qu~i'ire 'de '~tte

~.

.: _ ",'" 1",' - " -

La

qu~i'ire 'de '~tte

JiC';'!iChe

,dePe~d gril~~~

^..n,tdI!

la,qualitedllJ:a,lhes!!sccmtseaumlc.o fillTl/lge.~t;4C1~S avonstoutfallpou~:assurerune.iqu alitesupt'mel He

de're~~uctiOll. ,

,' ''. "

,>.~

:ve~S;:~~i:~;i~~'~~id:~~f~SI~ ;,:~~el< ~~.m~niq~r, :

^,"'

~ , .~

'Some

page~

^mayhave indistinct_pr intespecially .:La qualited'i m pression,"d e

~'rt~inespa~ ~

^..

.ifth ~~~~Ipages weretyped"Withepccrtypew~!ter. jetsserII(!esirer"surtout ,i lespages,origi naits onth~ ...,~.,

.'.db'7.

^f

~h'""""';'Y ~m:.:

^poor

'hOOOOO': . . ~:1;~F:':h~:: :.~;~:,~:: ;:::,~t;.o::,~~:::=~

.Previo.uslycopyrighted

~ateri'ls,_ijournal "a,rticles,

^{:-.:' ,.}

~ ~~~ do·~~'ments ~~ dei;i :I:~bl,et, d'u'~~rOit

. 'pub lisheldtests,etc. l aren otfilmed. ':>- ' "d'a y teurfarticl~

ere'

rewe , examenspu bhes,et c.Ire

1

. <.. .

a:" .son t pasmlcrofilmes. . '

Ael'iod\letion-i~,full ~rinpa~tof'thisfilm is'gov.' '.,',Lareproduetio~.'memepartielle,'d~ ~'-microfilrn er~edby't he CanadianCopy r ight~t,A.S.C.tj:l70, eSh~umise

a

laLoi canadie nnesur Iedroitd'aul~loIr,

~~.G·30.,Please reed the aut horization for,msw'hic,h SAC', g-7,OI C:'C·30. Veuillezprendreto n na,issan c e des accomp any thisthesis. ' -'!o rmulesd'a u~ori sa ti(;mqui at tompa gneriteeuethese.

. . ,,>~, . "

..' ,LA

TH E'~ .E:f. ET~

MICROFI LMEE,TELI,.E-QUE N,D USl~AVON S.RECU~.

. . :T h;' ~~~,i;>~t~~i$

^.

mi~rOfi~~

^,is

h'e~vi'~, d~~d~nt

^'

_..;..__, .u~n ~he

..

qualit~,oftheOfI9!n,althe;issubm ittedlor

:/~mlcrofllml.ng.,E'1ry'eff orthasbee."',mad.ll_toen.sure -t helligheSl QUllity of reprod uctlOfl^{!?!JsSible \ -,}

,If

b~~s-;re·, mi5Si~!l. '~o~t~ct thec'i.mive~itY

^WhiCh"

•.~rantedthe.degree." '. - " ' .

, ,., , ' . ' other source.are as may

be

de l etertcus beca use.

.

'ofhigh yieldrates^.'of dis's,olvedandsusp end edsolids. Thesill'Ti'pI~ngprog'J'a1l:llc?fthi s

~e~earch",as''designed'forfr equen't Samill'fng of'three.differ~'~turban

'. . ' .' ' . J. ' . "

-and·two. non-urbansub-catchments'andtheoutletof-:L.ea r y' s .Brook'in

- ' '. ,..,~. , '..'." ,.' ~I . _

St;,Jo h n ' s ,Ne~.foundland. Suburban.residerrt!a!, co"""ercial/indust~ia].

?arki~g

^{10,t,'"r ura'I'and,}

fo~ested sub:tat~h~~r'~_s' ~e re

^samplc;d

·~otat i'Ona.HY

^. byhllnd~,hO~rl Yschedulefor} .i,xte enhours duringthestor!!,~unoff

~ .

perio d

Sf?l~v'embe,r

I

~~i.4., 1 97~ , ~'n,d" ~~'e outle~ wa~ ;autom~ti~II11 ~' .~a;'Ple·d

hourly'over24' hours'for- the sa.,;.r -at nf al l eventv-'Salllpl ing of"all sues

f~r

th.e.'-same

'st~r~ ~llowe(eom~n

between .thee'ontribut ion's,'.._

.inquantityand~ual~'ty of,s~,o,~T.,unoftfort~en.ve .IanduSll'ty~es .andt'heb~5in a~,a ,whole 'fo~:,e:ffe et~veIY ~he^samepr~dpitati~.,^and anteced enttJloi s t ure c;:on diti,o,,'s. Tem~eratureand conductivityof

nand

.cOll'ee,tedsamp ~.e~,.weredet~min.ed'i n the fiei d·,·Di~charge''ljas.,

" , . . "

.

mtls'ur ea

by

stageand.lat~~calcu~ated by,the Mann i1lf'lrqu<i..tioo'or.bY

. ' . . .e'. · I : .

rat i n g .. itll.curren tmetermeasur e me nts , La bOra t o r y ana l ysfs"asalso .' .

carri~.~.out

^{'00'al l'samples}

usi~g' spectj-o~p~o~o~tric' teth~illlles"~9.r

^-.

p'H.

turb,idity. -Phosph~~e and,nit'rat ~s .

^The'

respci~~~'

^of

Lear~'s

'': j ..

^I.

J\I:~

: k ' ·

/ A ~; ;:~~:;s': ' ., y .,

-:,/1 0

, rl~~g~;1:~;:1;:;::,:'[NT:.lN : ;R"~,~~~~ :: . ^{' .}

••...•..•..:'1.3.U, '..",hYd ro.10'. ical.f:f£CCU

O

',••":...." ".'•••••••••

~

^{' . ":.-:"• • : ::}

; ; . :.:. :, :,: '~~ , ~~:~i ~~:~,~~ee~~;~~~S . : : _:::: ";: : .; , : :;:: ::::::: " ::;:; . :: '. : '

",- , .Acomp~rison ofur~~na!1d non-urban,runoff.qua~ ity.

."' 2(0 SIGNIFICANCE-OF

URR~

AND NON-URBAN WATER QUALITY, '

INlEA.RY "~BROOJ:_- .,' ,' -: " .\

, ""): ~j {~:~~.S~m~~r~~~~~:_:;ds~~,~~ri;~~~,~:~_.~~ '~~'~~~~.~~~',:\: :: :

^{:: :}

LEARYloSB'ROO;;SIN

3;.l L"ocat i ollor'~sti.Jdyarea.:;'..• • "," ..••~,•.•. ",' .'.'.•• ••.','~ '

~~'~ i~~~:~~~~~~:~i~fi~·~.:: :': ,;; ' ::.:; - ; : :::.,:::: :;. :.:: : . :; . ::" , : :::~,.' .

.

3.31. Topograp,?-y',•.•,•.~.\.~.:',"••••..•'."__,•~' ;,.::

~:~~ . ~:~~~:~i~~u~~~~i.~~.~~~~~:~ .~:~~'. ::':\':. : :

....3~.34.Land- use •...• ••• . ;'.',...; •....•••; ..•~.•. .••.•..'':,"

3.t

-'De s cript i on of,--salr.pled,sub·ca tcht.lentS~•.••••. ..,, ;,,.... . 3.41.Hospi tal- p arki n g lot\ ••,•••..:.•-, : ...;••.. ;.' •• ;..;.

3.42.Ay r e s hi rc Plac e,re.s.i d§'! t~ l larea••• •• .~~-.' •.-....;.

.3,. 43~O'Le a ryA.venue cogerci.al/ind~strial,,·'ar'el..,••••,..•

3.44 Groves Roa d'ru r alarea ...,.: . ','•••.:.•••'-•.~•• ••,.•.•

'.. 3.45 Pit~r'sPath"fo reste d area'; ••••.'. ~•.•••.•••.;..•

. " "

. ..

\..

^{. '}

~ETHOO · : " . : ,, " ,'.. ,.,,','

: :: lIK:~~~;~!~~f~:~~~li:E~i~E;~:;;JnJ;::.:·:)'lj '-~i .

.

. n:11~fr:,~1:~f:~~;;~~E;;;J~: : :::: ^{: :':::::i: :::;: ::;:::: .} · 11

'1,1 :1

.'\:.

.

!.~,

/ .!.-

"":-~~:~-'-.

:,'.:'":'.:;

.":.'.

." ,

,. (Wa llingAnd

10~t.r. 1~15) . j~is

^haS.

