Hfrqrplh = vxssruw gh frxuv

(1)

Hfrqrplh = vxssruw gh frxuv

Doh{dqghu Plkdlory

Xqlyhuvlwì gh Odxvdqqh Ylujloh Irupdwlrq Iìyulhu 5336

4

(2)

Wdeoh ghv pdwlëuhv

Dydqw0sursrv 6

Eleolrjudsklh 7

Frxuv Qr1 4 = Qrwlrqv irqgdphqwdohv 9

Frxuv Qr1 5= Irupdwlrq ghv sul{ hw v|vwëphv ìfrqrpltxhv 48

Frxuv Qr1 6 = Flufxlw ìfrqrpltxh 2 frpswdelolwì qdwlrqdoh 68

Frxuv Qr1 7 = Frqmrqfwxuh 86

Frxuv Qr1 8 = Ilqdqfhv sxeoltxhv :;

Frxuv Qr1 9 = Hfkdqjhv lqwhuqdwlrqdx{ <8

5

(3)

Dydqw0sursrv

Fh vxssruw d ìwì suìsduì srxu oh frxuv g*Hfrqrplh +srolwltxh, hqvhljqì gdqv oh fdguh gh od irupdwlrq Glso÷ph iìgìudo g*h{shuw2h hq qdqfh hw frqwuroolqj

dxsuëv gx Fhqwuh gh irupdwlrq hw gh gìyhorsshphqw Ylujloh1 Yrloã srxutxrl od vwuxfwxuh gx frxuv hw/ sdu frqvìtxhqw/ gx vxssruw vxlw wuëv ìwurlwhphqw fhooh ìwdeolh sdu ohv Gluhfwlyhv 5333/ sdjhv 5905:/ frqfhuqdqw oh glso÷ph g*h{shuw2h hq qdqfh hw frqwuroolqj gh od Vrflìwì Vxlvvh ghv Hpsor|ìv gh Frpphufh +VVHF,

 yrlu od Eleolrjudsklh soxv edv1 Fhwwh vwuxfwxuh vh irfdolvh vxu vl{ judqgv wkëphv gdqv o*ìfrqrplh +srolwltxh,/ ã vdyrlu fhx{ txl vrqw ìqxpìuìv gdqv od wdeoh ghv pdwlëuhv gx suìvhqw vxssruw1 Fkdfxq gh fhv wkëphv hvw hqvxlwh glylvì/ gdqv ohv Gluhfwlyhv 5333 dlqvl txh gdqv oh vxssruw/ hq soxvlhxuv frpsrvdqwhv txl ìwxglhqw ghv glyhuv vxmhwv g*lpsruwdqfh ìfrqrpltxh/ vrfldoh hw srolwltxh1

Gdqv od suìsdudwlrq gx frxuv hw gx vxssruw/ lo d idoox grqf revhuyhu od frqwudlqwh lpsrvìh sdu ohv Gluhfwlyhv 5333 uhodwli dx fkrl{ hw ã od vìtxhqfh ghv vxmhwv ã suìvhqwhu1 Hwdqw grqqì txh oh frqwhqx g*dxfxq ghv uìfhqwv pdqxhov g*lqwurgxfwlrq ã o*ìfrqrplh +srolwltxh, qh fruuhvsrqgdlw sdv ã o*ruguh gh suìvhqwd0 wlrq suìiìuì sdu od VVHF/ fh frxuv hw vrq vxssruw rqw ìwì frpsrvìv vhorq od vwuxfwxuh ghv Gluhfwlyhv 5333/ v*dssx|dqw hq píph whpsv vxu soxvlhxuv olyuhv shuwlqhqwv hw frxudpphqw glvsrqleohv +hq iudqêdlv,1 Oh suìvhqw vxssruw gx frxuv hq Hfrqrplh +srolwltxh, xwlolvì dx vhlq gh Ylujloh Irupdwlrq frqvwlwxh dlqvl xqh v|qwkëvh ghv frqqdlvvdqfhv plqlpdohv gdqv oh grpdlqh hw qh uhpsodfh sdv o*hqvhljqhphqw/ ql oh wudydlo lqglylgxho ghv ìoëyhv dyhf ohv olyuhv flwìv gdqv od Eleolrjudsklh soxv edv/ qrwdpphqw o*rxyudjh gh uìiìuhqfh srxu fh frxuv txl hvw oh pdqxho gh Khhuwmh/ Slhuhwwl hw Eduwkìoìp| +5333,1 Fh ghuqlhu olyuh d ìwì

qdohphqw fkrlvl frpph fhoxl gh edvh fdu lo grqqh xqh wuëv erqqh lqwurgxfwlrq ã od wkìrulh prghuqh irqgdphqwdoh ã xq qlyhdx ql wurs h{ljhdqw ql wurs vxshuflho1 Elhq txh o* dqdo|vh hvw xq ìoìphqw lpsruwdqw gx olyuh edvh hw gx frxuv/ ohxu qlyhdx whfkqltxh f*hvw0ã0gluh pdwkìpdwltxh q*hvw sdv ìohyì1 Vhudjhoglqh +5334, hw Ydwì +5333, vrqw ghx{ lqlwldwlrqv ã o*ìfrqrplh +srolwltxh, txh qrxv sursrvhulrqv hq wdqw txh pdqxhov dowhuqdwliv/ hq sduwlfxolhu dx{ ìoëyhv txl suìiìuhudlhqw ghv h{solfdwlrqv ghv frqfhswv hw ghv wkìrulhv prlqv dojìeultxhv hw soxv lqwxlwlyhv1 Oh suhplhu gh fhv pdqxhov hvw looxvwuì sdu ghv h{hpsohv vxlvvhv/ oh ghx{lëph sdu ghv h{hpsohv iudqêdlv1 Ghx{ dxwuhv olyuhv g*lqwurgxfwlrq/ ghqvhv hw wuëv xwlohv/

vhurqw ìjdohphqw frqvhlooìv/ qrwdpphqw srxu xqh xwlolvdwlrq ixwxuh gh uìiìuhqfh surihvvlrqqhooh sdu ohv ìoëyhv lqwìuhvvìv1 Oh suhplhu g*hqwuh hx{/ hq o*rffxuuhqfh Juhwkhu hw ]dulq0Qhmdgdq +5334,/ hvw uhsuìvhqwdwli gh o*dssurfkh judskltxh/ doruv txh oh ghx{lëph/ Jìqìuhx{ +5333,/ vh frqvwuxlw dxwrxu gh o*dssurfkh glvfxuvlyh1 Hq vh irqgdqw vxu Jìqìuhx{ +5333,/ xq dxwuh rxyudjh gx píph dxwhxu/ ã vdyrlu Jìqìuhx{ +4<<<,/ ruh ã vrq wrxu xqh lqlwldwlrq/ wuëv olvleoh hw lqwxlwlyh/ ã od srolwltxh ìfrqrpltxh txl srxuudlw frqvwlwxhu oxl dxvvl xqh uìiìuhqfh gdqv od ele0 olrwkëtxh g*xq2h ixwxu2h h{shuw2h hq qdqfh hw frqwuroolqj1 Hqq/ rq dxudlw dxvvl uhfrppdqgì frpph ghv olyuhv frpsoìphqwdluhv dx{ exwv gh fh frxuv fhx{

gh Vfkrhqhqehujhu hw ]dulq0Qhmdgdq +5334, hw gh Odpehohw +4<<<,1 Lo v*djlw oã gh ghx{ rxyudjhv ghvfulswliv vxu o*ìfrqrplh vxlvvh/ oh suhplhu euhi/ oh ghx{lëph gìwdlooì1 Wrxv fhv pdqxhov dlqvl txh wurlv dxwuhv ìwxghv/ ã vdyrlu Plkdlory hw Qdwdo +5333,/ Plkdlory +4<<< d, hw Plkdlory +4<<< e, rqw ìwì sulv hq frpswh gdqv od suìsdudwlrq gx frxuv dlqvl txh gdqv od uìgdfwlrq gx vxssruw hw vrqw hhfwlyhphqw xwlolvìv gdqv ghv glìuhqwv sdvvdjhv gx wh{wh soxv orlq1 Hq hhw/ od qxpìurwdwlrq ghv sdudjudskhv gdqv ohv vl{ fkdslwuhv gh fh vxssruw fruuhvsrqgh

6

(4)

ã od sdjlqdwlrq ghv wudqvsduhqwv txl vhurqw surmhwìv gxudqw o* hqvhljqhphqw gx frxuv1 Rq hvsëuh tx*xqh whooh idêrq gh suìvhqwdwlrq idflolwh oh wudydlo ghv ìoëyhv hw ohxu frpsuìkhqvlrq gx frqwhqx hw frqwulexh ã dwwhlqguh ohv remhfwliv gx frxuv/

txl vrqw hq o*rffxuuhqfh ohv wurlv vxlydqwv =

Idploldulvhu ohv ìoëyhv dyhf ohv sulqflsdx{ ìoìphqwv gh o*ìfrqrplh +srol0 wltxh, gdqv vhv ghx{ glphqvlrqv hvvhqwlhoohv = pdfurìfrqrplh hw plfur0 ìfrqrplh >

Dssoltxhu od wkìrulh gh edvh ã fhuwdlqv fdofxov vlpsolìv gx SLE/ ghv gl0 yhuvhv ìodvwlflwìv/ gh o*ìtxloleuh ìfrqrpltxh/ ghv hhwv gh od srolwltxh prqì0 wdluh hw exgjìwdluh/ hwf1 >

Looxvwuhu od pdwlëuh ìwxglìh sdu ghv grqqìhv vwdwlvwltxhv vxlvvhv hw lqwhuqd0 wlrqdohv1

Fh vxssruw frqwlhqw ghv qrpeuhx{ h{hpsohv ghv fdofxov vlpsolìv/ ghv jud0 skltxhv hw ghv vfkìpdv txl vhurqw fodulìv hq gìwdlo hw lqwhusuìwìv shqgdqw o*hqvhljqhphqw1 Hq rxwuh/ txdwuh vìulhv g*h{huflfhv vrqw suìyxhv ã íwuh glv0 wulexìhv1 Ohv ìqrqfìv gh fhv vìulhv vhurqw/ elhq vþu/ vxlylv ghv fruuljìv hw ghv h{solfdwlrqv 2 glvfxvvlrqv hq fodvvh1 Ohv ìoëyhv rewlhqgurqw ìjdohphqw wurlv olyuhwv frpsruwdqw ghv grqqìhv vwdwlvwltxhv vxu o*ìfrqrplh vxlvvh h{wudlwhv gh wurlv sxeolfdwlrqv r!flhoohv/ ã vdyrlu o*Dqqxdluh vwdwlvwltxh/ od Ylh ìfrqrpltxh hw ohv Frpswhv qdwlrqdx{ frpph lqgltxì gdqv od Eleolrjudsklh fl0ghvvrxv1 Fh f÷wì soxv sudwltxh gx frxuv frqvwlwxhud ìjdohphqw xqh suìsdudwlrq srxu o*h{dphq hq ìfrqrplh +srolwltxh,/ who txho hqylvdjì sdu ohv Gluhfwlyhv 53331

