IU!l!lllme des reacliolls des usagefS
• Les occupants suivants ant repondu au questionnaire: les locataires d' un vieux quartier residentiel au centre de Dar es·Salamj les residents de trois ensembles de logements Ii bon march<! A Lusaka (Zambie) situ';s ~ la p.hipherie de la ville et les locataires et les proprietaires de deux ensem hIes experimentaux de logements , bon marche dans 18 petite ville industrielle de Thika (Kenya).
Ci-apres un resume des similitudes dans les niponses des occupants de six ensembles de logements aUx caracteristiques differentes.
La plupsrt des locataires estiment qll' Us paient des loyers trap eleves
POUt trap peu de place et ils regrettent que les proprietaires ne fassent
aucune reparation~ Us craignent les valenrs et estiment que les fene·
tres et leg partes des maisons ne sont pas assez siires~ Us se plai-gnent de l'exiguite des cuisines et des salles de bain, du manque de place pour Ie rangement de la vaisselle, des .stensiles et fo.rnit.res dans les cuisines. Il o'y a pas d' installations pour Ie lavage, qui setaient pourtant particulierement necessaires pendant la saison des pluies et den n' est prevu pOllr abriter les reserves de combustibles.
Les locataires n' aiment pas la combinaison toilettes/douche .. La plu.
part de ces problemes proviennent de la penurie de maisons neuvesJ
en sotte que les logements existants sont surpeuples. De meme les categories diUerentes d' occupants et leur renouvel1ement constant
dans les villes industrielles sont l l' origine de certains des proble-meso En bref, Ie developpemenl organique du village Iraditionnel fait
defaul.
110
SECTION1B
USER REACTIONS
SUMMARY OF USER REcACTIONS
The following occupants have responded to questionnaires: the tenants of an old residential area in downtown Dar..es-SalaamJ residents of three new low-cost housing schemes in Lusaka, Zambia~ situated on the outskirts of the city J and tenants and owners from 2 low-cost housing experiments in the
sman industrial town Thika in Kenya ..
The similarities of the answers of the six different types of projects are sum~
marized below.
Most tenants feel that they pay too much rent far too little space and that the owner does not make repairs. They are afraid of thieves and consider windows
and doors of the houses and gardens not secure enough. They complair, about small kitchens and bathrooms and lack of storage space for dishes and supplies in the former~ There are no washing facilities, especially necessary during the rainy seasonJ and space for fuel storage. Combined showers and toilets are not like. The majority of these problems result from the shortage of new houses and consequently the existing ones are overcrowded. Also the different types af te-nants and the rapid tum-over of occupants in the industrial town account fOr some of the problems. In short, the organic development of the traditional vil·
lage is missing.
ZAMBIE
LES DESIRS DES INTERESSES
• Les citations sui van tes (et les plans et des sins) provi ennen t du concours de plans pour Is maison ideale organise en Zambie. La gam-me des prix a
ete
fixee aU minimum de la gamme des hypotheques que les proprietaires ... occupants peuvent prendre, c' esta
dire 2500 livres environ. Tres nombreux etaient les concurrents qui savaient quI Usnj avaient guere de chance d' occuper leur Maison ideale; ce qui ne les a pas empeche de s' inscrire.
Cinq etudes pour leurs proptes mai-SonB
a
I' occasion1
CONCOURSDE PLANS POUR LA MAISON IDEALE - ZAIIIBIE ( 1969)
2
d' un conCQurS pOUt
la maison economi ...
que id6ale proV'enant d' un syndicali ste 1 J d' un apprenti electri-cien 2, d' un jardinier 3, d' un comptable 4, et d'tln etudiant S ..
3
1
ean,h.-v~" h.~
L, It.,~
On .. 0'1 lOf'.1 ...
n ,0: .... &:11 3'~"SI In Q'Y'dC"i tQ ot.t:yoet. .At.. pe..o
~ c..rho Q"Y~ ~f+."".t mov(,.. ,.... ...
112
5'--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - '
N aus commencons par un reve sur un duplex.
La table
a
manger sera petite et massive en bois sombre; elle ne de ..vra pas etre recouverte d' une nappej car il est beaucoup plus chic aujourd' hui d; utiliser des serviettes~ 11 y aUfa aussi quatre chaises autour de la table. Bien entendu3 la -cuisine et la salle I manger se-ront conti gues. La cuisine contiendra un grand fourneau electrique, un grand refrigerateur et des buffets pour les aliments et les ustensiles de cuisine. 11 est extremement important que la cuisine soit toujours propre; pour cette raison Ie sol sera recouvert de carreaUX de plasti-que.
