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^ O R G A N I S A T I O N M O N D I A L E D E L A SANTÉ O R I G I N A L : FRENCH

SOME B I O C H E M I C A L I N V E S T I G A T I O N S I N CONFIRMED C A S E S OF YELLOW F E V E R U S E F U L N E S S OF A STUDY OF THE T R A N S A M I N A S E S *

J . - L . O u d a r t - a n d M. R e y - b y

T h e r e h a s b e e n r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e s t u d y o f t h e b i o c h e m i c a l a s p e c t s o f y e l l o w f e v e r . T h e d i s e a s e i s b e c o m i n g l e s s common, a n d t h e o c c a s i o n a l e p i d e m i c s u s u a l l y b r e a k o u t i n d e v e l o p i n g t r o p i c a l c o u n t r i e s i n r u r a l a r e a s away f r o m t o w n s a n d h o s p i t a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . F o r a s a t i s - f a c t o r y b i o c h e m i c a l s t u d y t o b e made, e i t h e r e v a c u a t i o n o f p a t i e n t s t o a n u r b a n h o s p i t a l m u s t

o

be a r r a n g e d , a s w a s t h e c a s e i n t h e 1 9 5 1 - 1 9 5 3 e p i d e m i c i n C o s t a R i c a , o r a f i e l d h o s p i t a l w i t h l a b o r a t o r y m u s t b e s e t u p i n t h e a r e a o f t h e o u t b r e a k , a s w a s d o n e i n t h e 1 9 5 2 - 1 9 5 3 e p i d e m i c i n E a s t e r n N i g e r i a . ^

N e i t h e r o f t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s a p p l i e d t o t h i s s t u d y . A l l t h a t c o u l d b e d o n e w a s t o v i s i t p a t i e n t s i n a S e n e g a l e s e v i l l a g e a f f e c t e d b y t h e N o v e m b e r 1 9 6 5 e p i d e m i c a n d t o t a k e a f e w sïunples a t e a c h v i s i t . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e w o r k d o n e i s f r a g m e n t a r y ; i t c a n n o t c l a i m t o p r o v i d e a f u l l a n d d e t a i l e d b i o l o g i c a l s u r v e y , a n d a l l i t c a n d o i s t o h e l p t o i n c r e a s e o u r k n o w l e d g e o f t h e b i o c h e m i c a l a s p e c t s o f y e l l o w f e v e r ,

Mr C o r n e t d i s c o v e r e d t h e f i r s t y e l l o w f e v e r c a s e i n t h e v i l l a g e o f N ' G o y é , w h i c h i s a b o u t 7 km f r o m D i o u r b e l , 1 5 0 km f r o m D a k a r , o n 18 N o v e m b e r 1 9 6 5 w h i l e h e w a s c a r r y i n g o u t an e n t o m o l o g i c a l s u r v e y . T h e I n f e c t i o u s D i s e a s e s C l i n i c i m m e d i a t e l y o r g a n i z e d t w o m i s s i o n s f r o m D a k a r o n 2 0 a n d 27 N o v e m b e r ,

S i n c e we c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e a d u l t p o p u l a t i o n w a s p r o t e c t e d b y a s y s t e m a t i c v a c c i n a t i o n e v e r y f o u r y e a r s , o u r s u r v e y w a s m a i n l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e c h i l d r e n . On t h e b a s i s o f b r i e f e x a m i n a t i o n s , we s e l e c t e d p a t i e n t s who u n d e r w e n t c l i n i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n a n d f r o m whom b l o o d

s a m p l e s w e r e t a k e n f o r v i r o l o g i c a l , s e r o l o g i c a l a n d b i o l o g i c a l s t u d y , a s w e l l a s u r i n e s a m p l e s - w h e n t h i s c o u l d b e d o n e w i t h s u c h y o u n g p a t i e n t s - f o r a s t u d y o f p r o t e i n u r i a . T h r e e s u b -

s e q u e n t c h e c k - u p s w e r e m a d e o n 4 D e c e m b e r 1 9 6 5 , 26 J a n u a r y 1 9 6 6 a n d 2 1 A p r i l 1 9 6 6 , s o t h a t s u r v i v o r s c o u l d b e s e e n a g a i n , f u r t h e r s a m p l e s t a k e n a n d t h e d e a t h s c l a s s i f i e d a s a c c u r a t e l y