~en a;~~r1bu:ed

^to

t:o-PIU~

^{:louie . .} -:. .;.\"

. ',: " "T:::h:;':':t~::~::':h:':::~'~:;:/:: ':,:;~,,: , ; ' ".., ' ,. ';'

',".:, A,"',

: :1'~:', " ~'<'::~"

,~ '~., ,~"

'.. :~:·.'~.~:;:1\';:::',"" ~~;;;;~' H~;':~~' .i;~ll.)S+i;;;> ^{. ...:}

\ _,$ .

di~C~~ge:~.nc~~.a

...

!.~_.,:~~~a::dr:.p ~s',:~.-r~~~~'~:.~~.~~~~OD/.~~.~?,\.~ith

<. : .. :'-.',

theprogress ionof'the ato ra•.incre asingalaOUllnof~rai nfa llent e r.the....: '..~:.. ,.::.

i · I~~f;;"j ;~ ;.ili}~~~:~~·i~~ $~· .;

, >,} ., .

.(196 7)·:.havefound',thAtaubs ur f,<tctl.flowJSdominant,a nd.lOOs't.runoff

,<,' '.'~, ..,.. ~

.~~ ^{• .' , " .;' .:.'.:. '} :;'-. 'i:.,' 0" ;,, ,r':q" ,."fl;":~";'" .~,' '"" ~;'d ';'~' Th;~. 'h' ''''';''; :' ' ,'.. < .,

.../'" '-.

d}~~~a~ge an~ .ehe.~gril~h '~.B.'~.":~,~Pt~X./i~~~ . • o.~(~ran:~:.t:o~~~ ,~1~~ '~~~.

^':,:':..

~,:

^,':",'",,- '. _. :

".; ·::'~::~:.:~::.t::~~:~\:1:C':i::~~~~.:~:::~:.h~~:::n·::_~~~::e~:;~:::~:::~::t:r~:.~,:::~,~ ,',":

\ ',. .~~'.

.~;'-

""<'

,

':' .:

^.

r:.. ;

);

^.'

^{. • '}

", .

-;

:'

. ,:"~'

^.

~~'~l,i~g an~ "F,O~;~~ ~i~7~) : 'f, er... ~,a~l~

^..t.o.

'~&8e;~:. p~:~ces~j.~,the~,~~~~~.'.

k~ne~~.ti,e ~.ve 8enen~10,n lIh~Ch, p.r~,dueed a ehe~i.eal

^{la g}

ef:fe~~" ,

^.

~ey . ^:>,'

!+~~"

^a.•

'~'a,d:,~~O~~ f.\~~d~ J~f~n;t~~t, ~~~.~~~

^...

'~a~·".t.l~e·~·" we,J: as'~O~i~t~.d~

, :wit?

dry.ante:eden t cond 1ti,~nsan d..lO'fel' runoff , Under thos the dry'grQund,a'nd'uPl'l'r's oUlevelswould" accumu.h i:';

~,.\:,.' ;,: '

..

:'

...

^{'",' .}

^.:'

^,

Duringthe.ato l"ll\,.th ~sesource . wou l d.upplyso tes to.

. :, .L;·:~::f;:;-:~~:~:::::~,:b;::::dk,~::~:'

²

t:~;;::'~::') ••.

.'·observ~ti.~ns

c ol-

the.che.:o g r aph tr"ouChpre ce d i ng~ fl~'pea k haveibe:n";'

. .

~e···(T~1~r: :~~6$; ·W~lll~g'~~

Foste f . \ 9 i s ). DHferen-t

~Ol~~~~'

';';".," . ". ,-.

:~;:~::=:'!.;~:l:::·:~.~t~:r:,::ti-:~.::::;

_".~.\.

^{. · ,;.;i :::}

_....~:.,

^}.

_{i:;.·' .:.}

^.·.····

vv ... ./ .

/..'

.':' " .. ,. '.

:~,

..,.,;

~;"

',. ," , ",f, " : .,.., T,h.e,t r ough orpl':B.k,of~50lu,t e:con c".lj.tratl on., do.~.In,ot U1>..y•.~oln~

'd de.1>1 t hthef1~'peak.,:but ciften.l-~g.:behind. Clover,and,JOhmio~

:(~~~; ~~SC~ib'~~ "th~~'~h!,~~C~~" ~~~" ei~~'~~" ~;.de~~j~. ,.~~.~~1.:t'~,~.~o,~~~

" , '.,' ,

. ,. . . "' ".'

~.

~.~~~r ' ~.~~~:~p~4k., " .n~ e~:~.l.~:?)~ .. Sl-Rl~~ .~~~'9.~,. :~~,:~;y~n~c,:

^In i;pee deee veeeMe floa,!p••ku::ave U\nl ••,. k.i nemat ic v a"eand

:

';:,~,~l~t:e, :~~.O~,~h· ~;:~g"~~.t~>h~:~a~ /V~~~,~.' va·~~,~,~.t1:;" :·"T~~; :de~,e.r:~~:~"

-, ,.". .t~illproc~~,':'~of.~rg ~en~rc8t10n"".?n.lYI~~ticea~le,fo~.~a~g;e "b:~.S..ins ,:' .

~\l~.t~:,h:urlY:'~~,IllPl~.ng ~.,.n~la~,,:,~~/e te:t,~b.~e,, ~~:c~~~h~er~."am.~~ler' t,~~~'"'.;

.th~,o.rde rof_Inltt/de oflOO'kill" 'Glove r and Johnso n alsopointedOllt-j\,

. . :~:> .... . :;::t,:::,:;:,:~:::I'::::d:::~::~:~~:::" ::::':~."~;'' ..; " ^{'i ,;-}

..,~.:

\.'

<,

.

~."

'.

~

-.

.-.: ...•

;

'.:. ;

..

, .... :

'

.. "

,~\~,\' ...

^:..

;: ~\::.:

'.'

.~^.

.

~. . :.. . ,'.sol ut es1oIOul,d ha ve accu-a,b.tedan~depl"Uonwouldbe.aaor~r",,: pid.result..

'.. _{;}~1;~~~ 1! ~~·~} 12~~,;~i.:;~3 :~":. -: . .'

. . , , ; :: : ::: ),:: ";::::::l::P:':l:;:l::':;::::,i:~;i·::";:::'::;i::d · . . , . .. ...• ,.,(

.. ;~: . : : : : :: ~;g.::::' . . :::::f~::~U:;,:~~.::.::w~·;::r:::f:h:.:::~::::.

, du·ciriganti-i:1oclivi. ehyste'~J"d6. I~.-·t·1i~iir'~t cas~.Hend.ric kso n~Dd":

~\:~;~i :~i~~?~:~~?~~ .

.:

.~h~. :.che~~~~Ph .tr~;~h ~~~~r~.

" "

di~.c:har:il~·~ ~he. reau~\o.f ~~ut.~~. ~f

^:

.Ir oua dwa.tercarryi nghigh sol ut esCOnCl!ntntions onther;1.in & hydro -.

' . , gr aph'liJllb.foll,-Ove dby

in~r-ea~e:d' gro~d'

^{v.it er.}

co~tr1butio~: on th~

^.

':~': )~'

^"

>.,.

::::.•. -. : : . "' , .. " I'·, . " .. .. " . ' , .. . ' ..

.fallin.g

H"~. ~o th

of,

th.lIe;:~Udie.S \ll!re ,c~r.~ied out

.1n la,';I!:e'basins,

-.:,;>.:.:. . ~; ...: .;;•

~~,d ~~th._found.il,rut.!l'. hYB~ e l-et~c';l~O~ingV1thlov_~r..flOW$":. ..:

.i: ;;"

• .· • ·. •..• · •.. _{'F 2:~:g~~:~f i~; i~:i} gf2~:('·.·:' \ .

''- , v,

::~:~:~

'.. :;,';'.:: .,-.':':'. ...

:'.~-;

-.'. :':.:>...:.::} ...

rr,,,,,' ,;,,, . . /., ';'. ..;'>·1",

" c •••.•:..,: ..., ••: . ... • .' .

J'

~ ",~> '~>:!;:/" ," ^... r;· ' ,;,'::' ::S,"::ll:

~.·v

. .(

.;....

...

: '. '

-:' .-

" . i.'···

Ul!AN JJIDNON-t iaAN WATEI. QUALITY11 LEARY'Saaooe.

"'C.'

~"'--" .-' n:Wy,:~. C~~;~ibU~~~ ·t~·;-:~;~~~gi ~ . , .

.. . ... ;/ -

;$~~~:~~:'~:2i~ S1:~~ ;~: . .

