إشكال التعريف بالكلمة بيـن الدالية والمدلولية

ﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥـﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺩﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻝ

ﺩ . ﻡﺎﺸﻫ ﻲﻔﻁﻝ ﺔﻗﺭﺯ

ﻥﺎﺴﻤﻠﺘ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ )

ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ (

Abstract :

This paper suggest the study of the problematic of the word generaly speaking . it is trying to make available the fonctional logique of the word and also the fonctional logique of the word and also the manner by which it can take its form. We tryed by two methodologies that work according to two differents maners, by each one complete the other. The semasiology and the onomasiology. They have as objectif the formation of semes closed to the word and their order in the semantic fields, which permit to us the study of the definition of the word. According to a logical structure and latent fonctions.

Pass word: word, semantic, fields, method.

Résumé :

Cet article se propose d’étudier la problématique de la définition du mot en général. Il essaye de faire sortir la logique fonctionnelle du mot, ainsi que la manière par laquelle il prend sa forme. Tout cela dans une optique purement sémantique. Nous procédons à travers deux méthodologies qui fonctionnent différemment, mais qui sont néanmoins complémentaire ; la sémasiologie et l’onomasiologie. Elle ont pour objectif la formulation des sèmes propre à un mot, et leur mise en ordre dans un champ sémantique complexe. Ce dernier permet d’élucider la définition du mot ainsi que ses fonctions latentes.

Mots clés: Mot, sémantique, champ, méthode.

ﺹﺨﻠﻤﻝﺍ : ﺎـﻬﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍﻭ ﺎـﻬﻨﻭﻜﺘ ﺭﺎـﺜﺁ ﺀﺎﻔﺘﻗﺍﻭ ، ﺎﻬﺘﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻕﻁﻨﻤ ﺝﺍﺭﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺍﺩﻤﺒ لﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﺘﻬﻴ

ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻐﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ .

ﺔـﻴﻝﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺎـﻤﻫ ،ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻥﻼﻤﻌﺘ ﻥﺎﺘﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﺘﻨﺘ ،ﺔﺜﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻜ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ

ﺩﻘﻌﻤ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴ لﻘﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻅﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻨﺎﻌﻤـﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺀﻼﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﺼﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻝﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ .

ﻲﻓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺇ

ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻠﻝ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﻔﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻷﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﺒ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ

.

ﺔﻴﺤﺎﺘﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ،لﻘﺤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﺴﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ :

.

ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ "

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔ"

. (1)

ﻐﹼﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﻥـﻤ ﻪـﺠﻭﺒ ﺔﻤﺘﻬﻤ ﺔ

ﺎﻬﻫﻭﺠﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻭـﺼﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ لﻜﺸﻴ )

Phonétique (،

ﻭـﺤﻨﻝﺍ (Syntaxe) ،

ﺀﺎﻔﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﻪﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺝﺍﺭﺨﺘﺴﺍ لﻭﺎﺤﺘ ﻪﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻨﻭﻜﺘ ﺭﺜﺃ

. ﺔـﻴﻠﺠﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺇ

ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ

ﻲﻤﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ )

(Analyse sémique ﻱﺫﻝﺍ

ﻲﺘﻭـﺒ ﺭﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻪﻤﺌﺎﻋﺩ ﻰﺴﺭﺃ (B.

Pottier) ﺩﻌﺒ ﻩﺭﻭﻁﻭ

ﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ . ﺝ . ﺱﺎﻤﻴﺭﻜ A.J. Greimas

ﺝ ﻭ . ﺱﻴﺘﺭﻭﻜ J. Courtés ﺔـﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝ ﻥﻠﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ

. ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺙﻼﺜ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ :

ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺍﺭﻴﺨﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ

ﺹﹼﻨـﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻨﺒﺒ ﺔﻤﻠ

ﻪﻴﻓ ﺩﺭﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ .

ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻜ ﺔﺜﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩ

. ﻲـﻓ ﺱﻴﺭﺎـﺒ ﺔـﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴـﺴ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﻭﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺇ

ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺸﺎﺒﺘ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ

"

ﺔـﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺌﺎﺴﻤ

"

لـﻴﻤﻴﻹ ﺕـﺴﻴﻨﻔﻨﺒ

E. Benveniste. ﺍﺭـﻅﻨﻭ

ﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﻨﺴ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﻷ ﺔﺴﺍﺭ

ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺫﺨﺄﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻴﺭﺭﺒﻤ

ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﻡﺠﺴﻨﻴ ﻲﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺯﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﺘﻤﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﻪـﺠﻭﺘﻝ

ﺔﻴﺘﻵﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﺴﻴﻨﻔﻨﺒ :

ﻻﻭﺃ :

،ﻡﺴﻘﻨﻴ ﻩﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ

(Polysémie) ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ،

ﻭﺃ ﺔـﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝ

ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﺤﺎﺒﻤ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻻﻻﺩ ﻯﺭﺤﻷﺎﺒ لﻘﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺘﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻴ ﻲﻘﺌﻼﻋ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻝﺁ لﻤﻋ

ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ .

ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ : ﻪﻴﻓ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﺘﺘ ﺙﺤﺒ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔـﻴﻤﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ

(Lexicologie) ﻪـﻴﻓ ﻡﺘـﻴ ،

ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﻝ ،ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﺘ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺕﻻﻻﺩ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺕﻻﻻﺩ ﻥﻴﺒ

ﺎﻬﺘﻝﺎﺤﺇ ﺏﺴﻨ

ﻪﻨﻋ ﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ .

ﺎﺜﻝﺎﺜ : ﻓ ﺎﻬﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﻲ

ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺇ ﻡـﻬﻔﻝ ﺔـﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻭﻫ (*)

ﺔﻴﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺜﺩﺤﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ (Relations syntagmatiques)

ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻲﻓ

(**).

1 - ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ : ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ

ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ

"

ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ

"

ﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺓ

ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ

ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻠﻜﺎﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻓﺭﺤ ﻭﺃ ﻼﻌﻓ ،ﺎﻤﺴﺍ ﻁﻘﻓ ،ﺎـﻨﻫ ﺎـﻨﻴﻨﻌﻴ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻡﻬﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘ

ﺩﺼﻘﺘ ﺩﻘﻌﻤ ﻲﻝﻻﺩ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻠﺴﺘﻭ ﻪﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺔﺜﺤﺎﺒﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ

. ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻥـﻤ

ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ) :

1 ( ﺎﻬﻝ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ )

2 ( ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺔـﻴﻔﻴﻜﻭ ﺓﺩـﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ

لﻘﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻅﺘﻨﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴ

) 3 ( ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﻲﻝﻻﺩـﻝﺍ لﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ،ﻪﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻴﻝﺁ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﻭﻫﻭ

ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻭ ﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻤﺴﻨ ﺎﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺩ

Sémasiologie .

ﺃ - ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺇ

لﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻠﻝ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻭ ﻕﻴﻗﺩ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺠﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﻬﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ

. ﻭﻫ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ

ﺭـﻅﻨ ﺔـﻬﺠﻭ ﻥـﻤ ﻭـﻫ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺭﺎﻬﻅﺇ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻎـﻴﻓﺩﻭﻝ

ﻥﻴﺎﺘـﺸﻨﻏﺩﻴﻓ (Ludwig

Wittgenstein) "

ﻁﺒﺭ ﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓ

"

. (2)

ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻤﺘﺴﺒﺇ لﻜﺸﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﻥﺃ

ﻭﻫ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ

، ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﺼﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﺫﻜﻫﻭ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ

ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ . ﺓﺭﻴﺎﻐﻤ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﺃ ،ﺎﻨﻫ ﻰﻘﺒﻴ ﻬﻓ ﺎﻤ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻲ ﻥﺃ

"

ﻉﻭـﻤﺠﻤﺒ ﻑﺭـﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ

ﺎﻬﺤﻤﻼﻤ ﺔﻬﻴﺠﻭﻝﺍ

"

) (3

.

ﻲﻓ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺎﺒ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺎﺒ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﻴ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﻥﺇ ﻙـﻝﺫ

ﺝﺍﺭﻓ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻘﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ Frege

لﺴﺍﺭ ، Russell لﺭﻴﺴ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻼﻓﻭ

Searle ﻥﻴﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﻭ

. لﻤﺄﺘ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭ

ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺎﻤﻬﻝﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺭﻤﺃ لﻭﺤﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ le référentobjet

ﻪﺘﻌﻴﺒﻁﻭ

، ﺎـﻴﻨﺎﺜﻭ

ﺔﻝﺎﺤﺇ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ

.

ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺡﺭﺘﻘﺘ ؟ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﻑﻴﻜ لﺍﺅﺴ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻥﻴﺘﻬﺠﻭ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ

ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ :

ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ

ﺔـﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻤﺴﺘ (Définitions référentielles)

ﺩـﻴﺩﻤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎـﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﻤـﻀﺘﺘﻭ (En Extension)

،

ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺎﺒ (En Comprehension) .

ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻨﻁﺇ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ

(Paraphrastique) ﺭـﺜﻜﺃ ﻻﻭﻗ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘﻓ

ﺭﺒﻌﻴ ﻼﻴﺼﻔﺘ ﺘﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻥﻋ

ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺎﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻥﻤﻀ :

ﺔﺌﻓﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ (Equivalente)

ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻡﺴﺎﺒ

لﻤﺎــﺸ (Hyperonyme) ﺔــﻴﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،

(Métonymique) ﺍﺭــﻴﺨﺃﻭ ،

ﺏــﻴﺭﻘﺘﻝﺎﺒ لــﻤﻌﺘ ﻲــﺘﻝﺍ ﻙــﻠﺘ

(*)(Par

approximation) ﻥﻤ ﺍﺩﺩﻋ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻡﺠﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻘﺒﻴ

ﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﻝ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻠﻝ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺍﺭﻁ ﺩﺩﻌ

،ﺏﻝﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺏﻌﺸﺘﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻻﻻﺩ ﺔﻴـﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﺌﺎـﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻤﻠﻘﻓ

ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ .

ﺏ - ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ لﺎﻜﺸﺇ

ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﻻﺎﻤﻌﺘـﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺩﺩﻋ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﻡﺠﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺎـﻬﻝ ﺩﺩـﺤﺘﻭ

ﻱﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺏﺴﺤﺒ ﺎﻤﺇ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺘﺍﺭﺘ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺴﻷ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﻭﺃ

: ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ

لﻭﻷﺍ / ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ

، ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻗﺎﻌﺘ

(Approche Diachronique) ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ،

ﻲـﻬﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻠﻝ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ

(Prototypique) ﺞﺘﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻭ

ﺎﻬﻨﻋ . لـﻜ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﺘﻠﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻡﻬﻤﻝﺍ

ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ )

ﺎﻫﺩﺩﻌﺘ لﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ (

ﺱﻔﻨﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻱﻭﻀﻨﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﺍﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ

. ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ "

لﻭﺨﻴ ﺍﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻝ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻻﺍ لﺼﺃ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺘ ﻡﻬﻝ

ﺱﻔﻨ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ

ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ

"

) 4

.(

ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻝﻭﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭـﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ

ﺭﻭﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﺒ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜﺸﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﺒ Structureradiale

ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻡﺘﻴ ، ﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ،ﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻊﺒﺭﺃ لﻼﺨ

ﻡﻴﻤﻌ

ﺹﻴﺼﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺭﻴﺨﺃﻭ .

ـﺠ - ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﺭﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺁ :

ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﺒﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﺝﺍﺭﺨﺘﺴﻹ

ﺭﻭﺒﻌﻝﺍ Structure Radiale ﺏﺎﻫﺫﻝﺍﻭ

ﻰﻤـﺴﺘﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﻬﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺩﻝﺍ Sémasiologie ﻥﻤ

ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ "Signessens" Sêma ﻲﻫﻭ

"

ـﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻑﺼﻭ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﺘ ﺕﻻﻻﺩ

ﺎﻬﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺭﺘﻭ ،ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭـﻀﻭﻤﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻕﻠﻌﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ

ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ .

ﺔﻴﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔـﻴﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺘﺭﺘ

، ﺍﺫـﻬﺒﻭ

ﺱﻜﺎﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ ﺭﺍﻭﻔﻝﺍﺍ

ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺓﺫﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﻭ ﺎﻋﻭﻴﺸ لﻗﻷﺍ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻋﻭﻴﺸ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕ

"

) 5

.(

ﻥﺇ

ﻁـﺒﺭ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺤﻭﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻴﻝ ،ﺎﻫﺩﺩﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﹼﻠﻔﺘ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻜ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺽﻌﺒﺒ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ .

لـﺼﻷﺍ ﺔـﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﻲﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ،ﻥﻭﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺏﺴﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻐﻴﺼ ﺭﻴﺎﻐﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻠﻝ "

ﻕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻻﺍ

"

ﻙﻝﺫ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ "

ﻊـﻤ ﻯﺭـﺨﺃ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﺫﺨﺃ

،ﺎﻬﻝ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﺔﺌﻴﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺼﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺎﻤﻬﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ لﺩﻴﻝ

ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﺒ ،لﺼﻷﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺎﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺎـﻓﻭﺭﺤ ﺎﻔﻠﺘﺨﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﺠﻷ ،ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤ

ﺔﺌﻴﻫ [...]

ﻰﺘﺤ ،ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﺘ ﺏﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻪﺘﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻕﻴﺭﻁﻭ ﺎﻓﻭﺭﺤ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺍﺭﻁﺇ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻎﻴﺼﻝﺍ لﺼﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻊﺠﺭﻴ

يللادراسم )

(3 (4) يللاد راسم

زاجملا يللاد راسم )

(1 راعتسلاا

ة

ميمعتلا ةللاد

2 1ةللاد

ةللاد

4 3 ةللاد

ةللاد يزكرم ة

صيصختلا

يللاد راسم )

(2

ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﹼﻝﻭﺘ ﻁﻁﺨﻤ

ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ

" . ﻕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻴﻐﺒ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﻓﺭﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ

ﺭﺎـﻁﺇ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺎﻫﺭ

ﺩﺤﻭﻤ ﻲﻝﻻﺩ ﻩﺩﺭﻤ

ﺓﺍﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﺘﻨﺘ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ

.

ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻭﻫ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺠﺘ ،ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ،ﺭﺨﺁ ﺭﻤﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺔﻴﻓﺭـﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻐﻴـﺼ لﻼـﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ

ﻥﻭﻴﻓﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺏﺼﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻲﻓﺭﺼ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺎﻓ ﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ

ﺭﻭﺩـﻴ ﺎـﻤﻝ ،ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻥﺎﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺍﻭﹼﻝﺩﻴﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺓ

ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﺎﻬﻅﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺩﺼﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻡﻫﺩﻠﺨﺒ .

ﻪﺘﺎﻗﺎﻴﺴ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺎﻬﺘﻻﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﻻﺩـﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺼﻨﻝﺍﺍ

ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻘﻠﻌﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻁﺒﻨﺘﺴﺘ .

لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻭ ﺘﻵﺍ ﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺎﻴﺒﻭ

ﻲ :

1 ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥـﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ . : Relation paradigmatique

-2 ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥـﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻘﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ Relation paradigmatique :

ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ

ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻴ ،ﺓﺭﺤ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﺒﻨﺘ ﺎﻬﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻙـﻝﺫﻭ ﻪـﻝﻭﻗ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ

ﻴﺒﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻩﺍﺭﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺀﺎﻘﺘﻨﺎﺒ ﺭ

. ﻲـﻓ لﺨﺍﺩـﺘﺘﻭ ﻙﺒﺎﺸﺘﺘ ،ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻝ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺜﻨﺇ

ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﺤﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻻﻻﺩ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﻪﻨﺇ ،ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻘﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺘﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻴﺒﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺼﻘﺘ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭ

ﺩﻨﻋ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻐﺘﺴﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ،ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻴﻓ ﻪﻝﻭﻗ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻪﺘﺩﺍﺭﺇ

ﻊﻤ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺎﻫﺍﺭﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥ

ﻩﺩﺍﺭﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺀﺎﻐﺘﺒﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺜﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻗﻭﺃﻭ ﻪﻤﻼﻜ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ .

ﻭﻫ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ

"

ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﻕﻠﻐﻤ ﻕﺴﻨ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ لﻘﺤ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﺘﻭ

Lexical ﻊﻤ

ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ لﻘﺤ

ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﺒ ﻥﻴﻌﻴ

. ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻜ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ

ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺔﻴﹼﻠ

"

(7)

ﺭﻭـﺼﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ

ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺎﻜ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﻨﻭﺭﻓ ﻪﻴﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺩﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺔﻬﺠ

ﻲﻨﻴﺘﺴﺍﺭ F.

RASTEIN لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ

(Le domain) ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ

ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﻻﺩ لﻭﻗ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻪـﺘﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺽـﻌﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ لﻴﺤﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﺎﺘﺸﻨﻏﺩﻴﻓ .

ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻥﺇ

لﻴﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺎـﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺱﻴـﻝ ﺔـﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻓ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻅﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻙﺒﺎﺸﺘ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ ﻪﺘﺨﺴﻨﻭ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﺘ

ﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭ ﻙﺒﺭﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺽﻭﻤﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻭﻠﺨﻴﻻ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻕﻁﻨﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ

.

ﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺎـﻬﻝ ﺹـﺼﺨﺘﻓ لـﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ل

ﺔـﻴﻝﻭﻝﺩﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻤـﺴﻴ ﺎـﺼﺎﺨ ﺎـﺜﺤﺒﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴـﺴﻝﺍ

Onomasiologie

، لﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﻨﻤ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﺍ لﻭﺎﺤﺘﻝ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ

. ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻑﺩـﻬﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ "

ﻉﺯـﻨ

ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ 1

ﺔﻐﻴﺼ 2

3

...

...

ةملكلا ةدام

...

لامعتسإ 1

ةللاد ةللاد 1

2

...

لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺇ 1

ةللاد ةللاد 1

2

...

ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜ

...

ﻑﺩـﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ

لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ "

ﻲﻝﻭﻝﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ

ﺎﻴﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻔﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻬﻅﺇ

"⁽⁸⁾ ﻥـﻤ ﺍﺫـﻫ

لﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻨﺜﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻅﺤﻝ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ

: ﺔـﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻝﻻﺩـﻝﺍ لﻘﺤﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﺘ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ

ﺩﺼﻘﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻴﻨﺒ ﻑﺼﻭ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﺘ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻬﻅﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ

.

ﺃ . ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻘﺤﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ :

ﻥﻴﺘﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻩﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﻭﻫ :

لﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻩﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ

ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻫﺫﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ

. ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺀﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ :

1 - ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻠﻜ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ 2

- ﻱﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ

ﻁﻴﺴﻭ 3 - ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﺩﺤﻤ . ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻨ (Mot générique)

لﺨﺍﺩ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺩﺼﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ

ﻡﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺤﺘﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ Sèmes

ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ لـﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺤﺘﻴ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ

ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ : ﺠﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ لﻘﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ

ﻲﻤﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻼـﺨ ﻥـﻤ

ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ،ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﺎـﻤﺒﺭﻭ لـﺜﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﺒﻨﺘ ،لﺍﻭﺤﻷﺍ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻻ

لﺨﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﻴ ﺩﻗ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ .

ﺏ . ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻭ :

ﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻤﺠﺇ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻊﺒﺎﺘ

:

ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﻗ ﻥﺃ ﻕﺒﺴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ

ﻡﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﻜﻝ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ

ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ

ﺢﻤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺤﻴﻹﺍ

Traits connotatifs ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﺒ

.Dénotatifs ﺢﻤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ

ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺤﻴﻹﺍ

ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﺔﻴﻐﺒ ﻪﻘﻓﺍﺭﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺃ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻭﺃ ،ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘﻝﺍ

.

ﻑﺫﺤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺭﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ

لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻭ ﺀﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﻲﺒﺘﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ

Structuration hiérarchique ﺔـﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﻲﻫﻭ

ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻭﻝﻭﺃ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒﺘﺭﺘﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﺘ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ،ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺭﺎﻬﻅﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ

ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ .

ﻡﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ــﺒ ﺹﺎﺨ لﻭﺩﺠ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻪﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ

ﻡﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﺭﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ

ﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ . ﻩﺫـﻬﻝ ﺢﻴـﻀﻭﺘﻜ ﻡﺩـﻘﻨ

ﺏ ﻪﻤﺩﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ .

ﻲﻤﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻴﺘﻭﺒ ـﻝ

"

ﺩﻌﻘﻤ "

ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻡﺩﻘﻨ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺎﻨﻅﻔﺘﺤﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻨﺎﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ

:

ﻡ 1 ﻡ

ﻡ 2 ﻡ 3 ﻡ 4 ﻡ 5

6

ﻲﺴﺭﻜ + + + + - +

ﺄﻜﱠﺘﻤ + + + + + +

ﺔﻠﻤﹸﻜﺴﺇ - + + + - +

ﺃ ﻜﻴﺭ ﺔ + + - + + +

ﻕﺭﻤﻨ - + + + - -

1ﻡ = ﺭﻬﻅﻝﺎﺒ

4 ﻡ = ﺱﻭﻠﺠﻠﻝ

2ﻡ = ﻡﺩﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ

5 ﻡ

= ﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ

3ﻡ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺹﺨﺸﻝ = 6 ﻡ

= ﺔﺒﻠﺼ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻊﻤ

) 9 (

ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻘﺒﻴ - لﻜ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﻬﺜﺤﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻴﻘﺘﻠﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻝﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ

ﻥﻴـﺘﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺔـﻗﻼﻌﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ

ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀ "

ﻠﺤﺘ لﻜﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻝ لﻴ ﺍﺩـﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ،ﻥﻴﺘﺎﻫ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻬﺠﻭ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻊﻗﻭﻤﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ

ﻕﺴﻨ لﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻅﺘ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺫﺨﺄﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜ

ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤ - ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﺒ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ

(Onomasiologie)

ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ -

ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ،ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺓﺭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍ "Sémantisme généralisé"

ﺱﻔﻨﻝ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ

) 10 (

ﺵﻤﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ :

1- C, Baylon et X. Mignot, Initiation à la sémantique du langage, NATHAN,2000, P1.

ﻥﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻻﺇ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻨﻝﺎﻐﺘﺸﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ ،ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﻨ (*)

.

ﻲﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﻠﻤﻌﻴﻓ ﻕﺭﻔﻨ ﻻ(**)

"

ﻰﻨﻌﻤ

"

ﻭ "

ﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ

"

ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺢﻀﺍﻭ ﻕﻴﺭﻔﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍﺔﻤﺜ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ .

2- H. J.Glock,Dictionnaire Wittgenstein, Gallimard, 2003,P171.

3- M, Galmich, Sémantique générative, Librairie Larousse, Paris, 1975, P20.

ﻼﻝ(*)

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﻼﻁ ﻤ ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﺠﺭﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ

ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﻥ C, Baylon et X. Mignot, Initiation à la

sémantique du langage, NATHAN, 2000.

4 - C, Baylon et X. Mignot, Initiation à la sémantique du langage, NATHAN, 2000, P91.

5- N. Delbek, Linguistique cognitive,Debboeck, 2ed 2006, P134.

-6

،ﻲﻁﻭﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻫﺯﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ

،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،لﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﺹ

346 .

7- B. SCHWISCHAY, Syntaxe du français, P1 http:www.home.uni-asnabrueck.de /Bschwisc /archives/archives /htm.

8- P. Charaudean, L’analyse lexico-sémantique – recherche d’une procédure d’analyse I -, in cahiers de lexicologie, volume XVIII, P3 – P28, Didier Larousse, Paris, 1971, P07.

9- Anne Hénault, Les enjeux de la sémiotique, PUF, Paris, 1993, PP52-53

ﺹ ، ﻊﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻗ ﻁﻭﻁﺨﻤ ،ﻙﻝﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺩﻴﺸﺭ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ -33

.34

10- P. Charaudean, L’analyse lexico-sémantique – recherche d’une procédure d’analyse I -, in cahiers de lexicologie, volume XVIII, P3 – P28, Didier Larousse, Paris, 1971, P10.