Caractérisation chimique de deux espèces du genre
B. Myrtus communis L
III.1. Analyse sensorielle des esters et de quelques huiles essentielles de myrte
Em relação às limitações deste trabalho, tratando-se de um estudo preliminar, o tamanho da amostra representada será talvez o fator limitante desta pesquisa e das conclusões que dela puderam ser retiradas, mas os resultados obtidos poderão ser um ponto de partida para futuros estudos sobre a laminite subclínica na DPIP, algo com grande relevância dada a implicação, por vezes trágica, que a laminite tem para estes cavalos. A dispersão temporal do estudo, causada pela dificuldade em encontrar cavalos com um fenótipo correspondente à doença a ser estudada, poderá também ser considerada um aspeto menos positivo. Teria sido vantajoso estudar todos os casos numa só época sazonal e dentro dessa época num período de tempo mais restrito.
Apesar de os resultados não serem estatisticamente significativos em relação à população total de equinos com um fenótipo compatível com a presença de DPIP, a partir das conclusões obtidas neste estudo podemos inferir que a pressão arterial tem, previsivelmente, potencial para ser utilizada como um fator preditor de laminite. Se em estudos futuros, com uma maior população, nos fosse possível encontrar também uma correlação fortemente positiva entre a pressão arterial e a rotação da P3, a medição da pressão arterial poder-se-ia tornar num método simples, não dispendioso e não invasivo de deteção de laminite, algo conveniente em medicina de ambulatório, evitando-se o uso de aparelhos radiográficos que, para além de nem sempre acessíveis, expõem o cavalo e o operador a doses de radiação que podem ser evitadas.
67
Assim, no futuro seria interessante estudar uma população significativamente maior e focar a recolha de dados na concentração plasmática de ACTH (para identificação dos positivos a DPIP), valores de pressão arterial e projeções radiográficas LM e DPobl a 45º, reavaliando estes cavalos periodicamente ao longo do ano.
6.1. Proposta de trabalho futuro
Deste estudo não fazia parte a avaliação dos equinos após tratamento com mesilato de pergolide. Daqueles equinos que foram diagnosticados com DPIP, apenas um dos proprietários optou por medicar o seu cavalo com o Prascend®[1]. Como proposta de estudo futuro, poder-se-ia refletir sobre a utilização do mesilato de pergolide em Portugal, em cavalos que se sabe terem DPIP e laminite subclínica, avaliando a progressão do seu estado clínico.
68
IV. Bibliografia
Alexander, S., & Irvine, C. (setembro de 2000). The effect of the alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, clonidine, on secretion patterns and rates of adrenocorticotropic hormone and its secretagogues in the horse. Journal of neuroendocrinology, 12(9), 874-880.
Alford, P., Geller, S., Richardson, B., Slater, M., Honnas, C., Foreman, J., . . . Chaffin, M. (maio de 2001). A multicenter, matched case-control study of risk factors for equine laminitis. Preventive veterinary medicine, 49(3-4), 209-222.
Andrews, F., McFarlane, D., Stokes, A., Schott, H., Bimes, R., Marteniuk, J., . . . White, G. (2011). Freedom of information summary. Prascend tablets, pergolide mesylate, for the control of clinical signs associated with pituitary pars inermedia dysfunction (equine Cushing's disease) in horses. Original New Animal Drug Application, NADA. 141-331. Obtido de http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalV/UCM280354.pdf
Asplin, K., Sillence, M., Pollitt, C., & McGowan, C. (novembro de 2007). Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies. Veterinary
journal, 174(3), 530-535. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.003
Bamford, N., Baskerville, C., Harris, P., & Bailey, S. (julho de 2015). Postprandial glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 responses of different equine breeds adapted to meals containing micronized maize. Journal of animal science, 93(7), 3377-3383. doi:10.2527/jas.2014-8736
Baxter, G. (2011). Manual of equine lameness. Willey Blackwell.
Beck, D. (junho de 1992). Effective long-term treatment of a suspected pituitary adenoma with bromocriptine mesylate in a pony. Equine veterinary education, 4(3), 119-122. doi:10.1111/j.2042-3292.1992.tb01591.x
Beech, J., & Garcia, M. (setembro de 1985). Hormonal response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and in horses with pituitary adenoma. American journal of
veterinary research, 46(9), 1941-1943.