A j x j s i t i v e d i a g n o s i s o f y e l l o w f e v e r w a s r e a c h e d f o r 3 0 o f t h e 8 6 p a t i e n t s s t u d i e d . I n 25 c a s e s t h e d i a g n o s i s w a s b a s e d o n v i r o l o g i c a l p r o o f i n t h e f o r m e i t h e r o f i s o l a t i o n o f y e l l o w f e v e r v i r u s f r o m t h e b l o o d s a m p l e ( 1 5 c a s e s ) o r o f s e r o c o n v e r s i o n o b s e r v e d o n c o m p a r i s o n o f t w o c o n s e c u t i v e s e r o l o g i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n s ( h a e m a g g l u t i n a t i o n i n h i b i t i o n a n d c o m p l e m e n t f i x a t i o n t e s t s ) ( 1 0 c a s e s ) . H i s t o p a t h o l o g i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n o f a p u n c t u r e b i o p s y o f t h e l i v e r a n d a u t o p s y c o n - f i r m e d y e l l o w f e v e r i n f i v e c a s e s . A l l t h e p o s i t i v e c a s e s w e r e c h i l d r e n , t h e e l d e s t b e i n g 1 3 . 19 p a t i e n t s o u t o f 3 0 - i . e . , a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w o - t h i r d s - w e r e a g e d f r o m o n e t o f o u r y e a r s o l d .

R e a d a t t h e E i g h t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n g r e s s o n T r o p i c a l M e d i c i n e a n d M a l a r i a , T e h e r a n S e p t e m b e r 1 9 6 8 .

- P a s t e u r I n s t i t u t e , D a k a r . ' ' i n - a ; » ,;«.-:;.c ï a s p o s s i b l e .

- F a c u l t y o f M e d i c i n e a n d P h a r m a c y , D a k a r . V I R / 6 8 . 1 2

The issue of this document does not constitute formal publication. It should not be reviewed, abstracted or quoted without the agreement of the World Health Organization. Authors alone are responsible for views expressed in signed articles.

Ce document ne constitue pas une publication.

Il ne doit faire l'objet d'aucun compte rendu ou résumé ni d'aucune citation sans l'autorisation de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. Les opinions exprimées dans les articles signés n'engagent que leurs auteurs.

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W o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s were s u c h t h a t b l o o d samples c o u l d be t a k e n from o n l y a few p a t i e n t s once o r more o f t e n , so t h a t s u b s e q u e n t b i o c h e m i c a l t e s t s - Transaminase a c t i v i t y , t o t a l p r o t e i n s , p r o t e i n o g r a m s - c o u l d be c a r r i e d o u t on serum which had been t r a n s p o r t e d t o D a k a r and s t o r e d c o l d ( a t -20°C i n t h e c a s e o f most s p e c i m e n s ) .

The samples f o r m e a s u r i n g t h e u r e a b l o o d l e v e l were found to be u s e l e s s . The mean o f t h e r e s u l t s was d e f i n i t e l y below n o r m a l , f o r f i v e v a l u e s below 0.10 and o n l y one above 0.40 was o b t a i n e d i n 37 a s s a y s . One p o s s i b l e r e a s o n f o r t h e s e low v a l u e s i s t h a t t h e s a m p l e s , w h i c h were t a k e n u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s o f i m p e r f e c t a s e p s i s , were m o s t l y c o n t a m i n a t e d , w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t t h e r e was some b a c t e r i a l c o n s u m p t i o n o f u r e a . One o t h e r p o s s i b l e and l e s s i m p o r - t a n t f a c t o r , common i n i n f a n t s , may have been p r o t e i n m a l n u t r i t i o n , w h i c h i s a g g r a v a t e d a t t h i s t i m e o f y e a r and c a u s e s a r e d u c t i o n i n a z o t a e m i a .

PROTEINURIA

S i x t y - s i x t e s t s were made d i r e c t l y i n t h e f i e l d by h e a t i n g samples a f t e r a c i d i f i c a t i o n w i t h a c e t i c a c i d ; t h e p r o t e i n u r i a o f 17 samples was measured a t Dakar by t u r b i d i m e t r y a f t e r p r e c i p i - t a t i o n w i t h t r i c h l o r o a c e t i c a c i d . The a d v a n t a g e o f t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s i s t h a t t h e y do n o t p r e - c i p i t a t e t h e 4 - a m i n o - q u i n o l i n e s ( c h l o r o q u i n e ) w h i c h a r e o f t e n u s e d i n d a i l y i n d i v i d u a l a n t i m a - l a r i a l c h e m o p h r o p h y l a x i s .

P r o t e i n u r i a was f o u n d i n s i x o f t h e 21 p a t i e n t s examined i n whom y e l l o w f e v e r was n o t c o n - f i r m e d , and i n t h r e e o f t h e seven p a t i e n t s f o r whom t h e d i a g n o s i s was e x c l u d e d ( T a b l e I ) .