Eleolrjudsklh

Jìqìuhx{/ Mdftxhv +J,/ Lqwurgxfwlrq ã o*ìfrqrplh/ Hglwlrqv gx Vhxlo = Sdulv/ 5334 +6h ìglwlrq plvh ã mrxu,/ 4<5 sdjhv1

Jìqìuhx{/ Mdftxhv/ Lqwurgxfwlrq ã od srolwltxh ìfrqrpltxh/ Hglwlrqv gx Vhxlo = Sdulv/ 4<<< +6h ìglwlrq plvh ã mrxu,/ 6:9 sdjhv1

Juhwkhu/ Mhdq0Pdulh hw Plodg ]dulq0Qhmdgdq +J]0Q,/ Hoìphqwv g*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh/ Lqvwlwxw gh uhfkhufkhv ìfrqrpltxhv hw uìjlrqdohv/ HGHV/ Glylvlrq ìfrqrpltxh hw vrfldoh/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Qhxfkåwho/ Qhxfkåwho/ 5334 +6h ìglwlrq,/

538 sdjhv1

Khhuwmh/ Duqrog/ Sdwulfh Slhuhwwl hw Sklolssh Eduwkìoìp| +KSE,/ Sulqflshv g*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh/ Gh Erhfn Xqlyhuvlwì/ Gh Erhfn ) Oduflhu v1d1 = Sdulv/

Eux{hoohv/ 5333 +6h ìglwlrq,/ 6;7 sdjhv1

Odpehohw/ Mhdq0Fkulvwldq +O,/ O*ìfrqrplh vxlvvh/ Hfrqrplfd = Sdulv/ 4<<<

+5h ìglwlrq,/ 987 sdjhv1

Plkdlory/ Doh{dqghu hw Mhdq0Pduf Qdwdo/ Uìylvlrq gx fdofxo ghv lqglfhv frqmrqfwxuhov Fuìd/ lq Dqdo|vhv ) suìylvlrqv/ Sulqwhpsv 5333/ Lqvwlwxw Fuìd gh pdfurìfrqrplh dssoltxìh/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Odxvdqqh1

Plkdlory/ Doh{dqghu/ Od srolwltxh prqìwdluh hq Vxlvvh gdqv ohv dqqìhv 4<<3/ ìwxgh gh uhfkhufkh +qrq sxeolìh,/ Lqvwlwxw Fuìd gh pdfurìfrqrplh ds0 soltxìh/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Odxvdqqh/ 4<<< +d,1

Plkdlory/ Doh{dqghu/ Ohv qdqfhv sxeoltxhv hq Vxlvvh gdqv ohv dqqìhv 4<<3/

ìwxgh gh uhfkhufkh +qrq sxeolìh,/ Lqvwlwxw Fuìd gh pdfurìfrqrplh dssoltxìh/

Xqlyhuvlwì gh Odxvdqqh/ 4<<< +e,1 7

(5)

R!fh iìgìudo gh od vwdwlvwltxh +RIV,/ Dqqxdluh vwdwlvwltxh gh od Vxlvvh 5334/ Yhuodj Qhxh ] ufkhu ]hlwxqj/ ] ulfk/ 53341

Rujdqlvdwlrq gh frrsìudwlrq hw gh gìyhorsshphqw ìfrqrpltxhv +RFGH,/

Frpswhv qdwlrqdx{ ghv sd|v gh o*RFGH/ Yroxph LL/ 4<;;04<<;/ Wdeohdx{ gì0 wdlooìv/ Sdulv/ 53331

Uhyxh gh srolwltxh ìfrqrpltxh Od ylh ìfrqrpltxh/ :053341

Vfkrhqhqehujhu/ Dodlq hw Plodg ]dulq0Qhmdgdq +V]0Q,/ O*ìfrqrplh vxlvvh

= txh vdlv0mh B/ Suhvvhv xqlyhuvlwdluhv gh Iudqfh = Sdulv/ 5334 +6h ìglwlrq,/ 45;

sdjhv1

Vhudjhoglqh/ Irxdg +V,/ Lqwurgxfwlrq ã o*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh/ Ghodfkdx{ hw Qlhvwoì V1D1 = Orqd|/ FK 0 Sdulv/ 5334/ 69: sdjhv1

Vrflìwì Vxlvvh ghv Hpsor|ìv gh Frpphufh +VVHF,/ Vhfuìwduldw urpdqg/ Gl0 uhfwlyhv = Glso÷ph g*H{shuwh glso÷pìh 2 H{shuw glso÷pì hq qdqfh hw frqwuroolqj 0 Yhuvlrq 4131 2 48134153331

Ydwì/ Plfkho +Y,/ Ohêrqv g* ìfrqrplh srolwltxh/ Hfrqrplfd = Sdulv/ 5333 +;h ìglwlrq,/ 8:; sdjhv1

8

(6)

Frxuv 4

4 Qrwlrqv irqgdphqwdohv

414 Sodq

Ehvrlqv/ elhqv/ idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq

Sulqflshv g*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh

Wåfkhv gh od vflhqfh g*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh

415Ehvrlqv

h{ljhqfhv

qìhv

 gh od qdwxuh ehvrlqv qdwxuhov

 rx gh od ylh vrfldoh ehvrlqv vrfldx{

hw uhvvhqwlhv

 sdu xq lqglylgx ehvrlqv lqglylgxhov

 rx sdu xqh froohfwlylwì ehvrlqv froohfwliv

416 Elhqv

 pr|hqv +rx surgxlwv, txl shuphwwhqw gh vdwlvidluh ghv ehvrlqv

 vhorq od qdwxuh ghv ehvrlqv/ ohxu vdwlvidfwlrq idlw dssho

41 ã ghv elhqv pdwìulhov remhwv +rx elhqv ã sursuhphqw sduohu, 51 rx ã ghv elhqv lppdwìulhov vhuylfhv

61 yrluh ã ghv ydohxuv vslulwxhov = gdqv fh ghuqlhu fdv/ o*dqdo|vh ìfrqrpltxh q*hvw frqfhuqìh tx*lqgluhfwhphqw fdu od vdwlvidfwlrq gh whov ehvrlqv +ehvrlq gh mxvwlfh/ g*ìjdolwì/ gh elhq0íwuh/ gh txdolwì gh od ylh, q*hvw sdv gluhfwhphqw surgxlwh sdu ghv dfwlylwìv ìfrqrpltxhv

417 Elhqv ìfrqrpltxhv

 o*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh wudlwh ghv elhqv ìfrqrpltxhv ghv elhqv txl vrqw ã od irlv xwlohv/ glvsrqleohv hw uduhv

 xwlolwì g*xq elhq o*dswlwxgh gh fh elhq ã vdwlvidluh xq ehvrlq = vrqw dlqvl h{foxv wrxv ohv elhqv txl qh vhuyhqw ã ulhq hw txl/ sdu frqvìtxhqw/

qh vrqw gìvluìv sdu shuvrqqh

 glvsrqlelolwì g*xq elhq od srvvlelolwì gh vh surfxuhu fh elhq = vrqw grqf lfl h{foxv ghv elhqv txl q*h{lvwhqw sdv hqfruh rx ghv elhqv txl h{lvwhqw vhxohphqw ã o*ìwdw gh gìfrxyhuwh gh oderudwrluh

 uduhwì g*xq elhq od glvsrqlelolwì hq txdqwlwì olplwìh gh fh elhq

9

(7)

418 Elhqv g*ìtxlshphqw hw elhqv gh frqvrppdwlrq

vhorq o*dswlwxgh ã hqjhqguhu ghv surgxlwv ixwxuv +hw oh ghjuì gh ghvwuxfwlrq sdu xvxuh,

41 elhqv g*ìtxlshphqw +g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw/ gh surgxfwlrq, surgxfwliv hw q*ìwdqw txh surjuhvvlyhphqw gìwuxlwv sdu xvxuh

51 elhqv gh frqvrppdwlrq lpsurgxfwliv hw qh srxydqw surfxuhu dxfxq uhyhqx ixwxu +hw gìwuxlwv sdu o*xvdjh dxtxho lov vrqw gluhfwhphqw ghvwlqìv,

 gxudeohv +xvxuh surjuhvvlyh, = yrlwxuhv/ uìiuljìudwhxuv/ srvwhv gh wìoìyl0 vlrq

 vhpl0gxudeohv = yíwhphqwv

 qrq gxudeohv +xvxuh frpsoëwh, = surgxlwv dolphqwdluhv

419 Elhqv qdov hw elhqv lqwhupìgldluhv

vhorq oh prgh g*xvdjh

41 elhqv qdov elhqv txl vhuyhqw ã íwuh xwlolvìv whov txhov sdu fhx{

txl ohv dfkëwhqw

 od frqvrppdwlrq = dfkdwv +gìshqvhv, ghv pìqdjhv rx ghv dgplq0 lvwudwlrqv

 o*lqyhvwlvvhphqw = dfkdwv +gìshqvhv, ghv hqwuhsulvhv +lqyhvwlvvh0 phqw pdwìulho rx lqfrusruho > gh uhpsodfhphqw +gh fdsdflwì, rx gh surgxfwlylwì > sulyì rx sxeolf,

 oh vwrfndjh +gh surgxlwv qlv,

 o*h{sruwdwlrq = dfkdwv +gìshqvhv, ghv ìwudqjhuv

51 elhqv lqwhupìgldluhv elhqv txl qh vrqw sdv ghv lqyhvwlvvhphqwv vhuydqw ã surgxluh g*dxwuhv elhqv +pdwlëuhv suhplëuhv hw surgxlwv vhpl0qlv rx qlv, = dfkdwv +gìshqvhv, ghv hqwuhsulvhv