R.J. Martin IIl111s
.. f Architectural DesIgn' J
10/1974, p. 631-633
ZAMBIA
ZAMBIE
LES DESIRS DES INTERESSES
11 est temps maintenant de conslderer les pieces du plan superieur.
La salle de sejour devEa etre reLativement grande, avec une large porte couHssante vitree donnant sur la partie sape-rieure du jardin. La totaHte du mur donnant sur Ie jardin sera vUree. alors que Ie mur
Planteur de tabac stagiaire La salle de baio aura des dimensions ausst restreintes que possiblel cinq personnes utilisera constamment 1a salle de baln pour Ie maquil-lage. pour Ie rangement des produits de beaute et des medicaments.
A~ent do developpement commUn!iotszre
Dans les citations ci .. dessas, j' ai mis en relief certains aspects du dejli ptofession d' etre familier avec Ie style de vie" apamwamba" et ce f&isant, it affirme inconsciemment qu' it revendique personnelle-ment ce style de vie.
La citation suivante donne une description du jardin; un element qui fait l'obiet de controverses acharnees dans Ie caS des logements II bon m"chii'. Lea locataires avancent touiou", que Ie terrain de 324m2 est absolument h,.affisant. On y trouvera peut~tre la ,aison ci-ap,es:
rhe porch as an alternatM or supplement to a grand entrance: to
me piot.
114
ZAMBIA
slor-ing cosmetics and medicines] washslor-ing out smalls snd probably drip-drying them over the bath. As the children grow up, it could he one ofZAMBIE
severement reglementes, font appel au language de l' architecture pour exprimer leurs aspirations. Le symbole Ie plus courant est la grande fenetre, de preference defendue contre les voleurs par une grille en fer forge. D' a-lt-tres elements font l' objet d' une attention particulie re , comme les entrees et les materiaux utilises pour les murs (dans l'or-dre d~ prestige, pierres, briques et parpaings de ciment). Ceux qui ont de l' imagination font appela
des' 'particularites architecturales", qui figurent dans des maisons construites 'ca
la castor"ZAMBIA
WISHES OF THE PEOPLE
Palladio has not gone unnoticed. 121
The ground around the house should be used properly, e.g. half of the back area should be used as a playing field where lawn tennis, volley ball, table tennis, etc. could be practised by the family, And the remaining half could be used as a garden where vegetables and flowers could be grown. Here fertilizers could be used or rich humus soils could be mixed if the usual soil is poor. But yet the rest of the lawn could be improved greatly, Most should be covered with carpet grass which should be kept green. Along the fence there should be a line of flowers of different types and short trees (growing to a height of 5 to 10ft) should be grown. In the lawn and around the fence, the flowers will give a beautiful effect and will, of course, at-tract more people to come to this house. And people will be able to stay on the green lawn; feast, dance and hold parties in a scene which is cool and comfortable, Also in hot seasons the family is able to sit here and tell their children about the way of life, folklore and different things and neighbours will be able to join. Young people will be able to play here instead of V"andering about the streets~
Student.
, I For every genuinely wealthy ( 4 apamwamba' J 1 there are hundreds of aspi ..
rants to the position who) though they know they will never make it, still endeavour to raise themselves above their fellows by means of suitable
imagery~ Initial concentration is on the outside! the image this conveys is intended) obviously enough, to set the tone for the occupants' life style as well as the possessions that cant t be seen. It may be simply the cultiva-tion of a little' prestige' flower garden in front of the house. In a study on the use of outdoor space it was found that more ground is cultivated for flowers than vegetables despite the marginal incomes of some
of the residentsJ and the ease with which many vegetables
can be grown, But flowers convey an image of comparative wealth~ Those who have the means to do so • particularly those in loosely controlled Site and Service Schemes· use the language of architecture to express their aspirations. The most common symbol is a big window, preferably combin-ed with wrought iron bars to deter thieves. Other features to which particu ..
lar attention is paid are entrances - and the walling material (in order of prestige) stone, brick and concrete block)~ The more imaginative seek 'architectural features' J some of which appear in self~help houses quite soon after they have been tried out by archi tects on prominent buildings in town! e~g, corner windows and arches."