.~thelevel of..1lldiv t d ual'.land.use"·type s

and .,

cOaPoaen~:OfCheruno ff

". 't·:::;:::~;~.:;t::",::,::: {~.:\.;, ~L~::'! ~Uld

downmoffft.p~nae .^{wi th1CJIIsusp endedanddi .,oh ed soUd syield}

.... . :::(;:::o:.:·::;;t::~::::?:~~:':o::~:~~o":.:~:::u.::'~- ~::'. . .

..'~n4-e'd-·~~~dU lOlved loU d"1iel d

-i.. .

tll!lland:vlde.va~i..~f:~int~es~_^i;

..

va~er q~l:1.C~ p':t'_ ... e:un~v~~ '~' 'stll";-~un~!~, p eriod:" : Thi, ~o."p~r1.~OQ ,~i' ru~off

^frolll

11~

^{.i tes}Illllu1ta neo us lyfora110&1.:no r m

eve~t.

prnv"d e d

--

\ ,

.

~:'~~~f7;;\t'~?~~'.~:he .am~ :, ~'.~.~,f~l~, ~nP.~,tt~d. ".,~ .. n~.~~~~e~~,.~.1~ ~.ur~. ~~nd~t~o,n~.· ·,

^.

.,';. for:.all'\Jb- catch~e nu,.nd.~hebasi~'8S~~ho.;e.:· ,The'su~-o:at:~,h<lCnt s;

. .~r~

^s

~lect:~ci· '~~' ~hat

^'Ii

mucli' ~~·'po~dble. ~~e ·p~e'~o.i1ria~'t :d1ff~r~nce ~ ~.

.

'~'~~~'~n 't~~IllV~' _. l;nd':: _','.... u./(· _',. 1~'addi~1o~~'~ _' ." ·~h8' ·~~~ca'~~~nt:s ver~ ....'... c· " .'

^'r

1 '"

.: .

:w

28~:h!fS?:~Bt?

^.i th^: it\^-•the^..."Leu>'.'

s

^{;,.Br ook" .}bas'i o.bas^{:: .: -.:'}been^{: ..}~.m.ffected~t~pogenlc:ally;^{','"..J -.: -' , '.• ,'.- .:'".}

>

^,:

". .,'.

.;

.. .

^',."

.: .... ..

:.: ," ° 1:

.\

--:-- .

r \1

- -

JOO'

J v:

. < )

Land.u se and'drain a geof:leary'sBrook

ba~in : ;

,',

b

^tOfUl

, \

~:j'^ope"

"

.

^;.

.

"..- .

. ·-;34- .l~

-40-

Figure 8 View of Ayresh i rePlace outfall and typicalhousing

-42 -

Figure 9 View of O'LearyAvenue outfall and street

'\

. ~il·

.'~ ~l

".".

.;".:... ..~.~.

__ _" ' . :~I";.~e':A,"nU~Oot"i~l ind~;;;" .'+C~I·nt

. '-.:' " j D odR

'Copy',· 'I" •I" : -,'toPl EDE.QUALITEEINFERIEURE".

"" - ;c../:- - :____ -

-

^{"" " ,}

.

. ""':', " :,", I" "' :" 'I, ..' '.

C~ntr i butionto the'stOt1D,se ller.frolllill[>e.r v19usa~u s ,eceauma 4~'3hOi',wa,s _re~ivedfroltlthe south half~iO'Le~iyAv e nue ,',panofP~et St r e e t';pld s

)ar~~ ';~~ed pa;'kln~"atea$-:~nd' ~~~ge ~lat',:~~d~5tria.l-collllDer~

ci~l ~~iiding roof~'.

^'"Also

'~tor";· runoff ,

^W:'5

prO~a~lY c:.oni~lbut~·d f~O~" :~

' F

³,ha'unpa'ved:"

p,~O rlY',

8.r a de,d,

'bU~",~el~~ c~pacted,heavy: ~q,~i~~.nt" . "

^"

: la~ki~g

^are?

1nthe '.~en :,r?,p~~.t,

^of

~he S1!b-cat~~nt .T:hl~.

^{are aand}

~

·.';de v e ge tat e dare ato the west,o fie~erepoeerbLe.er easof?:I;g~euspended

sedim ent,yield.

·~.44 :,Gi:oves~d ,i:)-1ial 'a-~ea

^.

A

'rur~'l a~~':\lI~:ce'ui::'~o"Gr(r\;'es ,R.~ad'

1I1lSchose ri

,~or sam

^...,.

as',shoWn:i.n'·F:i.g~;e

ii.

and~as'ex pec te d t~^{'be unlike}eith~r^the

'" ,.,. ^{-:, ,' "} .: ..

u~ban'area~or the"les~,'deve pe'dforestedsu~ ca'tchment,in,wat~r .. .:

i'

:q,ua l i t

1 : '-:",

^TbeGroves

~ad :~b- , a~th;"ent

^was

~~Ughl~,' tr~aOg~l~r, ~n

^{sha pe ,:}}

and bounded'On thesouthw e s tby rovesRoa d an dODthenor thea at by G!-11 lies

'"i th',1:a r ge'g'ras sed

l~ts'i~'ctude~

^{in a}

s~b-catc~nt a1~ng

^{ehe'lace ra l;.'}

.'.per iphed e s

a,~ja~entt'~' t:he

roads ',but

\he

^{cen tral'}

a·~~,a,.of,

^the

8ub-, ~

catcm,cnt'"'as fore'seed., All th e hous e s ceeeco nnec te d to sep tic tank s.

"The

aUb-c:~cchmen{'~ratned

chrr:>ugh-;..

~~,;

^m

di8I1ecerc:uiv~~t

^..

i' . . . - . - .. .\ .

in Figure.1 2 ,und erGroves'Road,a t .an~levation.of118mete rs. 'J!Ie

-46-

Figure 12 View of Groves Road rural sub-catchment gauging

site in foreground and sample site across road

-49-

Figure 14 View of' Pitcher 's Path forested sub-catchment

sample and gauging 61 te

:-: .

. -- ',

.,', " .

.-.

.'.

.

~, ,. ll1imj~"d,tate.,t u-ti n i of'~ol1ectl!d,s~ripleswou ldb~Idu1',but'al

~anie1~!l' ⁽¹⁹⁷⁸⁾P~ill,t:'OUi: H^115'a1.~!,'8~neve~^{,POSllibleand}so;"""'

'del ay is:Bt-a~dard.-P.racuc~ ;^•.Then_ece'ss~tyoJ'rap~d'colll;letlo~'^';If

sample.analyais.aft~r'co,ll e c t i on .'a~'well^aa'-the1imi ta tl on!i:'pf the

<

a't~uiin~

^of,

· th~~~nd'I.Vidua~

^doing

t~e'

"s ampiing.

we'reth~ fai:.tp·~i; 'WhiCh~

^{le d}

·t oth,e.

16 h~~~'len~th:

^0;sampling

'~f.m~.

^for

~he , ai{-basin'>sa~~~~n~.-

; ''''Water'qua:il~y^pan ioiet e rs~~aured^,were-the·silllpi e tes t s'ofpH,ami

. -" . ,. ,, ' .

.

^" .,

. .

. " . . .\

sa mpling.itself'·""h i.1e thedJ:1ver of~he'van an d~not he ri nd i.v i d .m l. carriedoutthean~ lysisin the'van .'"T.otal.tilleof~ampiing'and ti~

be twee n salllp;J.1ng

~nd

^{ana lysis}

",ere,l1I1.ni~i:t'"d '~$'-~'uch

^'as,

P~s~ible ' to ' oPt~mh.e

comp arab lli t;

~~d rel1~bi1it~

^ofresu l t ; :

: ;b~' h~SPit~ l p~ing

lo~:~as',~ot: i~clude~

ⁱⁿ

~h1s ~".n~Ung ~~ i~ ' carr ~"'d

^no

, f~~ ~,t'

^{the,t l.me.}

" ,

10'.2 ,He~hodoffi~lliIIn.dysts a:nd samplec:ollecd~n' ,

. .. ' . I . . " . .

, ,,:. . All but,thei'7t~ ~i~dl~:ollecte~6a:~P1eB,w~n ~olle.cted,i n, clean500m:1,pias t icb,ott l e ...whil e .theauto~a tic,s ample r heldone litr e

l>~ttles~

^{'.FQr allhand}

collect~d

sampl e s: wbere

:-""ater' d"p'~~

^{wa ; ade - .}

· _{~:: ::~:'::~'} :,.:::.::::. . :::,':;'k::,:·:::',::':::;:,:":::::.:::::::';,

.' ,' ",'. _,",.. " .' :: ..:',",:. : ,.:.1 eonduc t i v i t y. .Te'mpe ta t urewas,meas ur ed ",1th,a.,thermistorprobe,_,for'th,e

·J ", "I ,' ,.; " .:.."', <, .' : ...<,_.,' :. , ! _.: .

aU - ba sin, s allpli ng inthe"s 8lIIpl e bottIe, and forthe individual ,

:IC/ " .: .: ' ., " ' . :,...:.'._- --::,." .

