50,000 lQO,OOO

Fixed investment' TJS dollars per ton '.'

-,'_..._,--

--'---~-=~'~~~

... __....

,~.'_-..- --_._---~,~

-Source~

20.0.000

, " , " : " ;

40Q,000

ou.cit.

.-~-'~

40-50

35-40

30-35

25-30

E/GN⁰

14/·INR/84

Page

53

1'2'7~ :A ',rartg'!e; of"uuitoosts of fixed in·vestlnent is compiled in~,:Table

6.5 on

'thetas,i's

o:r':::examples

of cement:· p:lants recently completed or under ,study ,in s;e:l:ected 'African ·count,ries',:ci:s1iell asin'otllercountries, at a

similar level [of

econornic devel,oprnerlt.

It

~Till

be-

rioted that these costs ar'e ,consider-ably: higher than thos:e reported by -vJestern Germany but _l01~er tb.an thOS\3 corresponding' to Uni·ted States practice, which include' tb,e cost of elabor'ate quality

control

and dust col·lec"ti'ng e;qu'ipm"eht unlikely to be installed i l l African countries.

128. Although in general, there is no justification for international comparisons because

no two

cases present precisely similar conditions? all the same some

of the

recent

plants

installed in

the

East

African

sub-region are observed to fall within the broad indications of Table

6.5.

In Ethiopia, (Addis _Ababa~ the new 60,000 ton capacity plant was completed at a unit

cost

of fixed investment of the order of

$80.-,

in Uganda

(Tororo ) at about $45.- for a 200,000 ton capacity plant,

in Rhodesia (Salisbury) at approximately $50 for a 150,000 ton capacity plant, and

in Malawi (Zomba) also at

$50

for a 90,000 ton capacity plant but excluding the

clinker

plaut.

Table

~~ Est~~rn.§-~~~~Fa~g~-2_f f1:~~~.~~ves~!"!2~E~-2..~'?'~_Hpe:r:~.

ton of

capacit:)T applic_able_ .to African cO'untries

F'lant capacity

._.. ._-_,},9E~_p~F_Y__e_a_r ._ _~, , _

F1ixed investment US Llol1arsJ?er t?n_.

20-501000 90-120

50-80,000 70-80

80-100,000 60-70

100,000-200,000

50-60

200,000-400,000

40-50

400,00q and ove_r ... ~.,~_,~_~ ~J5..::

... 4_0 _

Sourceg Secretariat estimate.

E/cN.14/~NR/84 Page

54

129. Tb;.~ above examples p:resent considerable di:versity qf con~itions in .transport c11arg'es, in fluctuating prices of machinery an~,equipment, in cost of building' and erection, in quality and Clua.ntity of manufacturing' components and so o;n. c.onseq.uently the (1a~a g'iven in Table

6.5

.should be

~consid,ered as. broad indicators of orders of lTlag11i tude;. ,The same observa-tion is: also .pertine11t to the over-all e"valuaobserva-tions of inve.st.ment

~equirements g.iven be19w.

"130.'

":It, iffill :be recalled frOIl1 Chapter IV

that

trie over-all expected,~ L~~inimurn s110rt fall in domestic SUPIJly for the sub-region '>ras cornpute.9- t.,9

be of~the order of

l.7

million tons. The b~eakdown for this figure could

.'..^;

bfj" co.mpute4.

:'<9Y

cOu11try from Table

4.

2 of

t1.le

saIne Q,hapter IV.

.~. '.^'".

. .

. In addi tjion,

i ,

..~aki~~ into consideration the observations made with regard to the basic

,~.,f,~.ctors governi:lgthe '4~~ve<lop'rnerltofthe industry, Table 6. 6 belo11

~.;surnrnarize~_~by ,country t<he possible patte:rn· of the d:eveloprnent of the: celnent 'industry:

in

^the East African sub-region.

131. Brpadly, to double present 'day installed capacity- by

197 5,

t:he

~~tfmat~, of total fixed investment comes

iD 96

~illion US doll~rs.

;t

~~-,.

