Caractérisation et élaboration d'un outil de surveillance des cuvettes oasiennes et de leurs alentours par télédétection et système d'information









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I.7.1.1. Les sols des alentours de cuvettes ... 21

I.7.1.2. Les sols des cuvettes ... 23

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I.8.1.2. L’exploitation agricole ... 29

I.8.1.3. L’exploitation forestière ... 30

I.8.1.4. L’exploitation du natron ... 32

,,QWHQVLWpG¶H[SORLWDWLRQGHVFXYHWWHVHWW\SHVGHGpJUDGDWLRQ  &+$3,75( ,, '(7(&7,21 '(6 &89(77(6 2$6,(11(6 '8 &(175((67 '8 1,*(5 3$5 &/$66,),&$7,21 '¶,0$*(6 6$7(//,7(63277+;  ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,,0(7+2'2/2*,( ,,5HFRQQDLVVDQFHGHWHUUDLQHWFROOHFWHGHVGRQQpHV II.1.1.1. L’établissement de la nomenclature ... 40

II.1.1.2. La sélection et contrôle des zones d’entraînement ... 40

,,'HVFULSWLRQGHVWURLVPpWKRGHV II.1.2.1. La méthode de classification par pixel ... 41

II.1.2.2. La méthode de classification par texture ... 42

II.1.2.3. La méthode de classification par objet ... 48 ,,(YDOXDWLRQGHVFODVVLILFDWLRQVUpDOLVpHV ,,5(68/7$76(7',6&866,21 ,,(YDOXDWLRQGHODFODVVLILFDWLRQ ,, &RPSDUDLVRQ GHV UpVXOWDWV REWHQXV SDU OHV WURLV  WHFKQLTXHV G¶DQDO\VHVSL[HOODLUHWH[WXUDOHHWSDUREMHW ,,4XHOTXHVOLPLWHVGHODPpWKRGHGHFODVVLILFDWLRQSDUREMHW &RQFOXVLRQSDUWLHOOH

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&+$3,75( ,9 ,'(17,),&$7,21 (7 &$5$&7(5,6$7,21 '(6 81,7(6 3$<6$*(5(6 '(6 &89(77(6 2$6,(11(6 (7 '( /(856 $/(172856$662&,(6$/¶$,'('(6,0$*(663277+;  ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,90$7e5,(/(70e7+2'(6 ,9'RQQpHVXWLOLVpHV ,90pWKRGHV IV.1.2.1. L’extraction des cuvettes oasiennes et de leurs alentours .. 102 IV.1.2.2. La reconnaissance, la catégorisation préliminaire et l’échantillonnage des cuvettes et leurs alentours ... 103

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IV.1.2.6. L’élaboration d’indicateurs spatiaux de caractérisation .... 107 ,9/HVLQGLFDWHXUVGXSRWHQWLHOYDORULVDEOH ,9/HVLQGLFDWHXUVGHPHQDFHHWRXGHGpJUDGDWLRQ ,95e68/7$76(7',6&866,21 ,9,GHQWLILFDWLRQSDUWpOpGpWHFWLRQGHVXQLWpVGHSD\VDJHGHVFXYHWWHV RDVLHQQHVHWGHOHXUVDOHQWRXUV IV.2.1.1. Les unités de paysage associées aux cuvettes oasiennes .... 112 IV.2.1.2. Les unités de paysages des cuvettes oasiennes ... 117 ,9,QGLFDWHXUVVSDWLDX[GHFDUDFWpULVDWLRQGHVFXYHWWHV IV.2.2.1. Les potentialités des unités de paysages de cuvettes ... 124 IV.2.2.2. Les contraintes des cuvettes ... 127 ,9,QGLFDWHXUGHGpJUDGDWLRQGHVFXYHWWHV ,9,QGLFDWHXUGHPHQDFHG¶HQVDEOHPHQWGHVFXYHWWHV &RQFOXVLRQSDUWLHOOH &+$3,75( 9 $1$/<6( '( /¶e92/87,21 '(6 3$<6$*(6 '( &89(77(62$6,(11(6(7'(/(856$/(172856  ,QWURGXFWLRQ 9'211e(6(70e7+2'(6'(75$,7(0(17 9'RQQpHVVDWHOOLWDLUHV 9 0pWKRGHV G¶pWDEOLVVHPHQW HW G¶pYROXWLRQ GH OD VLWXDWLRQ G¶RFFXSDWLRQ GHV VROV GHV XQLWpV GH SD\VDJHV GH FXYHWWHV HW GH OHXUV DOHQWRXUVjSDUWLUGHVGRQQpHVVDWHOOLWDLUHV V.1.2.1. L’extraction de la zone d’étude ... 132 V.1.2.2. L’analyse des données ... 133 9(WDEOLVVHPHQWGHODQRPHQFODWXUH 9,QWHUSUpWDWLRQGHVLPDJHV V.1.2.3. La méthode d’analyse de l’évolution des classes d’occupation des sols établies sur la base de la clé d’interprétation ... 134 9/¶pYDOXDWLRQGHVFODVVLILFDWLRQVUpDOLVpHV 95e68/7$76(7',6&866,216 95pVXOWDWVGHODYDOLGDWLRQGHVFODVVLILFDWLRQVG¶LPDJH 9eYROXWLRQGHVSD\VDJHVGHFXYHWWHVHWOHXUVDOHQWRXUVGHj 

