تكوين الإطارات المسيرة الجزائرية

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ــ ا ـــــ ع Département de sociologie

ﻝا ةد ﻝ جﺕ ﻝﺱر

ﺕ

:

! ﻝا و #ﻝا ع ا

إ

$ﻝ%ﻝا دا&

:

یر ﻡ يو*+

ﺏ ﻡ-ﺱ-ﻝا

ـ

:

.ﻝا ء0أ : ل-ــــ $ﻡ &ـــــــــ3ﻡ 4ﻝ#ﻝا # ﻝا ذ ﺱأ 6ر ـ ناهو #ﻡ نا9ﻡأ &3ﻡ ﻡ أ ﺽ3ﻡ ذ ﺱأ ;*ﻡ ناهو #ﻡ ـــــــ 4ـــ ﺏ <ﺏ أ ﺽ3ﻡ ذ ﺱأ *ﻡ ناهو #ﻡ <+ﻝا &$ ة=ی <ﺏ أ ﺽ3ﻡ ذ ﺱأ *ﻡ ناهو #ﻡ #ﻡ.ﻝا ﻝا : 2011 -2012

ّا تارا

اا ة

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« L’homme intelligent, paraît

_-

il, s’adapte à son

environnement tandis que l’imbécile cherche à

adapter son environnement à lui ».

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نو

ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﺖﻤﻠﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﺃ ﻞﻛ ﺮﻜﺷﺃ

ﲑﺜﻜﻟﺍ ﺀﻲﺸﻟﺍ

.

ﺮﻛﺬﻟﺎﺑ ﺺﺧﺃﻭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺯﺎﳒﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﱐﺪﻋﺎﺳ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺮﻜﺷﺃ

،ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﻣ ﻉﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺲﻴﺋﺭ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍﻭ ﻑﺮﺸﳌﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ

ﻊﻤﺘﺍﻭ ﻂﻴﶈﺍ

.

ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺳﻭﺭﺪﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻋ ﺮﻜﺷﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ

ﺎﻨﻟ ﺎﻫﻮﻣﺪﻗ

.

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ـهإ

ـــــ

ءاـ

ـﻣﺃ ﱃﺇ

ـ

ﻲ

ﰐﻮـﺧﺇ ﱃﺇ

ﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﳍ ﺐﺣ ﺓﺭﺫ ﻞﻤﳛ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﱃﺇ

ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﰲ ﻢﻫﺎﺴﻳ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﱃﺇ

ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﰊﺃ ﺡﻭﺭ ﱃﺇ

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ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻥﻴﺜﻼﺜ ﺭﻭﺭﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻭ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﺌﺩﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺓ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻜﺭﺩﺃ ، ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺇﻭ ﻌﺒ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﺍﺩﻴ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭﻫ لﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ، ﻥﻋ ﺔﻝﺯﻌﻨﻤ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ . ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻓ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﺘﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﻴ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺭﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻤﻀﻴﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﻬﻔﻴﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﺒ ، ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻪﻝﺎﻤﻫﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ لﻼﺨ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ، . ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻪﻝﺎﻤﻫﺇ ﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺱﻴﻝ لﻜﺸ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻪﻨﻋ لﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ : ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻘﻨﻝ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﻥﻴﺭﻴ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤﻹﺍ ﺹﻘﻨﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ، . ﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺒﺃ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺕﺎﺤﺭﺘﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺈﻜ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺎﻘﺘﺇ ، ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﺒ ﺫﺨﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﻴ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . ﺔﻴﺤﺎﺘﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ : ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ، ﺭﻴ .

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RESUME

Après trente années d’organisation, basée sur un modèle socialiste de l'économie, l’Algérie, emportée par les changements intervenus dans le monde, à l’instar de la plupart des pays émergents, a connu une transition dans les années 80-90, vers un modèle d’économie de marché.

A travers cette étude, nous avons voulu voir, si dans ce contexte de transition, l'Algérie a pris en considération l’importance de la formation des cadres dirigeants des entreprises économiques publiques algériennes, pour accompagner et s'adapter à ce changement et garantir le succès de l'opération de transition.

Nous avons essayé de déterminer les causes de son délaissement, qui peuvent être d’ordre juridiques, organisationnelles ou personnelles.

Cette négligence n’était pas considérée en fait que d’un seul point paramètre, mais de plusieurs. On peut citer : les gestionnaires eux même par l'insuffisance des traits personnelles, l’entreprise en générale, et le manque de moyens matériels.

Les personnes ayant apporté leur concours, faisant partie de l’échantillon , ont émis de nombreuses propositions telles que: réviser l'opération et les plans de formation , rendre la formation du gestionnaire et du dirigeant plus performante et prendre en considération la devise encore d’actualité : « la personne qu'il faut à la place qu'il faut ».