.\.rou:ld~,--)b:e! noted

that

the over-all estim'ate does

not

include investments

tha~.woMld in additio~ be required for the setting up of clinker gririding a~d/^or ^p:acking ^and distributing plants in those countries, e. g. ,: ri~auri^tius, : Reunion, etc., tb.at 1tfould not be in a 1J08ition to launch full-scale

t :domest~c production of C8lnent due~ to a variety of reasons~ sm:all marl~et'~

lack of raw material resources, low and advantageous

C.IoF.

price offers from neighbouring plants, priorities of investment programmes, etc. 'With such investments taken into consideration, the over-all investment need of 'the sub~region ~n the cement industry could be taken to be of the order of

100 rni11.ion US 9-,ollars. 1'11i8 is equivale:lt

,to

,an annual i11ve~trne11t;level 'of 10 million dollars in the years

1965-1975-

It will be recalled from

!Table

IIT~I

that in the early sixties the value of imports of, cement of

'-;t1;.:::;

sub~region' 11as noted to be of- the order of 10 m.illion US cllollars

a,rthually.._. _~ The/ financial solution, of the problem at hand is thus clearly

" :

within ~he grasp and practical possibility of tlle countries of the sub-.,region.

y~ See :Annex I.

I\JIadagas car 0.050

0.380 O.330!

I

}',lalawi 0.090 0.160 0.070

}U10desia

0.678 0.540

Countr .- : Capacity ,Demand inl

~hortfall,D~stribu-:-

! Uew'Plant, Extension! di tior:al

I _~er

ton ment Require-^J J Iup

~

^{to end,}

¹⁹⁷⁵

^l1.n

^1.,975

;t1.on p..a.t t - '.. . .

Ql

capaOlty ^I: 1nstalled ^I

~ El~n_~

1)165:

!

€rn of' type· I : : : ;

.._._.,__._. i~_~~:~ tOl~_~l_~~ill.

^__

~~~:~:s~~~s;·_t~PlL_~_.,_'

^.__ ^No. ^:mill. ton+ ·US$ ':

~[illio-..n_U_S_$

^___

~rundi ) ^! ^{- .}

.025 I .025 )

_,...!~

-: .... - 0.100 70 7

SOU.l'ceg Secretariat estirnat~!

11

Does not include clink:erancl distributing' plant installati-on est·imates when these are done separately.

fi..:1:: ..

E/·G~~ •. 14/

INR/.

8

₄

Page

57 CHAPTER VIII

Th~

Allied

!p~q~tri~s

(.~)

.:Introduction.

13.2. The growths of the

cement

industry and the cement products industry

~~re i~~er-depe~dent. ^Cement is a basic material which' in association with

·v "_i

o't'her materials has exten'sfve application \'in the :15ui'lding and cor{struction

- .

industry ...··-Ce~'ent·

is the

"main c6'inp"onent 'in a

large'variety:'of

fin'ished

products such as cementblo6ks, pip:Js£nd other precast produdts, as

well

as

asb~s't·oS:';ce'ment

prod:ucts.

~(':

133.

The relative intensivene'ss of'ceinent

utilization ,.

in any";'country is

in thE(main",.in~i&enced b; it~~ useiJ plairi and ferr6-concrete structures.

StructuXal'\:~lemen't's

·vJb.ich

larg'ely:'d~pend~~:6n their"weights

f'bt

^stability,

such as d.ams~rei~:lning walls in Civfltnglneering W(brk~, ^clnd floor paving, concrete. tiles footing, etc'. - .' in housiri~'i.iire examples of plliin c'Oncrete utilization. oncr~te technOlogy' having

"fuade signific'ant heiidway within

: ..;. '. . .: .J' .... :.'.,~,,"" , .' ... .:. .', ..' .';. ' :

the last century, today

ferro-concrete' in

all ]. ts forms is a·:·Iorernost

construction material:~ -' Its' applJ.cation'''bovers housing and bu1.ld;ing

:.... .i,'j'~~; . . .,.'^I~.~ .!.~.:.. ..~.i.: '.' .;. :. '... .~.. . ~.,.. . ^{, l} ^•.

i~cluding industrial buildings, reservo"irs, silos, and' other con,·tainers~

' . .f. '. ....:'[\. , , \ . .; '.... d') 'r J. .','~/,.." ; : . : - . . . . . .. . i

r~ads and bridges; tunnels,

culverts

an'd' pipes; transinissib'fl

poles,

and

r~i'lway slee~ers and.ac3t~si of other types of construction. The utiliza-tion of ferro-concret~;in1refab~1cation form has also brollghtabout the possibiii t~:'bf ~ass~~oa~g·h'6ii:l~c,th~bdilding ind~strY.

134. 'In'

A·fric~., the --trend for~^b'{=3tter' housing and' bu'ilding ha's' "in general

le<lt~ ^the re:pjf;~ement ^of such'tradt~fonal' materials 'astimb'e:r, mud, burnt b;icic's, thatch, ~tc.? conc~et~' elemedts'h~ve been 'found to show' good light

andhe~t r'e'flecti'cm prope~ties. 1rhe fJ.exibili ty6'fc6Ifcretih~s ^made

^it

possibl~:tlo gi1.ve~ise ^to coinpl.exelements"·toEiatisfy:thei~heia ibr adequate ventilation. It has good resis'tance to insec't"and filngus attack and its many other technical properiies make i t highly ,jaaa~t'abt-e under African

conditions.

E/CN·.14!INR!,84

Page

58

(b) Concrete products

135.

In addi tion to thEi?::incr~e-as,ing\

re.l.g,tiv.e

utilization of cement-based products, quantitative delnand has also been rising and continues to rise

under the

enormous housing,

building and

other oV"~~~~ll

construction

~equirements of

the continent.

The

growth

of the cement-based industries

< ...J.. . ..':.·',,';,1 . ,

, in Africa has been notable. In

t·b.e

East' Ilfrican sub-region,

a:

high level

of utilization of celnent based-"'~roductsha,s

been'

attained" in ':Kenya,

. . . _.~~.1

Rb:.odesia and Zambia., Thes~ ^countries

enjc)y diver's:t:fied'

prodtit~ti'cin ^from

\.l : .:1

Dans le document The cement and allied industries in the East African Sub-Region (Page 57-63)

50,000 lQO,OOO

-,'_..._,--

... __....

50,000 lQO,OOO

40-50

35-40

30-35

25-30

14/·INR/84

53

6.5

on

o:r':::examples

similar level [of

It

be-

control

no two

of the

plants

the

African

6.5.

cost

$80.-,

(Tororo ) at about $45.- for a 200,000 ton capacity plant,

in Malawi (Zomba) also at

for a 90,000 ton capacity plant but excluding the

plaut.

Table

ton of

50-60

40-50

... 4_0 _

54

6.5

"130.'

that

l.7

:'<9Y

4.

t1.le

in

197 5,

iD 96

;t

that

not

C.IoF.

,to

1965-1975-

IIT~I

'-;t1;.:::;

0.380 O.330!

I

0.678 0.540

~hortfall,D~stribu-:-

I ~er

~

1975

1.,975

Ql

~ El~n_~

!

.._._.,__._. i~_~~:~ tOl~_~l_~~~~ill. ~~

~~~:~:s~~~s;·_t~PlL_~_.,_'

~[illio-..n_U_S_$

.025 I .025 )

-: .... - 0.100 70 7

11

E/·G~~ •. 14/

8

57

CHAPTER VIII

Allied

.:Introduction.

cement

is the

large'variety:'of

products such as cementblo6ks, pip:Js£nd other precast produdts, as

I _~er

¹⁹⁷⁵

^1.,975

.._._.,__._. i~_~~:~ tOl~_~l_~~ill.

such as d.ams~rei~:lning walls in Civfltnglneering W(brk~, ^clnd floor paving, concrete. tiles footing, etc'. - .' in housiri~'i.iire examples of plliin c'Oncrete utilization. oncr~te technOlogy' having

le<lt~ ^the re:pjf;~ement ^of such'tradt~fonal' materials 'astimb'e:r, mud, burnt b;icic's, thatch, ~tc.? conc~et~' elemedts'h~ve been 'found to show' good light

andhe~t r'e'flecti'cm prope~ties. 1rhe fJ.exibili ty6'fc6Ifcretih~s ^made

possibl~:tlo gi1.ve~ise ^to coinpl.exelements"·toEiatisfy:thei~heia ibr adequate ventilation. It has good resis'tance to insec't"and filngus attack and its many other technical properiies make i t highly ,jaaa~t'abt-e under African