T h i s shows t h e r a t h e r r e l a t i v e v a l u e o f t h i s e x a m i n a t i o n i n t h e t r o p i c s , more p a r t i c u l a r l y ' b e c a u s e o f s c h i s t o s o m i a s i s . ^

TABLE I. RESULTS OF PROTEINURIA TESTS

US

Pat1 e n t s Examined P o s i t i v e N e g a t i v e

C a s e s

t o t a l 21 13 8

C a s e s

d e a t h s 6 5 1

C o n f i r m e d

s u r v i v o r s 15 8 7

S u s p e c t e d c a s e s 21 6 15

E l i m i n a t e d c a s e s 7 3 4

• •• »

•;nr>;,:

01.;

* Death n o t a t t r i b u t a b l e t o y e l l o w f e v e r . ^ In t h e 21 c o n f i r m e d y e l l o w f e v e r c a s e s , t h e r e i s a c l e a r d i f f e r e n c e between f a t a l c a s e s

and s u r v i v o r s ; o f t h e s i x f a t a l c a s e s s t u d i e d , f i v e showed p r o t e i n u r i a between t h e t h i r d a n d s e v e n t h d a y s o f t h e d i s e a s e , and t h e r e m a i n i n g c a s e , who was f r e e f r o m i t , d i e d a t a l a t e s t a g e w i t h a c l e r i c a l p i c t u r e w h i c h seemed t o e x c l u d e y e l l o w f e v e r a s c a u s e o f d e a t h . Of t h e 15 s u r v i v o r s s t u d i e d , s e v e n w e r e f o u n d t o be f r e e f r o m p r o t e i n u r i a , and one o f t h e s e s e v e n was examined t w i c e . E x c e p t f o r o n e c a s e , a l l t h e s u r v i v o r s w i t h p r o t e i n u r i a who w e r e e x a m i n e d

t w i c e were n e g a t i v e a t l e a s t o n c e .

-•-•Bit ewiF

• '•• " _ • ^' î&H r.:.-.>w mit

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P r o t e i n u r i a s e e m s c o m m o n e r i n i c t e r i c s u r v i v o r s ( s e v e n t e s t s p o s i t i v e o u t o f 1 4 ) t h a n i n n o n - i c t e r i c o n l y ( f o u r t e s t s p o s i t i v e o u t o f 1 1 ) ( T a b l e I I ) . T h e c h r o n o l o g i c a l s t u d y s h o w s t h a t p r o t e i n u r i a a p p e a r s o n t h e t h i r d d a y a n d t h a t i t s f r e q u e n c y i s g r e a t e s t u p t o t h e n i n t h d a y ( X ^ = 4 . 2 ) ( F i g . 1 i n A n n e x ) .

T A B L E I I . 2 5 P R O T E I N U R I A T E S T S I N 15 S U R V I V O R S

7 I C T E R I C P A T I E N T S 8 N O N - I C T E R I C P A T I E N T S

Obs. E x a m i n a t i o n s O b s . E x a m i n a t i o n s

No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 1 No. 2

d a y d a y d a y d a y d a y

27 + 5 + 12 + 19 2 + 0

14 e x a m i n a t i o n s ) 29 + 16 0 2 3 + 3 0

1 1 e x a m i - 4 + + 4 0 11

7 p o s i t i v e

22 + 6 0 13 n a t i o n s 9 0 2 + 9

4 a l b u m i n u r i c )

23 + 8 0 15 4 p o s i t i v e ) 19 + 3

p a t i e n t s 16 0 5 0 12 4 a l b u m i -

n u r i c

3 0

17 0 2

4 a l b u m i - n u r i c

5 0

30 0 8 p a t i e n t s )

6 18

0 3 0 2

O b s . = o b s e r v a t i o n .

Day = n u m b e r o f d a y s s i n c e t h e o n s e t o f t h e d i s e a s e .

O f t h e f i v e a s s a y s made o n t h e c o n f i r m e d c a s e s , t h e o n l y p a t i e n t who w a s f o u n d t o h a v e v e r y h i g h p r o t e i n u r i a ( 5 . 5 g ) d i e d , a n d t h e f o u r q u a n t i t i v e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s made a t a f a i r l y l a t e s t a g e o n s u r v i v o r s d i d n o t e x c e e d 1 g ' l .

