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49.18X Figure 2-13.-The Remington Rand UNIVAC punched card.
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49.189 Figure 2-14.-The International Business Machines (IBM) punched card.
19
MACHINE ACCOUNTANT 3 & 2
49.190X Figure 2-15.-Creating a punched card with an
IBM port-a-punch.
are normally employed for the initial punching of information into these types of cards.
Port-A-Punch Card.-This is acardpunched from a portable device at a place remote from the data processing installation. Examining figure 2-15 closely, you can see the perforated punching positions of the card. With the stylus-like device shown, information may be manually
20
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Optically Readable Characters
49.191X Figure 2-16.-An IBM mark sense card, mag-netic ink and optically character documents.
punched into the card. Cards of this type can be extremely useful in taking inventories, and a similar card is used for the Fleetwide examina-tions.
Mark Sense Card.-Another card upon which data is recorded manually is the mark sense card (fig. 2-16). Marks made on the card must be electrically conductive and therefore necessi-tate the use of a special lead with a high graphite content. This type of card is especially suited to the recording of quantities and values. Ma-chines known as reproducers, equipped with amplifying units to strengthen the electrical impulses created when the machine senses the marks, punch the recorded data into the card.
Chapter 2-AU'IDMATIC DATA PROCESSING Markings must be accurate, however, and cards
unbent to ease machine processing.
Optical Scanner Card.-Any type of mark made by ordinary pen or pencil within a desig-nated area of this card can be read by the optical scanner through the principle of re-flected light-a powerful light source and lens
system capable of distinguishing between black and white patterns. Late model optical charac-ter readers have the ability to read uppercase letters, numbers, and certain special characters from printed paper documents and to introduce this data directly into a computer. Conse-quently, transcribing source data into cards is
1. CARDS BEING READ AS THEY PASS BETWEEN A BRUSH AND AN ELECTRIC CONTACT ROLLER •
. 2. ELECTRICAL CONTACT IS MADE ONLY WHERE PUNCHED HOLES ARE LOCATED.
3. THE WIRED EXTERNAL CONTROL PANEL AFFORDS tHE FLEXIBLE PROCESSING OF PUNCHED CARD DATA.
eliminated, and the time element of entering data into an electronic data processing system is decreased.
Magnetic Ink Character Card. -Characters on this particular card or paper document (for example, a check) are printed as illustrated in figure 2-16 with special magnetic ink read-able by both man and machine. Each magnetic ink character is read and examined for accep-table valid character patterns by the Magnetic Ink Character Reader. The optically scanned and magnetic ink cards are more widely used by commercial enterprises than by the Navy.
Figure 2-17. -Machine conversion and processing of data.
21
MACHINE ACCOUNTANT 3 & 2 These two sensing systems are discussed more
thoroughly in chapter 13.
Raw Data to Input Data
Coding systems have been devised· using letters, numbers, or both, (although numeric codes predominate) to identify information ap-pearing in raw form on source documents.
Tbe proper application of these codes to the source document' eases the subsequent punching and" hancUing of card data during machine
pro-c~ssinr; •.
Machin~Conversionof Data
Since the card introduces information to the . machines, it may also be considered a conveyor of data. The holes are READ by 'the machines in a fashion similar to the weaving patter~ of the 'Jacquard Loom; that is, electrical contact can only be m~de exactly where punched holes are located, just as the needles of the Jacquard Loom pierced the holes of its card only at given spots. The passage of the cards between brushes and electric contact rollers at specific times in the cycle of a machine, convert the punched holes into timed electrical impulses which are machine processable.
Machine Processing of Data
The reading and conversion of data into electrical impulses by a machine, together with a properly wired external control panel, enables the punched card data to be processed. The machine receives its instructions from the control panel which affords processing flexi-bility and diversity in jobs. The type of machine used and.tbe desired end results determine the type of ,processing the data undergoes. For converted into output form. Once again, depen-dent upon the type of machine used, the output form may be
a
machine function, holes punched into the same or other cards, printed lines of information, or any combination of these. Itmust be remembered, however, that output capabUities are limited, for most EAM equip-ment will accept but one file of cards as input and will produce only one result. There are a few exceptions, of course, such as a collator, which will accept two files of cards at the same time and manipUlate these cards into one or several groups. Another is the alphabetic ac-counting machine, which, when cormected by a cable from an automatic punch, creates both a printed report and punched summary cards during the same operation.
TOOLS OF PUNCHED CARD ACCOUNTING
How do we explain the word Iltool" with regard to data processing? Machines differ from tools, as a tool is heavily dependent on the energy and skill of its user, and generally speaking, machines perform tasks with a mini-mum of human participation or intervention.
Since some types, however, require the efforts of skilled operators, they are thought of as machine tools. Therefore, because the effective use of EAM machines is restricted by the level of human efficiency in operating them, they can be referred to as the tools of punched card ac-counting.
Basic Unit Record Equipment
Of all the types of data processing tasks performed by punched card accounting systems, three are basic: recording data, classifying or arranging data, and summarizing data. Com-mensurate with these tasks are several types of basic unit record equipment. They are cate-gorized as such because they are a MUST in all EAM systems to carry out the aforementioned basic tasks. Figures 2-18 through 2-26, de-picting punched card equipment, illustrate both Remington Rand UNIVAC and IBM models that are comparable to one another in deSign, pur-pose, and function.
Card Punches.-The basic method of RE-CORDING data or converting source data into punched cards is through keypunching, a method whereby the operator reads a coded source document and presses the keys of a keyboard to punch the data into cards. This operation is similar to typing and is done on a keypunch, often called a card punch. Since various other 'machines will acton information supplied by these punched cards, the transcription of data into the cards must be accurate'.
Chapter 2-AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING
IBM 26 PRINTING
CARD PUNCH UNIVAC ALPHA
CARD PUNCH
49.193X Figure 2-18.-Converting source data to punched Gards.
lNFORMATION
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REArIBM 56 CARD VERIFIER
INVOICE
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UNIVAC CARD VERIFIER.
49.5X