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V.2.2.1. Les unités d’occupation des sols des paysages associés aux cuvettes ... 136 V.2.2.2. Les unités de paysages de cuvettes ... 139 9$QDO\VHVSDWLDOHGHVFDXVHVG¶DXJPHQWDWLRQGXQRPEUHGHVFXYHWWHV RDVLHQQHVHWGHUpGXFWLRQGHOHXUVVXSHUILFLHV &RQFOXVLRQSDUWLHOOH  &+$3,75( 9, &21&(37,21 (7 5($/,6$7,21 '¶81 287,/ '( 021,725,1* '(6 &2175$,17(6 (7 '(6 327(17,$/,7(6 '(6 &89(77(62$6,(11(6'8&(175((67'81,*(5 ,QWURGXFWLRQ 9,0e7+2'2/2*,( 9,0pWKRGHGHFRQFHSWLRQG¶XQV\VWqPHG¶LQIRUPDWLRQGHPRQLWRULQJ GHVFXYHWWHVRDVLHQQHV VI.1.2.1. La réalisation d’un modèle conceptuel et physique des données ... 149 VI.1.2.2. La création de la base de données et intégration des données ... 151 9, 0pWKRGH G¶HVWLPDWLRQ GHV SDUDPqWUHV G¶XQ PRGqOH GH SUpGLFWLRQ GHVFXYHWWHVFXOWLYpHVRXQRQFXOWLYpHV VI.1.3.1. Le choix des cuvettes oasiennes ayant servi à la calibration du modèle ... 152 VI.1.3.2. La détermination des cuvettes oasiennes cultivées ou non . 152 VI.1.3.3. La méthode de calibration du modèle de prédiction des cuvettes cultivées ou non ... 155 9,0pWKRGHGHYDOLGDWLRQGHVSHUIRUPDQFHVGXPRGqOHORJLVWLTXH 9,5e68/7$76(7',6&866,216 9, 'HVFULSWLRQ GH OD EDVH GH GRQQpHV GX PRQLWRULQJ GHV FXYHWWHV RDVLHQQHV 9,([SORLWDWLRQGHODJpRGDWDEDVH VI.2.2.1. Requête 1: Dans quelles cuvettes peut-on établir des programmes de développement de cultures irriguées (choux, laitue, tomate par exemple) ? ... 160

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VI.2.2.2. Requête 2 : Affichez les cuvettes oasiennes qui subissent une menace immédiate très forte ... 162 VI.2.2.3. Requêtes 3 : Parmi les variables suivantes : la distance par rapport à la seule route goudronnée, distance par rapport aux marchés, distance par rapport aux villages, population du village le plus proche, présence ou absence d’un plan d’eau à l’intérieur de la cuvette, quelles sont les variables explicatives pertinentes de la mise en culture ou non des cuvettes ? ... 164 &RQFOXVLRQSDUWLHOOH  &21&/86,21*(1(5$/(  5()(5(1&(6%,%/,2*5$3+,48(6  $11(;(6/,67('(638%/,&$7,216  

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