Beech, J., Boston, R., & Lindborg, S. (novembro-dezembro de 2011). Comparison of cortisol and ACTH responses after administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone in normal horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Journal of veterinary
internal medicine, 25(6), 1431-1438. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00810.x
Beech, J., Boston, R., Lindborg, S., & Russell, G. (agosto de 2007). Adrenocorticotropin concentration following administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and pituitary gland hyperplasia. Journal of the american veterinary medical association, 231(3), 417-426. doi:10.2460/javma.231.3.417
Beech, J., Boston, R., McFarlane, D., & Lindborg, S. (setembro de 2009). Evaluation of plasma ACTH, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and insulin concentrations during various photoperiods in clinically normal horses and ponies and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Journal of the american veterinary medical
association, 235(6), 715-722. doi:10.2460/javma.235.6.71
Beech, J., McFarlane, D., Lindborg, S., Sojka, J., & Boston, R. (maio de 2011). α- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropin concentrations in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and comparison with adrenocorticotropin concentration after domperidone administration in healthy horses and horses with
69
PPID. Journal of the american veterinary medical association, 238(10), 1305-1315. doi:10.2460/javma.238.10.1305
Belknap, J., & Geor, R. (2017). Equine laminitis. Willey Blackwell.
Berg, B., & Lancaster, L. (2013). Radiographic findings regarding the toe crena. Journal of
equine veterinary science, 33, 856. doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2013.08.024
Bertin, F., & de Laat, M. (setembro de 2017). The diagnosis of equine insulin dysregulation.
Equine veterinary journal, 49(5), 570-576. doi:10.1111/evj.12703
Betarbet, R., Canet-Aviles, R., Sherer, T., Mastroberardino, P., McLendon, C., Kim, J., . . . Greenamyre, J. (maio de 2006). Intersecting pathways to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease: effects of the pesticide rotenone on DJ-1, alpha-synuclein, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Neurobiology of disease, 22(2), 404-420. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.12.003
Bonelli, F., Sgorbini, M., Meucci, V., Sighieri, C., & Baragli, P. (agosto de 2017). How swimming affects plasma insulin and glucose concentration in Thoroughbreds: A pilot study. The veterinary journal, 226, 1-3. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.06.006
Boujon, C., Bestetti, G., Meier, H., Straub, R., Junker, U., & Rossi, G. (agosto de 1993). Equine pituitary adenoma: a functional and morphological study. Journal of
comparative pathology, 109(2), 163-178.
Brosnahan, M., & Paradis, M. (julho de 2003). Demographic and clinical characteristics of geriatric horses: 467 cases (1989-1999). Journal of the american veterinary medical
association, 223(1), 93-98.
Buff, P., Dodds, A., Morrison, C., Whitley, N., McFadin, E., Daniel, J., . . . Keisler, D. (novembro de 2002). Leptin in horses: tissue localization and relationship between peripheral concentrations of leptin and body condition. Journal of animal science,
80(11), 2942-2948.
Burns, T., Watts, M., Weber, P., McCutcheon, L., Geor, R., & Belknap, J. (maio de 2013). Distribution of insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in the digital laminae of mixed-breed ponies: an immunohistochemical study. Equine veterinary
journal, 45(3), 326-332. doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00631.x.
Butler, J., Colles, C., Dyson, S., Kold, S., & Poulos, P. (2008). Clinical radiology of the
horse, 3ª edição. Wiley-Blackwell.
Carmalt, J., Mortazavi, S., McOnie, R., Allen, A., & Unniappan, S. (8 de janeiro de 2018). Profiles of pro-opiomelanocortin and encoded peptides, and their processing enzymes in equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. PLoS One, 13(1).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190796
Carter, R., Geor, R., Burton Staniar, W., Cubitt, T., & Harris, P. (fevereiro de 2009). Apparent adiposity assessed by standardised scoring systems and morphometric measurements in horses and ponies. Veterinary journal, 179(2), 204-210. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.029
Carter, R., Treiber, K., Geor, R., Douglass, L., & Harris, P. (fevereiro de 2009). Prediction of incipient pasture-associated laminitis from hyperinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia and
70
generalised and localised obesity in a cohort of ponies. Equine veterinary journal,
41(2), 171-178.