T h e s e f e w t e s t s a r e n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o a f f i r m t h a t a g e n u i n e c a s e o f y e l l o w f e v e r c a n d e v e l o p i n t h e a b s e n c e o f p r o t e i n u r i a , b u t t h e r e s u l t s d o s h o w t h a t a d i a g n o s i s o f y e l l o w f e v e r c a n n o t b e e x c l u d e d o n t h e b a s i s o f a s i n g l e n e g a t i v e e x a m i n a t i o n . E l t o n " ^ a n d M a c N a m a r a ^ o b s e r v e d p r e v i o u s l y t h a t t h e r e w a s n o a l b u m i n u r i a i n 3 5 a n d 5 0 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f t h e i r n o n - f a t a l c a s e s .

P R O T E I N A E M I A " ' ' * a: : • ^ • r . : r , . - . , ; . ,.. „ ; ^ . , . , , . . . . ,

S e r u m p r o t e i n a s s a y s w e r e made a n d p r o t e i n o g r a m s p r e p a r e d f o r 4 9 p a t i e n t s , 2 1 o f whom

w e r e c o n f i r m e d y e l l o w f e v e r c a s e s ( 6 5 s e r u m p r o t e i n a s s a y s a n d 64 p r o t e i n o g r a m s ) . S e r u m p r o t e i n was d e t e r m i n e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y b y t w o m e t h o d s - r e f r a c t o m e t r y a n d p h o t o c o l o r i m e t r y a f t e r t r e a t i n g w i t h F o l i n ' s a n d C i o c a l t e u ' s r e a g e n t . T h e p r o t e i n f r a c t i o n s w e r e s e p a r a t e d b y p a p e r e l e c t r o - p h o r e s i s a n d e v a l u a t e d b y d e n s i m e t r y a f t e r s t a i n i n g w i t h b r o m o p h e n o l b l u e .

B e f o r e g i v i n g t h e r e s u l t s , we w o u l d e m p h a s i z e m a r k e d a b n o r m a l i t i e s i n t h e s e r u m p r o t e i n s o f A f r i c a n c h i l d r e n l i v i n g i n r u r a l a r e a s . V a r i a t i o n s a r e r e l a t e d m a i n l y t o a g e a n d season.^»^

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Our p a t i e n t s were t o o few i n number and t h e i r age s p r e a d was t o o w i d e t o g i v e us any interprétable d a t a , p a r t i c u l a r l y s i n c e no v a l i d c o n t r o l g r o u p was a v a i l a b l e . In 21 p a t i e n t s aged f r o m 0 t o e i g h t y e a r s o l d who w e r e c o n f i r m e d y e l l o w f e v e r c a s e s , we f o u n d a mean serum p r o t e i n l e v e l o f 68 g a ( e x t r e m e s : 52 and 91.2 g ' 1 ) . , ,

No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e r e v e a l e d by a c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e s e c a s e s w i t h t h e o t h e r p a t i e n t s ( u n c o n f i r m e d y e l l o w f e v e r c a s e s ) . We c o u l d n o t , on t h e b a s i s o f t h e s e few e x a m i - n a t i o n s , c o n f i r m t h e c o n c l u s i o n s o f E l t o n , 3 t h a t t o t a l serum p r o t e i n s d i m i n i s h i n a l l c a s e s but o n l y m o d e r a t e l y so i n s u r v i v o r s , t h e minimum mean l e v e l i n f a t a l c a s e s b e i n g 4.8 g a o o m l on t h e n i n t h day, w h i l e r a p i d r i s e t o n o r m a l l e v e l s o c c u r s d u r i n g c o n v a l e s c e n c e as f r o m t h e

e l e v e n t h day. ., 1

. , f P r o t e i n o g r a m

In t h e a b s e n c e o f an a b s o l u t e l y i d e n t i c a l c o n t r o l group, o n l y i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e p r o t e i n f r a c t i o n s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e day o f t h e d i s e a s e a r e w o r t h s t u d y i n g ( F i g . 2 i n t h e a n n e x ) . No c o n c l u s i o n c o u l d be drawn f r o m a s t u d y o f t h e a l p h a 1, a l p h a 2 and b e t a g l o b u l i n s , However, a d r o p i n t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f g a m m a - g l o b u l i n s i s f o u n d i n a l l t h e i c t e r i c s u r v i v o r s , f r o m whom t h e f i r s t s a m p l e was t a k e n b e f o r e t h e n i n t h day; t h i s r e d u c t i o n i s a p p a r e n t l y f o l l o w e d by a r i s e d u r i n g c o n v a l e s c e n c e ; i f t h e g a m m a - g l o b u l i n s a r e e x p r e s s e d i n g/1, o n l y one c a s e d e v e l o p s d i f f e r e n t l y . A l b u m i n v a r i a t i o n s a r e i r r e g u l a r . A p p a r e n t l y , t h e gamma- g l o b u l i n f r a c t i o n , m a k i n g up f r o m 20-44 p e r c e n t , o f t h e serum p r o t e i n s i n o u r p a t i e n t s ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o f r o m 10.4 t o 34 gn), i s t h e main r e a s o n f o r t h e o v e r - a l l h y p o p r o t e i n a e m i a n o t e d by E l t o n . ^