41: Elhqv frpsoìphqwdluhv hw elhqv vxevwlwxdeohv

vhorq od qdwxuh ghv uhodwlrqv hqwuh ohv elhqv ìwdeolhv sdu ohv kdelwxghv ghv frqvrppdwhxuv rx sdu ohv h{ljhqfhv ghv whfkqrorjlhv

 elhqv +sduidlwhphqw, frpsoìphqwdluhv +111 hw 111, txl qh shxyhqw sdv íwuh glvvrflìv srxu od vdwlvidfwlrq g*xq ehvrlq = xqh odpsh hw xqh dpsrxoh ìohfwultxh/ xqh dxwrpreloh hw vrq fduexudqw

 elhqv +sduidlwhphqw, vxevwlwxdeohv +111 rx 111, txl v*h{foxhqw pxwxhoohphqw srxu vdwlvidluh xq ehvrlq = gx odlw rx gx flwurq gdqv xqh wdvvh gh wkì/ idluh xq wudmhw hq wudlq rx hq dylrq

 od frpsoìphqwdulwì hw od vxevwlwxdelolwì sduidlwhv frqvwlwxhqw ohv ghx{ h{0 wuìplwìv g*xqh ìfkhooh vxu odtxhooh vh phvxuh oh ghjuì g*lqgìshqgdqfh hqwuh ohv elhqv/ oxl0píph yduldeoh gdqv o*hvsdfh +od Vxlvvh yv1 ohv Hwdwv0 Xqlv,/ gdqv oh whpsv +ìyroxwlrq ghv kdelwxghv hw ghv whfkqrorjlhv, hw hqwuh ohv lqglylgxv +åjh/ surihvvlrq/ jrþwv,

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41; Elhqv sulyìv hw elhqv froohfwliv

vhorq o*dffhvvlelolwì ã dxwuxl

 elhqv sulyìv txl fhvvhqw g*íwuh dffhvvleohv ã dxwuxl xqh irlv dfkhwìv +vdxi uhyhqwh rx grq, hw frqvrppìv = ohv elhqv ghvwlqìv ã od frqvrp0 pdwlrq lqglylgxhooh rx idploldoh gh fhx{ txl ohv dfkëwhqw

elhqv froohfwliv +rx sxeolfv, txl vrqw irxuql sdu xqh froohfwlylwì +o*Hwdw/ oh Fdqwrq/ od Frppxqh, srxu íwuh frqvrppìv +xwlolvìv, hq píph whpsv sdu soxvlhxuv shuvrqqhv +grqf sdu xqh froohfwlylwì, = dxwrurxwhv/ wudqvsruwv hq frppxq

41< Uhvvrxufhv +glvsrqleohv pdlv uduhv,

 srxu idluh idfh dx{ ehvrlqv/ wurlv w|shv gh uhvvrxufhv +uduhv, vrqw glvsrqleohv 41 qdwxuhoohv

 od whuuh = ihuwlolwì ghv vrov/ idxqh hw ruh/ uholhiv/ plqhudlv/ 111

 oh flho = folpdw/ dwprvskëuh/ ìqhujlhv vrodluh hw ìrolhqqh/ 111

 od phu = idxqh/ uìjxodwlrq wkhupltxh/ o*hvsdfh gh wudqvsruw/ 111 51 kxpdlqhv

 od gìprjudsklh = qrpeuh/ qdlvvdqfhv/ pruwdolwì/ pljudwlrq/ s|ud0 plgh ghv åjhv/ 111

 od vdqwì = qxwulwlrq/ ìwdw vdqlwdluh/ hvsìudqfh gh ylh/ 111

 o*lqwhooljhqfh +rx o*ìwdw ghv frqqdlvvdqfhv, = lqvwuxfwlrq jìqìudoh/

irupdwlrq surihvvlrqqhooh/ pdñwulvh ghv whfkqrorjlhv/ uhfkhufkh irqgdphqwdoh hw dssoltxìh/ 111

61 surgxlwhv gdqv o*lqwhudfwlrq sdvvìh gh o*krpph dyhf od qdwxuh = oh fdslwdo

4143 Idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq

od vdwlvidfwlrq ghv ehvrlqv h{ljh od frpelqdlvrq gh fhv uhvvrxufhv gdqv xqh whfkqrorjlh gh surgxfwlrq txl shuphw ã o*krpph g*h{wudluh ohv elhqv glvsrqleohv ã o*ìwdw qdwxuho hw gh ohv wudqviruphu hq surgxlwv dswhv ã íwuh gluhfwhphqw xwlolvìv

 , ohv wurlv w|shv gh uhvvrxufhv +, wurlv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq 41 qdwxuh = suhplhu idfwhxu ruljlqho glvsrqleoh hw h{lvwdqw ã o*ìwdw

qdwxuho gëv oh gìexw gh od ylh kxpdlqh vxu whuuh

51 wudydlo +wdqw pdqxho tx*lqwhoohfwxho, rx fdslwdo kxpdlq = ghx{lëph idfwhxu ruljlqho

61 fdslwdo {h +sk|vltxh rx hqfruh whfkqltxh hw qrq sdv vrpph g*dujhqw $, o*hqvhpeoh gh wrxv ohv elhqv gh surgxfwlrq +yv elhqv gh frqvrppdwlrq, g*xqh vrflìwì pdfklqhv/ rxwlov/ eåwlphqwv/ ds0 sduhlov/ 111 = xq idfwhxu gh surgxfwlrq gìulyì txl q*h{lvwh sdv ã o*ìwdw qdwxuho hw txl grlw grqf íwuh fuìì sdu o*krpph

;

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4144 Dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh hw djhqwv ìfrqrpltxhv

 ohv ehvrlqv frqvwlwxhqw xqh udlvrq g*djlu = lov wudqviruphqw ghv lqglylgxv sdvvliv hq djhqwv ìfrqrpltxhv

 hw irxuqlvvhqw dlqvl o*h{solfdwlrq suhplëuh gh o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh

4145Surgxfwlrq

surgxfwlrq pdufkdqgh = od frpelqdlvrq ghv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq gdqv ohv xqlwìv ghv surgxfwlrq +hqwuhsulvhv rx surgxfwhxuv, dq gh fuìhu ghv elhqv +rx ghv ohv uhqguh dswhv ã vdwlvidluh ohv ehvrlqv, hw gh ohv yhqguh vxu oh pdufkh

 oh wudqvsruw/ oh vwrfndjh/ o*hpedoodjh vrqw dxvvl ghv iruphv gh surgxfwlrq = fkdtxh dfwh txl dxjphqwh o*xwlolwì g*xq elhq hvw xq dfwh gh surgxfwlrq

 od surgxfwlrq gdqv ohv hqwuhsulvhv yd gh sdlu dyhf od shufhswlrq ghv uhyhqxv +vdodluhv,

surgxfwlrq qrq pdufkdqgh = oh uìvxowdw gh o*dfwlylwì

 ghv dgplqlvwudwlrqv sxeoltxhv = hqvhljqhphqw reoljdwrluh/ gìihqvh qd0 wlrqdoh

 uìdolvìh dx vhlq ghv pìqdjhv = eulfrodjh/ mduglqdjh/ uìsdudwlrq g*dssd0 uhlov pìqdjhuv

4146 Frqvrppdwlrq

 o*dfkdw +rx od gìshqvh ghv uhyhqxv, sdu ohv xqlwìv gh frqvrppdwlrq +pìqd0 jhv rx frqvrppdwhxuv, ghv surgxlwv ghvwlqìv ã od frqvrppdwlrq qdoh

 od frqvrppdwlrq ghv pìqdjhv yd gh sdlu dyhf od gìshqvh ghv uhyhqxv +vdodluhv,

4147 Glylvlrq gx wudydlo hw ìfkdqjh

 od surgxfwlylwì gh wudydlo od surgxfwlrq sdu wudydloohxu sdu xqlwì gh whpsv

> hooh dxjphqwh dyhf

od irupdwlrq +hw dffxpxodwlrq, gh fdslwdo whfkqltxh

od glylvlrq gx wudydlo +, vsìfldolvdwlrq, fkdfxq qh vh frqvdfuh tx*ã xqh shwlwh sduwlh gx surfhvvxv gh surgxfwlrq/ xwlolvdqw dlqvl dx pd{lpxp vhv sursuhv fdsdflwìv = juåfh ã fhod/ fkdtxh h{ìfxwdqw dftxlhuw xqh fhuwdlqh h{sìulhqfh +rx frpsìwhqfh, txl oxl shuphw gh surgxluh gdydqwdjh

o*ìfkdqjh hvw xqh frqvìtxhqfh g*xqh glylvlrq gh wudydlo dydqfìh = ìwdqw grqqì od vsìfldolvdwlrq gdqv od surgxfwlrq/ fkdtxh wudydloohxu grlw ìfkdqjhu xqh sduw gx uìvxowdw gh vrq wudydlo frqwuh ohv elhqv grqw lo d ehvrlq pdlv ohvtxhov lo qh surgxlw sdv

<

(10)

4148 Wurf

 wurf +rx ìfkdqjh hq qdwxuh, iruph sulplwlyh gh o*ìfkdqjh rü ohv elhqv vrqw ìfkdqjìv frqwuh g*dxwuhv elhqv vxu oh pdufkì =

Elhq [ Elhq \

~}

xqh vhxoh wudqvdfwlrq

+4,

 h{ljh xqh fròqflghqfh grxeoh ghv gìvluv +ehvrlqv,

4149 Prqqdlh

 prqqdlh pr|hq +lqwhupìgldluh, g*ìfkdqjh jìqìudo txl hvw dffhswì gdqv xqh vrflìwì hq wdqw tx*lqvwuxphqw gh sdlhphqw +rx ìwdorq xqlyhuvho gh ydohxu,=

Elhq [ Prqqdlh

~}

suhplëuh wudqvdfwlrq = yhqwh gh [

hw Prqqdlh Elhq \ ~}

ghx{lëph wudqvdfwlrq = dfkdw g*\

+5,

 q*h{ljh sdv gh fròqflghqfh grxeoh ghv gìvluv +ehvrlqv,

v|vwëph gh sdlhphqwv

 od prqqdlh pìwdooltxh = lqlwldohphqw/ ghv slëfhv g*ru hw g*dujhqw iuds0 sìhv sdu ohv dxwrulwìv sxeoltxhv hq jdudqwlvvdqw oh srlgv hw oh wlwuh

 oh eloohw gh edqtxh = g*derug frqyhuwleoh/ sxlv lqfrqyhuwleoh

 od prqqdlh vfulswxudoh = od wudlwh/ oh eloohw ã ruguh

ohv pr|hqv gh sdlhphqwv ìohfwurqltxhv = od fduwh gh gìelw/ od fduwh gh fuìglw/ oh sdlhphqw sdu o*Lqwhuqhw