Mots-clés : formation, gestionnaire, économie de marché,

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ا ا

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ﺔــﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔــﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ 7 ﺎﻤﻝﺎﻁﻝ ﺎﻨﻝﺀﺎﺴﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺌﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴ ﻥﻋ ،ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻬﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ، ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺼﺃ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺕﻨﻜﻤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻭﻘﺘ ﻡ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻡﺠﺤﺒ ﺎﻨﻭﺴ ﻙﺍﺭﻁ ﻼﺜﻤ . ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻘﺒ ﺎﻨﺩﻭﺍﺭﺘ ،ﺎﻤﻭﺩ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺔﺼﺭﻓ ﺎﻨﺤﺎﺠﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻪﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﻴ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ . ﺩﻨﻌﻓ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﻥﻋ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻜﺫﻤﺒ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎ ﺕﺩﺎﻋ ﻲﺘﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺭﻜﻓ ﻓﺎ ﺏﺼﻨ ﺎﻨﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﺔﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻜﺸﺘ ل ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ،ﺎﻨﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻨﺜﺤ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ﺏﺎﻌﻴﺘﺴﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﻤ ﻥ لﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺨ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤ ﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺩﻫﺎﺸ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻭ ، ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﺴ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻻ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻤ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻎﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ . ﻲﻔﻓ لﻅ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺼﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻋ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ لﺠﺃ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺓﺩﻴﺠ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ، ﻥﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻔﻴ ﺽﺭﺘ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﺘ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﺘ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﻴﺴﺘﻭ . ﺙﻴﺤ ﻻ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﺘ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻅ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺕﻜﺭﺘ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤ . ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻥﻷ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺎﻏﻭ ﺕﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺒﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻘﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻘﺘﺎﻋ ﺩﻗ ﺩﺯﺍ ﺕﺩﺍ ﺕﻌﺴﻭﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﻲﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﺴ ﻭﺅﺴﻤ ﻻ ﻥﻋ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ لﺠﻷ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻘﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻭ ﺎﻬﺼﺼﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ،ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ

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ﺔــﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔــﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ 8 ﻱﻷ ﺉﺭﺎﻁ ﻪﻔﻠﺨﺘ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻌﻓ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﺒﻫﺄﺘﻤ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻪﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻡﺩﺨﻴ ﺎﻬﺤﻝﺎﺼﻤ . ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻴﺩﺠﻤ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻪﺒﺤﺎﺼﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻭ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﺘ ﻊﻤ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ . ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻠﻝ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻰﻀﻤ ﻪﻨﻷ ﻥﻤ لﻴﺤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻭ لﺌﺎﺴ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻭ ﺔﺜﻭﺭﻭﻤ . ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭ ﺔﺌﻔﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺎـﻫﺯﻭﺭﺒ ﺭﻭـﻁﺘﺒ ﺕﺎـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ . ﻡﺘ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺩﻘﻠﻓ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺓﻭﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﻏ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻜﺸﺘﺘ ﻲﻠﻴﺎﻤﻤ : -13729 ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻤ ﺎﻴﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻡﻬﻠﺒﺎﻘﻴ 22182 ﺍﺭﺎـﻁﺇ ﺎـﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻉﺯﻭـﺘﻴ ﻡـﺠﺤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺠﻴﺭﺨ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘـﺴﻻﺍ ﺏـﺴﺤﺒ ﻑﻨﺼ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻬﻨﻭﻠﻐﺘﺸﻴ ﺎ ﻲﺘﻵﺎﻜ : ﻑﻨﺼ ﺃ – ﺕﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﻹﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ 43 % ﻑﻨﺼ ﺏ – ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ 77 % ﻑﻨﺼ ﺝ ﻭ ﺩ – ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜ 15 %

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ﺔــﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔــﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ 9 ﻡﻅﻌﻤﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺔﻬﺒﺠ ﻱﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻲـﻓ ﻥﻴﻔﻨـﺼﻝﺍ ﺝ ﻭ ﺩ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜ 1 ﺍﺫﻬﻝﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ،لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻁـﻘﻓ ﺽﻴﻭﻌﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻜﺭﺘ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺩﻴﻭﺯﺘ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺏﺼﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺜﺩﺤﺃ ﺭﺎﺠﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝ ،ﺔـﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻕﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻁﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﺒـﺴﻝﺍ ) ﻥﻴـﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﺒﺭﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ 1970 -1973 ، ﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ 1973 -1977 .( 2 ﺎﻤﻤ ﺏﺠﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻘﻤ ﺀﺎـﻨﺒ ﺯﺎﻬﺠ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ . ﻥﺇ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒ ﺔﺠﺘﻨﻤ . ﻪﻝﺎﻔﻏﺇﻭ ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﻁﺨ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻭﻝﻭ ﺕﺭﻓﻭﺘ لﻜ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎـﻫﺯﺠﻋ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﺓﻭﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﻜ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻌﺠﺎﻨ . ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤ ﻥﺃ لﻜ لﻤﺎﻋ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎـﻤﻬﻤ ﺕـﻨﺎﻜ ﻪﺘﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﺎﺤ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ لﻭﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ : ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ؛ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ؛ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻪﺘﺍﺩﺎﻋ ، ﻪﺘﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍﻭ . 1 ، ﺔﻴﺸﻴﺎﺸﺒ ﺩﻌﺴ " ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ : ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻲﺴﻝﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ " ، ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ، 20 ﺭﺒﻤﺴﻴﺩ ، 2003 ﺹ ، . 96 . 2 ﻲﺸﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ، " ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻤ ،ﺭﺍﻭﺩﺃ ،ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺍ ﺴ ﺕﻼﺜﻤﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎ " ، ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺘﺎﻓﺩ CRASC ، ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ 2 ، 2002 ﺹ ، . 15