We have f o u n d no s t u d y o f p r o t e i n o g r a m s i n y e l l o w f e v e r i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e . i j

ACTIVITY OF SERUM TRANSAMINASES | So f a r as we a r e aware, no s t u d y on t r a n s a m i n a s e s i n human y e l l o w f e v e r c a s e s has y e t

been p u b l i s h e d . The o n l y r e s u l t s , r e p o r t e d by Smetana,^ r e l a t e t o f o u r c a s e s o f e x p e r i - m e n t a l y e l l o w f e v e r i n monkeys.

The two t y p e s o f t r a n s a m i n a s e w h i c h have been most w i d e l y s t u d i e d i n p a t h o l o g y a r e

g l u t a m i c - o x a l a c e t i c t r a n s a m i n a s e s (SCOT) and g l u t a m i c - p y r u v i c t r a n s a m i n a s e s (SGPT). T h e s e enzymes e n t e r t h e b l o o d c i r c u l a t i o n i n l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s whenever t h e t i s s u e s e x p e r i e n c e

c y t o l y t i c phenomena o r i n f l a m m a t o r y p r o c e s s e s . F o r i n s t a n c e , i n c a s e s o f a c u t e h e p a t i t i s a s t u d y o f t h e t r a n s a m i n a s e s g i v e s a f a i r l y c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e e x t e n t o f n e c r o s i s o f t h e l i v e r c e l l s o r a t l e a s t o f t h e damage t o them. In y e l l o w - f e v e r h e p a t i t i s t h e r e i s l i k e l y to be an i n c r e a s e i n t h e t r a n s a m i n a s e s t o t h e same e x t e n t and i n t h e same way as i n e p i d e m i c o r serum h e p a t i t i s .

The a c t i v i t y o f t h e t r a n s a m i n a s e s (SCOT and SGPT) o f 40 s e r a t a k e n f r o m 23 c o n f i r m e d y e l l o w f e v e r c a s e s was d e t e r m i n e d by t h e m o d i f i e d R e i t m a n - F r a n k e l method; i n most c a s e s t h e e x a m i n a t i o n was p e r f o r m e d a f t e r c o l d s t o r a g e a t -20°C f o r a r e l a t i v e l y l o n g t i m e . I t has been shown p r e v i o u s l y t h a t t h e t r a n s a m i n a s e s l e v e l r e m a i n s s u b s t a n t i a l l y a t i t s o r i g i n a l v a l u e i n a c o l d — s t o r e d serum, and c h e c k s made on some o f them s i x months a f t e r t h e f i r s t e x a m i n a t i o n c o n f i r m t h i s . . -. • : . r - — 'a. , , ,

B e f o r e g o i n g on t o s t u d y t h e r e s u l t s , i t s h o u l d be r e c a l l e d t h a t , a c c o r d i n g t o s u r v e y s by L i n h a r d e t a l . , ^ t h e u p p e r l i m i t s o f t r a n s a m i n a s e a c t i v i t i e s i n S e n e g a l e s e a r e ;

...M SCOT - 65 R e i t m a n - F r a n k e l u n i t s .,; '•'^

SGPT - 36 R e i t m a n - F r a n k e l u n i t s

(5)

The 23 p a t i e n t s s t u d i e d had a b o v e - n o r m a l t r a n s a m i n a s e t i t r e s .

The i n c r e a s e i n t r a n s a m i n a s e s i s a l m o s t p a r a l l e l t o t h e g r a v i t y o f t h e d i s e a s e ( T a b l e I I I ) , TABLE I I I . ACTIVITY OF SERUM TRANSAMINASES

IN 23 CONFIRMED YELLOW FEVER CASES

No. o f

SCOT SGPT

c a s e s s t u d i e d

A v e r a g e Maximum A v e r a g e Maximum

D e a t h s

6 2766 6900 660 1140

S u r v i v o r s :

- i c t e r i c 8 929 2540 351 880

j - n o n - i c t e r i c 9 192 420 117 250

i n c l u d i n g one n o t a t t r i b u t a b l e t o y e l l o w f e v e r .