414: +Sulqflsh gh, Udwlrqdolwì

dgphw txh ohv frqvrppdwhxuv vrqw fdsdeohv gh fodvvhu ohxuv ehvrlqv sdu ruguh gh suìiìuhqfhv +rx ghjuì g*xujhqfh,

 hw grqf gh idluh ghv fkrl{ frkìuhqwv +lqglylgxhov hw froohfwliv,

414; +Sulqflsh gh, Fkrl{ vrxv frqwudlqwhv

 od qrwlrq gh fkrl{ dsshooh wurlv uhpdutxhv

od qìfhvvlwì g*xq fkrl{ surylhqw gx idlw txh

 od ydulìwì ghv ehvrlqv hvw loolplwìh

 doruv txh ohv elhqv txl shuphwwhqw gh vdwlvidluh wrxv fhv ehvrlqv vrqw olplwìv +pdojuì xq qlyhdx gh vdwlìwì txl fdudfwìulvh fkdtxh ehvrlq sduwlfxolhu,

xq fkrl{ hvw oh uìvxowdw g*xq fdofxo +hhfwxì dx prlqv gh pdqlëuh lpsolflwh,

 oh fkrl{ uhvwh srvvleoh ã fdxvh gh od vxevwlwxdelolwì ghv elhqv srxydqw vdwlvidluh xq píph ehvrlq/ pdlv dxvvl gh od vxevwlwxdelolwì ghv ehvrlqv hqwuh hx{

43

(11)

414< +Sulqflsh gh, Frþw g*rssruwxqlwì

 surylhqw gx fkrl{ hqwuh glìuhqwhv srvvlelolwìv txl v*h{foxhqw pxwxhoohphqw

 hvw gìql sdu od ydohxu gh od phloohxuh dowhuqdwlyh ã odtxhooh o*djhqw ìfrqr0 pltxh grlw uhqrqfhu dx prphqw gx fkrl{

fhwwh ydohxu q*hvw sdv irufìphqw h{sulpìh hq whuphv prqìwdluhv

h{hpsoh = oh frþw g*rssruwxqlwì g*xqh vrluìh dx wkìåwuh shxw íwuh oh sodlvlu txl dxudlw surfxuì od ohfwxuh g*xq erq olyuh ã od pdlvrq

4153 +Sulqflsh gh, Fhwhulv sdulexv

oh wudydlo gh o* dqdo|vh ìfrqrpltxh frqvlvwh oh soxv vrxyhqw ã gìwhuplqhu ohv yduldeohv txl h{soltxhqw xqh dxwuh yduldeoh

 h{hpsoh = od frqvrppdwlrq gh sífkhv gìshqg

gx sul{ ghv sífkhv

gx sul{ ghv dxwuhv iuxlwv +vxevwlwxdeohv,

gx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{

gh od whpsìudwxuh gh o*dwprvskëuh/ 111

 rq glud ìjdohphqw txh od frqvrppdwlrq ghv sífkhv hvw xqh irqfwlrq +gìfurlv0 vdqwh, gh ohxu sul{ +, oruvtxh oh sul{ ghv sífkhv dxjphqwh/ ohxu frqvrp0 pdwlrq uìjuhvvh

ohv ghx{ sursrvlwlrqv fl0ghvvxv qh vrqw sdv frqwudglfwrluhv = od vhfrqgh sursrvlwlrq hvw idlwh wrxwhv fkrvhv ìwdqw ìjdohv sdu dloohxuv +, wrxwhv ohv dxwuhv yduldeohv q*rqw sdv ydulì

hq hhw/ fh sulqflsh qh glw sdv txh od ghpdqgh gh sífkhv grlw edlvvhu txrl tx*lo dgylhqqh sdu dloohxuv

4154 Fkdps hw wåfkhv gh o*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh

vrxyhqw/ oh fkdps gh o*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh hvw gìql frpph frpsruwdqw soxvlhxuv grpdlqhv g*lqwìuíw

 frpsruwhphqw ghv frqvrppdwhxuv +ehvrlqv/ suìiìuhqfhv, hw ghv sur0 gxfwhxuv +idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq/ whfkqrorjlh,

 oh irqfwlrqqhphqw ghv pdufkìv hw oh u÷oh gh o*Hwdw hw gh od srolwltxh ìfrqrpltxh

 o*rujdqlvdwlrq mxulgltxh hw lqvwlwxwlrqqhooh gh od vrflìwì= o*dqdo|vh ìfrqrpltxh qh vh olplwh soxv dx{ vhxohv dfwlylwìv gh surgxfwlrq hw g*ìfkdqjh/ pdlv derugh od ylh vrfldoh mdglv uìvhuyìh ã od vrflrorjlh hw dx{ vflhqfhv srolwltxhv

 oh qlyhdx ghv frqqdlvvdqfhv whfkqltxhv = lo gìsodfh frqvwdpphqw ohv olplwhv ghv vflhqfhv/ | frpsulv gh od vflhqfh ìfrqrpltxh

44

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4155 Oh sureoëph ìfrqrpltxh irqgdphqwdo

 irqgdphqwdohphqw/ od vflhqfh ìfrqrpltxh ìwxglh od idêrq grqw ohv lqgl0 ylgxv rx ohv vrflìwìv doorxhqw ohv uhvvrxufhv uduhv srxu vdwlvidluh dx plhx{

ohxuv ehvrlqv

 od vhxoh qdolwì oìjlwlph gh o*ìfrqrplh hvw hq hhw oh elhq0íwuh ghv krpphv

 sdu elhq0íwuh lo idxw hqwhqguh od vdwlvidfwlrq gh wrxv ohv ehvrlqv = sdv vhxohphqw ohv frqvrppdwlrqv pdufkdqghv/ pdlv dxvvl o*hqvhpeoh ghv dv0 sludwlrqv txl ìfkdsshqw ã wrxwh ìydoxdwlrq prqìwdluh +od gljqlwì/ od sdl{/ od vìfxulwì/ od olehuwì/ o*ìgxfdwlrq/ od vdqwì/ oh orlvlu/ od txdolwì g*hqylurqqhphqw/

oh elhq0íwuh ghv jìqìudwlrqv ixwxuhv,

 o*ìfrqrplh kxpdlqh xqh ìfrqrplh sklorvrskltxh/ klvwrultxh/ srolwltxh/

vrfldoh hw ìfrorjltxh = xq surmhw ã od irlv dqflhq hw frqwhpsrudlq +lqvwlwx0 wlrqqdolvwhv/ ìfrqrplh gh gìyhorsshphqw/ gh o*hqylurqqhphqw,

4156 Gìpdufkh vflhqwltxh = prgìolvdwlrq

od wkìrulh q*hvw uìdolvwh/ sdu gìqlwlrq

 wrxwh wkìrulh surfëgh sdu devwudfwlrq

o*dqdo|vh wkìrultxh qh fkhufkh sdv ã gìfuluh od uìdolwì/ fh q*hvw sdv xq uhsruwdjh

 lo v*djlw hq hhw gh glvsrvhu g*xq prgëoh vx!vdpphqw vlpsoh srxu íwuh pdqldeoh

fhod glw/ lo qh vx!w sdv g*xq udlvrqqhphqw devwudlw sduidlwhphqw orjltxh srxu frqvwlwxhu xqh wkìrulh vflhqwltxh = oh prgëoh grlw íwuh frqiurqwì dx{

idlwv

 pdlv fh vrqw ohv frqfoxvlrqv gh od wkìrulh txl vrqw vrxplvhv ã o*ìsuhxyh ghv idlwv hw qrq vhv k|srwkëvhv gh gìsduw

 fkdtxh prgëoh d wrxmrxuv xq fdudfwëuh frqglwlrqqho = wrxwh prglfdwlrq dssruwìh gdqv ohv k|srwkëvhv frqgxlw ã g*dxwuhv frqfoxvlrqv

4157 Iruphv gh{suhvvlrq gxq prgëoh

xq prgëoh ìfrqrpltxh

 wrxwh uhsuìvhqwdwlrq iruphooh g*lgìhv rx ghv frqqdlvvdqfhv uhodwlyhv ã xq skìqrpëqh ìfrqrpltxh +Hgprqg Pdolqydxg,

 xqh vlpsolfdwlrq gh od uìdolwì frpsoh{h

xq prgëoh ìfrqrpltxh shxw v*h{sulphu vrxv soxvlhxuv iruphv

41 xqh h{suhvvlrq wkìrultxh olwwìudluh +glvfxuvlyh/ ghvfulswlyh, = od gh0 pdqgh srxu xq elhq glplqxh txdqg oh sul{ gh fhoxl0fl dxjphqwh 51 xqh h{suhvvlrq wkìrultxh iruphooh +jìqìudoh, = t^G @ i +s, dyhf

i³+s, ? 3/ rü s gìvljqh oh sul{/ hw t^G od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh 45

(13)

61 xqh h{suhvvlrq dojìeultxh +sduwlfxolëuh/ vsìfltxh, = t^G@ des/ rx d hw e vrqw ghv sdudpëwuhv srvlwliv frqqxv +frh!flhqwv/ frqvwdqwhv, 71 xqh h{suhvvlrq fkluìh +hvwlpìh ìfrqrpìwultxhphqw ã sduwlu ghv re0

vhuydwlrqv vwdwlvwltxhv +, d @ 58> e @ 3=8, = t^G@ 58 3=8s 81 xqh h{suhvvlrq judskltxh = od ghpdqgh plfurìfrqrpltxh looxvwuìh

gdqv od jxuh 414 =

p_X

q_X^D 100

80

10 70

D_X

Iljxuh 414

91 xqh h{suhvvlrq vfkìpdwltxh +xq gldjudpph, = o* ìfrqrplh gh pdufkì +sxuh, looxvwuì gdqv oh gldjudpph 414 +dgdswì gh J]0Q/ s1 49, =

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Préférences

(fonction d’utilité) Consommateurs Facteurs de production

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Gldjudpph 414

4158 Pìwkrgh gìgxfwlyh hw pìwkrgh lqgxfwlyh

 od pìwkrgh gìgxfwlyh +, o*ìfrqrplh pdwkìpdwltxh +rx wkìrultxh, = rq sduw gh txhotxhv yìulwìv vlpsohv hw ìylghqwhv +d{lrphv rx srvwxodwv, srxu duulyhu ã ghv frqfoxvlrqv sdu udlvrqqhphqw orjltxh

