∧ V i >
deXQcJ_gZ.cJM;]LM;X\Xlf`jld~~Vg'FL¨»Xldc]M"XdZ\]hGJd~cJtY_Kfgd~c{XHKf¥VG{f¥}`MQK"_`j\MQZlG{f`c_cJMQZ\f`jlMZM;¼=aJd~d~Jj\da{K
À YB 7f ,H
k
% HF, P BRhGHP D>6 0HPF TiRE4`dREg$1 %gD,F.$ 2 5 HS K,Hm5 E RES46'28 Z,HZ28ZRQH,HR
B i
%Z,HE 28Hi Y,HmLB 2*dRE
B 1 kB 2 k...kB n
%,TE 28HOYZ >0,T#FfE R/ %,HRE ,T4j q.>.$ D1OJdRED28H('Z K28,5 GT46T
dREgh^DFTK E E q./5 YE#28KF & n#h,T#Ffh./5 KS !Kh^./02 b0H >YK # !
,Hm 5 #$ % Eq-mK28FFf5 > H,HR"2TKF *4j dRhQFK281",T#FfWh$ 0H 1Q 1REHP^$&DG28,5
'"dREQGHHREP^ 2 E ^h,HRE ,T $ dRE2Q,F0F$ f128, m2TKF KBE'F2" HK#,H6281 E R"F &,TBj
g,T#FfB4\R/ 0 > #F REGH2 ,HF FK281g,HmE5 E
pMtYMcJMf"XMD]_`ct ]L_`K"p_cJMLc=ZK"_YtYML¯_}MLjl±f`pJpJj\_¥¡YdKfZ\dc{.ZlGJM.Z\j\f`c{XdZld~_`cj\MLefZld~_`c _g
Q(M)
4À65b= ??Ä=HG 7 9
C(M) ˆ
< )V PMh H,HF4j %Z #T2h$1M
B"46ZD>6ZRZ,H#Ff"h^DFC(M) = (D, A ˆ
BA c , G, F) = (B 1 kB 2 k...kB n )/V
'F04a E• ∀i = 1, ..., n . B i = counter (D i )
B #• V : A → P (D)
.,TRRV (B i .inc) = V i >
V (B i .dec) = V i <
4j dRV ˆ i < =reg i ∧ not
tr ∧ eq < i ∨ switch i ∧ inc i (eq 6 i )
V ˆ i > =reg i ∧ not
tr ∧ eq > i ∨ switch i ∧ dec i (eq i > )
\F
(Q, ) ˆ
GH&RQ ,& 'C(M) ˆ
E"U O_ ,À7 \F .> ,HE 2 '>#0 ('Q46 #28KF
a
b
>R> G H,HRRF2V#28.,5 E RF 228FEH,5 P28., 2TK 28 D>6H G$
µ a =
20
'0 6 x a < θ 2 a ∧ 0 6 x b < θ b 1
0
dRE24j %µ b =
20
'0 6 x a < θ 1 a ∧ 0 6 x b < θ b 2
0
dRE24j %4j dR
θ a 1 = θ b 1 = 4
θ a 2 = θ b 2 = 8
E Rh12T5 O28KF (' GTRh#28KF 28h46$2
E ./28 *87DFK,HREF&R$g ,F ('R"H$KF Bb&8RE4a"R ,H228# . 15 P
Q(M)
"L>#H E ./28 8RE4adRE Fhf5 ,F&('
C(M )
#C(M) ˆ
Eθ 2 b
θ 1 b
θ a 2 θ a 1
x b
0 x a
θ 2 b
θ 1 b
θ 1 a θ 2 a x a
0 x b
§/d~`aJj\Mnz`ª»ikG{f`XlM¦Xpf`]M¤_`WZlGJMpJdMD]M;d~XlM¤d~cJMDfgjXlVYX[Z\MLK dZ\G1jlM;~fgZld~}`M¤p5_XldZ\d_cQ_`WZ\fgj\`MLZ¯M;¼=aJd~d~Jj\d~f1µ©MLZh·fgc{tQZ\j\f`c{XdZld~_`c
