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Technical Note (National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research), 1961-03-01
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Instructions for the Measurement of Ground Temperatures, Dyke Movements and Meteorological Data at the Kelsey Generating Station of the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board, Northern Manitoba
Johnston, G. H.
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..
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA
No.
ｾ
DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH
328
e
'f
E
C
1HI N II CAlL
NOTlE
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FOR INTERNAL USE
PREPARED BY G. H. Johnston CHECKED BY HBD and KRS APPROVED By NEH
PREPARED FOR Observers on Kelsey Dyke Studies
DATE March 1961
SUBJECT INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF GROUND TEMPERATURES,
DYKE MOVEMENTS AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA AT THE KELSEY GENERATING STATION OF THE MANITOBA HYDRO-ELECTRIC BOARD, NORTHERN MANITOBA.
INTRODUCTION
With the co-operation and assistanoe of the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board and the H. Go Acres and Coo Ltdo, a study
of dykes constructed on permafrost has been initiateq by the Division of Building Research at the Kelsey Generating Station of the Manitoba Hydro=Electric Board on the Nelson River in Northern Manitoba. Of particular interest is the effect which the raised river water level will have on the frozen ground under the reservoir and the performance of the sand fill dykes constructed on perennially frozen soil which contains extensive ice segregation.
The studies have been concentrated on one of the
main dykes (East Dyke No.2) but also include West Dyke N002 and may be considered under three separate headings:
(1) Meteorological observations (2) Dyke movement observations
(3) Ground temperature observations.
Equipment has been installed and measuring instruments provided to obtain information on the three above-noted factors. The scope of this project and the various measuring equipment
installed will be described in detail in a report to be published soon. The purpose of this note is to outline the types of observations required, the procedures to be followed in carrying out these observations, and the frequency with which they should be made.
Observations on ground temperatures were initiated in November 1958 and in July 1959 the first observations on dyke movements were begun. These were carried out to September 1960 by members of the H. G. Acres and Co. Ltd. Future
observations will be made by members of the Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board Operating Department resident at the site. The co=operation of all those concerned is gratefully acknOWledged.
Forms are provided for reoording the various ｯ｢ｳ･ｲｶ｡ｾ
tions. Copies are to be forwarded monthly to each of the following:
Mr.
J.R.
Rettie, Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board, Winnipeg, Man.Dr. D. MacDonald, H. G. Acres and Co. Ltd o, Niagara Falls, Onto
Mr. G. H. Johnston, Division of BUilding Research, National Research Council, ottawa, Onto
I. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS General
In order that a more complete study can be made of the ground thermal regime at the Kelsey Generating Station, it is desirable that a number of relatively simple observations of the local climate be carried out. The observations required are:
10 Air temperatures - maximum and minimum 2. Precipitation - rain and snow
3. Snow depth
4.
Snow density5. Reservoir ice thickness.
The methods of measurement are described in the following notes.
1. Measurement of Air Temperatures
A maximum and minimum thermometer (Taylor No.5459, range -60°F to +1200F) and a thermometer shelter have been
provided. The thermometer should be mounted in the shelter at a height of
4
feet above the ground surface and placed ine
e
･ｾ
SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS
'->l
-READING RECORD
OBSERVATION INSTALLATION LOCATION FREQUENCY FORM
GROUND TEMPERATURE KTI and KT2 Reservoir Weekly ｎｾＶ
KT3, KT4 and KT5
E.
Dyke No.2 It ttKT6, KT7 and ET8 Undisturbed Area It It
DYKE MOVEMENTS KSl-l to KSl-6
E.
Dyke No.2 - N. End Two WeekN-9
KS2-1 to KS2-5E.
Dyke No.2 - Centre It"
KS3-l to KS3-4"
E.
Dyke No.2 - S. End tt ItKS4 W. Dyke No.2 - N. End It It
1. KS5 W. Dyke No.2 - Centre
"
ItKS6
w.
Dyke No.2 - S. End It It.