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ﺔــﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔــﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ 10 ﺍﺫﻬﻝﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺽﻭﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕ ﻥﺃ ﺹﺭﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻫﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭ ، ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺎﻓ ﺕﻤﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﻁﻺﻝ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭــﻴ ، ﻬﻨﻜﻤﺘ ﻡ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻓﺭ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻀﻭﺭﻔﻤ ﻥـﻤ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ . ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ لﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﻥﻤ لﺠﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ 1 . ﻥﺇ ﺎﻨﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨ ﻻ ﻲـﻨﻌﻴ ﺍﺩـﺒﺃ ﺎـﻨﻴﻔﻨ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺏـﺠﻴ ﺀﺎـﻨﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ . ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻷ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻁﻌﺘ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﺩﻨﺘﺴﻤ ﻙﻝﺫـﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ لﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺯﻭﺭﻜ ﻍﺭﺒﺩﻴﺭﻓﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎـﻋﺇﻭ ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﻜ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ . 2 ﺎـﻤﻤ ﻲـﻨﻌﻴ ﺭﻴﻓﻭـﺘ ﺔـﺼﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ لﻜﻜ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﻴﺠﻔﺘﻝ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻗﺎﻁ ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻅﻭﺘﻭ ﻲـﻓ لﻴﺒـﺴ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ . ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻨﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺎﺒ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻪﻨﻷ ﻭـﻫ ﻩﺩـﺤﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ،ﻥﺴﺤﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻘﺤ ﻩﺩﺤﻭ ﻅﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺭـﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﻻ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺎـﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻁﻴـﺴﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔـﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎـﻜﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ -ﺎﻤﻤ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﻠﻏ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻲﻗﺎﺒ لﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ . ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎـﻤ ﻩﺩﻬـﺸﺘ ﻊﺒﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ لﺩﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘـﺴﺍ ﺱـﻔﻨ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺸﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ .

1_{K.Khalfi , "Algérie : Mise à niveau des standards internationaux ,un impératif}

nommé formation", La tribune,15 avril 2002.

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ﺔــﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔــﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ 11 ﻑﻀ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﻴ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻲﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺏـﻝﺎﻁﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺎﻓﻭﺨﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﺩﻗ لﻜﺸﻴ ﺍﺭﻁﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺤﻝﺎـﺼﻤ . ﻊـﻤ ﻡـﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻻ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻪﻝ ﻯﻭﺩﺠ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻨﻤﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﻁﻹﺍ ـﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴ ﻊـﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺠ ﺓﺩﺭﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻑﻌﻀ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ 1 . ﻥﻜﻝ ﺎﻨﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜﻝ لﻋﺎﻓ ﻡﻬﻤ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩـﻘﻤﺒﻭ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﺨﺍﺩ . ﻲﻫ ﺩﺤﻝ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺩـﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻲـﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻁﻠـﺴ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﻴـﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ

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ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﺯﻴﺭﺎﻜﻝﺍ

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* ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘ ﺩﺭﺍﻭـﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻴﻨﺒﺘﻓ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻻ ﻰـﺸﺎﻤﺘﺘ ﻊـﻤ ﺔﻨﺭـﺼﻌﻝﺍ * ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻝﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ ،ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝ ﻑﺩﺍﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺩﺠﻨ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺎﻤﺯﻴﺭﺎﻜﻝﺍ . ﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻌﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺤﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺴﺴ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻜ ﺎﻤﺯﻴﺭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻋ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺃ ﺭﺒﻴﻓ ﺱﻜﺎﻤ ﺍﺩﺠ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﻜﺸ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻁﻠﺴ ﺕﺤﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ لﻜﺸ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﻼﻘﻌ -ﺓﺩﻴﺸﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ... ﺭﻅﻨﺍ : ﺭ . ﻑ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺩﻭﺒ . ،ﺩﺍﺩﺤ ﻡﻴﻠﺴ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ،ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻝ ﻱﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻭﻜﻴﺭﻭﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩ 2007 ﺹ ﺹ ، . 357 -360 . ﻩ ﻲﻨﻌﻴﻭ ﺫ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻩ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻥﻭﺩﻘﺘﻌﻴ ﻡﻬﻨﻷ ﺩﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻋﺩﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜﺒ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﻷﺍ ﺫ ﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻜﻠﺘﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻗﺭﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﻫﻻﺇ ﺓﺎﺒﻫ ﻙﻠﺘﻤﻴ ﺓﺩﺎ ﺕﺘﺸﺘﻴ ﻪﺘﻭﻤ ﺩﻨﻋﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺩﺎﻘﻨﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﺼﻨﻭ ﻡﻫﺩﺎﺸﺭﻹ ﻡﻬﻝ ﺔﺒﻫ ﻪﺜﻌﺒ ﻩﻻﻹﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻬﻁﺎﺒﺭ لﺤﻨﻴﻭ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﺩﺩﺒﺘﺘﻭ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﻷﺍ ... ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ،ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ ،ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺨ ﻲﻨﻌﻤ ﻨﻠﻝ ﻕﻭﺭﺸﻝ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸ 1 ، 2000 ﺹ ، . 148 ﻪﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ " Economie et société ) " 1921 ( ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻹﺍ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﺯﻴﺭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺭﺒﻴﻓ ﺱﻜﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻁﻗﻹﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻗﻭﺭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻝﺍ ... ﺎﻤﻭ ﺦﻝﺇ Le maoїsme ، Le nassérisme ، Le guévarisme ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻤﺯﻴﺭﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﻝﺩﻝ . ﺭﻅﻨﺃ :