Prom a c h r o n o l o g i c a l s t u d y o f t r a n s a m i n a s e a c t i v i t y , o u r f i n d i n g s a r e as f o l l o w s ( F i g s . 3 and 4 i n a n n e x ) :

The i n c r e a s e i n t r a n s a m i n a s e s o c c u r s v e r y e a r l y on; v a l u e s c o n s i d e r a b l y above n o r m a l were o b s e r v e d i n t h e f i r s t d e t e r m i n a t i o n s on t h e s e c o n d day o f t h e d i s e a s e . The most i n t e n s e serum e n z y m a t i c a c t i v i t i e s a r e f o u n d i n t h e samples t a k e n d u r i n g t h e f i r s t e i g h t d a y s . T h e r e i s a v e r y r a p i d d r o p i n t r a n s a m i n a s e a c t i v i t y f r o m t h e n i n t h t o the f i f t e e n t h day and on t h e s i x - t e e n t h day a c t i v i t y i s s l i g h t but s t i l l above n o r m a l ; t h e SCOT's a p p a r e n t l y d e c r e a s e more

r a p i d l y t h a n t h e SGPT's. T r a n s a m i n a s e a c t i v i t y c o n t i n u e s t o d e c r e a s e , b u t v e r y s l o w l y , f r o m t h e s i x t e e n t h day, and on t h e s i x t i e t h day i t r e m a i n s s l i g h t l y above n o r m a l .

The SGOT/SGPT r a t i o i s u s u a l l y more t h a n 1 ( i n 34 o u t o f 40 c a s e s ) and i s h i g h e r t h e g r e a t e r t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e t r a n s a m i n a s e s ; i t i s t h e r e f o r e v e r y h i g h i n e a r l y s a m p l e s t a k e n f r o m f a t a l c a s e s (>3.8) and r e a c h e s i t s l o w e s t v a l u e s ( b u t s t i l l s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r t h a n 1) i n l a t e s a m p l e s t a k e n f r o m m i l d n o n - i c t e r i c c a s e s .

T h e s e r e s u l t s d i f f e r f r o m Smetana's^ r e s u l t s i n f o u r c a s e s o f e x p e r i m e n t a l y e l l o w f e v e r i n monkeys; i n h i s s e r i e s , w h i c h was i n f a c t a l i m i t e d one, t h e SGOT/SGPT r a t i o was l e s s t h a n 1 i n 3 o u t o f 4 c a s e s . I t may seem s u r p r i s i n g t h a t t h e SCOT's a r e u s u a l l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e SGPT's, w h e r e a s t h e c o n v e r s e a p p l i e s i n o r d i n a r y v i r u s h e p a t i t i s . A c t u a l l y , t h i s c o n v e n - t i o n a l i d e a i s sometimes wrong. In a r e c e n t work on n o r m a l and p a t h o l o g i c a l t r a n s a m i n a s e s i n S e n e g a l e s e , G. D i e b o l t ^ showed t h a t t h e SGOT/SGPT r a t i o was o f t e n g r e a t e r t h a n one i n o r d i n a r y v i r u s h e p a t i t i s . The l i v e r - and the k i d n e y s t o o , w h i c h a l s o u n d e r g o n e c r o s i s i n y e l l o w f e v e r - have a p p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r t i m e s more SCOT t h a n SGPT ( a c c o r d i n g t o Karmen ).

We c a n c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e t r a n s a m i n a s e s have a d e f i n i t e b u t l i m i t e d d i a t ^ n o s t i c u s e f u l n e s s . In s e v e r e f o r m s o f t h e d i s e a s e , even b e f o r e t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f j a u n d i c e , t h e y a r e u s u a l l y v e r y h i g h b u t t h e i r t i t r e s a r e c o m p a r a b l e t o t h o s e o b s e r v e d i n o r d i n a r y h e p a t i t i s . In t h e n o n - i c t e r i c f o r m s t h e i r m o d e r a t e r i s e may r e v e a l s l i g h t h e p a t i c i n v o l v e m e n t and t h u s h e l p t o d e t e c t m i l d f o r m s . T r a n s a m i n a s e t e s t s c a n n o t a t p r e s e n t " d i f f e r e n t i a t e r e l i a b l y between y e l l o w f e v e r and o r d i n a r y h e p a t i t i s , b u t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n m i g h t become p o s s i b l e a f t e r f u r t h e r s t u d i e s on t h e SGOT/SGPT r a t i o .