, METEOROLOGICAL
AIR TEMPERATURE (Max. and Min.) Near Powerhouse Daily N-7 PRECIPITATION ( Rain and Snow) Near Powerhouse
"
It
.-SNOW DEPrH
-
-
At KTI and KT8 Weekly"
SNOW DENSITY At KTI and KT8 It It
ICE THICKNESS At KTI and KT2
"
ttIII.
I.
II.
a location which is representative of the area as a whole. At the Kelsey site the thermometer should be placed in an area away from the effects of open water, large cleared areas and buildings.
Maximum and minimum air temperature observations should be made once a day at 8:00 a.m. The observations are to be recorded for each month on Form N-7 supplied.
2. Measurement of Precipitation
A record of the precipitation whioh oocurs at the site should be kept showing the date on which the precipitation ooourred, the form (rain, snow or both) and the quantity (in inches). The rain gauge should be placed near the maximum and minimum thermometer shelter. The observations are to be
recorded on Form N-7 supplied.
3.
Measurement of Snow DepthTwo stakes, graduated in inches, have been plaoed at each of the two thermooouple locations (KT-l and KT-8) where measurements are desired. The zero mark on eaoh stake has been set flush with the ground (or ioe) surface. Snow
depth measurements should be made weekly - at the same time as the thermocouple readings.
The depth of the snow can be estimated by observing the reading on the stake that is at the same level as the snow surface. This observation should be made from outside the test area so that the snow for a radius of about
20
it
around the stake is not disturbed. The stakes should be read to the nearest inch. Record the reading from both stakes on Form N-7 supplied.
4.
Measurement of Mean Snow DensityThis measurement is to be made near each of the looations (KT-l and ｋｔｾＸＩ where the snow depths described above have been taken. A sampling kit containing a weighing scale, 2 tubular samplers, a Itzig-zag" rule and a flat outting plate have been prOVided. To obtain a snow sample, insert the sharpened end of the tubular sampler vertically into the snow cover. This should be done gently, rotating the tube, so that the snow is not disturbed during the process. The tube should be inserted until:
(1) The ground level is reaohed,
-(2) It is inserted to its full length, or
5
-In each of the above cases, note the depth of snow which has been sampled using the rule provided. Dig out the snow around the sample and carefully remove the sample using the flat plate to ensure that none of the sample is lost. In step 1, place the sample in the metal weighing tin. For step 2, continue the sample taking process until a cylindrical sample has been obtained for the whole depth of the snow
cover. For step
3,
carefully remove the ioe lens or hard snow crust noting its thickness and, if possible, obtaining a cylindrical sample of the same diameter as the sample tube and place it in the weighing tin. Continue the sample taking process until a cylindrical sample has been obtained for the whole snow depth. Because of the limited range of the scale supplied, it may be necessary to make more than one weighing to get a complete vertical sample. Record the weight of the snow sample (gm) and the depth (cm) of the snow cover. The thickness of any lens or hard snow crust encountered should be noted in the remarks column. Care should be taken so that an undisturbed section is sampled each time observations are carried out.The oross-sectional area of the tube is 31.7 om2 • The average density of the snow cover can be calculated from:
density = ｷ･ｩｾｴ of snow sample gm/cc dept of snow cover x
oross-sectional area of sampler
The measurement of mean snow density should be made weekly at the same time as the thermocouple observations. When the reservoir has been filled with water and the surface is covered with ice, then the snow depth and snow density measurements should be continued for the snow lying on the ice surface at thermocouple installation KT-l. Record the observations on Form N-7 supplied.
5.
Measurement of Ice ThicknessAn ice auger (to be turned by an ordinary carpenter9s
wood bit brace) has been provided to drill a hole, of approxi-· mately 2-in. dia., through the ice cover. The ice thickness can then be measured using the cloth tape device which is inserted through the drilled hole. Differences in ice
composition (e.g. slush ice vs solid blue ice) should be noted in the remarks column on the data sheet.