Ch.H.Favrod Dir.de collection., La sociologie, Œuvres, Statut, Auteurs, Concepts, Techniques, Théories, Le livre de poche ,Coll.EDMA(Encyclopédie Du Monde Actuell,1979,P.60-61 1 ،ﻥﻴﻤﻁﻭﺒ ﻰﻠﻴﻝ " ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻭ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ " ، ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺘﺎﻓﺩ ، ﻡﻗﺭ 12 ، 2005 ، ﺹ . 26

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ﺔــﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔــﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ 12 ﺔﺜﺍﺩﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻔﺘ ﺔﻤﻝﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ . ﺎﻤﻤ لﻜﺸﻴ ﻕﺌﺎـﻋ ﻡﺎـﻤﺃ ﺭـﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍﻭ . ﺍﺫﻫ ﻊﺒﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ لﺸﻔﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺩﻼﺒ . ،ﺍﺫﻬﺒﻭ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺏﺒﺴ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ لﺸﻔﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻨﺘـﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﺔﻤﻭـﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ " : ﻥﻴﻭـﻜﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ " ، ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺕﺼﺨ ﻪﺒ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻜﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺎﻤ ﺙﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔـﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﺔﻤﺎﻫ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻬﺸ ﻩﺫﻫ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺎﻤ ﻑﺭﻋ ﺔـﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﻭﺨﺩـﻝ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻓﻭ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﺎـﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ – ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺏـﻴﻠﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔـﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ ﺓﺩﻴﻌـﺴ -ﺕﺩﻬﺸ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﺤﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻤ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺜﺄﺘﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﺕﺎـﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺄﺸﻨ .

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ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 14 ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻡﻠﻌﻨ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻤﻭﻴ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ،ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻙـﻠﺘ ﺕﺎﺤﻼـﺼﻹﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺭﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻁﻭﻐـﻀ ﻑﻭﺭـﻅﻭ ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ،ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻭ ﻻﺇ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻤﻅﻌﻤ ﻡﻝ ﻲﺘﺄـﺘ ﺔـﺠﻴﺘﻨﺒ ﺕﺀﺎـﺒﻭ لﺸﻔﻝﺎﺒ لﺠﻷ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﺓﻭﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ،ﺎﻬﺌﺍﺭﻭ ﺕﺭـﺒﺘﻋﺍﻭ ﺔـﻴﻠﻤﻋ لﺎـﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻋﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺍﺭﺒﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﺭـﺨﺁ ﺕﺎﺤﻼـﺼﻹﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺭﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺒ ،ﻡﺎﻋ ﻥﻭـﻜﺒﻭ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻕﻓﺭﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻪﺌﺸﻨﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷ ﺎﻬﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺇﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤ ﻥﻴﻨﻁﺍﻭـﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺎـﻬﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻊﻀﻭﺒ ﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﺠﻷ ﺩـﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺕﻻﺎـﺠﻤ ﺎـﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻠﻝ . ﻥﻜﻝ ﺎﻤ لﺁ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﻓﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺯﺠﻋ ﺱﻼﻓﺇﻭ ﺎﻨﺜﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻨﻠﻗ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﻤ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﺤﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺸﺎﻌﻨﺇ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﺒﺭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﺭﻁﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇ لﺎﻔﻏﺇﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻜ ﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝ ﻼﺜﻤ . ﻻﺎﻓ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺩﻬﺸ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻻ ﺕﻝﺍﺯ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﻴﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ،ﺔﻠﺼﺍﻭﺘﻤ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ :

(16)

ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 15 ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻰﻝﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺎﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻙﺍﺫـﻨﺁ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻴﻓﻭ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ لﺒﻗ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻌﺠﺎﻨ ﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ ، ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﻴ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﺩ ﺔﻋﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﺘﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﺌﺎـﻨﺜ ، ﻥﺎـﻜﻭ ﻙـﻝﺫ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻡﻠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ . ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺇ ﺫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﺨﺘﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ لـﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻕﻭـﺴﻝﺍ – ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺭـﺤﻝﺍ – ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻭـﻫ ﺔـﺠﻴﺘﻨﻝﺍ ، ﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﺩ ، ﺢﺒﺭﻝﺍ ، ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻻ ﻪﺒﺸﻴ ﻩﺭﻴﻅﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ . ﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺽﻭﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻴ ﺎـﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ - ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ -ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ . لﻜﺒ ﺔﻁﺎﺴﺒ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻨﺍ ﻕﻭـﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﺔـﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎـﺠﺘﻠﻝ ) OMC ( ، ﺕﺎﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺍﺭ ﻊﻤ ﺎﺒﻭﺭﻭﺃ ... ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﻏ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﺨﺎﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻪﻴﻤﺴﻨ ﺔﻤﻝﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺭﺒﻴﻝ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻼﻋﺇ ﺎﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻡﻠﻗﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ . ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺡﺭﻁ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ :

لﻫ

ﺕﺫﺨﺃ

ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ

ﻥﻴﻌﺒ

ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ

ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ

ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ

ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ

ﺴﻤﻝﺍ

ﺓﺭﻴ

ﻕﻓﺍﺭﺘﻝ

لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ

ﻡﻫﺅﻴﻬﺘﻭ

ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝ

ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻋﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍﻭ

؟ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ

(17)

ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 16 ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻁﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻁ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻫﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ : لﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻼﻌﻓ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ؟ لﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻡﻜﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ؟ لﻫ ﻕﻘﺤ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﺓﻭﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ؟ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻺﻝ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴ ؟ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜـﺸﻹﺍ ﺔـﻤﺩﺨﻭ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻌﺴﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ ،ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ﺎﻨﻴﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻠﻝ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﺌﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻵﺍ : ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻡﺘ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﺩ ﺓﻭﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻪـﻨﻤ ،ﺔﻠﻴﺌﻀ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻴﻓ ﻪ ﺎﻔﻴﻜ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ . ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻘﻘﺤ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﺓﻭﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺎﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ .

(18)

ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 17 ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻫ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻏﻭﻠﺒ ﻭﺠﺭﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻲ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ : ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺔﺌﻓ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺓﺭﻴ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺭﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﺴﺘ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌ . ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺭﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻗﻭﻓﺭﻤ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺭﻴ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻠﻗﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻠﻝ ﻪﺘﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ لﺠﺃ . ﺍ ﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺸﺎﻤﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻴ ) ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒ ، ﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ، ﻯﻭﺘﺤﻤ ﺱﻴﺭﺩ ﺓﺩﻤﻝﺍ ، (... ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺽﻭﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ . ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺌﻼﻤ ﻯﺩﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻁﺨﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻤ ﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﺒﺒﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲ . ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔﻠﺼﻭﺤﻜﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻺﻝ ﺹﺼﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺼﺤﻨﻴ ﺎﻨﻓﺩﻫ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺯﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﻷﺍﻭ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻜﺍﻭﻤ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﻴ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ .

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ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 18

ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺙﻭﺤﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻼﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻻﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻬﺠﺌﺎﺘﻨﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴ ﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻗﺩ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻥ ﺎﺤﻭﻀﻭﻭ . ﻌﺘ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﺒﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺃﺯﺠﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﺩ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ، ﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺭﺒﻜﺄﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﻝﻹﺍ ﻰ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺃ ﻻﺇ ، ﺎﻨﻨ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﺏﺭﺘﻘﺘ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻤ لﻴﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻻﺇ لﺼﺤﻨ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻤﺇ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺫﺇ ، ﺎﻬﺘﻌﻴﺒﻁﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﺕﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ . ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻴﻗﺃ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺕﺼﺨ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻤ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺴ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻗ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺓﺭﻴ . ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﻜﺫﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺴﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ : ﻲﺸﺎﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ . ﻉ " ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ " ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺭﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻜﺭﻤ ) 2001 ( ﺘﻭ ﻪﻠﺼﺃ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻩﺩﻴﺩﺤ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺔﻗﺩﺒ ﻩﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ . ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻑﻨﺼ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﺌﺩﺘﺒﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﺴﻭ ،ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ . ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺤ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺭﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻜﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ ، ﻰﻝﺇ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ لﺼﻭﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻼﺜﻤﺘ ،

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ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 19 ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ . ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻝ ﻭﻫ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻪﻴ ﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺵﻤﻬﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻻﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻪﺘﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﻴ . ﺱﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﻤﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ " ﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻙﺍﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﻨ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ) " 2001 ( ﻁﻭﺒ ﻰﻠﻴﻝ ، ﻥﻴﻤ " ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻭ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ) " 2005 ( ، ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ﺏﺍﺩﺤ " ﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺜﺁﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯ " ) 2001 ( ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻤ ﻥﺎﺴﺤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ، " ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝ ) " 2005 ( . ﺯﻠﻴﻤ ﺕﻴﺍﺭ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ " ﺀﺎﻀﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻴﻝﺍ ﻭﺫ ) " 1951 (، ﻴﻓ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴ ﺫﺇ ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﺃ ﻪ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ، ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ) ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ لﺌﺍﻭﺃ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻨ ( ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ . ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻁﺍﺭﻗﻭﺭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻻﻭﺤﺘ ﺕﺩﻬﺸ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ، ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻝﻭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺼﺼﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ . ﻲﻜﺴﻨﻭﺘﻝﻭﺒ ﻙﻭﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ " ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ " ) 1982 ( ، لﺭﺎﻤﻝﺩ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ Delmarle

« classes et lutte de classes » )

1973 ( ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،

(21)

ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 20 ﻪﻴﻓ ﻲﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻌﻗﻭﻤﻭ . ﻡﻫﺭﻴﺜﺄـﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﻁﻹﺍ ﺔـﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻴﻭ ﻥﻴﺫـﻔﻨﻤ ﺩﺭـﺠﻤ ﺍﻭﺤﺒـﺼﺃ ﺍﺫﻜﻫﻭ ،ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻌﺠﺍﺭﺘ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ ﺩﻗ ﻡﻬﺘﻭﻗﻭ ﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﺫﺨﺄﺘ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝ ﻯﺩﺃ ﺎـﻤ ﺍﺫـﻫ ،ﻡﻬﺘﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎﻴﻠ ﺍﻭﻤﺎـﻗ ﻙﻝﺫـﻝ ،ﺭﺎـﻁﺨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺩﺩﻬﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻡﻫﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻭﻤﻨﻭ ﻲﻌﻤﺠ ﻲﻋﻭ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﺒ ﺔـﺌﻓ ﺎـﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﻡـﻬﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﺕﺯﺭﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺘﺤﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻕﻴﺘﺭﺎﻓﻭﺒ Bouffartigue يدو Gadea " تارا عا " ) 2000 ( ، ﻍﺭﺒﺯﻨﻴﻤ Mintzberg

« Le manager au quotidien : Les dix rôles du cadre » (2002)

،

ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻜ « Des managers des vrais !pas des MBA »