Catania, A., Lonati, C., Sordi, A., Carlin, A., Leonardi, P., & Gatti, S. (setembro de 2010). The melanocortin system in control of inflammation. The scientific world journal, 10, 1840-1853. doi:10.1100/tsw.2010.173
Copas, V., & Durham, A. (julho de 2012). Circannual variation in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in the UK in normal horses and ponies, and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Equine veterinary journal, 44(4), 440-443. doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00444.x
Cordero, M., Brorsen, B., & McFarlane, D. (novembro de 2012). Circadian and circannual rhythms of cortisol, ACTH, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in healthy horses.
Domestic animal endocrinology, 43(4), 317-324.
doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.05.005
Cordero, M., McFarlane, D., Breshears, M., Miller, L., Miller, M., & Duckett, W. (2012). The effect of season on the histologic and histomorphometric appearance of the equine pituitary gland. Journal of equine veterinary science, 32(2), 75-79.
Couëtil, L., Paradis, M., & Knoll, J. (janeiro-fevereiro de 1996). Plasma adrenocorticotropin concentration in healthy horses and in horses with clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 10(1), 1-6.
de Graaf-Roelfsema, E., van Ginneken, M., van Breda, E., Wijnberg, I., Keizer, H., & van der Kolk, J. (agosto de 2006). The effect of long-term exercise on glucose metabolism and peripheral insulin sensitivity in standardbred horses. Equine veterinary journal.
supplement(36), 221-225. doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05543.x
de Laat, M., Kyaw-Tanner, M., Nourian, A., McGowan, C., Sillence, M., & Pollitt, C. (15 de Abril de 2011). The developmental and acute phases of insulin-induced laminitis involve minimal metalloproteinase activity. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology, 140(3-4), 275-281. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.013
de Laat, M., McGowan, C., Sillence, M., & Pollitt, C. (março de 2010). Equine laminitis: induced by 48 h hyperinsulinaemia in Standardbred horses. Equine veterinary journal,
42(2), 129-135. doi:10.2746/042516409X475779.
de Laat, M., McGree, J., & Sillence, M. (1 de janeiro de 2016). Equine hyperinsulinemia: investigation of the enteroinsular axis during insulin dysregulation. American journal
of physiology, endocrinology and metabolism, 310(1), E61-72. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00362.2015
de Laat, M., Sillence, M., McGowan, C., & Pollitt, C. (março de 2012). Continuous intravenous infusion of glucose induces endogenous hyperinsulinaemia and lamellar histopathology in Standardbred horses. Veterinary journal, 191(3), 317-322. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.07.007
Denis, R., Joly-Amado, A., Cansell, C., Castel, J., Martinez, S., Delbes, A., & Luquet, S. (junho de 2014). Central orchestration of peripheral nutrient partitioning and substrate utilization: implications for the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes & metabolism, 40(3), 191-197. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2013.11.002
Diez de Castro, E., Cortes, B., & Ortiz, I. (2013). Factors involved in variation of ACTH measurement and response to thyrotropinreleasing hormone (TRH) stimulation.
71
Proceedings of the 6th congress of the european college of equine internal medicine.
Le Touquet, França.
Diez de Castro, E., Lopez, I., Cortes, B., Pineda, C., Garfia, B., & Aguilera-Tejero, E. (julho de 2014). Influence of feeding status, time of the day, and season on baseline adrenocorticotropic hormone and the response to thyrotropin releasing hormone- stimulation test in healthy horses. Domestic animal endocrinology, 48, 77-83. doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.02.004
Divers, T. (maio de 2008). Endocrine testing in horses: metabolic syndrome and Cushing's Disease. Journal of equine veterinary science, 28(5), 315-316. doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2008.04.004
Divers, T. (junho de 2008). Pergolide and cyproheptadine: which medication to choose for treatment of equine Cushing's disease? Journal of equine veterinary science, 28(6), 370-371. doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2008.04.007
Donaldson, M., Jorgensen, A., & Beech, J. (abril de 2004). Evaluation of suspected pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses with laminitis. Journal of the american
veterinary medical association, 224(7), 1123-1127.