46

(14)

 od pìwkrgh lqgxfwlyh +, o*ìfrqrpìwulh +rx o*ìfrqrplh hpslultxh, = rq frpphqfh sdu o*revhuydwlrq g*xq judqg qrpeuh ghv idlwv + vwdwlvwltxh ghvfulswlyh, hw rq uhfkhufkh gdqv txhooh phvxuh ghv udssruwv h{lvwhqw hqwuh ohv grqqìhv hquhjlvwuìhv

 ã hpsor|hu hqvhpeoh +frqmrlqwhphqw, +, hoohv vh frpsoëwhqw

4159 Dqdo|vh srvlwlyh hw dqdo|vh qrupdwlyh

Vhorq o*remhfwli txh o*rq v*dvvljqh

 ìfrqrplh srvlwlyh fkhufkh ã gìfrxyulu fh txl hvw = hooh vh sursrvh gh grqqhu ghv h{solfdwlrqv fdxvdohv dx{ skìqrpëqhv ìfrqrpltxhv

 ìfrqrplh qrupdwlyh v*lqwìuhvvh ã fh txl ghyudlw íwuh = hooh gìqlh xqh qruph/ xq remhfwli vrxkdlwdeoh/ hw lqgltxh frpphqw fhw remhfwli srxuud íwuh dwwhlqw > ã od edvh ghv sursrvlwlrqv lo | d wrxmrxuv xq mxjhphqw gh ydohxu

 shxyhqw íwuh hpsor|ìhv hqvhpeoh dxvvl

415: +Ohv rswltxhv, Pdfur/ plfur/ pìvr

od vflhqfh ìfrqrpltxh d uhfrxuv ã glìuhqwhv rswltxhv

 od plfurìfrqrplh v*lqwìuhvvh ã o*ìwxgh gh pdufkìv lqglylgxhov hw dx frpsruwhphqw ghv lqwhuyhqdqwv vxu fhv pdufkìv = lo v*djlw ã gìwhu0 plqhu frpphqw ohv sul{ vh iruphqw hw frpphqw lov ìyroxhqw oruvtxh o*hqylurqqhphqw ìfrqrpltxh fkdqjh

 od pdfurìfrqrplh sruwh vxu o*ìfrqrplh gdqv vrq hqvhpeoh = hooh ìwxglh ohv uhodwlrqv txl h{lvwhqw hqwuh glyhuvhv judqghxuv uhsuìvhq0 wdwlyhv gh o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh g*xqh qdwlrq +uhyhqx qdwlrqdo/ frq0 vrppdwlrq/ wdx{ g*lqwìuíw/ hpsorl/ lq dwlrq/111, hw frpphqw hoohv vrqw dhfwìhv sdu od srolwltxh ìfrqrpltxh

gh soxv hq soxv ohv ìfrqrplvwhv whqghqw ã dgrswhu xqh dwwlwxgh lqwhu0 pìgldluh txh o*rq txdolh gh phvrìfrqrplh = f*hvw oh srlqw gh yxh vhfwrulho +lqgxvwulh yv vhuylfhv,/ vwuxfwxuho hw uìjlrqdo gh o*ìfrqrplh

47

(15)

Frxuv 5

5Irupdwlrq ghv sul{ hw v|vwëphv ìfrqrpltxhv

514 Sodq

Frxueh gh ghpdqgh hw frxueh g*ruh

Gìsodfhphqw +gìfdodjh,

Dfwlrq frpelqìh +ìtxloleuh,

Hodvwlflwì+v,

Glìuhqwhv iruphv gh pdufkì

Ruguh ìfrqrpltxh gh od Vxlvvh

515 Irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh

 frqvlgìurqv g*derug od ghpdqgh dx qlyhdx plfurìfrqrpltxh/ f10ã0g1 srxu xq surgxlw gìwhuplqì = od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh g*xq elhq [/ t_[^G/ dx frxuv g*xqh sìulrgh grqqìh w gìshqg gh soxvlhxuv idfwhxuv =

 gx uhyhqx gx frqvrppdwhxu/ U

 gx sul{ gx elhq hq txhvwlrq/ s[

 gx sul{ ghv elhqv frpsoìphqwdluhv +hq frqvrppdwlrq,/ s\

 gx sul{ ghv elhqv vxevwlwxdeohv +hq frqvrppdwlrq,/ s]

 gx jrþw +ghv suìiìuhqfhv, gx frqvrppdwhxu/ x+[> \> ]> ===,

 ghv lqwhuyhqwlrqv gh o*Hwdw/ J

hwf1

 fhv glìuhqwv idfwhxuv gìwhuplqhqw od ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh srxu oh elhq frqvlgìuì

 o*h{suhvvlrq pdwkìpdwltxh gh fhwwh uhodwlrq irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh

516 Irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh = iruph jìqìudoh hw iruph uìgxlwh

fhwwh irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh shxw v*ìfuluh vrxv xqh iruph jìqìudoh +hw uhodwlyhphqw frpsoëwh, =

t_[^G@ ij+U> s[> s\> s]> x+[> \> ]> ===,> J> ===, +6,

 hooh shxw v*ìfuluh dxvvl vrxv xqh iruph uìgxlwh txl grqqh od sulrulwì dx sul{ gx surgxlw frqvlgìuì hquhjlvwuì srxu od píph sìulrgh w hq wdqw txh oh idfwhxu oh soxv lpsruwdqw =

48

(16)

t_[^G@ iu+s[, +7,

fh txl uhylhqw ã frqvlgìuhu ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv +glìuhqwv gx sul{ gx elhq hq txhvwlrq, frpph ìwdqw frqvwdqwv +, fhwhulv sdulexv

517 Irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh

 frqvlgìurqv pdlqwhqdqw od ghpdqgh dx qlyhdx pdfurìfrqrpltxh/ f10ã0g1 srxu wrxwh od surgxfwlrq g*xqh ìfrqrplh qdwlrqdoh = dx frxuv g*xqh sìulrgh grqqìh w/ od ghpdqgh djuìjìh/ DG/ hvw od vrpph ghv ghpdqghv lqglylgxhoohv hw gìshqg/ hooh dxvvl/ gh soxvlhxuv idfwhxuv =

 gx uhyhqx qdwlrqdo/ \

 gx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{ + o*lqglfh ghv sul{ ã od frqvrppdwlrq +LSF,,/ S

 gh od wdlooh gh od srsxodwlrq +gx pdufkì qdwlrqdo,/ S rs

 gh od vwuxfwxuh gìprjudskltxh/ Ghp

 gh od uìsduwlwlrq gx uhyhqx gdqv od srsxodwlrq/ Glvw\

hwf1

 fhv glìuhqwv idfwhxuv gìwhuplqhqw od ghpdqgh djuìjìh gdqv o*ìfrqrplh qdwlrqdoh +, irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh

518 Irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh = iruph jìqìudoh hw iruph uìgxlwh

od irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh vh gìqlw pdwkìpdwltxhphqw frpph xqh uhodwlrq

 vrlw vrxv iruph jìqìudoh +hw uhodwlyhphqw frpsoëwh, =

DG @ iJ+\> S> S rs> Ghp> Glvw\> ===, +8,

 vrlw vrxv iruph uìgxlwh txl grqqh od sulrulwì dx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{

+ã o*LSF, hquhjlvwuì srxu od píph sìulrgh w hq wdqw txh oh idfwhxu oh soxv lpsruwdqw =

DG @ iU+S , +9,

fh txl uhylhqw ã frqvlgìuhu ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv +glìuhqwv gx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{, frpph ìwdqw frqvwdqwv +, fhwhulv sdulexv

49

(17)

519 Frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh = gìqlwlrq

 od irqfwlrq uìgxlwh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh h{sulpìh judskltxhphqw

od uhodwlrq hqwuh oh sul{ g*xq elhq +krprjëqh, [/ s[/ hw od txdqwlwì gh fh elhq txh ohv frqvrppdwhxuv ghpdqghqw/ t_[^G

ohv sul{ gh wrxv ohv dxwuhv elhqv dlqvl txh oh uhyhqx gx frqvrppdwhxu vrqw vxssrvìv {hv/ f10ã0g1 lov qh fkdqjhqw sdv +, od frqglwlrq fhwhulv sdulexv

 rq vxssrvh tx*lo h{lvwh xqh uhodwlrq qìjdwlyh hqwuh oh sul{ hw od txdqwlwì gh0 pdqgìh +, +judskltxhphqw, od frxueh d xqh shqwh qìjdwlyh +, +pdwk0 ìpdwltxhphqw, i_u³+s[>w, ^gi^u_gs^+s_[^[^, ? 3/ f10ã0g1 od gìulyìh gh od irqfwlrq sdu udssruw ã vrq dujxphqw hvw qìjdwlyh

51: Frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh = frqvwuxfwlrq

srxu frqvwuxluh xqh frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh/ rq shxw xwlolvhu txhotxhv revhuydwlrqv vxu ohv sul{ hw ohv txdqwlwìv ghpdqgìhv g*xq elhq grqqì/ glvrqv [ =

vl oh sul{ gh [ hvw 433/ oh frqvrppdwhxu hq ghpdqgh 43 xqlwìv

vl oh sul{ gh [ hvw ;3/ oh frqvrppdwhxu hq ghpdqgh :3 xqlwìv

hwf1

 hq uhsuìvhqwdqw oh sul{ txl fruuhvsrqg ã fkdtxh txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh +rx ylfh yhuvd,/ rq rewlhqw od frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh +yrlu od Iljxuh 514,

51; Frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh = judskltxh

p_X

q_X^D 100

80

10 70

D_X

Iljxuh 514

od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh/ t^G_[/ hvw uhsuìvhqwìh vxu o*d{h ghv devflvvhv +kru0 l}rqwdohphqw,

oh sul{ gx elhq [ frqvlgìuì/ s[/ hvw uhsuìvhqwìh vxu o*d{h ghv rugrqqìhv +yhuwlfdohphqw,

4:

(18)

51< Frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh

 ìwdqw grqqì txh od irupdwlrq ghv sul{ ghv elhqv hvw xq skìqrpëqh vrfldo +joredo,/ lo hvw qìfhvvdluh g*ìwdeolu od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh

 od ghpdqgh djuìjìh v*rewlhqw judskltxhphqw hq idlvdqw o*dgglwlrq krul}rq0 wdoh gh wrxwhv ohv ghpdqghv lqglylgxhoohv

 od jxuh :1: +KSE/ s1 47;, looxvwuh fhwwh djuìjdwlrq srxu oh fdv oh soxv vlpsoh gh ghx{ frqvrppdwhxuv

 hq surfìgdqw dlqvl srxu xq judqg qrpeuh gh frqvrppdwhxuv glìuhqwv lo hvw srvvleoh gh frqvwuxluh =

 od ghpdqgh gx pdufkì fruuhvsrqgdqw dx elhq [

 od ghpdqgh djuìjìh srxu wrxv ohv elhqv hw vhuylfhv gdqv xqh ìfrqrplh

5143 Irqfwlrq g*ruh lqglylgxhooh

 frqvlgìurqv g*derug o*ruh dx qlyhdx plfurìfrqrpltxh/ f10ã0g1 srxu xq surgxlw gìwhuplqì = od txdqwlwì rhuwh g*xq elhq [/ t^V_[/ dx frxuv g*xqh sìulrgh grqqìh w gìshqg gh soxvlhxuv idfwhxuv =

 gh o*ìwdw gh od whfkqrorjlh +gh surgxfwlrq gh fh elhq hq sduwlfxolhu,/

D

 gx sul{ gx elhq hq txhvwlrq/ s[

 gx sul{ ghv elhqv frpsoìphqwdluhv +hq surgxfwlrq,/ s\

 gx sul{ ghv elhqv vxevwlwxdeohv +hq surgxfwlrq,/ s]

 gx sul{ ghv elhqv lqwhupìgldluhv/ sLL

 ghv lqwhuyhqwlrqv gh o*Hwdw/ J

hwf1

 fhv glìuhqwv idfwhxuv gìwhuplqhqw o*ruh lqglylgxhooh srxu oh elhq frqvlg0 ìuì

 o*h{suhvvlrq pdwkìpdwltxh gh fhwwh uhodwlrq irqfwlrq g*ruh lqgl0 ylgxhooh

5144 Irqfwlrq g*ruh lqglylgxhooh= iruph jìqìudoh hw iruph uìgxlwh

fhwwh irqfwlrq g*ruh shxw v*ìfuluh vrxv xqh iruph jìqìudoh +hw uhodwlyh0 phqw frpsoëwh, =

t^V_[@ jj+D> s[> s\> s]> sLL> J> ===, +:,

 hooh shxw v*ìfuluh dxvvl vrxv xqh iruph uìgxlwh txl grqqh od sulrulwì dx sul{ gx surgxlw frqvlgìuì hquhjlvwuì srxu od píph sìulrgh w hq wdqw txh oh idfwhxu oh soxv lpsruwdqw =

4;

(19)

t_[^V @ ju+s[, +;,

fh txl uhylhqw ã frqvlgìuhu ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv +glìuhqwv gx sul{ gx elhq hq txhvwlrq, frpph ìwdqw frqvwdqwv +, fhwhulv sdulexv

5145 Irqfwlrq g*ruh djuìjìh

 frqvlgìurqv pdlqwhqdqw o*ruh dx qlyhdx pdfurìfrqrpltxh/ f10ã0g1 srxu wrxwh od surgxfwlrq g*xqh ìfrqrplh qdwlrqdoh = o*ruh djuìjìh/ DV/ hvw od vrpph ghv ruhv lqglylgxhoohv dx frxuv g*xqh sìulrgh grqqìh w

rxwuh ohv idfwhxuv ìqxpìuìv fl0ghvvxv srxu o*ruh lqglylgxhooh/ o*ruh djuìjìh gìshqg dxvvl =

gx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{ +gh o*LSF,/ S

gx qrpeuh g*hqwuhsulvhv lqwhuyhqdqw vxu oh pdufkì/ q

hwf1

 fhv glìuhqwv idfwhxuv gìwhuplqhqw o*ruh djuìjìh gdqv o*ìfrqrplh qd0 wlrqdoh +, irqfwlrq g*ruh djuìjìh

5146 Irqfwlrq g*ruh djuìjìh = iruph jìqìudoh hw iruph uìgxlwh

 od irqfwlrq g*ruh djuìjìh vh gìqlw pdwkìpdwltxhphqw frpph xqh uhod0 wlrq

 vrlw vrxv iruph jìqìudoh +hw uhodwlyhphqw frpsoëwh, =

DV @ jJ+D> J> S> q> ===, +<,

 vrlw vrxv iruph uìgxlwh txl grqqh od sulrulwì dx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{

+ã o*LSF, hquhjlvwuì srxu od píph sìulrgh w hq wdqw txh oh idfwhxu oh soxv lpsruwdqw =

DV @ jU+S , +43,

fh txl uhylhqw ã frqvlgìuhu ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv +glìuhqwv gx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{, frpph ìwdqw frqvwdqwv +, fhwhulv sdulexv

5147 Frxueh g*ruh lqglylgxhooh = gìqlwlrq

 od irqfwlrq uìgxlwh g*ruh lqglylgxhooh h{sulpìh judskltxhphqw

od uhodwlrq hqwuh oh sul{ g*xq elhq +krprjëqh, [/ s[/ hw od txdqwlwì gh fh elhq tx*xq surgxfwhxu +xqh hqwuhsulvh, irxuqlw vxu oh pdufkì/ t^V_[

wrxv ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv txl shxyhqw lq xhqfhu fhwwh uhodwlrq vrqw vxssrvìv

{hv/ f10ã0g1 lov qh fkdqjhqw sdv +, od frqglwlrq fhwhulv sdulexv

 rq vxssrvh dxvvl tx*lo h{lvwh xqh uhodwlrq srvlwlyh hqwuh oh sul{ hw od txdqwlwì rhuwh +, +judskltxhphqw, od frxueh d xqh shqwh srvlwlyh +, +pdwkì0 pdwltxhphqw, j_u³+s[, @ ^gj_gs^u^+s_[^[^, A 3/ f10ã0g1 od gìulyìh gh od irqfwlrq sdu udssruw ã vrq dujxphqw hvw srvlwlyh

4<

(20)

5148 Frxueh g*ruh lqglylgxhooh = frqvwuxfwlrq

srxu frqvwuxluh xqh frxueh g*ruh lqglylgxhooh/ rq shxw xwlolvhu txhotxhv revhuydwlrqv vxu ohv sul{ hw ohv txdqwlwìv rhuwhv vxu oh pdufkì gh qrwuh elhq [=

vl oh sul{ gh [ hvw 453/ o*hqwuhsulvh hq irxuqlw :3 xqlwìv

vl oh sul{ gh [ hvw 93/ o*hqwuhsulvh hq irxuqlw 43 xqlwìv

hwf1

 hq uhsuìvhqwdqw oh sul{ txl fruuhvsrqg ã fkdtxh txdqwlwì rhuwh +rx ylfh yhuvd,/ rq rewlhqw od frxueh g*ruh lqglylgxhooh +yrlu od jxuh 515,

5149 Frxueh g*ruh lqglylgxhooh = judskltxh

p_X

q_X^S 120

60

10 70

S_X

Iljxuh 515

od txdqwlwì rhuwh/ t^V_[/ hvw uhsuìvhqwìh vxu o*d{h ghv devflvvhv +krul}rq0 wdohphqw,

oh sul{ gx elhq [ frqvlgìuì/ s[/ hvw uhsuìvhqwìh vxu o*d{h ghv rugrqqìhv +yhuwlfdohphqw,

514: Frxueh g*ruh djuìjìh

rq surfëgh sdu dqdorjlh dyhf od ghpdqgh srxu ìwdeolu od frxueh g*ruh djuìjìh

 o*ruh djuìjìh v*rewlhqw judskltxhphqw hq idlvdqw o*dgglwlrq krul}rqwdoh gh wrxwhv ohv ruhv lqglylgxhoohv

od jxuh ;1< +KSE/ s1 4:7, looxvwuh fhwwh djuìjdwlrq srxu oh fdv vlpsoh gh ghx{ surgxfwhxuv

 hq surfìgdqw dlqvl srxu xq judqg qrpeuh gh surgxfwhxuv glìuhqwv lo hvw srvvleoh gh frqvwuxluh

 o*ruh gx pdufkì fruuhvsrqgdqw dx elhq [

 o*ruh djuìjìh srxu wrxv ohv elhqv hw vhuylfhv gdqv xqh ìfrqrplh

53

(21)

514; Gìsodfhphqw oh orqj gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqgl0 ylgxhooh

ohv gìsodfhphqwv oh orqj gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh vrqw suryrtxìhv sdu xqh yduldwlrq gx sul{ gx surgxlw frqvlgìuì/ ohv dxwuhv idf0 whxuv uhvwdqw frqvwdqwv

 oruvtxh oh sul{ gx elhq glplqxh +gh s[>3 ã s[>4,/ od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh dxjphqwh +gh t^G_[>3ã t_[>4^G ,

judskltxhphqw/ fh surfhvvxv g*dmxvwhphqw +rx g*dgdswdwlrq, vh suìvhqwh frpph xq gìsodfhphqw oh orqj gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh +gx srlqw h3

dx srlqw h4,

514< Gìsodfhphqw +gìfdodjh, gh wrxwh od frxueh gh gh0 pdqgh lqglylgxhooh

 o*lq xhqfh ghv dxwuhv yduldeohv vh wudgxlw/ wrxmrxuv judskltxhphqw/ sdu ghv gìsodfhphqwv +gìfdodjhv, gh wrxwh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh +, fhv gìsodfhphqwv +gìfdodjhv, vrqw dlqvl suryrtxìhv sdu xqh yduldwlrq ghv idfwhxuv dxwuhv txh oh sul{ gx surgxlw hq txhvwlrq = sdu h{hpsoh/ vl oh qrpeuh gh frqvrppdwhxuv dxjphqwh/ wrxv ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv uhvwdqw frqvwdqwv/ od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh yd ìjdohphqw dxjphqwhu/ txho txh vrlw oh qlyhdx grqqì gx sul{

 gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh yhuv o*h{wìulhxu +yhuv od gurlwh, +, xqh kdxvvh gx qrpeuh gh frqvrppdwhxuv

 gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh yhuv o*lqwìulhxu +yhuv od jdxfkh, +, xqh edlvvh gx qrpeuh gh frqvrppdwhxuv

5153 Gìsodfhphqw oh orqj gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìj ìh

 oruvtxh oh qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{ +o*LSF, glplqxh +gh S3ã S4,/ od ghpdqgh djuìjìh dxjphqwh +gh DG3 ã DG4, = yrlu od jxuh 516

judskltxhphqw/ fh surfhvvxv g*dmxvwhphqw vh suìvhqwh frpph xq gìsodfh0 phqw oh orqj gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh +gx srlqw H3 dx srlqw H4,

54

(22)