The p r o g n o s t i c u s e f u l n e s s o f t h e t r a n s a m i n a s e s i s o b v i o u s ; however, a l t h o u g h f a t a l c a s e s a l w a y s have h i g h t i t r e s , a h i g h t i t r e may be c o m p a t i b l e w i t h s u r v i v a l .

(6)

CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY

D u r i n g t h e l a s t y e l l o w f e v e r e p i d e m i c i n S e n e g a l (November 1965), e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f one v i l l a g e r e v e a l e d 30 c a s e s c o n f i r m e d v i r o l o g i c a 1 l y ( d e t e c t i o n o f t h e v i r u s , s e r o l o g i c a l t e s t s ) i n c h i l d r e n 1-13 y e a r s o f age. In t h e absence o f any n e a r b y w e l l - e q u i p p e d h o s p i t a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t , o n l y 23 p a t i e n t s , s i x o f whom d i e d , c o u l d be s u b j e c t e d t o a few b i o c h e m i c a l t e s t s .

P r o t e i n u r i a was s t u d i e d i n 21 p a t i e n t s , t h e t e s t s b e i n g p o s i t i v e i n t h e f a t a l c a s e s b u t n e g a t i v e i n 7 o u t o f 15 s u r v i v o r s . Of c o u r s e , t h i s e x a m i n a t i o n c o u l d n o t be made d a i l y a n d the p o s s i b l e p r e s e n c e o f a l b u m i n a t some moment d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t h e d i s e a s e c a n n o t be e x c l u d e d . The r e s u l t s do c o n f i r m , however, t h a t i n m i l d forms o f y e l l o w - f e v e r h e p a t i t i s p r o t e i n u r i a i s , i f n o t i n c o n s t a n t , a t any r a t e f l e e t i n g . Ab.sence o f t h i s c o n d i t i o n i s t h e r e f o r e n o t a r e a s o n f o r e x c l u d i n g a d i a g n o s i s o f y e l l o w f e v e r .

The serum p r o t e i n s ( t o t a l p r o t e i n s , e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s ) were s t u d i e d i n 21 p a t i e n t s . The age s p r e a d o f t h e c h i l d r e n examined, and t h e i n d i s p u t a b l e i n t e r f e r e n c e o f n u t r i t i o n a l and p a r a s i t i c f a c t o r s ( m a l a r i a ) , make i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s d i f f i c u l t . No one p a r t i c u l a r datum i s g r e a t l y d i s t u r b e d ; v a r i a t i o n s a r e w i t h i n a l i m i t e d range and a r e i n c o n s t a n t .

A l t h o u g h r e f e r r e d t o p r e v i o u s l y , h y p o p r o t e i n a e m i a c o u l d n o t be f o u n d i n f a t a l c a s e s ; t h e r e i s i n most c a s e s a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e g a m m a - g l o b u l i n p e r c e n t a g e d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t h e d i s e a s e but w h e t h e r y e l l o w - f e v e r h e p a t i t i s i s t h e o n l y r e a s o n f o r t h i s i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o s a y .

The a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e g l u t a m i c - o x a l a c e t i c and g l u t a m i c - p y r u v i c t r a n s a m i n a s e s were d e t e r - mined i n 40 serum s a m p l e s c o m i n g f r o m 23 p a t i e n t s . A l l t h e s e r a were f o u n d t o have a b o v e - n o r m a l a c t i v i t y , a p p a r e n t l y t o an e x t e n t p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e g r a v i t y o f t h e d i s e a s e . T h i s c o r r e l a t i o n g i v e s them a d e f i n i t e b u t l i m i t e d u s e f u l n e s s i n p r o g n o s i s ; a l l t h e f a t a l c a s e s had h i g h enzyme t i t r e s (mean o f t h e SGOT's = 2766 U., o f t h e SGPT's = 660 U.), b u t s u c h t i t r e s may be c o m p a t i b l e w i t h s u r v i v a l . We w o u l d emphasize t h e r e l a t i v e f r e q u e n c y ( 9 / 2 3 ) o f t h e n o n - i c t e r i c m i l d forms i n w h i c h t h e r e i s l i t t l e i n c r e a s e i n t r a n s a m i n a s e a c t i v i t y (mean o f t h e SGOT's = 192 U., o f t h e SGPT's = 117 U . ) .

I t c a n be c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e s t u d y o f t r a n s a m i n a s e s i n y e l l o w f e v e r p r o v i d e s a d i a g n o s t i c i n t e r i o r o f c o n s i d e r a b l e v a l u e . I n t h e i c t e r i c forms a h i g h t r a n s a m i n a s e t i t r e p r e c e d e s t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f j a u n d i c e and i n t h e n o n - i c t e r i c forms a moderate i n c r e a s e s t r e n g t h e n s t h e d i a g - n o s i s o f y e l l o w f e v e r . However, t r a n s a m i n a s e t e s t s do n o t seem t o make i t p o s s i b l e t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e between y e l l o w - f e v e r h e p a t i t i s and o r d i n a r y h e p a t i t i s .

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REFERENCES

1. B l a t t , M, G. (1967) E t u d e de l'évolution a n n u e l l e de l a protidémie e t de s e s c o n s t i t u a n t s électrophorétiques en m i l i e u r u r a l sénégalais c h e z d e s e n f a n t s d'âge préscolaire.

Thèse médicine, Dakar

2. D i e b o l t , G. (1966) De l ' i m p o r t a n c e du dosage des t r a n s a m i n a s e s sériques c h e z l e s d o n n e u r s de s a n g dans l e s c e n t r e s de t r a n s f u s i o n en A f r i q u e n o i r e . Thèse p h a r m a c i e , Dakar 3. E l t o n , N., Romero, A., T r e j o s , A. ( 1 9 5 5 ) C l i n i c a l p a t h o l o g y o f y e l l o w f e v e r . Amer. J .

C l i n . P a t h . , 25, 135

4. Karmen, A., W r o b l e w s k i , F., Ladue, J . S. ( 1 9 5 5 ) T r a n s a m i n a s e a c t i v i t y i n human b l o o d . J . C l i n . I n v e s t . , 34, 126

5. L i n h a r d , J . dans Schwarzmann, V., L i n h a r d , J . , D i e b o l t , G., B e r t h o u x , N. (1965) De l'intérêt du dosage systématique des t r a n s a m i n a s e s sériques c h e z l e s d o n n e u r s de sang d'un c e n t r e de t r a n s f u s i o n . B u l l . S o c , med. A f r . n o i r e Langue franç., 10, 520

6. Mc-Gregor, I . A. (1964) S t u d i e s i n t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f i m m u n i t y t o P l a s m o d i u m f a l c i p a r u m i n f e c t i o n s i n West A f r i c a . T r a n s , r o y . S o c . t r o p . Med. Hyg., 58, 80

7. MacNamara, F. C. ( 1 9 5 7 ) A c l i n i c o - p a t h o l o g i c a l s t u d y o f y e l l o w f e v e r i n N i g e r i a . W. A f r . med. J . , 6, 137

8. Smetana, H. F. ( 1 9 6 2 ) The h i s t o p a t h o l o g y o f e x p e r i m e n t a l y e l l o w f e v e r - V i r c h o w s . A r c h . A n a t . p a t . , 335, 411

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P R O T E I N U R I A IN 21 C O N F I R M E D Y E L L O W F E V E R CASES

(9)

g a m m a - g l o b u l i n s p. c e n t

C H R O N O L O G I C A L S T U D Y

(0

90

20 o If

P E R C E N T A G E

24«

10L

019

o6

o17

10

d a y of d i s e a s e

G R A M S P E R T H O U S A N D

g a m m a - g l o b u l i n s g r a m s p. t h o u s a n d

S U R V I V A L

D E A T H

30J

0 icteric form O non-icteric form 4 icteric form A non-icteric form

^ deatti not attributable to yellow fever

o9

oie

oV 06

day of d i s e a s e

(10)

Frankel units ^

n ê 2D 26

2300

D E V E L O P M E N T OF G L U T A M I C - O X A L A C E T I C TRANSAMINASES IN 20 CONFIRMED YELLOW F E V E R CASES

O n o n - i c t e r i c f o r m SURVIVAL , i c t e r i c form

D E A T H

A n o n - i c t e r i c f o r m A i c t e r i c form

4r d e a t f i not a t t r i b u t a b l e to y e l l o w f e v e r f g r e a t e r t h a n

2000-^

1500 4

10004

day of disease

(11)

SGPT

•R:ilnian-Fiankel units ml of serum

D E V E L O P M E N T O F G L U T A M I C - P Y R U V I C T R A N S A M I N A S E S IN 20 C O N F I R M E D Y E L L O W F E V E R C A S E S

1200

1000

i

900

700

500

400

300

200J

100

S U R V I V A L

D E A T H

o n o n - i c t e r i c form c t e n c form â n o n - i c t e n c form A i c t e r i c form

* deatti not a t t r i b u t a b l e to y e l l o w fever

1

d a y of d i s e a s e

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