Donaldson, M., LaMonte, B., Morresey, P., Smith, G., & Beech, J. (novembro-dezembro de 2002). Treatment with pergolide or cyproheptadine of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (equine Cushing's disease). Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 16(6), 742-746.
Donaldson, M., McDonnell, S., Schanbacher, B., Lamb, S., McFarlane, D., & Beech, J. (março-abril de 2005). Variation in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration and dexamethasone suppression test results with season, age, and sex in healthy ponies and horses. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 19(2), 217-222.
Donaldson, M., McFarlane, D., Jorgensen, A., & Beech, J. (novembro de 2004). Correlation between plasma alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone concentration and body mass index in healthy horses. American journal of veterinary research, 65(11), 1469-1473. Douglas, R. (novembro de 1999). Circadian cortisol rhythmicity and equine Cushing's-like
disease. Journal of equine veterinary science, 19(11), 684, 750-751, 753. doi:10.1016/S0737-0806(99)80111-7
Durham, A. (agosto de 2016). Endocrine disease in aged horses. The veterinary clinics of
North America. Equine practice., 32(2), 301-315. doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2016.04.007
Durham, A. (2017). The potential usefulness and applications of adiponectin testing in horses with suspected EMS. Liphook Equine Hospital, Liphook, Reino Unido.
Durham, A. (abril de 2017). Therapeutics for equine endocrine disorders. The veterinary
clinics of North America. Equine practice, 33(1), 127-139. doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2016.11.003
Durham, A., & South, V. (29 de novembro de 2017). A discussion of Equine Cushing's disease with professor Andy Durham [Audio Podcast]. Liphook Equine Hospital, Liphook, Reino Unido. Obtido de https://victoriasouth.podbean.com/
Durham, A., & South, V. (22 de setembro de 2017). Insulin dysregulation [Audio Podcast]. Liphook Equine Hospital, Liphook, Reino Unido. Obtido de https://victoriasouth.podbean.com/
72
Durham, A., McGowan, C., Fey, K., Tamzali, Y., & van der Kolk, J. (abril de 2014). Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: diagnosis and treatment. Equine veterinary education,
26(4), 216-223. doi:10.1111/eve.12160
Dybdal, N., Hargreaves, K., Madigan, J., Gribble, D., Kennedy, P., & Stabenfeldt, G. (fevereiro de 1994). Diagnostic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses. Journal of the american veterinary medical association, 204(4), 627-632. Dyce, K., Sack, W., & Wensing, C. (2010). Capítulo 8: The Nervous System. Em K. Dyce,
W. Sack, & C. Wensing, Textbook of veterinary anatomy (p. 304). St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier.
Floyd, A., & Mansmann, R. (2007). Equine podiatry. Saunders Elsevier.
Frank, N. (abril de 2011). Equine metabolic syndrome. The veterinary clinics of North
America. Equine practice, 27(1), 73-92. doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2010.12.004
Frank, N. (29 de maio de 2018). Endocrine disorders of the equine athlete. The Veterinary
clinics of North America. Equine practice.(18), S0749-0739. doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2018.04.003
Frank, N., & Tadros, E. (janeiro de 2014). Insulin dysregulation. Equine veterinary journal,
46(1), 103-112. doi:10.1111/evj.12169
Frank, N., Andrews, F., Sommardahl, C., Eiler, H., Rohrbach, B., & Donnell, R. (julho-agosto de 2006). Evaluation of the combined dexamethasone suppression/ thyrotropin- releasing hormone stimulation test for detection of pars intermedia pituitary adenomas in horses. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 20(4), 987-993.