These measurements should be made once every week or two weeks near the location of thermocouple installation KT-l and/or KT-2. The results are to be recorded on Form N-7
II. DYKE MOVEMENT OBSERVATIONS General
To determine the magnitude of the settlements that take place under the dykes, several sets of gauges have been installed in drilled holes in East and West Dykes No.2.
Each gauge measures ground movements at a specific depth and consists of several lengths of 3/8 in. diaD standard steel pipe coupled together and placed inside a grease-filled
protective casing of I-in. diaD semi-rigid plastic pipe. The auger-type foot of the gauge has been turned into the frozen ground at the depth at which movements are to be measured. The upper ends of both the plastic pipe and the gauge rod extend above the surface of the dyke from 1 to 2 feet, with the top of the gauge rod being about
3
inches above the top of the plastic casing.Location
Ground movements are to be measured at 5-ft intervals of depth at each of three locations on East Dyke No.2 (15 ｧ｡ｵＦｾｳＩ
and at one depth only (the original ground surface) at each of three locations on West Dyke No.2 (3 gauges). The settlement gauges are placed along the upstream shoulder of the ､ｹｫ･ｳｾ
6 ft from the centreline of the dyke (reservoir side) and parallel to the shoulder.
Measurement of Dyke Movements
Observations of dyke movements are to be made at 2-week intervals by means of a level survey on all settlement gauges on East and West Dykes No.2. Readings are to be taken on the top of the pipe coupling on each gauge to the nearest 0.001 of a foot. Readings should also be taken on the top of the plastic casing every second observation day.
Permanent, reliable bench marks (described below) have been established (October 1960) near the north end of each dyke. Each set of levels should always start from the bench mark and the circuit closed on the same bench mark with an error not greater than + 0.010 ft. Should the error of closure be greater than that just noted9 then it is asked
that the level circuit be ｲ･ｾｲｵｮＮ As an additional check it is desirable that periodically (say once every two months) other permanent bench marks (described below) established at the site near the dykes be tied into the main level circuit.
Field notes of the level surveys should be made in standard level books. These observations should then be recorded in Field Book No.1? provided and also on Form N-9 for permanent record distribution purposes.
v
7
-The closure error of the level circuits should be noted in the remarks space on this formo
Bench Marks
10 East Dyke N002
Ao Main Bench Mark - BM2E - Elevation = 6180017
rod l-ino dia o steel ｲ･ｩｮｦｯｲ｣ｩｮｾ
set in rock (at Il-ft depth) approximately 200 ft north of north end of Eo Dyke N0020 Bo Check Bench Mark - BM 10 - Elevation = 6210611
the
l-ino sqo steel rod set in rock approximately 160 ft south of the south end of Eo Dyke N002 (in bush) 0
20 West Dyke N002
A. Main Bench Mark - BM 11 = Elevation
=
6130543ｬｾｩｮＮ sqo steel rod set in rock
approximately 400 ft north-east of the north end of Wo Dyke N002 on the forebay shoreo
Bo Check Bench Mark - BM 9 ｾ Elevation = 6160539
top of nut on the southeast leg of transmission line tower NOolo
Miscellaneous Notes
(1) The level of the oil in the gauges should be checked periodically and oil added when the level drops more than
2 feet below the top of the plastic casingo Additional gear oil SAE No090 has been provided and has been stored in the Manitoba HydrO-Electric Board warehouse at the siteo
(2) Care should be taken to prevent any foreign matter (such as sand, snow, ice, etco) from entering or collecting in the space between the gauge rod and the plastic casingv
particularly when placing the level rod on the top of the gauge for a reading 0
(3) If the top of the 3/S-in. diameter gauge rod drops below the top of the plastic casingp additional lengths can be
