18 (aq)(t) x x(t)(t)x(t)I 3 x(t) 2 1 (aq) + Z (s) 2I (aq) + Z (aq) =2.10 mol/LI (s)V=250 mLC CZ (aq)20 LugolI 3.5 % 123 3.5 تيئايزيفلا مولعلا ةدام يف يناثلا رابتخلاا 030320113333.304.30

03 03 2011

3 3 3

3.30 4.30

تيئايزيفلا مولعلا ةدام يف يناثلا رابتخلاا

3.5





18F

18F





8 1 2.6 10 A  x Bq

18F

18O

8

1 2



2 1

2 ln

 t



3

D

18F

9

18F

9

%1

3.5

Lugol I₂(aq)

20⁰C Z_n(s)

V=250 mL

C₀=2.10^-2 mol/L

I2(aq) + Zn(s) 2I^-(aq) + Zn2+(aq) 1 2 x(t)

3 x(t)

(t)

x(t) I₂(aq)

(t)

x_max

x(t)

t t=400s

3.5

E

L

 r

90

1 R

 

 

 

UE

 

UR

 

 



5

 t

 t ,

0 t

3.5

mL V_a 10 Ca

NaOH L

mol C_b10^2 /

2 8

1 2 2

1 2





Ca





pH

mL V_b 6

4

6 pH . 7 2 . 6  10

8 4

. 4 1 . 3 

3.5 F

C 56

V , E40



100 R

1

0

C t u

R C E

 3

C  Ee u

0 4

 t

 5

 ms t

t10

2.5 (TITAN)

R_T (S)

R_T=1,22.10⁶km

1 T

S u

(ST) T

S

2 a

G MS

RT

3 v

4 v , R_T

5 M_S=5,69.10²⁶kg,G=6,67.10^-11SI

4 8

2H⁺_(aq) = Z_n²⁺_(aq) +H2(g)

Z_{n (s)}

t = 0 m = 1 g

V = 40 ml

C = 0.5 mol/l

V_H2

V_m = 25 l/mol

750 500

400 300

250 200

150 100

50 0

t (s)

200 170

154 132

120 104

86 64

36 0

v(ml) n_H2(mmol)

1 2 t

n_H2

3 4 x

nH2

5 x = f(t)

1cm→50s 1cm→1mmol

6 t = 50 s

t = 400s

7 x_max

t_1/2 M(Zn) = 65.4 g/mol

1 R=100Ω K

1

2 t=0

1 U_c

U_c=Ee^-t/RC 2 - 2

Ln U_c = f(t) Ln U_c=f(t) Ln U_c

τ 5

C

E t(ms)

50

2

M B

K R

+ -

1

2 A

E C

لكشلا 1

K t=0 U_BN=f(t)

3

1 t=2ms

3

2 3

R

I_o

3 E

4 5 I = I_o(1 - e^-t/τ)

UAB = g(t U_AB(v)

5τ 0 τ

t(ms) (v)

U_BN 8

3 t(ms)

2

v = 40 cm³ KOH

C_b=0.02

mol/l pH

01

1 2 3 pKa

CH3COOH / CH3COO

4 5 k

Ke = 10^-14 = [H₃O⁺] [OH^-] 6 V_b = 16 ml

KOH 5

pH

7 pH

01 N

A

L

R P

r

B ز E

لكشلا 2- -

Vb(cm³ ) 2

222 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12

14 pH

6.2 7.6

8.2 10

3.1 4.4

4.2 6.2

I 238

206

0e 1 y - 4He x 2 206 Pb

U 82 238

92   

1 He 2

4 , 2 0e

1

 3 β α ,

II 238

206 206

238 t T

1 N _U(0)

τ 2 λ

3 N_U(t)

N_U(0) t ₁ = 1.5 x 10 ⁹

ans 4 t _{1/ 2}

III 2.5 x 10

12noyaux N Pb( t T ) =

1 N _U (t _T )

N _U (0) N_Pb (t _T )

N _U (t _T )

2

S h=23.6.10³km

R_T=6.38.10³ km

a S

G, h, R_T, M_T

2 R³/T²

T² R³

T(s) R(km)

2.88.10⁴ 20.2.10³

GPS

4.02.10⁴ 25.5.10³

GLONASS

8.58.10⁴ 42.1.10³

METEOSAT

MT

8 8