Frank, N., Elliott, S., Chameroy, K., Tóth, F., Chumbler, N., & McClamroch, R. (setembro- outubro de 2010). Association of season and pasture grazing with blood hormone and metabolite concentrations in horses with presumed pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 24(5), 1167-1175. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0547.x
Frank, N., Geor, R., Bailey, S., Durham, A., & Johnson, P. (maio-junho de 2010). Equine metabolic syndrome. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 24(3), 467-475. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0503.x
Frank, N., Sommardahl, C., Eiler, H., Webb, L., Denhart, J., & Boston, R. (junho de 2005). Effects of oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on concentrations of plasma lipids, concentration and composition of very-low-density lipoproteins, and glucose dynamics in healthy adult mares. American journal of veterinary research, 66(6), 1032-1038.
Freestone, J., Beadle, R., Shoemaker, K., Bessin, R., Wolfsheimer, K., & Church, C. (maio de 1992). Improved insulin sensitivity in hyperinsulinaemic ponies through physical conditioning and controlled feed intake. Equine veterinary journal, 24(3), 187-190. Funk, R., Stewart, A., Wooldridge, A., Kwessi, E., Kemppainen, R., Behrend, E., . . .
Johnson, A. (maio-junho de 2011). Seasonal changes in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in normal, aged horses. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 25(3), 579- 585. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0712.x
73
Gauff, F., Patan-Zugaj, B., & Licka, T. (setembro de 2013). Hyperinsulinaemia increases vascular resistance and endothelin-1 expression in the equine digit. Equine veterinary
journal, 45(5), 613-618. doi:10.1111/evj.12040
Geor, R. (agosto de 2010). Current concepts on the pathophysiology of pasture-associated laminitis. The veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice, 26(2), 265-276. doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2010.06.001
Glover, C., Miller, L., Dybdal, N., Lopez, A., Duckett, W., & McFarlane, D. (2009). Extrapituitary and pituitary pathological findings in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Journal of equine veterinary science, 29(3), 146-153. doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2009.01.004
Gordon, M., McKeever, K., Betros, C., & Manso Filho, H. (maio de 2007). Exercise-induced alterations in plasma concentrations of ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol in horses. Veterinary journal, 173(3), 532-540. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.01.003
Greco, D., & Stabenfeldt, G. (2013). Secção V - Endocrinology, Capítulo 33 - The endocrine system. Em B. Klein, Cunningham's textbook of veterinary physiology (pp. 359-407). St Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier.
Grenager, N. (setembro de 2010). How does Cushing’s disease relate to laminitis? Advances in diagnosis and treatment. Journal of equine veterinary science, 30(9), 482-490. doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2010.07.015
Hatazoe, T., Kawaguchi, H., Hobo, S., & Misumi, K. (3 de fevereiro de 2015). Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (equine Cushing’s disease) in a Thoroughbred stallion: a single report. Journal of equine science, 26(4), 125-128. doi:10.1294/jes.26.125
Heinrichs, M., Baumgärtner, W., & Capen, C. (novembro de 1990). Immunocytochemical demonstration of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides in pituitary adenomas of the pars intermedia in horses. Veterinary pathology, 27(6), 419-425. doi:10.1177/030098589902700606
Hofberger, S., Gauff, F., & Licka, T. (março de 2015). Suspensory ligament degeneration associated with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses. The veterinary
journal, 203(3), 348-350. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.037
Hofberger, S., Gauff, F., Thaller, D., Morgan, R., Keen, J., & Licka, T. (fevereiro de 2018). Assessment of tissue-specific cortisol activity with regard to degeneration of the suspensory ligaments in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. American
journal of veterinary research, 79(2), 199-210. doi:10.2460/ajvr.79.2.199
Hoffman, R., Boston, R., Stefanovski, D., Kronfeld, D., & Harris, P. (setembro de 2003). Obesity and diet affect glucose dynamics and insulin sensitivity in Thoroughbred geldings. Journal of animal science, 81(9), 2333-2342. doi:10.2527/2003.8192333x Hustace, J., Firshman, A., & Mata, J. (maio de 2009). Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of
metformin in horses. American journal of veterinary research, 70(5), 665-668. doi:10.2460/ajvr.70.5.665
Innerå, M., Petersen, A., Desjardins, D., Steficek, B., Rosser, E., & Schott II, H. (fevereiro de 2013). Comparison of hair follicle histology between horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and excessive hair growth and normal aged horses. Veterinary
74
Institut de l'Élevage avec la contribution de l'Institut national de la recherche agronomique et l'Institut du Cheval. (outubro de 1997). Notation de l'état corporel des chevaux de selle et de sport - Guide pratique.