coupling attached, have been left at the site for this purposeo Before these are attached, they should be carefully measured
(to the nearest 0001 of a foot) and the elevation of the gauge rod before and after the new piece has been added should be determined and carefully noted in the field booko
(4) To prevent the plastic casing from sinking into the dyke fill, a coupling is fitted to its upper end which bears on a sheet of plywood 1 ft square placed around the plastic pipe 0
(5) As the level books containing the field notes of the settlement observations are completed they are to be sent to Go Ho Johnston, Division of Building Research, National Research Council, ottawa, Ontario, for retentiono
IIIo GROUND TEMPERATURE OBSERVATIONS
A number of thermocouple cables have been installed at the Kelsey site to measure ground temperatureso These will indicate changes occurring in the ground thermal regime resulting from thaWing of the perennially frozen soilo
Two thermocouple cables (KT-l and KT-2) have been placed in the reservoir west of East Dyke N002, three ｴｨ･ｲｭｯｾ
couple cables (KT-3, 4 and 5) are located under East Dyke N002 and three cables (KT-6,
7
and 8) are located in an undisturbed area east of East Dyke N0020 Each of the five cables under the reservoir and the dyke have separate switch boxes which have been placed on the top of East Dyke No.20 The threecables KT-6,
7,
and 8 are connected to a common switch box which is located in the undisturbed area.Two reading instruments have been provided to measure the ground temperatures:
(1) an electronic Speedomax temperature indicator (2) a portable precision potentiometer.
Details of these instruments and the procedures to be followed in their use are contained in Technical Notes Noso 330 and 229 respectively. Copies are appended to this Noteo
It is highly desirable that the Speedomax instrument be used for all measurements of ground temperatures. In
particular, this instrument must be used with installations KT-l and 2 which have long lead wires, the resistance of which can affect the accuracy of observations made using the ｰｯｴ･ｮｴｩｯｾ
meter. The use of the Speedomax instrument will also reduce the effect of observer error on the temperature measurementso
9
-It should be noted, however, that the operating temperature of the instrument should be kept within the range 60° to 100°F. Should the temperature rise above the upper limit noted the accuracy of the results can be affected.
It should be possible to use the Speedomax instru-ment at all times for those installations having their switch boxes on the top of the dyke - the instrument being transported by truck or snowmobile. The hand-carried potentiometer,
however, will probably have to be used to read installations KT-6, 1 and 8 where access conditions are difficult.
Ground temperature observations at all thermocouple installations are to be made once a week and the results
recorded in the NRC field book provided and on Form N-6. When the field books are completed they should be sent to
G. H. Johnston, Division of Building Research, National Research Council, ottawa, Ontario, for retention.
e
e
KELSEY GENERATING STATION - MANITOBA
GROUND TEMPERATURES DATE _
OBSERVER _
･ｾ
SWITCH ｒｅｓｅｾｖｏｉｒ EAST DYKE #2 UNDISTURBED
POINT
•
KT I KT 2*
KT 3*
"KT4*
KT5*
REMARKSOEPTH OEPTH OEPTH OEPTH OEPTH
ｎｕｾｬｉｬｅｬｬｬ 1FT) of of 1FT) of 1FT). of 1FT) of 1FT) of I 0 0 -6 -3 2·5 2 I I -5 -"2
"
5 3 2 2 -4 - I -4 10 4 3 3 -3 0 (7) 15 5 4 4 -2 I 20 6 5 5 -I 2 2'5 7 6 6 0 3"
5 8 7 7 I 4....,
-4 10 9 8 8 2 5 15 10 9 9 3 6 20 /I 10 10 4 7.
2-5 12 II II 5 B"
5 13 12 12 6 9 -4 10 CD 14 13-5 13-5 7·5 10·5 15 15 15 15 . 9 12 20 16 16·5 ＱＶＭｾ 10·5 17 18.
18 12 18 20 20 14 19 -I }. WATER TEMPERATURES . 20 -4 21 -7 SNOW COVER1><
><
><
:>-=.::::
I :.>...,
I*'
DEPTH 8ELOW ORIGINAL GROUND SURFACE NEGATIVE SIGN INDICATES ABOVE ORIGINAL GROUND SURFACENORTHERN 8UILDING SECTION DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REVISED 6-10-59 FORM N-6
A2
-.