(2005) ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻴ . لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻌﺴﻨ ،ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﻷ ﺯﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ،ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺩﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺢﺘﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺭﺩﺍﻭﺒ ﺯﻭﺭﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻝﺍﺭﺒﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍﻭ . ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ،ﺙﺤﺒ ﻱﺄﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺒﻌﺼﻝﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ لﻜﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﺘ ﻲ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ : ،ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ

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ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 21 ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﺒﺭﺜﻨﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ، ... ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝ ﺦﻝﺍ . ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺎﻓ ، ﻪﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ " ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﺘ ﻻ ﺓﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﺭﺠﺘ ﺱﻜﻌﺘ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﺘ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺇ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻠﺘ ﺕﺎﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ " 1 . ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒﻭ " ﺒ لﺼﻭ ﺔﻘﻠﺤ ،ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴ ﻨﺘ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻭﺩﻭ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺔﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻔ " 2 . ﺭﺒﻌﺘﻭ ، ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﺭﺠﺘ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﺴﻭﺴﺤﻤ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﺃ . ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻬﺠﺘﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺙ : ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ،ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻐﺒ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺎﻜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻕﺴﺘﻴ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ . ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ Formation ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝ ﺔﻓﺩﺍﺭﻤ ﻲﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ " ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ "، ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻭ « Training » ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ 3 . ﻪﺌﺎﻁﻋﺈﺒ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺽﻭﻤﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺍﺯﺇ ﺍﻭﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،ﻪﻨﻋ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﺓﺭﺒﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺎﻜ ﻪﺒ ﻕﺼﺘﻠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡ . 1 ﺭﻴﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻋ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ، ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﺴﺃﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺔﺤﻭﺘﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤ ، ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ، ، ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ 1995 ﺹ ، . 62 2 ﻲﺒﺭﻏ ﻲﻠﻋ ، ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻤ ، ، 1999 ﺹ، . 96 3 ، ﺔﺠﻠﻓﻭﺒ ﺙﺎﻴﻏ ﻪﺠﻫﺎﻨﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﺴﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩ ، 1984 ﺹ ، . 5

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ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 22 ﻭﻫ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺎﻓ " ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﺕﺎﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻭ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ، ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﺴﺤﺃ ﻡﻬﻤﺎﻬﻤﺒ ﻥﻜﻤﻤ ﺕﻗﻭ لﻗﺃ ﻲﻓﻭ ، 1 . ﺤﺎﺒ ﻯﺭﻴﻭ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺙ " ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ، ﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﻴ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺩﺭﻔ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ لﻤﻋ ﺀﺍﺩﻷ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻵﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ، ﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﻑﺩﻫ ﻍﻭﻠﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ " 2 . ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺏﻫﺫﻴﻭ " ،ﻡﻠﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻜﻤﺘ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻨﻬﻤ ﻥﺎﻘﺘﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒﻻ لﺒ ،ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺍﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ،ﺔ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻌﺘ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻗ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍﻭ ﺕ ﻊﻤ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ " 3 . ﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﺔﺤﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴ ﻪﺒﺴﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻊﻓﺭ لﺠﻷ ،ﺎﻤ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻠﻝ ،ﺎﻴﻨﻬﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺩﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤ ﻪﺠﻭﺒ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻜﻤﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ . ﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺍ لﻴﻫﺄﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ لﻤﺎﻌﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻭ ﺏﺼﺎﻨﻤ لﻐﺸﻝ . ﻭ ﻪﻓﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻭ لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺹﺼﺨﺘ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺍﺭﺒﺨﻭ ﻪﺘ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻩﺍﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻊﻓﺭﻭ ، . 1 ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﺙﺎﻴﻏ ﺔﺠﻠﻓﻭﺒ . 5 2 ،ﻱﻭﺎﻗﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻋ ،ﻡﻴﺎﻨﻏ ﻭﺭﻤﻋ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، 1981 ﺹ ، . 606 3 ،ﺢﺠﺍﺭ ﺕﺯﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻁﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ، 1965 ﺹ ، . 106

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ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 23 ـﻁﻹﺍ ﺭﺎ : ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺼﺃ ،ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻡﻝ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﺝﺭﺎـﺨ ﺎـﺴﻨﺭﻓ ، ﻻﺇ ﻲـﻓ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ، ﻭ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻪﻨﺍ ﻡﺘ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭﻭ ﺭﺎـﻁﻹﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﻴ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺈﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺃ ﻪﻨ " : ﺭﻴﺠﺃ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﻴ ﺔـﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﻘﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ لﺨﺍﺩ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺼﺤ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ،ﻲﻝﺎﻋ لﺜﻤﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ لﺼﺤﻤ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺘﺍﺫ ﻥﻋ ﻕـﻴﺭﻁ ﺔـﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍﻭ " 1 ﺎﻤﺃ Kaufmann ﻪﻓﺭﻌﻴﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻨﺃ " : ﺹﺨﺸ ﻪﻝ ﺔﻁﻠﺴ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ لـﺨﺍﺩ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ " 2 ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ

"