Ireland, J., Clegg, P., McGowan, C., McKane, S., Chandler, K., & Pinchbeck, G. (janeiro de 2012). Disease prevalence in geriatric horses in the United Kingdom: veterinary clinical assessment of 200 cases. Equine veterinary journal, 44(1), 101-106. doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00361.x
Johnson, P. (2017). Capítulo 16: Endocrine and metabolic dysregulation in laminitis: role of pituitary dysfunction. Em K. Belknap, & R. Geor, Equine laminitis (1ª ed., pp. 134- 140). Willey Blackwell.
Junqueira, L., & Carneiro, J. (2008). Capítulo 20 - Glândulas endócrinas. Em L. Junqueira, & J. Carneiro, Histologia básica (pp. 389-396). Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan. Karikoski, N., Horn, I., McGowan, T., & McGowan, C. (outubro de 2011). The prevalence of
endocrinopathic laminitis among horses presented for laminitis at a first- opinion/referral equine hospital. Domestic animal endocrinology, 41(3), 111-117. doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.05.004
Karikoski, N., Patterson-Kane, J., Singer, E., McFarlane, D., & McGowan, C. (julho de 2016). Lamellar pathology in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.
Equine veterinary journal, 48(4), 472-478. doi:10.1111/evj.12450
Kearns, C., McKeever, K., Roegner, V., Brady, S., & Malinowski, K. (novembro de 2006). Adiponectin and leptin are related to fat mass in horses. Veterinary journal, 172(3), 460-465. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.05.002
Keen, J., McLaren, M., Chandler, K., & McGorum, B. (abril de 2004). Biochemical indices of vascular function, glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in horses with equine Cushing's disease. Equine veterinary journal, 36(3), 226-229.
Kirik, D., Rosenblad, C., Burger, C., Lundberg, C., Johansen, T., Muzyczka, N., . . . Björklund, A. (abril de 2002). Parkinson-like neurodegeneration induced by targeted overexpression of alpha-synuclein in the nigrostriatal system. The journal of
neuroscience, 22(7), 2780-2791. doi:20026246
Lebovitz, H. (2001). Insulin resistance: definition and consequences. Experimental and
clinical endocrinology & diabetes, 109(suplemento 2), S135-148. doi:10.1055/s-2001-
18576
Leitenbacher, J., & Herbach, N. (fevereiro-abril de 2016). Age-related qualitative histological and quantitative stereological changes in the equine pituitary. Journal of comparative
pathology, 154(2-3), 215-224. doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.11.006
Loftus, J., Johnson, P., Belknap, J., Pettigrew, A., & Black, S. (15 de junho de 2009). Leukocyte-derived and endogenous matrix metalloproteinases in the lamellae of horses with naturally acquired and experimentally induced laminitis. Veterinary
immunology e immunopathology, 129(3-4), 221-230.
doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.11.003
Longland, A., Barfoot, C., & Harris, P. (maio de 2009). The loss of water-soluble carbohydrate and soluble protein from nine different hays soaked in water for up to 16 hours. Journal of equine veterinary science, 29(5), 383-384. doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.085
75
Love, S. (março-abril de 1993). Equine Cushing's disease. The british veterinary journal,
149(2), 139-153. doi:10.1016/S0007-1935(05)80084-3
Mack, S., Dugdale, A., Argo, C., Morgan, R., & McGowan, C. (maio de 2014). Impact of water-soaking on the nutrient composition of UK hays. The veterinary record,
174(18), 452. doi:10.1136/vr.102074
Madrigal, R., Andrews, F., Rademacher, N., McConnico, R., Duplantis, D., & Eades, S. (agosto de 2016). Large pituitary adenoma in an 8-year-old Arabian stallion. Equine
veterinary education. doi:10.1111/eve.12621
Malinowski, K., Betros, C., Flora, L., Kearns, C., & McKeever, K. (setembro de 2002). Effect of training on age-related changes in plasma insulin and glucose. Equine veterinary
journal - Supplement, 34, 147-153. doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05408.x
Marr, C., & Bowen, I. (2010). Cardiology of the horse, 2ª edição. Saunders Elsevier.