·,'c~ tchmel'tsampli ng'i n60'mI.ofsampl, inII.100 lI.1.beaker.

COO,.",';, ;, ~" ;"o.",",",},..,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,m~",,;''';'OO

Ha.ch

-~lni-portable conducti~tym~t'et,

^-T,heprobe ' "

-io~~rt~,~ .~~

.60lIllof a3lIlple inS,100,ml be aker.·Temperature ~o fthe sample-was ::

~'~~~':,t'eIllP~r;':~~re '~or~~ct~o~

^of

c'~nduc~i~itYt6.··2S0C

^was

m:~e

^on

,"''the·:l~str~~ent.'".c~nd~teot,!s~.Of'~he be';~,;,rvag.requ fre d.f?~"~';'~.l"m't

volumeo~ware

7'

.t oghe,a,eon.s~,stentfield:eff.ectaro~nd,th.\!..pro~aud

,.,.;,

thusre~~a!,le

^-.

condu~iivlty ·read.ingS

'("ChurCh 4

Keller~all~. ·1970)"

.

CO~d~~UV·ity'~a\.·. '~ft'er temp~r~ture. ~~e 's~~pl~;it ^{"''' ·1} ' <Y''''''""",

· · · .1

" \

. .

I

. . ".

.'!be'Hach"

~pe·CtroPh~t'OHter.~K.'de~er"in~~io~

^{va s\} col od ·>-

:_tr.ic ,~~hod VhlCh'.fOl~~,d ,~P~

^{Ut 7 S)}

.;:b~i\'

^one

~iliili~re\~

, )<b:;'::':~:::,~rt:::;:l::: ::;:~.':;::;~:i·:~·::::;.::;:P:::';" -

.·.bs~rbtio~of the&altpl~and in d ica'tor v;',~e.dfroD a acale'c~Ubrated

. .. ..

^{'.. - -" '.. ' .}\... ^{' "} "

. .

'.' .' ." .. ..

,"_~ or,p..t~ MO,st ol'thePlJ..V~llleSte.s,tedfeH.inther.ang e,req~ ~ri n~~

..'.~,;v~leng'~h-~e~ting~f':6lS.~anda''fe~~e'luired'520·nm•

.'For''d r y

.vea~~er ,. m't>l:~ COl1ect~~ ." ~n~lYS~~ Of 'teniP'er~tu re .

;d~~t~.~lty:· pl, 'I~~, ~il~~idity,'~~r~ car~,~~i~ut

^fnthe

~~e.ld

^{inthe van}

af,i f,i.:

c~~ie,c~~o~:;, .T,~~~:er~tu~~·.vas ~eaSli~~d ~~~h.

^a

~rcu'ry, ~~,en:~.t~~'.

^'.

tefa·t.e nt hof,adegrelllCel'r;!us.,The other te:, u vere car d ed out vith .

'~he'H~ch PO;t.~le ~on·~~ci:.hlt:~ lI.~ter·.~nd .p.ctr~p~ot~~t·e·~

^•.'

:ur~idi~~

^.

.'.~,-.

-,

:.··.1

^{. .}

····

i

· f·

"' >1.

, .r

. [ ~.;~;;~; ^{;;gh; ,;;J;....} '~:';'k. ^{;.. •} i.J<d;'WOn ;-~

-:

^,', " ", ', ....

': , . " :-'

^{.... .}

are'ie port e d by variable-water temperature"pH,,di ~cbarge ,'i:onduc:,"

." ,-''

..

~ " ,," .;" ,

:- "

" ,', ' .

,', :

,' ,,,:

.

civity,';pbosphates.nitJ:at"sandturbidUy...With,th" ,,,,,c eptian of pll

,".

'"' ,, ". , ' ", ." " .

..:::. _:~:::::~): . . ;:t:::·,:::,':::.'::'::::',:',:::;:.:::':,'::::,..

th~selat te~'terlll~^hay'"~'een.us e d"alllb i guOus l Y~n,th,~

" :\"

·-:"^"""" ,",' .. ,, " ',," '. ",: ,,"

'.-, :' "

: the'i nt rDd0: t:i an of,s pe cif ied,l!lDOunts,~f^{mate,rialto a:}re~e~ving~a~"r

·body,tl~lOwtbe Pleasuring point,'whl i e, yieiddi~ects'-t hea'ttetiH.onto .

·anamount 01:mass

I relllo~ed ~ra~'

^{an area}

ups'tcea~ '~f :

^the

, mea';Urin~ 'poin~,

.:Si.~·theoCiellta~i~nof this,s tudy w&S.to,the ileteclDloa:t;l.ari"a fsource

· .', :. . ," - '. : " ;.,>-:

ar~s'of,solutesandauspended,solidsa~,thee~par~t~~~eontribut:ion of va

do

us land uses, the term yield rate'isuaael in tha presentation, ca,mpar is on anddfscuas tcnof data" Theyi e'l el,Tat e as'mg

h'~-ls-11's" "

-~ ^.. f ^•

·.....

· ·1

: :.l

.,

;'"

;

;

.

,

.

. ...

..!

'c.: ··:·

--.-

'" .; ·..."0

.

':-.

.,

g

' -

⁰

- ^.

.

^,;

_"

^~~.,-0

" .

"

~ . . _~

^.~

" ^"

^{~ ,;}

~

^.~

^:

. ' ^-

^{,; ,;}

: ^;; •

~

. ~.

-

^,;

...

.: " ,..:..

. . ..

1,.- .;

.,;

"

.' . . ..

' . '

, '" '.

~ i-·~.;

'. ' . '.' ,.

". .:\:

..' '"..::

~~-M~j~jUhj~ :~jM~j~UtH ^'

~ ₃ ~ • _~

"

; ~

^o'g

~ • " " " ^.-.

' .

.. t ·

' 1

" ·1 _;. ··.

... 1.

.

~'1tie ~~an 5Ub_-~tc~m~~·ts' :ShO~·;

^..very

~trong si.mi1,~ritie$.

^Correla- tio n s of wateryie ldra ce s ace....eenthe pafktng, Tcilidcntia landc:.o;[lIl\(!r=-

':tiai;indu~ ~rial 6ub~c~t~hme~t~

ar e Jiighly &ignifi caut .(Table

6>>' ~heY­

eXhibi~ed

^iapf.d-

respo~s~_'

^to

rain-f~l..i:'With

^{tb e.of_..}

usur~/~eak' fi~~

.,cot"r~~po.ndlng,^" p.e!!~'ra~~fall.:,Hi gh peakflows and'~a~d,dro~a:t~^__lOW flowIIfte~^cessstion,ofra i nf a ll ...ere,1Ile~8ured^{,a t'allthree.yrban} site's. ,

Me:~n, rao·ge .an:d,'·~t~ndard, de~iatioo·:O.f

^yield'

ra~e

^{fo.::thei.thr ee}

'.ur J:>a'o sub-:-catch..;mt t"",er e-hi ghe r-than'fo rth.~ basin.out.l~t.

"" 'Tb'e

par~i!lg lo~

had the highestpeak ,9',0'9 1

ha~ls":-!.-Q'~~ilt:l; t'e~

.time~'^{t.heoU,tlet, the highestxengean'listandard};:devlat i~n-^{of wa ter}

'yi e l d~~te-^of.all:t~'^siHllpl;:e

' sites'.

Th"',r..sld';nti~'l'SUb~c~tc~rment~ad

~h'e nighes~,'meanyield raee,

The-rUl'a l~nd f~rested non~ll1;'"bari'ba si ns were',B1l11i1~l'in'resp onse , ..\lith'II highlydgni f!cant·c.a,rr~lationbetwe en th em in wa t e rYi~id.rate'

' . -72_l • -thanthl!ou tle t. Thefo r est ed

S Ub_cat1l1ent

ha dlowe rpeakfiow,

~ndard

^deviation

L d

range and highe 1lIinimumandmes,nwateryi e l d ratethan theru r a lsub-catchme q t.

Theres ul t an t 'late ryield rat e at he out.let(plotted lar ge s t scale1nFigl,ll'e 20,p,67)vas es t5:1.II111a1'to the nonurb a n

, '"b~';'Ohr"'" .ndh1'hl, ",.n:fi"a;l,,<rel;;~i ,n both ~""l and

^.

r-oreaesites(Ta b l e-&-tp. '11).'There.

",ls'no

^sign ificant'

co_~relatlon

^I

b.•.. ,•.a..'.he

o?,~let

^aad,.,he-

urb .~n

^....

5Ub~ . ^{,"' j i l lll . ..}

^{n.r.s :.·':'.n.'.}

~8k.,

^{m.•.•;...•}

a.~

^'l,a,&

froll.:a!l.n

P~i"k ~i. wat~~ Yl.~l~.

ratethe 0

~~ei

^{fe ll}betweenurb'an\nd non-urba nva lues. Theou t let.watery1e1 rate fell bet we en rural and .

fore~t

^{in'standa rd}

dev~8'tion

^lind

:a~&e .

^je

measur~d ~utlet

'mi ni mtmf'

wateryield ra tewas highest forallsite I

I

I .

I

^5.12 ~~teltemperatu! e , ..

T~Ill1? ~ l"tl t ure.fea~uremen tll,arerporte~to.~81~.ade gr ee

cehius ':~or

^all'samples

i~

Ap'pe n dl.:llC.

a~d ~ Otted

^{inFigures15ti:)}

1~., p~~"66: Te"mper'~tur~ ",aa" ~o't Ill!~sured

^{at t.he,}

~~~let,

^.

, R~sid~nt1al ru~off

^{,s hOlle:d'8}

~e,ry ~ignH c~~t ~egatl~e,

c;rr efitt iPn' . of

te~~'e~~t~~e

.'d t.h watei:

,ie~d r,a,re(~ab~~',.

^''

~~, ~ig~i~ican~,:·,c,OH~l.a;.

!tio.ns:'be twe en.~eUlperatu.re;and~..te r~iel~, .ra~\appeare~'.att.~e.o~~er

. J".catchlllenta~,

^.

',< :", :_

" , t: .,\,: , '.. .,":_, . With theexception ,of the corre1ati tlllbetween there sidenctaland

, " , " ', .1, ' " ','

the::'tw,onon.-u"rban

s~;-ca,~ch~ents.' al~' ~'~?:ai:i~~s betw~e~ 'S1t~

^•.

0~

wa t erte mpe ra t u r e wer ehi ghl y significant(T" b le8 ). ,Thewa tef·.t em-

.:

'. , .

':.:,,' ..

.

';" " '.

,,'

"

pentu.recor~e1a.t~~h~tweeD.there:i~ent~al ~ndthe rural~ndfylrellted 8,;,b-~atchment8"waaverysts:D.1ficllnt .·

.

^{'. .. . . '.}

.

^{- .'}

of"2,.76in'pll. _~he ~ext.__hlghe~~,var 1~titonwas,th<'!_re$l d~ ~al.site.

wi tbra~~e:-~f O ;14i'p~~n1ts. · Thelea~t v_ar~ation w~s $ howri\ y

^the,"

outle;t,

~~p'~~~, ~lt~ ,'~

^range-of.

?~i~ ~ ! ie PH.-·,.~~it~.

^{. ...}

..;' Park'i nslotruooff pH.las~ery ~lgn1fll:~nt19correl ate d'with't hat .

fr~~" i~e -rUlde~~i~i'

^,ite'

~nd .;~'igni~:ilantlY corre~a~ed ~'lth'~~a~"

^{froll.":. .}

.l·t~~ rurlil ~ub'-Cat~~nt: (TlIbl~ ^{ill. -}

^{:1180/;ber evasvery.'}s i gnif i cant

c~i(el~tiOD bet~~e~'~~slde~t'lal

^and

'I:li~i

^pH

v~~es.

^while'

'~h'~ 'f~rutlld

^.

, " \:l!~: . . .

... ,.,c.;::.~_, ~, ^__ ~

'. :~~;:./ _-­

.'--~~~~.

, '_',.~' I

, ~ - _,_ , i l': '"' ~S

S:~:::i':#?:;:~';?2d~'::l

_{th're~urb llR,.s~mpl:.~it,!~ ._~}~l"o,~_a~l.three,u r ba n sit e shadmU~h/h1gher. stand,'lrddevi:ltloJlsa~drangeofval~~s. ;tfil!;n-c-th~,outl;t,alth,?\,gh·~t.he 'j"

' ": ' , . ',",

.<~ , "- c' ~

~arHn'g,,:lot ,r~noff" 'l~erinmaximulZl.llIi~~~~:-and meani_~n t~~

ou.t~~~samples. , ', ' " . " -:~' : __

<'. .:( .

The'u~bansub-cat chmentsveretheonlySi~i! 6.wit hsignificall t

i::O~d~C~tiVity c.~rr.~la.t~~:~

"bet ween

~J..tes ~~able "

^13).'.

Condw:tivi~y._6~~_

^.

1eOllllllercial/indu stria;1I;UllOffwaf!highlysignifi can t ly co r r elilt e d "'ith.~

• - "", p., ' -" :: :

puking!o,b:"ru noff.~e s iden ti8 1,andpa rk in~1,,.[,,ruoaf!<,;ond,!ct ~vl~1:e s,

'. ' " . . ' "" ,, -i•., ~.

'_+ -"""':";

cere my

" gniH,m', ,,,,01"" 0 " m"on<ly,

^on'"~,,,"'r~>

_""?""

r~~o~ con~\lctivl~Ywas'slgni~lcantlyl~ne18te~. " '>", Runoff,.conduct i vity[tomthe non-urbans'u' l'lesi teswas muchIe sa .:va rla b,le'than the

u~b~n, and jOU~l~ t'

^{sample s'}

(T~bie

^{12).wi tb'stand ard}

deviati ons of3.1iandl.l~or.the rura llindf()reste~samplesresne e-

.

~

.

The rur alsaaples hadnodh tinct 'mininlulIl,withfou r"sa rll!,les ofthe

;"'alue

l~O

^.usem-I;,however, th e'DeIlO-va l je-'was" i..4

-tiine'(h~gber ,

^than

~"

,

- , /

that'a t' " outlet .'~eforestrU~O:f,f\SllT:lPle,S.vere (ow.estD~_al1site s

in,Ille an,.8 ta~d de~1atlonan d.ra ng.e~\conduct1",ity ;howe ver"; ·the.

Iove steeasured.NlNS r runoff conduc tivity' value ,o'ccune dtwoandahalf

" ' ." ,I " ' " '

hourI''b~forer~~Offpl!sk. 'l1',a cva l uewa~bighef'.than~~~~ntialand

~ark1.ng

^{te e,}andthe--c&lIIe

asl comm"l:ci_al/;l.ndI16t~ial

.-i nillla .

- w id

4'.9 20 0min.

28.7 63 omin.' ,

-- ·....125 483' 0min.

163 127

'0

min.

'-'

10

2.1 2.5ein ,

R,

I'

,' ,oft hafura~a~dfore s t sit e , but"standa r d.dtlr ht1. onand.ning,,-ofvalue s

-'. ·1 .: _\~"re'

^{between'tho••of}

~"" rur~~ :a~d p;a~~ln8

^lot

:i~e": ' ,

.in

~ign~f'tunt

^corre·latio n·b et...eeltcdndllH lv lty.and.

d1~th,:::r8e,'t~0i!

outiet'and'

~t.1al Ia~~e,-were

^highly

.igni"f i~.~t

^lind

nl!g~i:i~~lY

^"

""

^{" . " ,' ' " .}

~

",__ ._correl,a,ted,:t~eforest.runoffsalQpJ,es,lo'e r e,ver yslgn1f ! c a n,t ' an dnega- ....:._~ive.l)' cor~,elated,..1!'nd the"commerc fal/industrlds~t:ple8,t<leresigoHi-

. ':,'. .

, cen'~iy nega~i.VI:l)' cgrr~bied (~ab l":

^7;,p,

)Jl: ....

It'jllgh"the ,conduc-:-,'.

"

_...

~/,. tiVi t y" ,"

~alu~s~

, ^{plot t e d},

f~r

^{thepa r}' ^k"^{inglo t}

Bmpi~8"lh"",

^aloog"^ShallOW.^:' noughcorrespOndi n g to-~he~.&Ir..dh ttLarg·eva1l1es.ttlb d14 nota'p';le~r

\~

a.a dgnlfl cantneg.t1v~c"onda tton.JBet.lu~ofita~.... llvlIti~btllty ,~-'-~:

' . ' .. If'-' . .. . . . ., ,' . .

.theru.ralru Jioff'Con d llt t tvl.tyYa s,:oo~d&n1f~~ntly~rr e h~d"vitb dilkharge .

'· 1 , r -.

^.•..

'

J :

/ 1

'~

^{. "'}

t·· ^{" ,'} ··

"

. " .

S.U Dissol-ftdsolidsyieldrate

Ili . .olve daolldsyiel d/flte'was cdc u lllUd.asNaC~~­

leo t

fraQ

conductivi tyValue,'in

~S

^{tll-lat'n Oc·.. u.ltlpl 1e d}

by_

a,

h~tor'-

., "

:o~.o.,~1'J. ,

^{Thn e,'}

d~9~?lved.

^solids'

"va~ues

",e t e

IIlU·lti.~l~~d ' ~;,w~te/;1eI~

^{'.:.. :}

""..:,.rate ,andthe~e.fo r,all,.Ixdtes erep'lo t'tl!d in'Flg~re23,Il.nd

"

."'"' "

:.'.

!

~r." ";

~ v

'- '- " : _ , ' ,

:

....,.

:"'Z...".

,

.,

.~'"

'.

. . lil.;;'i:. :'.=

r !!Tl.'.~CW~~ ',:~,. " - ~. ~ :,.:~

Di,~olved SOlid~yiiild

^,etesof

~5in

^and

i~b-calchmenlS (I,~mCO~du~ljYiiy

^':':

:"as •• hequiY.ltnt);ali-basin IImpling ,.

. Figur. n_

"I·'

I-

~.

-

"-'- " -'~;-

o .' "_"_"_

·~Table14)changedv~rylitt l e !ro~rhose of,c o n duC t i ,?lty~valu~s.

~.,; !.('Ta~le

^{12"p.82). Themaxt mu m}

~hsolve{ ~Cl1da ,

^{yiel d}

;a~e

^value

~~ ",

jth e

rcside~tial ,~He.was

gre at... ;hall

'~hl \ 'c{)m"1e~~C,a~~ lnd;str.hl -;';'I.u~e

themlnimullI,di.nolvedsolidsy~eldr te.v a l ue at theou t l e t was higherthllo thata~ther~rals.tte. Inmeanthe outletdls ~olved

~olids^yieldrac~^was~light ly h1gh~r'th~n"the runl.'S ta~da'td"

de v ia ti on Of'the

re'Sl~en~'ial'~~llIP'ies

vas high e r'in 'dissolved 9011d5

. ' " ,

y.leld rate tha n frOl:l theto~eri::1al/1ndusir;la l'dee an'd~herBnge 'of runt'di~,i;olvedsolids'yield'rau " valu es\ISS'greate r'th~n'th erang e .:['- attheout l et.

- -"- - - In 'correla t ionbet~een^{sfte s of}.di8So1i1ed , s~t':Lds y'i~"l d^nies

·(Ta~l~15), thepatt·~.rn ",a,s,simi~artodisehar~e.corre~at ~on$(Table 6"

p.,71): Ur ban

ea

ee ewere I,lllii gn1f~ ca ntlycorrl!ll at e d. Pa rk'-.nglot

di s s ol ved'.sni i d s yield rat e1018 8very.!Ii gnH i can t l y correla t e dwith

(h:t

,fr~m

^..the

commerci~1;industrhl

^site."Si gnific a ntcorrellltlo n

·was foun d.b!t",e~ I)~!,~'~J,v'ed^solidsyi eldr~te.5...!at--the-colMle-'£'--e.1a-i-f-1-nd~~--~~~~

.t d " l

~nd lr~ral sites-r~~ ~i:

the residentialandpa r k i ng lot

'slte~"-.QL

~Q~

^{urba n},sub-e atehmentlionly

'th~

^rnidentiaid1"5ol" .. d soli:d syte.ld

"~

., . " " I " " ."

r"t~WISsignifiea ntly eorrelat ed wit h't ha t oftheoU~ leL'

Th~

rural an o;! fore s tittea'wer ehi ghl y significa ntlycorrebt ed,in

\ -:,.

'd i ssolve d solid s'yield.rate, an d thesenom-urb~nsit es wer eve.r y sig-j

n1.ficI~tly'

^{endhi gbly}.s1 g nif i l: ant l y:"

c.~rre1at~d

ⁱⁿ

d~s~Olved !I0iidS~

Yield,,~a teswith,the~~t'res~ect1vel~,(Table15~.

. ... ""'; I ',i(

.,

" UG·FROM

'.

.

: ., ., ':

M,UN DEV;^ST-D• .RANGE ^PEAK.Q'(hours) :DUTI.ET, 31:4 15.5 ,23. 0 6-' 4';92 15.9 Lmax...!....

PARKING 25.7

0.'

^{.10 ; 20 6. 91 :25.1}

^o

^max.

ReSIDENT'IAt 194.0 U.l 99.59 35.21'

:-J-49:9

^'0

max.

C~/IND" 86.0 14.5 39.49 19....7. 71.5 - lmax.

I

RURAL 51.6" 1.,1 21-.

so

^{12.58 44.1 Q,m8x.}

fOREST 14.5 5.1 9.45 3;4~

, ..

^{-1!2inax .}

(0.1 2 3 )

. NS

(-0, 492)

·NS·

0.731 0.1%

(0.353) NS· '0 .867 0.1% . gm:15

'.

Dia501~ed

solids yield

!"t~.; be~weenll1te correlat~cm

RESI DENT IAL

ouner

, I

\ L

t

highe~t'_dmulllvalue',of"0.2

-~g/ l ·of '~nY !ltte .

^{bu t}

~lso

^so"';

li'hospha~e ~~lue~ ; too low ·t~

^be

d~tected:

. ,

thus givIng that!Iit~.the·la:gis ~ran geand standarddeviBtI0,n:~r

MaXlmulIl non-u rban''r uno ff

phos~hate

^{va l ues'lOere 10lOer'}thallth os eot:

urba n

ru~<)rf ~~d

^the

~outlet

^{discharge.'Th elIe,all}

'r~Illl

l!-hoSphate'

Yal~e

.'~·f

^{0.'0 2IlIg}

1-l'~a8 ,th~

^{5.ame as}

frC:'~the Co~etdal~'indust·r.ial area,:

but,ther~r~i.!Ir~ahadio~e,r'standafd'de"':iatI0nand'rangeofph osphate;

.'

v~i. -;;~s,

^{,Th e}

for'e!l~

^{site 'had the}

l~w.est

^,ra'nge,

s~and~rd "devbtio,~- a~~"

','." '-',

~

^{'t herew'a s}

iittl~"

cOlls l s u mcy'

i.~ para{~e1s

^of

t~e-

^occurrencein Hilleo(max I mulian dminimumvalues betvecnsampledt e·s. .The' pa rking

lot 'va ~ues ~ere

^siUlllarto

~heo~:~:et~~th

^max'ilnumsat

thr~e ~nd:' f1ve

hour s

pr:~or ~o

^'discharge

, ~~ak

re sp e c : I vCl Y. Low,

p~osPha~

^values:',

.occurred

a~ound ~low

peak-"atthe'pa rking

.. . . ,1~t

^and

a ml!I1ll\U~'~af~e

^. occ,,!,rre,dsevellecvee aftc.rflo..'peak; Th eoutlet ,had~inirilu,"eoncen-

\

.· ~r:a't~s CUin,c1dl!n~. Wi~h.~l,~_w, ~I!ak a!ldfi~~ilnd ~h:lf hours aftc~.,.t~at

^•.

There s id enti a lsit-e:hadhighjahos pb ercval~escoinc:iden~' d,th high,d'i'S~lIarge.^bue.:·t.heMXi~u~'~hOSP'h3tc v~lues:uieasut~'d'^.forfil;:e,lIo~rs

. "

amaXi mum$1 x'hcurs"af~er.peak V "w ,:and'l1i nimu mseccu .r-red t';;o:h~ur:s'

",' .~ ,

. ." : . .! -.

y.,:.'~'. ",.'.' , ,

bef orepe,ak.fl~andat,~~e e,n~of.t~e.s~..p'~ll.period. , . The

,'rur~C

^site

Phos'Phat~

^{'Yd!eswireatalII}ax!J'ulll eme

ho,,~

'.' _ " ,' . '. "It? ', '1 - : ",' .' ',' .,' .' .

!lowpcak~ .~inb~1Q Y:l\l'~f;'i'?r~f-redtwohoursbefo.~~.a.mlfo~r and ~ha,l:~

and,Bix'anda'halfho~rs';fter f1,o!Jpeak, • • •.

'. .;. I ; "

ThefOI"E'Iltedsitephosphat evalue swereaL-a-~aximUlDfou raoda

' .

^{., " ' "}

^{'-" -:' .}

^{'. ' ,' ..- -- " .',}

^{- . ,-:}

·':,al~hO,U,IS.~:fter.""

flOW,/..