.
KELSEY GENERATING STATION - MANITOBA
p
METEOROLOG ICAL DATA
a
SNOW COVER OBSERVATIONSe
MONTH YEAR OBSERVERAIR TEMPERATURES SNOW DEPTH AND ICE THICKNESS (INCHES)
of
-DAY MAX MIN MEAN KTI KT2 KT8
DAILY DATE STAKE STAKE ICE STAKE STAKE ICE STAKE STAKE
I #1 #2 COVER #1 #2 COVER #1 #2 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 MEAN SNOW DENSITY (Gms/cc)
9
10 KTI KT2 KT8
II DATE TOTAL TOTAL MEAN!!' TOTAL TOTAL MEAN· TOTAL TOTAL MEAN*
e,
12 DEPTH WEIGI-lT DENSITYSNOW SAMPLE SNOW DEPTH WEIGHT DENSITYSNOW SAMPLE SNOW DEPTH WEIGI-lT DENSITYSNOW SAMPLE SNOW13 (cm) (Gms) Gm/cc (cm) (Gms). Gm/cc (em) (Gms) Gm/ec 14 15 16 17 18 19
*
WT OF SNOW SAMPLE20 DENSITY = SNOW DEPTH X CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF SAMPLER
21 22 REMARKS 23 24 25 26 27 28
e
29 30 31NORTHERN BUILDING SECTION DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH
..
-.
A3-KELSEY GENERATING STATION- MANITOBA, RECORD OF DYKE SETTLEMENT OBSERVATIONS
ELEVAT IONS (FT)
DATE OBSERVER
SETTLEMENT LENGTH (FT) GAUGE ROO CAS ING
GAUGE LOCATION GAUGE ELEVATION ELEVATION
NO. CH'AINAGE ROD CASING TOP BOTTOM, TOP BOTTOM
EASTｏｙｋｅｾ KS 1- 1 6 + 3'5 7·27 6-72 1-2 5 + 9B·0 12-24 11·72 1-3 5 + 92·7 17·24 16'73 1-4 5 + 87· 9 22'27 21·76 1-5 5+ 83'2 27-21 26-78 1-6 5 + 71-8 32-21 31-'74 KS 2- 1 10+61·1 11·28 10-71 2-2 10+-55·8 16-27 15'70' 2-3 10 +50·7 21-24 20'73 2-4 10 +46-0 26-16 25 -71
.
2-5 10+41-2 31'03 ＳＰＧｾＹ KS 3-1 15 +85·3 8'26 7·65 3-2 15 +79-8 13-27 12-57' 3-3 15 +75-3' 18-33 17-73 • 3- 4 15 +70-2 23-28 22-72 WEST DYKE7?2.
KS 4 4+75 11-19 10'71 KS 5 11+90 21-93 21-06 KS 6 17+25 11-31 10-73 .(ORIGINAL GROUND SURFACE ELEVATION AT KS I- 599-5, KS 2 a 594-7, KS3
=
603'3,KS4a 599-4, KS5a 590'0, KS61\ 600-1
REMARKS
NORTHERN BUILDING SECTION DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REVISED 6-10-59 FORM N';'9
-600
610
ｾ
ｾＶＲＰ
KT - GROUND TEMPERATURE INSTALLATIONS KS - SETTLEMENT GAUGES ｾ｜ｯ ｾＭＮＦ NORMAL
ｾＬ
FOREBAY :I
SHORE LINE EL 605-0' 1100 0 1100 1000 11100 FEET 1104\i1i11 1---... 610 600ｾＰ
ro-P I POWERHOUSE N-0-I
8CALEKELSEY GENERATING STATION DYKE STUDIES - SITE PLAN SHOWING LOCATION OF GROUND TEMPERATURE AND SETTLEMENT GAUGE INSTALLATIONS