Mastro, L., Adams, A., & Urschel, K. (janeiro de 2015). Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction does not necessarily impair insulin sensitivity in old horses. Domestic animal
endocrinology, 50, 14-25. doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.07.003
McFarlane, D. (maio de 2007). Advantages and limitations of the equine disease, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction as a model of spontaneous dopaminergic neurodegenerative disease. Ageing research reviews, 6(1), 54-63.
McFarlane, D. (2011). Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. The veterinary clinics of
North America. Equine practice, 27, 93-113. doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2010.12.007
McFarlane, D. (2013). Immunosenescence in horses. Proceedings of the 59th annual
convention of the american association of equine practitioners. Nashville, TN.
McFarlane, 2007, D. (2013). Review of current understanding of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Proceedings of the 59th annual convention of the american association of
equine practitioners, 59, pp. 294-296. Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
McFarlane, D. (setembro de 2014). Pathophysiology and clinical features of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Equine veterinary education, 26(11), 592-598. doi:10.1111/eve.12237
McFarlane, D., & Cribb, A. (dezembro de 2005). Systemic and pituitary pars intermedia antioxidant capacity associated with pars intermedia oxidative stress and dysfunction in horses. American journal of veterinary research, 66(12), 2065-2072. doi:10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.2065
McFarlane, D., & Holbrook, T. (março-abril de 2008). Cytokine dysregulation in aged horses and horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Journal of veterinary internal
medicine, 22(2), 436-442. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0076.x.
McFarlane, D., Beech, J., & Cribb, A. (maio de 2006). Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone release in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone in healthy horses, horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and equine pars intermedia explants.
Domestic animal endocrinology, 30(4), 276-288.
doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.07.005
McFarlane, D., Donaldson, M., McDonnell, S., & Cribb, A. (novembro de 2004). Effects of season and sample handling on measurement of plasma alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone concentrations in horses and ponies. American journal of veterinary
76
McFarlane, D., Dybdal, N., Donaldson, M., Miller, L., & Cribb, A. (fevereiro de 2005). Nitration and increased alpha-synuclein expression associated with dopaminergic neurodegeneration in equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Journal of
neuroendocrinology, 17(2), 73-80. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01277.x
McFarlane, D., Hale, G., Johnson, E., & Maxwell, L. (fevereiro de 2010). Fecal egg counts after anthelmintic administration to aged horses and horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Journal of the american veterinary medical association, 236, 330-334.
McFarlane, D., Hill, K., & Anton, J. (junho de 2015). Neutrophil function in healthy aged horses and horses with pituitary dysfunction. Veterinary immunology and
immunopathology, 165(3-4), 99-106. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.04.006
McFarlane, D., Johnson, P., & Schott, H. (2017). Capítulo 37: Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Em K. Belknap, & R. Geor, Equine laminitis (1ª ed., pp. 334-340). Wiley Blackwell.
McFarlane, D., Miller, L., Craig, L., Dybdal, N., Habecker, P., Miller, M., . . . Cribb, A. (dezembro de 2005). Agreement in histologic assessments of the pituitary pars intermedia in aged horses. American journal of veterinary research, 66(12), 2055- 2059. doi:10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.2055
McFarlane, D., Paradis, M., Zimmel, D., Sykes, B., Brorsen, B., Sanchez, A., & Vainio, K. (julho-agosto de 2011). The effect of geographic location, breed, and pituitary dysfunction on seasonal adrenocorticotropin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone plasma concentrations in horses. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 25(4), 872- 881. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0745.x
McGowan, C., & McGowan, T. (2009). Update on aged horse health, management and welfare. Proceedings of american college of veterinary internal medicine forum, (pp. 178-180). Montreal, Canada.
McGowan, C., & Neiger, R. (junho de 2003). Efficacy of trilostane for the treatment of equine