H~!Je~er.,t,~~,8a~ les..tolle,~te.d,~e.t,9reand

aH er,thatmaxil:lUlll wer ethe!lIi,nima.tn"pho~phate,cancent.ut ions,}o~"~.

There !Jere'no6i&nitteaiiT'""c';rrel~tiotu;bet1o>eeniiit es inphosphat e

concentrii~i~ns (;ab~ei8}.' N~ithe~r w~'r~

^there

,6i&~iH.C:~nt cor~~~~t'i~ri.~

·~p l~t t~d^'inFigure"24.,Th~se,^values

\ti!

the:pr.od u ct of',phos~hat~"cQn'"

·~entratlon,in^{mgl land}.disc har ge. ,AU ~alues,^aret~hu~ated^{'lnAppen d ix}

" , ;f

^C\ Ofthe sub-cat ch ment safldthe out uE: saTl^'Ples ^•

i

^thereddent ial- - I 1

"r unefhadthehi ghe stphosphatey~eld_rateio.al1_~ts(Ta b le19 ).-~~t

The ther ur b aDsub-catchmentfi,resi delltial andcommerclll ijin d ulltria l \

I

~ ~-- " ^I

J . I

.~

.

"'.'

'

..

'-~:" "'"

..

,y(; ','.

.,,1.

f(

..' .-

..^,;

; " I

'.j I

' .

ootlet:',

' .' i ,....

··· ·Lr

-9:~ -

..·

I

,f'

"'~d

mea D--fho sph" t e'yie l drausbei1wtlllit of thebAsi n

outle~'. 'b~[

' . . ' . . . ..• . ·1·. . : ' . . - : ,

t!le'urb.tQsite.hAdhlp r stultl.ardd<!vla tlO11o'ran.., andUJl1lDUII.:# ",

·,"alue ~. :~e ··min1"'lDS

^{at·t hese.t ..}

o\ur~~· sii:.; '",~ r~

^lower

~han a~t ^the

;- -' ._._.~

T!'l!'\Iut let',

P'hOIiPh~te .y'~eid iat~ ;1.Q, r:"n~~.lln~

^{sunda Td..}

de~ia:tl\1n

^,

". ,'. ", ' !. , ' - ..' .•

.'v~~ Cl~~er::·~i,_-li~-,urb.an,thll..nthe,,ur~a~ v~l~e s .bU,r..·.the, .Dle.~nof .... O.~~6_:~lia'~',P7SPh~t.e,w!ls hig " c r~t..c~~se'" ~the0. 0 12IIg

hI" s lICan_ofthe,co_erch.lfind u;tr1alandpar l<lflilrunofr..

.

','

^.

':.'~

. .

. . .

onehourlag. theminlmumphogphate, t el d rate I....eIl·'8eve~ ,.slx.alld '.,

' nln~' hou~~

^{ai t u}

fl~w

^{peaii-fo'r"t h e}

'p~r'~ng

^{lot,J:eaide'nrh l}

~nd coicn>e~ .

, "

..

',' , -

. ' ^':

^{. ,'.. . "}

^{, , ' :. .}

^-'.:

dal-f,imlustri.al"ub-ca cehmentsres pec t iv ely . T.h~latterdaohad s,

;'l~imUll.

^value

.·~~o h~ujs

prior',ro .

~~ O\I -P~~k.

..

^'

. . ..

^{" . .}

-. '

..

"-:

.~h.e non-ur.~ .~n. 9.u~-e~tc:.~n~s_

^.....

e ~r( S~ .'

^{mlht••toeaeh.,.o..the...I}

~n

^pIlo8-:,:;.

.:pbat e :ldil,r'? te fo r whi chvalues.Wen'lodtV

i a n

^{those.ofjtheoutlet :}

~

^{".-. '-}

aa~ t.he

^Ilrban

B~b-eat~~n~.

^In

lIlaX~

va. l u....me..n,

~an~

^{an d .}

\ . / '.. ,;d... );:;::;,;,. • . Th':f~"" oi~~, ,,,,ph;" ^{,•• 14}

^{re ee}

(0. 002~ .

'l-lha~>~:~ ";U :: t;~rloo:oe9't; an~ .

^{tha t,.ot,the}

~~r~.l·S~b-c;~tc~ent'

^.

..\ ..(0.0 0 8~<l~~~~~~pr~adliagrbatof'~hee.;":-:e_i d/.tDdust.~~' .. "

'aIldparklflS"lotvduea. As'f orthe. : _r d l l /il'ldust ria Isite ..the. .,

'_tural.

..

_'s1U^..._had.•^,_one.hour^{. , .}_{·J....bet ween}^. _110w

",':

_puk

.

_lind^{~. , '}_{pea k}

^.

_{"pbosphtl tt}^.

^.'

^.-

^....

:'~l~ld ·~te.tnd

. .^ptllk;

'~due

"

s

occur r eil

. s~;en . ^"and . '",~ght:hours'af .

^'.

ier

^{. ;}

~.-'.

i: ",

I '

., ", . '.'0 . value~WH,c;arnax~mu.tlI.ev e hours aft e r'flowpeakend~hemi nil!lum 15hours

.:' ."...~.

.

^{' . " '- , \, '} ,

aft.er'flowpea k. '

Betweenparki nglot'and-re 9identl~lphosp h",te.yie l d"r ate . the rewas

"

' . .

hlg'hly

·Signifi~~~:.correlatlon

(t ab.l e'20)-and

ther~

wa ; significant

cQr~'~atlo~ be~~~n :~ut~et a~d .ruri:l·.~\oBi>hate ' y'~eld',:1:ate': The~e.

^were

"

. 1

'.j

5. 18 '~itt"8tes:' ,"'.

lji,tra te,

value~ a~,

^NO)

~g ~~l

are plo t t e d in d iv id ua llyfor each sub-cat thm.cnt'an dthe

'basin-

outle'tin Fi gur e s 1$to

?o.

pp.62- 67:

'. I • .,'

Thevalues'plo ttedar e,'al s o-tfb ula tedIn AppendixC.

"' ., Q. , '" ' . '. -, '. -, ,

~-The- urbanre s id en tialsub-catchlllen thad^Jasu bs ta n t ia lly bi ghereean

•/(2,10 illS 1- 1'NO'3)th;n'a,ny,'ot hersit e_,'and

t_helllax:i.m~,~,itrate c9n~;-'

' ,~ ,\.'- , ' " ,-:. ' '1

' tratlon.a ashi gh: !:Table 21).' The,minimu mvalue of 0,17mg1- wa s - codncddenr with

pe~UiSCh~rge, ;

^In

stand~~d dev~atio.n ;nd~ang~, :the'

..

.

^{" , -, . ' ,' ,~}

residentia ln:L~Ia t~s'wer e clos e t.othos eof the.commerc.ial/in d ,:,s t rial r"urio'ff;-but' the'l a tt e r'si te,hadamuch lwerme a n conc e nt rit lon-of,O.29

' "\

^::'g·.;~i

. - .: " .

• '. _ NO),a nda,m~nhium.~slue-" zero,d~tec:table 'n~trate.9c:o'indde~t

'.,¥ ith discha rg epea~,The. maxi mumCOllIIllercia l/ind ustrialnitra t evafue ,,war/-~n.anolllal ous"ryhi gh valueof ~.89^mgl~l ,^fivehour s,after fIo~.r pe~k:

j

SAMPLE ^{" ,}

S~D:

DEY.

"

SIT E' !lAX.' MI N. MEA.' RANGE LAG

~ouTi..~T _~

^{.0.035 0.006 'O.ot & 0.009 0.029. 2 "max.}

-<.PARK.1NG· ·0 . 09i' 0.000 1 0'.012 0. 024 0. 091

omalt.

RE.SIDE~.TIAL 0.288 0.'0.06 6. 0~9- 0.068 0.28 2

o .n. :

COMH/IND 0.O5~ 0.001 ·0. ~12 0.015 0;'055 l'';ax,

RURAL ,'. 0:O_2~1 0.001 0. 008 0.006 0.•021· - l'lIIax.

FORESTED

'0..02 0 0.' ,•.O OZ·: l:·,'.0.004,

0;013

- , "'mn :

, , ...<.

" J "..'" " . •

~~,p~~Hng lot{run,~.H~had,:I.ower,~~~~.:~t.an da rd.~:~i~,~ion,a nd

ra~g~ o~' nit~~te

con,cen t r at.io ns thantheo.the\

urba.n.',sub-c.a·tch~

jl,lt

th~,~an.,

^of.0.14:1ll!!.:-1

wa~ >~10:: ,to,.i:hat·.o~ th~'~.U.tlet . ' ',:I~o

^{•.· •}

st~>nd~,~dde~i~,~.ion.0f.-O.14.lflg1 wasclos e, : ; ;that oft~e.o~t let to,the.otherurba~amp lesites ..A~ini mullo,zerode.tec,t',able ni t r a t e s occurred'atthe.

t~;';e.

^{.c f .peak}'fl oWfromthe parking lo t'.

.

^{' . .} .... " . ' /

Of't het,lI-o'no n-u r ba nS;,jb-cli~~hmeni:s.,^{theru ralnitrate}c~ncenua":

. .:' ^" " ../

werehigher~ Al s oin ee en,mini lllulIIand ma xi mulD values,.th e- ,

t-ural'nitr~~es were"!l'~gh~r ,

^{tha n at'}t h e outlet,"'The rural

nitra~e

·

s'ta~d~rd~e~1ali'O~,

^{and'ra nge}

'~f 'values wer'~

^next

't~ lOWeS~

at ;.03 and'

·

0'~.i3

^{IlIg 1}",".1

~03 r~·~pec,t.ivelY. Ti~e' ";~':IilllUm Vil,l_~e ~~cur.r~d

^{onehou r',}

.b~forellleasure~pe ak.di s ch a r g ~an d the.roax1lllumv.~lue,mea~,*ed.of0..43. m'g1-1

N(;3.w~.s;'"Si~.ho~ra'

before peak

disCharg,~~'

'The i'or e st"i u:o!!'c onta i ne d very.low~itra t~s concentrationG~' ~'. Exceptfort~ethree:-5il1l1plescentre,~,around t,he'tfllleo~discharg e p~ ak;ni t ra t es wereundetec t abl ein allsampl es.

:The outlet,nitrate concentra tions we r eatthe.mi~imumsixhou,tll

'b~fcire^peak'd~5charge^D.T\dthe maxi mum

' v '8.lue

wasmeasure d.foucht-urs:'.

.'a(terthe.main peak,'butcc tncddentwith.thestartof'~secondary

. .' . ,', " .-"" . ' -",:'i--;-

·di s ch ar gepe ak. Theremaind.er.o fthat peak hadrelativelyI,?," oit rate. ccnce ntrat rcns,» The !Dean~iltlet'~1t'rateconcentration wa s'do s est" t o

.

^.

----

.thr ,;e frollt~e.eO~erda.l/ lni:lus t~1alsite and.13~rom^the)9.t.~S~^. s~~e.aren~; plo~t~d as(the s e sampl esha~,:_~~~et,~levels!' fn~t;

re ees, . .

'-,:· ,,·,·" , Y1

.The re-lationShi~S

^{bet\leensit e s}

ⁱⁿ

^nitrate

yte"id.

ra tes

(rabi~}t~;" "

.

'~elDa~n 'si~llar- tothose.J?J~nlt·rate 'co~cent'ratlons -'

^,.1:h

~ollle excePtio~s.

~:r^the'urb~'2sit~s co~venlon^{of:c oncentu,tion.to}Yl~l~'^r,steS':';~~.

resldentlal, .~a,luea'muc h, t}i ghe r'th an th o s e of!th e'co~erciallindUS~ri~l .:s~te. Witllrespec~to m8Jdlmm.at,and~rd ~evia tlonand._ran ge ;.,'resi den t i'!'l ,.

v~luell .ex~eeded cOlllllle'rclal/1tidustrla~

'v a l ue s.

pa rkf~~ l~t"ni~Qei

- I

,

LAC FROM

SAMPLE I

M ;i i

^{~. PEAKQ}

SITE' ^HAlL. MIN. .STD~-DEV'. ~NGE (hours )

OUTLET ^.: O.-2li 0.05 0.15·

' 0 :0 , - [----0-.19

-6 min.

PARKIN,G "0. 53 0;00

o.rs

0. 14 0. 53

o

min.

RESIDENTIAL 2.69' 0.17 2.10 0.70 :2.52

o m in':

COM:i/IND '2. 89 0. 00 0.29 0.70 2.89

0-

min.

RURAL, 0,1< ) 0.30

.:J l..

35 0.03 0.13 -Imin .

FORESTED 0.02 0.,00 0.003 0.006 0.02 ~min: .:

" .-

OUTLET

" :1 !

\

\ J

.:\

.iI,. ~ural ' . si:a~dard d'~~latlon . -. ^and

^range

'o~· v~~~e~::'O~--~ltr4te -Yieid ;ates"~ .

~eie h'lgh~r, ~han

,fne

outle_t ·-va~ues

.•. As

·Y~~ld.,~ates

•.

~h'e

..

~an· nit'~ate

.val~~,

^D,!oooSa"mg ha

-I, ~i. for ~he

^{out l e t}

'1Jas: :t:~~~er '~~: th~ co~erc.fi~,

-. '0+":'- :;,:,"'0. 085 . '. h;";~lih~~'O<h' P,,;,~~, ,;,~,

^{of .'}

O.Ol~llIg'" s • .~he.,sta.!l-;d_~rd deVl:~tl~~:and-rt ge of,outletn1t~ate'.:

yi el d races. fe ll

-

bet"ween those'values for. the parki ng~",~ lot and.rur a l runoff.

Ma,xilllUlQnitra t eyle1~ratesoccurred :a tdlffere~tt1~e:sth3.n·for .

ni~'~'~ te~

^"asconcent ra t i ons.

Th~'

^tvonon-urban

SUb~'e:lt~hments

^{had '".}

'·'·~a.~imum 'i '1t~at .~

^{Y1.' ld},.' " ' '

OOO"'~'''

..: ' "

""h" . • ~

^{p,.,ak;.>.,he.}

o~t . ·-;:­

maximum ,i t r a t e'yie l drat e wasone hourafter pea k flowandtha t,v al' ue 'forthe,

eSident1~~-dco~ercial;1ndustr1al:areas

^wasfiv!!

~nd

^{six.· .}

,hour s respec tively . Fort~e.parking'lot max~~umni tra t e yield ute'

~ticcurre:done hourbe.f~reflowpeak. ,

Only

th~

^rura l a,nd out l et" values of ni'tra teyield

ra:~e'_~_~r~ ~i_g:'

; ~

niHcant1ycc:'rrflll te .d. 'I:his

~as

at a

highly ~igniHcan~

ie Vel,(Tab1e .

.f _ ".'._. __

24).

~

The

c?~rela tionbe tweenni.t r at e yield rateanddis c ha r ge ";,115"

,

f

.hi ghl ysignificant-f,~r-the~l,I~.:._~!!c!.:~ut le ~ sam"~.lesand.si,gn~fiCII~~for

thefore8t~d's ample'" . Th~re.^{was no},.sign1fica~ t corre1li.tion betwee~

! ..

nitratl! 'yi eld rat.eand

.d~~ch~ige

^for

t!:l~ par~ing .lotl . residentilll ~nd

I ' oom"" ;'/10';"'h""""" (;~b1' 16.,; . 81).

I

..-I~

-.

LAG' FROM .'SAMPLE

"

^PEAXQ.

SIT E

KU:"

^{HUfo' NEAl<}

sm.

DEY. RANG, (h ours )

"OUTLET O.16r-0-:-018,•.0.088 0.0&2 0,144: 1.';'ax :

PARKI NG' '0.073 0.001 ,0. 01B 0. 023 :,0:072 ~l"max.

RESIDENT IAL 1.534 0.541 1.. 019

"-.14

^{276 0.993} 5·"ln8X;

COMM/ I ND 0.895 0:001 '0. 085 .0. 21.7 O".~94 6"

RURAL O:Jl S 0.040 0.13 4 0.075 0. 215 OlDlllX ,

..FOREST'

0 :013

0.000 0.•002 :0.004

..

^{0.013 o lIa••}

,''\i

'.'-.-'~:. ~

-:

JU t r"au_,ield',fat~-;be.rveen:11~ec:ornb~~.!'

.:

-. - "- .

I .) ,

:

..

- _;[smJr~

SAHPUSI TE PATUtINC

eotiMium

IUJR.U. FOREST,.

C:':O,141}.

(~·t~_8) .

^{(0.106) 0.810} -(O.4S:i>

OUT1.ET ~NS'.. "' NS

e.n

^NS

PARK~NG

^.. <,

^{(-0.278)NS (-:0. 275)NS "_(~O.,OB8)'NS (~.36 9)NS :}

<.

^{(0.2 87) (0.203) (0.083)}

RESI DEm'IAL .N5· NS NS

--

^.

COHH/INP.: ::.

I " ^. . _~.

^{•(-.0.089 ). (-0.050)}

NS; N~.

~

^0.579

RURAL

,

"

... ^,

^{. ......} ."

".J