XlVYX[Z\MLK#_`Z\GJM¼=a{fg~dZhfZ\d}MQK"_YtYM;
Q(M)
µj\d~`G=Zh·x b
θ 2 b
θ 1 b
θ a 1 θ a 2 x a
0
x b
θ 2 b
θ 1 b
θ 1 a θ a 2 x a
0
§/d~`aJj\MYªkN_`K"p5_`cJM;cZnK"_YtYM;~X
C(M)
µ©MLZh·f`c{tC(M ˆ )
µ©jld~`G=Zh·G CR C +uÄ Å À , bÄ O_oY?© Ä=
FHGJMb_`~~_dcJZ[_@ZlGJM;_`j\MLKX^XlGJ_ ZlGfZ
C(M)
©f`dZ\GYaJ~VK"_YtYMLeXQ(M)
¨5a{pZl_ ZlGJMbK"d~X\Xd~cJtYd~f``_c{fgZljhfgc{XldZ\d_c{X;§{jl_K fQJd~_`~_``de]Lf`Yp_dc=Z¦_`5}Wd~ML1¨Z\GJd~XfgpJp{jl_¥¡Yd~K"fgZld~_`c]Lfgc5M¤m[a{XZld{M;tWVZ\GJMH©f`]Z¤ZlG{fgZkpJj\_WtJa{]Z\d_cf`c{t"tYMLj\ftJfZ\d_c
_`bpJj\_gZ\MLd~c{X f`jlMcJM;}`MLjpJj\M;]Ld~XlML~V¹K"M;f`XlaJj\M;t¾f`c{t¾j\MLp{jlMDXM;cZ\M;t&=VºZ\GJM°tYd®5M;jlM;cZ\d~f`.M;¼=a{fZ\d_c{X;¨^cJ_jf`jlM ZlGJM;VºZlj\aJ~V
]L_`c=Zld~cWaJ_`a{X;¨¯JaJZ@µ_`cfK"_`~M;]a{~f`jQ~ML}ML·.tYdeXl]LjlMLZlMaJc{]Zld~_`c{X;FHGJMLj\M_jlM¨fgcWV9]_jlj\M;]Z"µZlG{fgZd~X;¨{d__`de]Lfg~~VrXl_`a{c{t{·
K"_YtYMLd~¯5M1jl_Ja{XZHM;cJ_`a{`GrX_f`XZ\_fg~_¹_jdc=Z\MLj\MDf¥}=d~cJbZljhfgc{XldZld~_`c{XHd~c{XZlM;ft@_`oXlVWc{]hGJj\_`cJ_a{X(X[Z\MLp{X;
; ] ÀWÄ À 7'
D D 0
'F2D, D 0 ∈ D
BRFD → D 0
EFHG{fgZd~X;¨Jd
C(M)
];fgcKfg`M1Xl_`K"MQZljhfgc{XldZld~_`c¯¨WZ\GJMLcQ(M )
];fgcrKfg`M¬ZlG{MXlf`KMQZ\j\f`c{XdZld~_`cq2T^ ' E TWa{pJp_=XMkZlG{fgZ
D D 0
o§JaJjlZlG{MLjoXaJp{p_=XM¨DdZlG{_`aYZ/_=XlX_gJMLcJM;j\f`dZ[V`¨;ZlG{fgZD 0 k < D k
¨gf`c{t
∀i 6= k . D 0 i = D i
pMtYdeX[Z\dcJaJdeXGZ[(_"];f`XlM;X;
³
switch(D k 0 )
ZlGJM;c@WV ^ML{cJdZld~_`crgyY¨V k < (D)
fgc{t"Z\GWa{X(not
tr ∧ eq k < )(D)
¦¢VtYML{cJdZld~_`c_`→
dZ(_`~_nX¦ZlG{fgZD → D 0
³_`cZ\GJM_gZ\GJMLj1Gfgc{t»¨
switch(D k )
¨ZlG{MLcinc k (eq k 6 )
(D)
¨¤fgctZ\GWa{Xeq k 6 (D 0 )
¬M{c{MD 00
Xla{]hGZlG{fgZ_`jbfgcWVi = 1, ..., n
¨D i 00 = prec i (D i )
dswitch i ∧ inc i (eq i 6 )
(D)
¨D i 00 = succ i (D i )
dswitch i ∧ dec i (eq i 6 )
(D)
¨(fgc{tD 00 i = D i
_gZ\GJMLj\d~XlM` p MG{f¥}M
D k 0 = D 00 k
fgc{t∀i . reg i (D 00 ) ∨ inc i (eq > i )
(D 00 ) ∧ dec i (eq i < )
(D 00 )
rFHGWa{X.WV tYML{cJdZld~_`c _geq < i
f`c{teq > i
¨∀i . reg i (D 00 ) ∨ (eq i > ∧ eq < i )(D 00 )
¨¯f`c{tnot
tr(D 00 )
.¢(VtYML{cJdZld~_`c9_`→
¨?dZ¬_~_nX Z\G{fZD → D 00
kTWd~c{]Mnot
tr(D 0 )
¨JdZ_`~_nX(Z\G{fZD → D 0
; ] ÀWÄ À G
∀D, D 0 ∈ D . D → D 0 = ⇒ D D 0
'∃k . D k 6= D k 0 ∧ ∀j 6= k . D 0 j = D j
E
³´c=Zla{dZ\d}ML~V`¨=d
Q(M)
]Lf`cK"f``MnXl_`K"MZ\j\f`c{XdZld~_`c]hGfgcJdcJ1_cJ~VZlG{M^}fg~aJMn_`¯_`cJM}fgj\defgJ~M`¨`ZlGJM;cC(M)
];fgcKfgM Z\GJMXlf`K"M¬Z\j\f`c{XldZ\d_c¯q2T^ ' E TWa{pJp_=XMbZlGfZ
D → D 0
1§JaJjlZlGJM;j1XaJp{p_=XMbdZ\GJ_`aYZ1~_X\X^_`k`M;cJMLjhfg~dZ[V@Z\G{fZ∀i . D 0 i 6 D i
Qp M"tYdeX[Z\dcJaJdeXG
Z[(_];f`XlM;X;ª
switching(D) ⊂ switching(D 0 )
µd~c{]j\M;fXd~cJ _`jhtYMLj·^f`c{tswitching(D 0 ) ⊂ switching(D)
µ©tYMD]j\M;f`Xld~cJ_j\tYM;jh·³´cbZlGJM({jhXZo];f`XlM`¨
(not
tr∧ eq k < )(D)
GJ_`etJX/WV^ML{cJdZld~_`cz1J¨`fgc{tZlGWa{XV k < (D)
o³´cZ\GJMXM;]L_`c{t]Lf`XlM`¨eq k 6 (D 0 )
f`c{t ZlGWa{X
inc k (eq 6 k )
(D)
¨{f`c{tV k < (D)
¤³´cr5_gZ\Gr];f`XlM;X;¨Z\GJM1d~Kp{de]LfgZld~_`c_`~_nX;p¹GJM;cX_K"MntYd~f``_c{fg¯µ©_`jhtYMLjl±«d~c{]LjlMDf`XldcJ¬_`jo±´tYM;]LjlMDf`Xldc{=·Zljhfgc{XldZld~_`c"d~X¦p_=XlXld{Md~c
Q(M)
¨gZlG{MLcXl_`K"Mdc=Z\MLj\MDf¥}=d~cJdeXp5_X\Xd~J~MQd~c
C(M) ˆ
¦§{_`j\Kfg~V?ªS Ä _ Ä ??Ä=IG '
D → D 0
switching(D 0 ) ⊂ switching(D)
BjRFD ˆ ∗ D 0
Eq2T^ ' E TWa{pJp_=XM¬dZ\GJ_`aJZ~_X\X¤_g¯MLcJM;j\f`dZ[VZ\G{fZ
∀i . D i 0 6 D i
¨Wfgc{t"~MZ
I = {i | D i 6= D i 0 }
/³Zk_~_nX¤WV ^ML{cJdZld~_`c z ZlG{fgZV
i∈I eq i 6 (D 0 )
MZ(i 1 , i 2 , . . . , i k )
MXl_`K"Mp5MLj\KaYZhfZld~_`c_`Z\GJMdctYd~]LM;XdcI
N_`c{XldetYMLj.Z\GJM@XlM;¼=aJMLc]M"_gtY_Kfgd~c{X
D i 0 , D i 1 , D i 2 , . . . , D i k = D 0
Xa]hG@Z\G{fZD i 0 = D
¨{fgc{t _jnfgcWVj ∈ {1, ..., k}
¨D i j
tYd®?MLjhXHj\_`KD i j− 1
_`cJ~Vd~cZlGJM"©f]Z1ZlGfZ}fgj\d~f`J~M
x i j
deX1XdZ\]hGJd~cJrd~c
D i j− 1
fgc{t jlM;`aJefZ\_`j\VdcD i j
¢(VtYML{cJdZld~_`c_gV ˆ <
dZ1_~_nXQZlGfZD ˆ D i 1 ˆ . . . ˆ D i k − 1 ˆ D 0
FHGJdeXpJjl_W_`¯ML}`M;c@XlGJ_nX¦Z\GJM¬XZlj\_`c{`MLjjlMDXa{ZZlG{fgZQ$nd~c=ZlMLj\~M;f¥}Wdc{_gf`c@_`jhtYM;j±´tYM;]LjlMDf`Xldc{¬Z\j\f`c{XldZ\d_c_g
Q(M)
deXp5_X\Xd~J~M1dc
C(M )
G CR C Z= Å À Â E_\_/ Ä>U ?Y?Ä=
q¬XfXldK"pJ~d5]LfZ\d_c°_gHZlG{M@]_Kp5_`c{MLc=ZK"_WtJML«¨/(MpJj\_`p5_XlMfjlMDX[Z\jlde]Z\d_cZ\_9j\ML`a{~fgZl_`j\V9fgct{j\XZ±_`jhtYM;jXdZ\]hGJd~cJ
tY_Kfgd~c{XLoq^X/(MHd~JXG{_1¨¥ZlGJMHaJc{tJMLjl±f`pJpJj\_¥¡Wd~KfZ\d_c1d~Xo_`ZlMLc"XZld~YpJj\M;]Ld~XlM(MLcJ_aJ`GZl_1]hGJM;]h1j\M;f]hG{fg{d~dZ[V.pJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;X;
4À65b= ??Ä=HG G 9
D 01
< \D 01
,HRE28,12 gRQq 'Q281./2 E #*>62H! 282 H4j K,HR> YDh E MD 01 = D ∧ _
i∈{1,...,n}
^
j∈{1,...,n} r {i}
reg j
F^c{tYMLjl±´fgpJpJj\_¥¡YdKfgZld~_`c1deX/f]hGJd~ML}`MDt1WV1jlMDX[Z\jlde]Z\dc{nZlG{M(K"_YtYM;=dZlGbZlG{MHXZ\fgZlMH]_c{X[Z\j\f`dc=Z
D 01
oFHG{fZod~X;¨(M(]L_`c{Xld~tJMLjC(M)/D 01
d~c{X[Z\M;ft_gC(M )
¦FHG{d~X(deX(]LMDfgj\Vf`c@aJc{tJMLjl± f`pJpJj\_¥¡Wd~KfZ\d_c_g¯Z\GJM.M;G{f¥}Wd_j(tYML{cJMDtWV"ZlGJM1¼=a{f`dZ\fgZld~}`M K"_YtYML«
h L "! )+½!
³´cZ\GJdeX¬XlM;]Zld~_`c(MtYdeXl]La{XlX^jlMDXa{ZhXHZl_]_`K"p5_XldZ\d_c{fg~~V ]hGJMD]h@j\M;f`]hGfgJd~dZ[V@p{jl_pM;jZ\dMDXnfgc{t9M¡Yd~XZlM;c{]M_g¤M;¼=aJd~d~Jj\da{K
XZ\fgZlM;X;o§J_`j¤MDf`]hG_gZlGJMDXMpJj\_`p5MLjlZld~M;X;¨gf.XaJ]LdM;c=Zk]_`ctYdZ\d_cbdeX¤tYML{cJM;tbZ\G{fZ¦d~K"pJd~M;X¤ZlGJMpJj\_`p5MLjlZ[V`³´cb_j\tJMLj/Zl_1M;c{Xa{jlM
ML]LdM;c{]VdZlGJ_aYZk5MLd~cJ.Zl_W_]_c{XlMLj\}¥fgZld~}`M¨ZlGJM¬XaY]LdM;cZk]L_`c{tJdZ\d_c{X¤a{XlMn5_gZlG"Z\GJMaJc{tJMLjl±f`pJpJj\_¥¡Wd~KfZ\d_c
C(M)
f`c{tZ\GJM1_}`M;j±´fgpJp{jl_¥¡Yd~K"fgZld~_`c