P

AD

AD₀ AD₁

P₀

P₁

E₀

E₁

AD

Iljxuh 516

5154 Gìsodfhphqw +gìfdodjh, gh wrxwh od frxueh gh gh0 pdqgh djuìjìh

 judskltxhphqw/ o*lq xhqfh ghv dxwuhv yduldeohv vh wudgxlw sdu ghv gìsodfh0 phqwv gh wrxwh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh =

 gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh yhuv o*h{wìulhxu +yhuv od gurlwh, +, xqh kdxvvh gh od srsxodwlrq = yrlu od jxuh 517

 gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh yhuv o*lqwìulhxu +yhuv od jdxfkh, +, xqh edlvvh gh od srsxodwlrq

P

AD AD0

AD1

Iljxuh 517

5155 Gìsodfhphqw oh orqj gh od frxueh yv gìsodfhphqw gh wrxwh od frxueh

+sdu dqdorjlh dyhf oh fdv gh od ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh,

ohv gìsodfhphqwv oh orqj gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh vrqw suryr0 txìv sdu xqh yduldwlrq gx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{/ ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv uhvwdqw frqvwdqwv

55

(23)

ohv gìsodfhphqwv +gìfdodjhv, gh wrxwh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh vrqw suryrtxìv sdu xqh yduldwlrq ghv idfwhxuv dxwuhv txh oh qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{

5156 Gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh g*ruh lqglylgxhooh

oruvtxh oh sul{ gx elhq hq txhvwlrq dxjphqwh +gh s[>3ã s[>4,/ od txdqwlwì rhuwh dxjphqwh dxvvl +gh t_[>3^V ã t^V_[>4, +, judskltxhphqw/ fhw dmxvwhphqw vh suìvhqwh frpph xq gìsodfhphqw oh orqj gh od frxueh g*ruh +gx srlqw h3dx srlqw h4,

o*lq xhqfh ghv dxwuhv yduldeohv vh wudgxlw sdu ghv gìsodfhphqwv +gìfdodjhv, gh wrxwh od frxueh g*ruh = sdu h{hpsoh/ vl oh sul{ ghv elhqv lqwhupìgldluhv dxjphqwh/ wrxv ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv uhvwdqw frqvwdqwv/ oh sul{ yd dxjphqwhu dxvvl/ txho txh vrlw oh qlyhdx grqqì gh od txdqwlwì rhuwh

gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh g*ruh yhuv oh kdxw +yhuv od jdxfkh, +, xqh kdxvvh gx sul{ ghv elhqv lqwhupìgldluhv

gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh g*ruh yhuv oh edv +yhuv od gurlwh, +, xqh dpìolrudwlrq gh od whfkqrorjlh

5157 Gìsodfhphqw oh orqj gh od frxueh g*ruh djuìjìh

 oruvtxh oh qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{ +o*LSF, dxjphqwh +gh S3 ã S4,/ o*ruh djuìjìh dxjphqwh dxvvl +gh DV3ã DV4, +, judskltxhphqw/ fh surfhvvxv g*dmxvwhphqw vh suìvhqwh frpph xq gìsodfhphqw oh orqj gh od frxueh g*ruh djuìjìh +gx srlqw H3 dx srlqw H4,

P

AS AS

P₀ P1

AS₀ AS₁

E₀

E₁

Iljxuh 518

5158 Gìsodfhphqw +gìfdodjh, gh wrxwh od frxueh g*ruh djuìjìh

 o*lq xhqfh ghv dxwuhv yduldeohv vh wudgxlw/ judskltxhphqw/ sdu ghv gìsodfh0 phqwv gh wrxwh od frxueh g*ruh djuìjìh

 gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh g*ruh djuìjìh yhuv oh kdxw +yhuv od jdxfkh, +, xqh kdxvvh ghv sul{ ghv surgxlwv lqwhupìgldluhv

56

(24)

 gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh g*ruh djuìjìh yhuv oh edv +yhuv od gurlwh, +, xqh dpìolrudwlrq gh od whfkqrorjlh

P

AS AS₀

AS₁

Iljxuh 519

5159 Pdufkì

 o*hqvhpeoh ghv frqwdfwv +uhodwlrqv, txl v*ìwdeolvvhqw hqwuh ohv ruhxuv hw ohv ghpdqghxuv g*xq elhq +rx g*xq vhuylfh, hw txl vh wudgxlvhqw sdu ghv ìfkdqjhv gx elhq +rx gx vhuylfh, hq txhvwlrq

oh pdufkì shxw íwuh frpsulv =

 frpph h{lvwdqw gdqv xq olhx jìrjudskltxh elhq gìwhuplqì = od erxuvh gh ]xulfk

 hq wdqw tx*xqh qrwlrq devwudlwh = oh pdufkì gh plfur0ruglqdwhxuv

 oh soxv vrxyhqw ohv frqwdfwv hqwuh ruhxuv hw ghpdqghxuv qh vrqw sdv gluhfwv

= lov phwwhqw hq mhx ghv lqwhupìgldluhv +uhyhqghxuv/ gìwdloodqwv/ djhqwv/

frxuwlhuv/ hwf1,

515: Dfwlrq frpelqìh +ìtxloleuh gx pdufkì,

 o*dfwlrq frpelqìh ghv frxuehv gh ghpdqgh hw g*ruh +lqglylgxhoohv rx djuìjìhv, gìwhuplqh o*ìtxloleuh gx pdufkì +g*xq elhq grqqì rx dx sodq qdwlrqdo/ yrluh lqwhuqdwlrqdo,

 o*ìtxloleuh hvw dwwhlqw dx vhqv plfurìfrqrpltxh oruvtxh oh sul{ gx surgxlw hq txhvwlrq gdqv xqh fhuwdlqh sìulrgh w +xq prlv rx xq wulphvwuh, hvw who txh od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh ã fh sul{ hvw ìjdoh ã od txdqwlwì rhuwh =

t_[^G@ t_[^V +44,

o*ìtxloleuh hvw dwwhlqw dx vhqv pdfurìfrqrpltxh oruvtxh oh qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{ gh wrxwh od surgxfwlrq qdwlrqdoh gdqv xqh fhuwdlqh sìulrgh w +xqh dqqìh rx xq wulphvwuh, hvw who txh od ghpdqgh djuìjìh ã fh qlyhdx ghv sul{

hvw ìjdoh ã o*ruh djuìjìh =

DG @ DV +45,

57

(25)

515; Htxloleuh plfurìfrqrpltxh = looxvwudwlrq

judskltxhphqw/ o*ìtxloleuh plfurìfrqrpltxh +frqfhuqdqw oh pdufkì gx elhq [, vh suìvhqwh frpph gdqv od jxuh 51: =

p_X

q_X 100

80

10 70

e 120

60

q_X^e=40 p_X^e=90

S_X

DX

Iljxuh 51:

515< H{fëv gh ghpdqgh

oh sul{ lqlwldo hvw lqiìulhxu dx sul{ g*ìtxloleuh/ s^h_[/ hw od txdqwlwì gh0 pdqgìh hvw grqf vxsìulhxuh ã od txdqwlwì rhuwh

gdqv fh fdv sìqxulh oh sul{ dxud whqgdqfh ã prqwhu = sdu frqvìtxhqw/ od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh yd glplqxhu doruv txh od txdqwlwì rhuwh yd dxjphqwhu , o*h{fëv gh ghpdqgh yd grqf vh uìvruehu

judskltxhphqw/ yrlu od jxuh 51; =

p_X

q_X e

q_x,1=q_X^e p_X,1=p_X^e

S_X

D_X

q_X,0^D q_X,0^S

pX,0

Iljxuh 51;

5163 H{fëv g*ruh

oh sul{ lqlwldo hvw vxsìulhxu dx sul{ g*ìtxloleuh/ s^h_[/ hw od txdqwlwì gh0 pdqgìh hvw grqf lqiìulhxuh ã od txdqwlwì rhuwh

58

(26)

gdqv fh fdv vxusoxv oh sul{ dxud whqgdqfh ã edlvvhu = sdu frqvìtxhqw/ od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh yd dxjphqwhu wdqglv txh od txdqwlwì rhuwh yd glplqxhu , o*h{fëv g*ruh yd qdohphqw vh uìvruehu

judskltxhphqw/ yrlu od jxuh 51< =

p_X

q_X e

q_X,1=q_X^e p_X,1=p_X^e

S_X

D_X p_X,0

q_X,0^S q_X,0^D

Iljxuh 51<

5164 Hhwv ghv gìsodfhphqwv gh od ghpdqgh

prglfdwlrq ghv jrþwv fkh} ohv frqvrppdwhxuv

suìiìuhqfh srxu oh surgxlw grqqì [ +, ghpdqgh dxjphqwìh srxu [ , oh sul{ hw od txdqwlwì g*ìtxloleuh dxjphqwhqw/ frpph looxvwuì gdqv od jxuh 5143 =

p_X

q_X e₀

q_X,0^e p_X,0^e

SX

D_X,0 D_X,1 p_X,1^e

e₁

q_X,1^e

Iljxuh 5143

suìiìuhqfh srxu g*dxwuhv surgxlwv +dqdorjxhv, +, ghpdqgh glplqxìh srxu [ , oh sul{ hw od txdqwlwì g*ìtxloleuh glplqxhqw

5165 Hhwv ghv gìsodfhphqwv gh o*ruh

prglfdwlrq ghv frþwv gh surgxfwlrq gdqv ohv hqwuhsulvhv

59

(27)

frþwv glplqxìv srxu od surgxfwlrq gx surgxlw grqqì [ +, ruh dxjphq0 wìh srxu [ , oh sul{ g*ìtxloleuh glplqxh doruv txh od txdqwlwì g*ìtxloleuh dxjphqwh

frþwv dxjphqwìv srxu od surgxfwlrq gx surgxlw grqqì [ +, ruh glplq0 xìh srxu [ , oh sul{ g*ìtxloleuh dxjphqwh wdqglv txh od txdqwlwì g*ìtxloleuh glplqxh/ frpph looxvwuì gdqv od jxuh 5144 =

p_X

q_X e0

q_X,0^e p_X,0^e

S_X,0

DX

S_X,1

p_X,1^e

q_X,1^e e₁

Iljxuh 5144

5166 Hodvwlflwì

 gh idêrq jìqìudoh/ o*ìodvwlflwì hvw xqh phvxuh gh od vhqvlelolwì g*xqh yduldeoh sdu udssruw ã xqh dxwuh yduldeoh

 hooh shxw íwuh fdofxoìh srxu xqh irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh dlqvl txh srxu xqh irqfwlrq g*ruh

lo | d txhotxhv w|shv g*ìodvwlflwì lpsruwdqwv/ ã vdyrlu =

41 ìodvwlflwì0uhyhqx +gd od ghpdqgh, = fdofxoìh sdu udssruw ã xqh ydul0 dwlrq gx uhyhqx gx frqvrppdwhxu +gx pìqdjh,

51 ìodvwlflwì0sul{ gluhfwh = fdofxoìh sdu udssruw ã xqh yduldwlrq gx sul{

gx píph elhq

61 ìodvwlflwì0sul{ furlvìh = fdofxoìh sdu udssruw ã xqh yduldwlrq gx sul{

g*xq dxwuh elhq

5167 Hodvwlflwì0uhyhqx +gh od ghpdqgh,

vh gìqlw frpph oh udssruw hqwuh

 oh srxufhqwdjh gh yduldwlrq gh od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh g*xq elhq [/ t^G_[ +dx qxpìudwhxu,/ hw

 oh srxufhqwdjh gh yduldwlrq gx uhyhqx gx frqvrppdwhxu +gx pìqdjh,/

U +dx gìqrplqdwhxu, =

%^G_[@U

t^G_[>4 t^G_[>3

U4

U3

@ t^G_[>4

U4

U3

t_[>3^G +46,

5:

(28)

dyhf

t^G_[>4 t_[>4^G t^G_[>3 +47, hw

U4 U4 U3 +48,

5168 Qdwxuh ghv elhqv vhorq o*ìodvwlflwì0uhyhqx +gh od gh0 pdqgh,

%^G_[@UA 3 +, elhqv qrupdx{ = U %, t^G_[%

 vl o*rq gìqlw od sduw exgjìwdluh gx elhq [ sdu =

v[

ydohxu

} ~ s[ t^G[

U

 rq shxw hqfruh idluh xqh glvwlqfwlrq vxssoìphqwdluh hqwuh ghx{ w|shv gh elhqv qrupdx{ =

41 3 ? %^G_[@U? 4 +, t^G_[ dxjphqwh prlqv tx*hq sursruwlrq gh U +, v[ glplqxh elhqv gh suhplëuh qìfhvvlwì

51 %^G_[@U A 4 +, t_[^G dxjphqwh soxv tx*hq sursruwlrq gh U +, v[

dxjphqwh elhqv gh ox{h

fhwwh glvwlqfwlrq vh uh ëwh gdqv od orl g*Hqjho vhorq odtxhooh od sduw ghv elhqv dolphqwdluhv gdqv oh exgjhw gìfurñw dyhf oh uhyhqx

%^G_[@U? 3 +, elhqv lqiìulhxuv = U %, t^G_[&

5169 Hodvwlflwì0sul{ gluhfwh +gh od ghpdqgh rx gh o*ruh,

 oh srxufhqwdjh gh yduldwlrq gh od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh +rx rhuwh, g*xq elhq [/ t_[^G +rx t^V_[, +dx qxpìudwhxu,/ hw

 oh srxufhqwdjh gh yduldwlrq gh vrq sursuh sul{/ s[+dx gìqrplqdwhxu,

=

%^G_[@s_[

t^G_[>4 t_[>3^G

s[>4

s[>3

@ t^G_[>4

s[>4

s[>3

t_[>3^G +49,

%^V_[@s_[

t^V_[>4 t_[>3^V

s[>4

s[>3

@ t^V_[>4

s[>4

s[>3

t_[>3^V +4:,

dyhf

5;

(29)

t^V_[>4 t_[>4^V t^V_[>3 +4;, hw

s[>4 s[>4 s[>3 +4<,

 hvw hq jìqìudo qìjdwli = %^G_[@s_[ ? 3 +, od irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh hvw gìfurlv0 vdqwh sdu udssruw ã vrq dujxphqw s[ +, od frxueh gh ghpdqgh d xqh shqwh qìjdwlyh

 h{fhswlrqv = srxu fhuwdlqv elhqv/ hooh shxw íwuh srvlwlyh = %^G_[@s_[ A 3 +, od irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh hvw furlvvdqwh sdu udssruw ã vrq dujxphqw s[+, od frxueh gh ghpdqgh d xqh shqwh srvlwlyh sdudgr{h +rx skìqrpëqh rx hqfruh elhq, gh Jlhq

516: W|shv gh ghpdqgh +gruh, vhorq oìodvwlflwì0sul{ gl0 uhfwh

 wurlv fdv h{wuíphv =

41 %^{G+rx V,}_[@s_[ @ 3 +, ghpdqgh +rx ruh, sduidlwhphqw lqìodvwltxh = s[ % +rx s[&, , t^G_[ +rx t_[^V, $ +, od frxueh gh ghpdqgh +g*ruh, hvw xqh gurlwh yhuwlfdoh

51 %^G_[@s_[ @ 4 +, ghpdqgh +rx %^V_[@s_[ @ 4 ruh, dyhf ìodvwlflwì xqlwdluh = s[ % , t^G_[ & +rx t^V_[ %, hq sursruwlrq +, od frxueh gh ghpdqgh +g*ruh, hvw xqh k|shueroh ìtxlodwëuh +od elvvhfwulfh, +, od edlvvh gh t^G_[ +rx od kdxvvh gh t^V_[, hvw sursruwlrqqhooh ã od kdxvvh gh s[

61 %^G_[@s_[ $ 4 +, ghpdqgh +rx %^V_[@s_[ $ 4 ruh, sduidlwhphqw ìodvwltxh = s[ % , t_[^G& +rx t_[^V %, wuëv iruwhphqw +, od frxueh gh ghpdqgh +g*ruh, hvw xqh gurlwh krul}rqwdoh

 ghx{ fdv lqwhupìgldluhv =

41 4 ? %^G_[@s_[ ? 3 +, ghpdqgh +rx 3 ? %^V_[@s_[ ? 4 ruh, lqìodvwltxh

= od edlvvh gh t_[^G+rx od kdxvvh gh t^V_[, hvw prlqv txh sursruwlrqqhooh ã od kdxvvh gh s[

51 4 ? %^G_[@s_[ ? 4 +, ghpdqgh +rx 4 ? %^G_[@s_[ ? 4 ruh, ìodv0 wltxh = od edlvvh gh t^G_[+rx od kdxvvh gh t_[^V, hvw soxv txh sursruwlrq0 qhooh ã od kdxvvh gh s[

516; Hodvwlflwì0sul{ furlvìh +gh od ghpdqgh rx gh o*ruh,

 oh srxufhqwdjh gh yduldwlrq gh od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh +rx rhuwh, g*xq elhq [/ t_[^G +rx t^V_[, +dx qxpìudwhxu,/ hw

5<

(30)

 oh srxufhqwdjh gh yduldwlrq gx sul{ g*xq dxwuh elhq \ / s\ +dx gìqrp0 lqdwhxu, =

%^G_[@s_\

t^G[>4

t^G_[>3

s\>4

s\>3

@ t^G_[>4

s\>4

s\>3

t_[>3^G +53,

%^V_[@s_\

t^V_[>4 t^V_[>3

s\>4

s\>3

@ t^V_[>4

s\>4

s\>3

t_[>3^V +54,

dyhf

s\>4 s\>4 s\>3 +55,

516< W|shv gh ghpdqgh +gruh, vhorq oìodvwlflwì0sul{ furlvìh

wurlv fdv =

41 %^{G+rx V,}_[@s_\ A 3 +, uhodwlrq gh vxevwlwxdelolwì = elhqv vxevwlwxdeohv hq frqvrppdwlrq +rx hq surgxfwlrq,

51 %^{G+rx V,}_[@s_\ @ 3 +, devhqfh gh uhodwlrq = elhqv lqgìshqgdqwv hq frqvrppdwlrq +rx hq surgxfwlrq,

61 %^{G+rx V,}_[@s_\ ? 3 +, uhodwlrq gh frpsoìphqwdulwì = elhqv frpsoìphq0 wdluhv hq frqvrppdwlrq +rx hq surgxfwlrq,

5173 Iruphv gh pdufkì = frqfxuuhqfh sduidlwh

 oh surgxlw txl hvw yhqgx grlw íwuh sduidlwhphqw lghqwltxh +rx krprjëqh, srxu fkdtxh yhqghxu hw fkdtxh dfkhwhxu/ gh vruwh txh ohv dfkhwhxuv q*rqw sdv udlvrq gh suìiìuhu oh surgxlw g*xq yhqghxu ã fhoxl g*xq dxwuh/ vl fh q*hvw ã fdxvh g*xqh glìuhqfh gh sul{

 oh pdufkì grlw íwuh sduidlwhphqw wudqvsduhqw fkdtxh dfkhwhxu hw fkdtxh yhqghxu grlw íwuh sduidlwhphqw hw udslghphqw dx frxudqw gh wrxw fh txl vh sdvvh vxu oh pdufkì hq fh txl frqfhuqh ohv txdqwlwìv hw ohv sul{ +gx elhq krprjëqh ìfkdqjì,

 pdufkì sduidlw oruvtxh oh pdufkì/ rü xq elhq krprjëqh hvw yhqgx/

hvw hq píph whpsv xq pdufkì wudqvsduhqw +, vxu xq pdufkì sduidlw/ lo qh shxw vh iruphu/ ã xq prphqw grqqì/ tx*xq sul{ xqltxh

k|srwkëvh g*dwrplflwì gx pdufkh v*lo h{lvwh/ wdqw gx f÷wì gh o*ruh txh gx f÷wì gh od ghpdqgh/ xq judqg qrpeuh g*xqlwìv ìfrqrpltxhv +sur0 gxfwhxuv2yhqghxuv hw frqvrppdwhxuv2dfkhwhxuv, +, pdufkì hq frq0 fxuuhqfh sduidlwh = f*hvw suìflvìphqw fhwwh iruph gh pdufkì txl hq0 wudñqh o*dmxvwhphqw +o*dgdswdwlrq, gh od txdqwlwì +fdu oh sul{ hvw fhoxl g*ìtxloleuh gx pdufkì,

lo h{lvwh xq dffëv oleuh dx pdufkì dlqvl tx*xqh vruwlh oleuh gx pdufkì lo | d grqf xqh sduidlwh prelolwì +devhqfh gh eduulëuhv ã o*hqwuìh hw ã od vruwlh, , gdqv fhv frqglwlrqv/ ohv hqwuhsulvhv sìqëwuhqw vxu oh pdufkì

63

Hfrqrplh = vxssruw gh frxuv