a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
An Active Testing Model for Tracking Roads in Satellite Images
Donald Geman and Bruno Jedynak
N˚ 2757
De´cembre 1995
PROGRAMME 4
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