ﺩﺭﻓ

لﻤﻌﻴ

ﻲﻓ

ﺭﺎﻁﺇ

ﺔﻗﻼﻋ

لﻤﻋ

ﻲـﻓ

ﻯﺩـﺤﺇ

ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ

ﻥﺎﻜﻭ

ﻡﻭﻘﻴ

ﺽﻴﻭﻔﺘﺒ

ﻥﻤ

ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ

ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ

ﻯﺩﺤﺈﺒ

ﻡﺎﻬﻤ

ﺭﺩﻝﺍ

ﺔـﺴﺍ

ﻭﺃ

ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ

ﻭﺃ

ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝﺍ

ﺀﺍﻭﺴ

ﺍ

ﻙﻠﺘﻤ

ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ

ﻻﻭﺃ

ﻊﻤ

ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﺍ

ﻲﻤﺴﺭ

ﻪـﻝ

لﻼﺘﺤﺎـﺒ

ﻙﻠﺘ

ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ

ﻊﻤ

ﺎﻤ

ﺏﺘﺭﺘﻴ

ﻥﻋ

ﻙﻝﺫ

ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍ

ﻥﻤ

ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ

ﻰـﻠﻋ

ﻪـﻌﻗﻭﻤ

ﻭﺃ

ﻩﺭـﺠﺃ

ﻪﺘﺎﺒﺠﺍﻭﻭ

ﻪﻗﻭﻘﺤﻭ

"

3 . ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﺍﺭﻅﻨﻭ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺔﻗﺩﺒ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻪﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺼﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﻠﻴﻫﺄﺘ -ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ -ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺭﺤ ﻲـﺘﺍﺫﻭ لـﺼﺤﻤ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻋ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﺒ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻯﻭﺘـﺴﻤ ﻥﻴـﻌﻤ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺭﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ . ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍﻭ ﻑﺎﻨﺼﺃ : ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ . 1

J.Doublet .O.Passelecq , Les cadres , Puf, 1973,P.13

2

A.Kaufmann,Les Cadres Et La Révolution Informatique : l’adaptation nécessaire, Entreprise Moderne d’édition , 1968 ,P.12

3

A.Layachi,Les cadres de l'industrie en Algérie- étude de cas : Le complexe d’El Hadjar -,in O. Lardjane (Coordination et présentation)., Elites et société dans le monde Arabe : les cas de l’Algérie et de l’Egypte , Editions Casbah , 2007 , P.216

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ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 24 ﺎﻤﺃ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ﻕـﻠﻁﻴ ﻪـﻴﻠﻋ ﺔـﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤـﺴﺘ Manager ﻭﻬﻓ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﻴ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ،ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻓ ﺀﺍﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻭـﻠﺜﻤﻴ ﺔـﺒﺨﻨ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ . ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ : ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﺱﺎﺴﺤﻹﺍ ، ﺔﻤﺯﻠﻤ ،ﺎﻤ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘﻤ ،ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤ ، ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ 1 . ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺠﻤﺩﻨﻤ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻑﺩﻫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺎﻴﻨﻼﻘﻋ ﻻﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ 2 . ،ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻀﺘ ﻻﻭ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒﺎﺸﺘﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺭﺍﺭﻜﺘ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻝﻭ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﻁﻴﺴﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻴﺄﺘﺭﺍ ﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃﻭ ﻡﻭ . ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﺫﺇ " : ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺫﺨﺅﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻕﻠﺨ ﺔﻴﻐﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺯ " 3 . 1 ﻑ ،ﻥﻭﺩﻭﺒ ﻥﻭﻤﻴﺭ . ﻭﻜﻴﺭﺒ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻝ ﻱﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ، ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩ ،ﺩﺍﺩﺤ ﻡﻴﻠﺴ ، ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ، 1986 ﺹ ، . 479 2 ﻲﻤﻴﺴﺎﻗ ﺭﺼﺎﻨ ، ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ لﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﺩ ، ﻥﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ 04 -2011 ﺹ ، . 120 3 ، ﺏﻴﺒﺤ ﻥﺒ ﻕﺍﺯﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ، 2002 ﺹ ﺹ ، 24 -25

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ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 25 ﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ " : ﻙﻠﻤﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻬﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ " 1 . ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻊﻤ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﻴ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻺﻝ * ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ لﻜﺸ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺯﻴﻤﻤﻭ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﺘ ﺫﺇ ،ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ . ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺇ : ﺽﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻭﻫ ﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴﻭ ﺏﻠﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤ . ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﻱﺭﻴﻤﻌﻝ ﻪﻓﺭﻌﻴ

":

ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ

ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ

"

2 . ﻪﻨﺃ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻪﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻴﻀﻴﻭ :

"

ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ

ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻡﻬﺘﺂﻓﺎﻜﻤﻭ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﻌﺘ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﻴﺃ ،ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻕﻭﺴ ،ﺭﻁﻴﺴﻤ

ﻡﻬﺘﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇﻭ ،ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﺒ

.

ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻗ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻭﻫﻭ

ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ

"

3 . * ﺏﺴﺤﻓ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺩﻌﺘﻭ ﺕﻔﻠﺘﺨﺍ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻥﻔﻴﺘﺴ . ﺏ . ﺯﻨﺒﻭﺭ STEPHEN.P.ROBBINS " ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻑﺩﻫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﻡﺌﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻴﻭ ، ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻪﻝﻭ ﻲﻋﻭﺒ ﻕﺴﻨﻤ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻜ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ." ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﻲﻠﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻤﺤ ﻡﺜﻴﻫ . ﺀﺎﻔﺼ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺂﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،ﺭﻭﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﺍﻭﺭﻤ ، ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﻝﺍ ﻁ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒ ، 2009 ﺹ ، . 91 1 ﻘﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎ 88 -01 ، 12 / 01 / 1988 2

A.Lamiri, Gérer l’entreprise Algérienne en économie de marché , Prestecomm Editions ,1993,P.19

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ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 26 ﻭﻬﻓ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻱﺩﻴﺯﻭﺒ ﺩﻴﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺏﺴﺤﻭ :

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ﻥﻤﻴﻬﺘ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ

ﻴﻓ

ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ،ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻪ

ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻭ ،ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝ لﻀﻓﺃ

ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻫ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ

.

ﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ،ﻥﻜﻤﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﻕﻭﺴ

ﻱ

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1 . ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝﻭ 2 : ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩ ﺀﺍﺩﺄﺒ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﺏﻠﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺽﺭﻌﻝﺍ . ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺝﺎﻬﺘﻨﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﻀ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ . ﻊﻨﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻼﺘﻤﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ ﻱﺃ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻀﺍﺭﻷﺍﻭ . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﺘﺤ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻝ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻌﻀﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻔﻨ ﻭﺃ ، لﻤﺎﻜﻝﺎﺒ . ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻤ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺇ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﻊﻤ ،ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ،ﺽﺭﻋ ،ﻊﻤﺠ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘ ،ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ 1 ، ﻱﺩﻴﺯﻭﺒ ﺩﻴﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘ : ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺏﻴﺒﺭﺠ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ، ﻡﺃ ﻥﺴﺤﻝﺍ ،ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﻡﻓﻭﻤ ، 1999 ﺹ ، . 79 2 ﺹ ، ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ، ﻱﺩﻴﺯﻭﺒ ﺩﻴﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ . 80

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ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 27 ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﺃ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﻲﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ ،ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤﻭ ﻩﺩﺎﻌﺒﺄﺒ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻭ ، ، ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ . ﺔﺌﻔﻝ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨﻭ ﻊﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻔﻓ ﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ لﻜﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺎﻨﻴﺄﺘﺭﺍ ، ﻲﻔﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺇ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﻪﻨﻷ ﻩﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃﻭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﺒ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﻝ ﺏﺭﻗ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﻴﺴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻩﺎﺠﺘ ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﻭﺼﺘﻭ ﻡﻬﻔﻗﺍﻭﻤﻭ ﻡﻬﻝﺎﻌﻓﺃ ﺩﻭﺩﺭﻭ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ . ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﻔﻤ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﺒ ﻡﻫ ﻻﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻜﺍﻭﻤ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺎ ﻪﺘﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﺩﺩﻬﻤ ﺎﻬﻔﻠﺨﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﻵﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻜﻌﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ، ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ . ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃﻭ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺎﻨﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﺘﻠﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻥﻴﺘﺴﻭ -ﺔﻁﺸﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ / ﺏﻴﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻭ – ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﺔﻴﻻﻭﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ . ﻓ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻓ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺎﻨﺫﺨﺃ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻗ ﻥﻴﺭﻴ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ﻯﺩﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ : • ﺔﻁﺸﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻲﻓ -08 ﺴﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﻴ

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ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 28 • ﻪﺘﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻭ ﺏﻴﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻲﻓ -07 ﺴﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﻴ ﺴﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﺱﻤﺨﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﺩﺩﺤ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ ﺭﻴ 1 . ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﻝﻭ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠ ﺎﻨﺄﺠﻝ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ، ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻝﺩﻝ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻨ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ 2 ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﻭﺘﺤﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﺌﺎﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺕﺤﻤﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﺼﺘﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺭﻴﻜﺫﺘﻠﻝﻭ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻤﺒ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﺭﻐﺘﺴﺍ . ﺄﺠﻝﻭ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻼﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺎﻨ ﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻴﻠﻋ ﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﻝ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬ ﻭ ، ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺍﺫﻬﻝﻭ ، ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻭ ﺭﻴﺸﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻠﺼﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ : ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻁﺒ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻁﺨﻤ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ لﻭﺍﺩﺠ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﺴﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﻴ 1 ﻕﺤﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ لﻭﺤ ﻉﻼﻁﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝ ﺹ ﺹ 134 -135 2 لﻭﺤ ﻉﻼﻁﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝ ﺹ ﺹ ﻕﺤﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ 132 -133

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ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ 29 ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻅﻭﺘ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﹼﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ . ﺤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻤﺍﺩﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻬﺸﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻲﻝﺍﻭ 1 ﺭﺒﻤﺘﺒﺴ 2011 ﻰﻝﺇ 31 ﺭﺒﻤﺴﻴﺩ 2012 . ﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﺒ ﺔﻁﺎﺤﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺱﻭﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻘﻓﺍﺭ ﺩﻗ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺎﺒ ﻑﻭﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺎﺴﻤﻭ ﺔﺒﻜﺍﻭﻤ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻤﻠﻗﺄﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﺠﺭﺎﺨﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅ . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻕﻠﻌﺘ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻭﻠﺨﻴ ﻻ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﺙﺤﺒ ﻱﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫﻨ ﻥﺃ لﻭﺎﺤﻨﺴﻭ ،ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ . ﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﻔﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺫﺤ ﺎﻨﺘﻬﺠﺍﻭ ، ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ،لﻴﻠﻘﻝﺍ لﻭﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻬﺘﻤﺼﻭ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻌﻤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭ لﻘﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﻗ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ، ﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺓﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴ ، لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺸﺘﻔﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺜﻭﻌﺒﻤ ﻲﻨﻨﺃ ﻥﻭﺩﻘﺘﻌﻴ ﻡﻬﻜﺭﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ .