• Aucun résultat trouvé

Collection and analysis of attack data based on honeypots deployed on the Internet

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Collection and analysis of attack data based on honeypots deployed on the Internet"

Copied!
15
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: hal-00140390

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00140390

Submitted on 6 Apr 2007

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Collection and analysis of attack data based on honeypots deployed on the Internet

Eric Alata, Marc Dacier, Yves Deswarte, Mohamed Kaâniche, Kostya Kortchinsky, Vincent Nicomette, Van Hau Pham, Fabien Pouget

To cite this version:

Eric Alata, Marc Dacier, Yves Deswarte, Mohamed Kaâniche, Kostya Kortchinsky, et al.. Collection and analysis of attack data based on honeypots deployed on the Internet. Workshop on Quality of protection (QoP 2005), Security Measurements and Metrics, Sep 2005, France. pp.79-92. �hal- 00140390�

(2)

'(*)+, )- . /0'213" 4!(

5 687:9<;>=?;A@CBEDF6EG;IHKJMLNPOQBSR6EG LTVUW;QNX=XLC@CBEDF6EY;[Z;I\8J<HP]8L>@BEY.6EY_^INX=PH?]8JM\`TVacbSd>B

ef6`g:J<H^Ih.LK=V=XL>@>B8ef6i6`j!]E;Ih.OQBE;I\Eklm6Ejn^po8qILK=PO

rts`umumvQwyxnzm{mvS|

}

u~?€QAW‚Itxnƒ„…ƒ€A?„[{†ƒ>‡Xˆp|A‰IŠ?‹

}}_Œ

ƒA„…ƒpŽ&xn‚pX‘p|c’I“V”€p‡?|

•K–>—˜C—™Q—[š.›>–>œI—žC™C–Ÿš p—C—K¡p¢£¤Q–Ÿš¡p¢C£¥P¦A–™C™I§K¨>˜C—C—>œ[©«ªCž

¤>™C™¬3­¯®C®KC%©Ž˜C—C—>œ[©«ªCž

°²±%I“I³?‡Pƒ´.|

µµµ¶

{†ƒp·¸(‚I?x“?¹P·¸??|Sº"»¼Š

‰I|c‹½

‹‘fvIƒ¾AˆA¿À”u€>·¸¿…¾Sƒ„…¿…mxn?‚pP8|A’p“V”K€A‡?|

•›>—>£C¢–žŸš.¬C¤Q—?¦nš¬I¥KÁ>ÂC–™I§K¨–ÁQž>–Q£¥?¦"©«ªCž

¤C™C™¬%­¯®®KCC%©y–Á>ž>–Q£¥?¦"©yªCž

Ãx"±%{

Œ

w«{±3zWu

Œ

±3{ |p‡ÄKƒ±%zWvpumÅ*|EŠÆQŠ:ºnƒp„…?~”K“V‚.‚I(„…Ç_¹ƒ¾p¿È·V”„É|

}

ÆK‹IŠ‰Q|8»Ê”“¸¿À?|c’p“V”K€A‡?|

 p¥>œK™ËQ—Ÿ©Ì p¥žC™I£¤p¢¡pœ QË>¨ž>–¡I—™>–ž3©«ªCž

¤>™C™¬3­¯®C®KC©«ž>–¡I—™>–ž3©«ªCžQ®C͖I£Á>žI¢K™>–>®ÎÏCÐ>Ñ Ð>–¡I—™>–ž3©Ò¤>™¦

ÓÔÊÕ?Ö?×ØcÙÖÚ

Œ

ˆA&x"u†ÛWÇmƒ_¾I“¸ƒKܯ?‡X·ÝÒxnƒ„…„…?‡P·¸¿…ƒ€²”€A‚.u€c”K„ÈÞpŽ¿…†ƒß3Û(”K·V”&ßà“¸ƒ´

Çmƒ€APÞI¾Sƒ·¸V῅.”K€âƒ€Aヿ…€Aã䓸?Ž?”K“¸‡Vˆå”K‡P·¸¿…ƒ€Fß<A€A‚p?‚çæ>Þ+·¸ˆA²’I“¸?€A‡Vˆâu†xnè

é

vQ?‡?I“¸¿…·Q³ëê諀pßàƒ“¸´”K·¸¿Àì>A?í+îȊXïÒðè«·”¿…´”K·æAp¿À„À‚I¿À€pã”K€ñ?€Q~Q¿È“¸ƒ€A´P€>·_·¸ƒ

æSP·Ž·¸P“p€c‚pX“¸¯·V”€c‚f·¸ˆp“¸”·¸ƒ€.·¸ˆp:èy€>·¸X“¸€AP·”€A‚t”„…Žƒf”K·¾p“¸ƒ~Q¿M‚I¿…€A㴃Q‚pP„À

·¸ƒ”K€c”K„…ÞIò?·¸ˆpƒæpŽP“¸~C‚¾pˆA?€pƒ´?€A”IðIómI“”¾p¾p“¸ƒ”‡Vˆ‡?ƒ€AŽ¿…¯·¸¿…€‚p?¾p„ÀƒÞI¿…€Aã

”€A‚.ŽˆA”K“¸¿…€Aãô!¿È·¸ˆ.·¸ˆA(Ž‡?¿…?€>·¸¿Èõc‡ ‡?ƒ´´p€A¿È·«Þ”‚p¿…¯·Ž“¸¿…æAI·¸‚.¾p„À”K·Žß<ƒK“¸´öæA”Ž‚

ƒ€ˆpƒ€pPÞI¾Sƒ·¸"·¸ˆc”·!ãC”·¸ˆAP“¸†‚p”K·V”&ŽA¿È·V”æp„…W·¸ƒ”K€c”K„…ÞIò?m·¸ˆA(”·Ž·V”‡V÷f¾I“¸ƒ>‡??ŽŽ?

·V”K“¸ãP·¸¿…€Aã:´”‡VˆA¿…€p?%‡?ƒ€p€A?‡X·¸‚·¸ƒW·¸ˆA!諀>·¸P“¸€AX·ð

Œ

ˆA¿…"‚I¿…¯·Ž“¸¿Àæpp·¸?‚_¾A„À”·Žß<ƒ“¸´.|

‡”K„À„…‚ñøŸùXúQûVû[üùýàþVÿ ”K€c‚䔂p´¿…€p¿À¯·Ž“V”·¸‚-æ>Þ-諀A¯·¸¿È·¸p·_±3p“Q³?‡?ƒ´.|ʃ8P“¸_”K‡Vˆ

¾c”“Ž·¸€AP“Ÿ‡?ƒ„…„M”KæSƒ“V”K·¸¿…€Aã·¸ƒ!·¸ˆA¿…[¿…€A¿È·¸¿À”K·¸¿…~C"”K‡?‡??ŽŸ·¸ƒ”K„À„>‡?ƒ„…„…?‡P·¸?‚‚p”K·V”!¿…€ ƒ“V‚IP“

·¸ƒ.‡”K“Ž“ŽÞƒp· ¯·V”K·¸¿…¯·¸¿…‡”„”€A”„ÈÞIò??&”€A‚´ƒQ‚p?„…¿…€Aãt”K‡P·¸¿…~I¿È·¸¿…??ð3vIƒßɔ“|ʔæSƒI·

·¸ˆA¿È“Ž·«Þçˆpƒ€AXÞp¾SƒK·¸ˆc”~²æS?P€âƒ¾8X“V”K·¸¿…ƒ€A”„Wß<ƒK“tŽP~CP“V”„W´ƒ€>·¸ˆAf¿…€F·«ô"P€>·yÞ

‡?ƒA€>·Ž“¸¿…?ƒß:·¸ˆptõA~Ct‡?ƒ€>·¸¿…€AP€>·¸?ð

Œ

ˆA¿…¾c”¾SX“¾I“¸?Ž?€>·¸”-æI“¸¿ÀXß ƒ~CP“¸~Q¿…Pô

ƒßW·¸ˆp¿…f‚I¿À¯·Ž“¸¿…æpp·¸‚ ¾A„À”·Žß<ƒ“¸´ ”€A‚+Pp”K´¾A„…?ƒKßW“¸?ŽA„È·¸f‚IP“¸¿…~C‚äßà“¸ƒ´,·¸ˆA

‚A”·V”Iðè«·%”„…Žƒ:ƒp·¸„…¿…€A?3·¸ˆp!”¾p¾p“¸ƒ”‡Vˆ_¿À€Q~?¯·¸¿…ãC”K·¸?‚·¸ƒW´ƒQ‚p?„QƒæAŽX“¸~C‚_”·Ž·V”‡V÷

¾p“¸ƒ>‡?PŽŽ? ”€A‚ë·¸ƒ‚p?Ž‡P“¸¿…æS&·¸ˆA&¿À€>·Ž“¸A‚pX“¸WæS?ˆc”~Q¿…ƒ“¸Wƒ€A‡P·¸ˆpPÞt´”€c”Kã ·¸ƒ

ãX·m”K‡?‡??Ž!·¸ƒ”&·V”“¸ãP·†´”‡VˆA¿…€pð

JM\`HL:=X]ELILKNPbEN?T¸=9<;QNPqIL:kSJ<T¸=PNXJ8oS=PLkëkSL\8J<;Q9`^3TXLKNcJ<HL:;Q=V=?;IH?aST9<;QoE\EHP]8Lk.Jà\²l8L8NPo

;QNPb"!$#$#%#8B;I\;&&`;QNPLK\p=P9MbJà\EHKNXL;ITXJM\8q&\AoEh[LKN^[h.;('¸^pN"TXLHKo8NPJÀ=¸b)&8NP^$89àLKhtTn]E;*IL+[LKL\

NXL&[^INX=XLk36%,Ž\-&E;QNX=XJ<HoE9à;INBA;9<;INXqpL:\Ao8h[LNm^$3U^pNXhtT†]E;*IL[LLK\²^%ETVLN.ILktkSoENXJà\8qf=X]8L

9à;pT¸=WbpL;QN?TK6 o8N&8NXJ<TXJM\8qp9MbpBp=P]8L_\co8h[LKN(^n^$ETXLKNILk²;Q=V=P;pHPaSTWkS^cLTm\8^Q=:TXLKLKh =P^/[L_JM\

0 o8LK\`HLk1Ab.=P]8L_LILKNWJM\`HNXL;ITXJM\EqkSL&E9M^>bch.LK\p=(^L32ëHJàLK\A=(TXLHKo8NXJM=¸b4&ENX^I=XLH=XJà^I\ë=P^c^I9<TKB

(3)

9ML;Ik²=X^ëTVo`HP]9&E]8LK\8^ph.LK\E;7

7 T:^$n=X^SkE;bpB8ULf;QNPL_o8\Ì^pNV=Po8\E;>=PLK9àb*o8\E;89àL=X^ë;I\ETXULKN(=X]8LTVL:Ao8LTV=XJà^I\ET[LHK;IoETVL

^=X]EL.9<;IH?aä^+&8NPLHKJàTXL.;I\Ek+o8\8J<;pTVLkñkE;>=P;*=P^-;ITPTVLTXT&=X]ELtTXLKNPJM^poETX\8LTPT&^$†=P]8LëTVJM=Xo`;(

=XJà^I\36[7;ÌLKU;:AoE;Q9àJM=P;>=PJ<ILfJM\Ek8JàH;>=X^pNPT:L3=SJ<TV=B[TVo`HP] ;ITBÌ^pN Jà\ET¸=?;Q\EHKLIBE=X]ELfbIL;INX9àbTVo8NILKb

H^I\`kSoEH=PLk>AbF=X]8L@?^ph4&8oS=XLN LHo8NPJM=ŽbA,Ž\ETV=XJM=PoS=XLABC? ,D;I\EkF=P]8Ll8LkSLKN?;Q9EoENXL;Qo

^+,Ž\FILTV=XJàqp;Q=XJà^I\ETGBÒlHE+,D6i:^>ULILNBŸ=P]8LTXL.NPL&[^pNV=?TI&8NP^(AJ<kSL.^I\89àb ]8JàqI] ¯9MLILK9"=PNXL\Ek8TB

E;ITXLkë^p\*T¸=?;>=PJàTV=XJ<HK;I9Ÿk8;>=?;f^$8=P;QJà\8LkëJM\1Q;QNPJM^poET†]8L=PLKNP^IqIL\8LK^poET†LK\cJàNX^p\8h.LK\A=PTBAU(JM=X]

^IoS=†]`;6cJà\8q;)&8NXLHJ<TVL:aA\E^CU(9àLkSqpL(^Ÿ=X]8L&H^p\Eqpo8NP;Q=XJà^I\^$[=P]8LTXL:LK\FcJMNP^I\8h.L\p=PT6p7:9<TV^`B

=X]8LëH^I9à9àLH=PLk+kE;>=P;JàT_\E^Q=NXJ<H?]+LK\8^po8qI] =P^L\E;E9MLtTXHKJML\p=PJàTV=PT=P^H;QNPNXb-^IoS=NPJMqp^INP^IoET

;Q\E;I9MbSTXLT^%=X]ELht;I9MJ<HJà^IoET+[LK]`;6cJà^IN?T;Q=(T¸=?;QaILpBc;I\Ekë=X^.h^8kSLK9Ê;Q=V=?;IH?aG&8NX^8HLTPTXLT;I\Ek

=X]8LJMN†Jàh4&E;IH=†^I\.=X]8L:=P;INXqpL=†TXbcTV=XLhtT!TXLHKo8NXJM=¸bI6

^Ih.L H^ph/&`;Q\8JàLTBITXoEHP]ë;pTJ,KEWDFBI]`;6IL

;IHKHKLTPTW=P^²;GILNXb*9<;QNPqIL;Qh.^po8\p=&^!TXLHKo8NXJM=¸b*Jà\EHJ<kSLK\A= ¯NXL9à;Q=XLk-JM\Ì^pNXht;Q=XJà^I\äH^I9à9àLH=PLk

ÌNX^ph =X]8LJMN:HKoETV=X^Ih.LNPTBcU(]8J<HP]3B8Jà\*=X]8L^INPbIB8H^IoE9àk1[L_oETXLk²=X^.h.^SkSL93;Q\Ek;Q\`;Q9àbFLKL&=X]8L

;>=V=?;IH?aM&8NP^SHLTXTXLT6N,Ž\>&8N?;IH=PJàHKLIB]8^>ULILNBn;Q9à9O&8NPLcJà^IoETfL3=&[LKNPJML\EHL²U(JÀ=P]åTVoEH?]¼k8;Q=P;

]E;IT†NXLIL;Q9àLk=X]E;Q=†=X]8Lb.;INXL:\8^Q=mTXo8JÀ=?;89àLPÌ^IN!=P]E;>=+&8o8N&[^pTXLI6%QW]8L ht;QJà\tNPL;pTV^p\ET9MJàL Jà\

=X]8L&HK^Ih4&89àL3=SJÀ=¸bpBpkSJILKN?TVJM=¸b;Q\`ktkSbc\E;Qh.J<HJM=Žb^$Ÿ=X]8L&TXbST¸=PLKhtT=P]E;>=m;QNPL(oE\EkSLKNmTPHNPoS=XJà\Abp6

R(LHKLK\p=P9MbpB>;INXJà^IoETmJM\EJÀ=PJà;Q=XJILT(]E;6ILS[LKL\*=?;QaILK\*=P^.h^p\8JM=X^IN(NPL;Q9ÊU^pNX9<k*k8;Q=P;NXL9à;Q=XLk

=X^ht;I9MUm;INXL.;I\Ekñ;Q=V=P;pHPaSTS&8NP^$&E;Iqp;>=PJM^I\+^I\+=X]EL4,Ž\A=XLNX\8LK=6TQW]8LG,Ž\p=PLKNP\8L=QLK9àLTPH^%&[LTB

TV^$ ¯H;Q9à9MLk-89<;IH?ac]8^I9àLTVU>k8;INXaA\EL=PT(;Q\Ek*=P]8LfG ]8JML9àkW&8NX^'¸LH=PT ;QNPL;Qh.^I\8q.=X]8Lh6QW]8LTXL

&8NX^'¸LH=PT&8NX^(cJ<kSL)Q;Q9àoE;89àLJM\Ì^pNXht;Q=XJà^I\XÌ^IN:=P]8LfJ<kSLK\A=XJ<`HK;Q=XJà^I\ ;Q\Ek-;I\E;Q9àbSTVJ<T(^$ht;(

9MJ<HJà^IoET;IH=PJAJM=XJàLT^I\=P]8LM,Ž\p=PLKNP\8L=AY!6ZF[\¯6mg:LILKNX=X]8L9MLTXTBWTXoEHP] JM\Ì^pNXht;Q=XJà^I\ JàT\8^I=

TVo2ëHKJML\p=(=P^.h.^Sk8LK9%;>=X=P;pHPa-&8NX^8HLTPTVLTW;Q\Ek;Q\E;I9MbFLL&=P]8LKJàN:JMh4&E;pH=:^p\*=X]8LfTVLHo8NPJÀ=¸b²^

=X]8L_=?;QNPqIL=PLk²ht;pHP]8Jà\8LTK6

QW]8L/?m7 Gi:^]&ENX^'¸LH= kSLTXHKNXJ[LkJà\=P]8J<TP&E;&[LN(J<T H^ph/&89àLKh.L\p=P;INXbë=P^.=P]8Lf;[^(IL

JM\8JM=PJà;Q=XJILT6,¯=:Jà\p=PLK\Ek8T(=X^t;pk8kSNPLTPT=X]ELTXL_J<TXTXo8LT^Ab²h.L;I\ETW^=P]8LSÌ^I9à9à^CU(Jà\8qt;IH=PJM^p\ET_

` 6QW]8L&8NP^'¸LH=;QJàhtT ;>=kSL&E9M^>bcJM\Eqë;I\Ek-TX]E;QNPJà\8qtU(JM=X]-=P]8LTXHKJML\p=PJa`HfHK^Ih.hfo8\8JM=¸b;

kSJ<T¸=PNXJ8oS=PLk@&E9à;Q=Ì^INPh,^†]8^I\ELKbF&[^Q=?TbYc(\n=X]E;Q=qp;Q=X]8LNPT&k8;>=?;²TXo8JM=P;E9MLf=X^;Q\`;Q9àbFLKL

=X]EL;Q=V=?;IH?a]&8NX^8HLTPTVLT†=?;QNPqILK=XJà\8q.;9<;QNPqIL\AoEh[LKN:^nht;IH?]8Jà\8LT(HK^I\8\8LH=PLk²=X^.=X]8L

,Ž\p=PLKNP\8L=6

!S6QW]8L+&8NP^('¸LH=";IJMhtTn;Q=5>;I9MJ<k8;Q=XJà\8q:=P]8LmoETVLÌo89M\ELTPT^$8=X]8J<T5&89<;>=.Ì^INPhdAbH;QNPNXbcJà\8q:^Io8=

>;INXJà^Io`T;Q\E;I9MbSTXLTB`;ITXLk ^p\ =X]ELtHK^I9à9MLH=XLk+k8;Q=P;EB[=P^-HP]`;QN?;IH=PLKNPJ<LLf=X]8Lt^$ETXLKNILk

;>=X=P;pHPaST!;Q\Ek.h^8kSLK98=X]8LJMN†Jàh4&E;IH=!^p\tTVLHo8NPJÀ=¸bp6,Ž\4&`;QNX=XJ<Ho89<;QNB>UL:U(Jà9M9EJà\ILT¸=PJMqA;>=PL

]8^>U =X^Fo`TVL=P]8Läh.^SkSL9MJà\8qFNPLTXo89À=?T.=X^âJMh4&8NP^(IL=P]8L kSLTXJMqp\ ;Q\Eke>;Q9àJ<k8;>=PJM^p\ ^

TXLHoENXLTVbSTV=XLKhtT6f&o8N:^$'¸LH=XJILH^p\ETXJàTV=:JM\W&8NP^*cJ<kSJM\EqtTV^p9MJ<kNP;Q=XJà^I\E;I9MLTOÌ^IN(=P]8^pTXL

U(]8^\8LKLkä=X^9>;I9MJ<k8;>=PLf=X]8L/Ò;Qo89M=;pTXTXo8h4&S=PJM^p\ET =X]ELKbäh.;IaILU(]8L\ñkSLTXJàqI\8Jà\8qEBÌ^IN

Jà\ET¸=?;Q\EHKLIB8JM\A=XNPoETVJà^I\*=P^I9àLKN?;Q\A=(TXbST¸=PLKhtT6

g

6(lnJM\`;Q9à9MbpB>=X]8LP&8NX^'¸LH=†;QJàh.T!;>=!qI^pJM\8qS[LKbI^p\Ekf=X]EL:T¸=PoEkSb^`=P]8L(h.^pTV=JÌNXL6:poELK\p=†;I\Ek

;Qo8=X^Iht;Q=XLk;>=X=P;pHPaST6*f&o8N^$'¸LH=XJILHK^I\ETXJ<T¸=?T3]8LNXL†Jà\Jà\ILT¸=PJMqA;>=PJM\8q&;Q\Ekh.^SkSL9MJà\8q

=X]ELS[L]E;6cJà^INW^nht;Q9àJàHKJM^poETW;Q=V=?;IH?aILKN?T^p\EHL=X]8Lbë]`;6IL_ht;Q\E;IqILkë=X^tHK^Ih4&8NP^Ih.J<TVL

;Q\`kñqIL=;IHKHKLTPT=X^ ;\ELKU ]8^AT¸=6N,Ž\EkSLLkÊB%UmLë;QNPL.\8^I=Jà\p=PLKNPLTV=XLkçJM\Fh^p\8JM=X^INPJà\8q

;Q9à9%acJM\`k8T:^!;>=X=P;pHPaILNPT6,Ž\`T¸=PL;Ik3BEULUm;Q\A=:=X^ëh.^I\EJÀ=P^IN:^p\89àb²=X]8^ATVL=X]E;Q=&;INXLNPL&

NPLTXLK\p=?;>=PJ<ILf^!9<;QNPqILfH9<;ITPTXLT:^†;Q=V=?;IH?aILKN?T TV^ë=X]E;Q=&=X]8Lac\8^>U(9MLkSqILkSLKNPJ<ILkXÌNX^ph

=X]ELKJàNm^$`TVLN.>;Q=XJà^I\tJ<TmTXbch/&8=X^Iht;Q=XJ<H:^$;9<;QNPqIL&;Qh.^po8\p=m^$3NPL;I9[;Q=V=P;pHPaST6Q^Ìo89a`9M9

(4)

TXbcTV=XLhBÊo8\EkSLNT¸=PNXJ<H=HK^I\p=PNX^p9;Q\Ek+h.^I\8JM=X^pNXJà\8q`6jQW]8J<T_JàT;NPL;Q9H?]E;I9M9àLK\8qpLqIJILK\

=X]ELHo8NPNXL\p=W=P]8LT¸=?;>=XL^=P]8L;QNX=6

QW]8L/?m7&G&i ^]&8NP^'¸LH=&T¸=?;QNX=XLkJM\ L&S=XLh[LKNI!$#$#[`6QW]8L]8^I\8LbF&[^Q=P&89<;>=.Ì^INPhUmL

]E;6ILW8o8Jà9M=ë]`;ITG[LKLK\kSL&89à^CbpLk JM\ =P]8JàNV=¸båTXJM=XLTBJÌNP^Ih ;pHK;Ik8LKh.Jà;ç;Q\`kåJà\EkSoETV=PNXbpB!Jà\

=ŽUmLK\p=¸b-H^Io8\A=XNPJàLT:^*pLKN(=P]8L"kILH^I\A=XJà\8LK\A=PT6l,Ž\-=X]8L"Ì^p9M9à^>U(JM\8q²TXLH=PJà^I\ETBEULkSLTPHNPJ<[L

^Io8Nn]8^I\ELKbF&[^Q=5E;ITXLkfk8;>=?; HK^I9à9MLH=PJM^p\"&89<;>=Ì^pNXhmBÒHK;I9M9àLk/npo3qrVrHsotvuxw(y-DBI;Q\EkULO&ENXLTXLK\A=

TV^phL&L3=8;Qh4&89àLT^%NXLTVo89M=PT^$S=?;QJà\8LkGÌNX^ph =X]8L_;Q\E;I9MbSTXJàT†^3=X]8L_k8;>=?;fHK^I9à9MLH=XLkëTX^"Ò;QN6

,Ž\ë;IkEkSJÀ=PJà^I\3BI=X]8L&E;$&[LKN†JM\`H9àoEkSLT;)&8NPLK9àJàhJà\E;INXbkSJàTPHo`TXTXJM^p\.^$Ÿ=X]8L&8NP^$89àLKhtT†;Q\`k=X]8L

kSJMNPLH=XJà^I\ETWJà\ILT¸=PJMqA;>=PLk-Ì^INW=X]ELh^8kSLK9àJM\Eqt;IH=PJ<cJM=XJàLT6

LH=XJà^I\z!{&8NPLTXLK\A=PTt=P]8L+k8;>=?;âH^p9M9àLH=XJà^I\ LK\FAJàNP^I\8h.LK\A=XnToqrVr5sotvuxw(y6 LH=PJM^p\ g

&8NX^(cJàk8LT;TXo8h.ht;QNPbä^$=P]8LGQ;QNPJM^poET_;Q\`;Q9àbcTXLTHK;INXNPJMLk ^IoS=f^I\+=P]8LëHK^I9à9MLH=PLkçk8;>=?;86

LH=XJà^I\1[bÌ^SHKoETVLTm^I\²=X]EL_h^8kSLK9àJM\8q^$n;>=X=P;IH?aST^%ETXLKNILkë^I\²=X]ELIQ;QNPJM^poET]8^I\8LbF&`^I=PT

kSL&89à^>bILkäTX^]Ò;QN6[lnJM\`;Q9à9MbpB

LH=PJM^p\|c²kSJàTPHoETPTXLT:=P]8LÌoS=XoENXLLI^I9àoS=XJà^I\ä^$=X]ELHo8NPNXL\p=

&89à;Q=Ì^pNXh =X^>Um;INPk.=X]8L_kSLILK9à^%&8hL\p=m^$3]8JàqI] ¯JM\A=XLNP;pH=XJà^I\ë]8^I\ELKbF&[^Q=?T!=X]E;Q=mU(JM9à9[L\E;89àL

oETt=P^âh.^SkSLK9 =X]8L}[LK]`;6cJà^INë^;Q=V=?;IH?aILKN?T.^p\EHL-=P]8LKb ht;Q\E;IqIL=P^¼H^p\p=XNP^I9&;ç=P;QNPqILK=

TVbSTV=XLKh ;Q\`k²=XNPbt=P^4&8NP^IqpNXLTXT†=P^tkSL3ÌL;>= TX^Ih.LTVLHo8NPJÀ=¸bë^%F'¸LH=PJ<ILTK6

~ M€P‚Pƒ5ƒ„…O††T‡OˆTO‰PK Š‹T zŒ)TŽj@H‘x’k“O”

7 T_h.LK\A=XJà^I\8Lk+JM\

LH=XJà^I\ ` BÊ^I\8L.^†=P]8L.qI^A;Q9<T&^†=P]8L-?m7&G&i ^X&8NP^'¸LH=JàT=P^TX]E;QNPL

U(JÀ=P]²=X]8L_TPHJàLK\p=PJ<`H&HK^Ih.hfo8\8JM=¸bë;Q\²^%&[LK\*kSJ<T¸=PNXJ8oS=PLk-&89<;>=.Ì^INPh =P^H^p9M9àLH=Wk8;>=?;"ÌNX^ph

;9à;INXqpL\Ao8h[LN:^n]8^p\8LKbF&[^Q=?TK6QW]EJàT&89<;>=.É^pNXhJ<T(kSLLKh.Lk*=P^.LI^p9<IL_^(ILKNm=P]8LbIL;INPTB

ULK9à9+[LKbp^I\EkF=X]8LLK\Ekâ^$(=P]8LW?m7&G&i ^|&8NP^'¸LH=6"g LKUm&E;QNX=X\ELKNPT;INXL*;I9M9à^CUmLkç=X^+qILK=

;IHKHKLTPT=X^=P]8L²H^Ih4&89àL=PLëH^p9M9àLH=XLkçk8;Q=P;-TVLK=J<(;Q\`k+^p\89àb JaW=X]8Lbñ;QqINPLKL=X^äTXL=ok&F;

]8^I\8LbF&[^Q=&^p\-=X]8LJMNI&ENXLKh.J<TXLTKB`=X]coET&L\8NXJ<H?]8JM\Eqë=X]8L^*ILNP;I9M9TXL=Po&}Ab=X]8LJMNI&8NPLTXLK\EHKLI6

g ;Qh.LT:^"=P]8L&E;INV=P\8LKN?T:;INXL)&ENX^I=XLH=XLkXAb;ëg:^p\äG&JàTPH9à^pTXo8NPL7 qINPLKLKh.LK\A=:=P]E;>=&L;pHP]

&E;QNX=XJ<HJ&E;>=PJà\8q*L\p=PJÀ=¸b hfoET¸=fTVJàqI\36j•ñL.]E;6IL.k8LILK9à^$&[Lk+;Q9à9n=P]8L.NPL:Ao8JàNXLk TX^É=¸Um;QNPLf=P^

;QoS=P^Iht;>=PL=X]8LbQ;QNPJM^poET:NPLKqIo89<;QN ht;IJM\A=XLK\`;Q\EHLf=P;pTVaSTbBÒ\8LKU JM\`T¸=?;Q9à9à;Q=XJà^I\3B[NXLH^I\EqIo8N?;(

=XJà^I\3BŸ9M^pq*H^I9à9àLH=PJM^p\3BE;IH?aco&ETKB[LK=PHQ6–D:=X^*LK\ETXo8NPL=P]8L9à^I\8q²=XLKNPh,L=SJàTV=XL\EHL^!=X]8J<T_TVLK=

o&36

7 ]8^I\8LbF&[^Q=J<T!;_ht;IH?]8JM\EL:H^p\8\8LH=XLk=P^;\8LK=ŽUm^INPa"8o8=!=X]E;Q=!\8^^I\ELWJ<T!TXo&&[^pTXLk

=X^toETVLp6,Ž\=P]8LK^pNXbpBS\8^tH^p\8\8LH=XJà^I\*=P^.^pN+ÌNP^Ih =X]`;>=:ht;IH?]8Jà\8LTX]8^po89àk9[L_^%ETVLN.ILkÊ6F,8

;*H^p\8\8LH=XJà^I\ ^SHHo8N?TB`JM=_hfoETV=S[LIB3;>=S[LTV=;Q\+;pHKHJ<kSLK\A=P;I9nLKNPNP^IN&^INB[h^pNXL9àJMapLK9àbIBÊ;Q\

;>=V=PLKh4&S==X^;Q=V=P;pHPa=X]ELWht;IH?]8Jà\8LI6R(LHL\p=X9àbpBQTXLILKN?;Q9S;&&ENX^A;IH?]8LT]E;*IL+[LLK\/&8NP^$&[^pTXLk

=X^-8o8Jà9àkäLK\cJàNP^I\8h.LK\A=PT:U(]ELKNPLfTVLILKN?;Q9%]8^I\8LbF&[^Q=PT ;INXLfkSL&89M^>bILkÊ6QW]8LfqILK\ELKNPJàH_=XLNXh

— w(˜…o™*˜…ošJàTfo`TVLkñ=P^ NXL&8NXLTVL\p==P]8LKh6HQW]8L²h.^AT¸=bcJàTXJ89ML²]8^p\8LKbc\8LK=b&8NX^'¸LH=JàTf=X]8L

^I\8L_HK;INXNPJMLkt^Io8=^Ab.=P]8L_TX^H;Q9à9MLk²i:^p\8LKbc\8LK=R(LTXL;INPH?]²7 9M9àJ<;Q\EHKL4Yc8B›\y6QW]8L_7 9à9MJ<;Q\EHKL

JàT ht;IkSL^$"\`;>=XJà^p\E;Q9%LK\A=XJM=XJàLT6 ^Ih.L/?m7&G&i ^²h.LKh[LKN?T ;QNPL;pH=XJILh.LKh[LKN?T:^$"=X]8L

l8NPLK\EH?]^I\ELIBc=P]8Ll8NPLK\`HP]i ^I\8Lbc\8L= j!NP^'¸LH="Yœ*\¯6

^MÒ;QNB"h.^pTV=.^$ =X]EL-;>=X=XLK\A=XJà^I\ ]E;IT4[LKLK\&E;IJàk¼=X^çJMh4&89àLKh.LK\A=P;Q=XJà^I\ J<TXTXo8LT6H,Ž\

T¸=PJÀ=PoS=t5!o8NžLH^ph ]E;ITb[LKL\âUm^INPaAJà\8qWÌ^pNh.^INPLë=X]`;Q\å;äbIL;IN^I\F=P]8LkSLE\8JM=XJà^I\¼^$ ;

9M^>U^ yJà\p=PLKN?;IH=XJà^I\F]8^p\8LKbF&[^Q=.kSLkSJ<HK;Q=XLkç=P^ä=P]8L²=?;ITXaSTfL3=&89<;QJà\8Lkâ]8LKNPL*;[^(ILI6n7m`NPTV=

(5)

;Q\E;I9MbSTXLTH;QNPNXJàLkä^poS=^I\ =P]8LtH^p9M9àLH=XLk+k8;Q=P;8BÊULt;QNPL\E^CUöHK^I\cJà\EHLkä=X]`;>=BjÌ^IN_=X]8L

T&[LHJ<`H_^%F'¸LH=XJILT:^^Io8NP&8NP^'¸LH=B8=X]8L)ÌNPLKL9Mb;*>;QJà9<;89àLTV^$É=ŽUm;INXLHK;I9M9àLk — w(˜o™$ AY¡\

HK;Q\M[Lo`TVLk Jà\ETV=XL;pk ^$e&D-UW;QNPLI6…,Ž\`kSLKLk3BÊJM=J<Tac\8^>U(\ =P]E;>=_=P]8L.ht;('¸^INkSN?;CUE;IH?a

^ — w˜o™$ ëJàT=X]E;Q=W;Q\²LK\FAJàNP^I\8h.LK\A=moETVJà\8qf=X]E;Q=WTX^É=¸Um;INXL&HK;I\][L&NPLKh.^I=XLK9àb.JàkSL\p=PJaELk

Abt;fTXacJM9à9àLkë;Q=V=P;pHPaILN6QW]8J<TJàT9àLTPT†L;pTVbU(JM=X]²eD-Um;QNPLI6cl8^pNV=Po8\E;>=PLK9àbIBAkE;>=P;H^I9à9àLH=PLk

TV^9Ò;QNJM\Ek8JàH;>=XL.=X]E;Q=_=X]EL.NPJàTXaä^WTVLLKJà\8q;Q=V=P;pHPaILNPTE\8qpLKN&8NXJà\p=PJà\8q*=X]8LtLK\FcJMNP^I\8h.L\p=

o8\EkSLN:;Q=V=P;pHPa²JàT(\8LKqp9MJàqIJ89àLI6QW]8J<TH'¸oET¸=PJ<ELTW=P]8LH?]8^IJ<HL_^"; — w(˜…o3™$ 9E;pTVLk*TX^I9àoS=PJM^p\36

¢w˜o™$ JàT%;+ÌNPLKL†TV^$<=¸Um;INXL!;Q\EkJM=%NPo8\ET3^I\S>;INXJà^Io`T

0

;6I^pNPTŸ^£3Jà\Ao=_;I\EkI• Jà\EkS^>U:TK6

,¯=kS^cLT*\8^Q=H^p\ETVo8h.Lñ;â9M^I=*^$NXLTV^po8N?HLT²;Q\Ek3B†=P]8LKNPL3Ì^pNXLpB^I9<kj+?mT*HK;I\¤[L+oETVLk

U(JÀ=P]8^IoS=&;I\Abë=PNX^po89àLI6kQW]8LTVL;INXLSILNXb²JM\A=XLNXLT¸=PJM\8q4ÌL;>=XoENXLT:TXJà\EHLULf;QNPL_JM\A=XLKNPLTV=XLk

JM\G8o8Jà9<kSJM\Eqf;_9<;QNPqILWLK\FAJàNP^I\8h.LK\A=!U(]8LNXL(ht;I\Ab]8^I\8Lbc\8L=?TU^po89<kNXoE\36%QW]8LÒ;IH=!=P]E;>=

ULHK;Q\;pk8k*]E^I\8LbA\EL=PT^Ì^IN ;Q9àh^AT¸=(\E^tH^AT¸=:h.;IaILTm=P]8J<T:TV^p9Mo8=XJà^I\9ILKNPb²;Q=V=XN?;IH=XJILI6,¯=

JàT!Jà\EkSLKLkoE\89MJàaILK9àbf=X]`;>=†UL H^Io89<kJ<kSLK\A=XJ<ÌbJM\A=XLNXLT¸=PLk/&E;INV=P\8LKN?Tn=P^^'¸^pJM\.=X]8J<T¥&89<;>=.Ì^INPh

^I\;/I^I9ào8\A=P;INXb]E;ITXJàTW^I=X]8LNXU(J<TVLp6

QW]8LkSJ<T¸=PNPJ<8oS=PLk)&89<;Q=Ì^INPhd£3LKo8NPNžLp6HK^Ih JM=PTXLK9<8JàT%ht;IkSL†^8;P&[^Q=XL\p=PJà;I9M9àb9à;INXqpL\Ao8h/

[LKNn^EJàk8LK\p=PJàH;Q9c]8^I\8Lbc\8L=PTnk8L&89à^CbILk;Q==X]8LWTVJM=XLT^E^Io8N5&E;QNX=X\8LNPT67:9à9A=X]8Lm]8^I\ELKbc\8L=?T

;QNPL_HLK\A=XN?;Q9à9àbtht;Q\`;QqILkë=X^.LK\`TVo8NPL=X]E;Q=W=P]8LKb²]E;*ILL=8;IH=P9Mbt=P]8LTX;IhLH^p\EqIoENP;Q=XJà^I\36

QW]8JàTfJ<T"ILNXb+Jàh4&[^INX=P;I\p=fJ<(UmLëUm;I\p=f=X^ aILKL&ç=P]8L²L3=&[LNXJàh.LK\p=o8\EkSLNHK^I\A=XNP^I9y6TQW]EL

k8;>=?;qp;Q=X]8LNXLkGAb.L;IH?]ë]8^I\ELKbc\8L=W;QNPL TXLHKo8NXL9Mb.o&89à^p;IkSLk.=X^;fHL\p=PNP;I9MJLKLktkE;>=P;$E;ITXL

;IkSh.Jà\8JàTV=XN?;>=PLk|cb},Ž\ETV=XJM=XoS=5†o8NžLHK^Ih6jQW]8J<Tk8;>=?;E;pTVLtH^I\A=P;IJM\ETBÊJà\F;]8JàqI]89àb+TV=XNPoEHV

=Xo8NPLk ;Q\Ek-L2ëHJàLK\p=_Um;bpBE=P]8LH^ph/&E9MLK=XLH^I\A=XL\p=BŸJM\EHK9Mo`kSJM\Eq-&`;bc9à^p;Ik3BE^;Q9à9p&E;pHPaILK=PT

TVL\p=!=X^^pNHÌNP^Ih =X]8LTVL:]8^I\8Lbc\8L=?TK6IlEo8NX=X]8LNXh.^INPLIB>=X]EL:HK^I9à9MLH=PLk.k8;>=?;;QNPLWLK\8NPJ<HP]8Lk/Ab

;Ik8kSJM=XJà^I\`;Q9†JM\Ì^pNXht;Q=XJà^I\ñ=X^WÒ;pHJà9MJM=P;Q=XLt=X]ELKJàN;Q\E;I9MbSTXJàTB%TVoEH?]â;IT=X]8L-,¸j qpLK^IqpNP;&8]8J<HK;I9

9M^SH;Q9àJL;>=PJM^p\+^$+&`;IH?aIL=PTTX^IoENPHKLt;Ik8kSNPLTPTVLTKBŸ=P]8L9f ^m=P]8L²;>=V=?;IH?acJM\8q-ht;IH?]8JM\ELIB3=X]8L

9M^SH;Q9=PJMh.Lë^$m=P]8L²TX^Io8N?HLIB3L=?HQ6p,Ž\ç^po8NfH^p\p=PL3=c=B%L;IH?]{,¸j ;Ik8k8NXLTXTJM\A=XLNP;pH=XJà\8q-U(JM=X]

=X]8L]E^I\8LbA\EL=PT&J<kSLK\p=PJ<ELT_;Q\ ;Q=V=P;pHPacJà\8q²ht;IHP]EJM\8Lp6,¯=J<T \E^Q=XLU^INX=X]cb*=X]E;Q=Ì^IN_;>=X=P;IH?a

&8NX^8HLTPTXLT=P]E;>= qI^.=X]8NP^Io8qp];tH?]E;QJà\^TXbcTV=XLhtTW=X^ë;Q=V=P;pHPa*;=?;QNPqIL=Bc=P]8L",¸j ;Ik8kSNPLTPT

NXLH^IN?kSLk+Jà\â^Io8Nk8;Q=P;$E;ITXLëH^pNXNPLT.&[^I\Ek8T_=X^ä=X]8L-&ENXLAJà^Io`T]8^%&FJà\ç=P]8L*H?]E;QJà\A[L3Ì^pNXL

NXL;IH?]8JM\Eq²^po8N]E^I\8LbA\EL=PTBŸU(]8J<H?]ñkS^cLT&\E^Q=_\8LHLTXTP;QNPJM9àb-H^pNXNPLT.&[^I\Ek=P^*=X]8L.ht;IH?]8JM\EL

JM\8JM=PJà;Q=XJà\8q=P]8L;>=X=P;pHPa]&ENX^SHKLTPTK6

?^I\`HNPL=XL9MbpBQ=X]8L&kSJ<T¸=PNXJ8oS=PLkG&89<;>=.Ì^INPh¦nToqrVr5sotvuxw(y J<T†H^p\ETV=XJM=XoS=PLkt^Ÿ=P]8NXLL:ht;QJà\

H^Ih4&[^p\8LK\A=PT_

` 6(7 TVLK=m^H^ph4&8oS=XLNPTmH^p\8\8LH=XLkt=X^f=P]8L,Ž\A=XLNX\8LK=Wk8L&89à^CbILkë;Q==X]8LI&E;INV=P\8LKN?TTXJÀ=PLTB

NPo8\8\8Jà\8q

—

w(˜…o3™$ tU(JM=X]t=P]8L&TP;Qh.L HK^I\Eqpo8NP;Q=XJà^I\36p5†;pHP]ëH^Ih4&8o8=XLKNLKhfoE9à;Q=XLT!=P]8NXLL

cJMNX=PoE;Q9ht;IH?]8JM\ELTfNXoE\8\8Jà\8q}>;QNPJà^IoET^$&[LKN?;>=PJM\8q TXbcTV=XLhtT-B§£3Jà\Ao=¨R:Lk8i&;>=B5• Jà\

kS^>U:T¡$ŸEBk• JM\Ek8^CU:T&gQPD:;Q\EkäTVLN.cJ<HLT"BvÉ=&3B[UL3B`L=?HQ6–D6Ÿ7:9à9%=PNP;2tHNPLHKLKJILkXAb

^IN†TVL\p=¥ÌNX^ph L;IH?].HK^Ih4&8oS=PLKN!J<T!TP;6ILkJà\=PH&ŸkSo8h4&4E9àLT6p7ENPLKUW;Q9à9SL\ETVoENXLTn=P]E;>=

H^p\8\8LH=XJà^I\`T!HK;Q\E\8^Q=¥[L:Jà\8JÀ=PJà;Q=XLk/ÌNX^ph =P]8L H^ph4&8oS=XLNBI^I\E9Mb;Q\ETXULKN?Tn=P^L=A=PLKNP\E;Q9

TX^I9àJàHKJÀ=?;>=PJM^p\ETm;QNPL;Q9à9M^>ULk36c5¥pLKNXbtkE;bpBS;TXLHoENXLk²H^phhfoE\8JàH;>=PJM^p\²J<TmLTV=P;$89MJ<TX]8Lk

ÌNP^Ih ;=XNPoETV=XLkht;IH?]8Jà\8Lk8o8NXJà\8që;ëTV]8^pNV=P&[LKNPJà^Sk^n=PJMh.L=P^ëHK^$&Ab²=X]EL=PH3&Ÿk8o8h4&

E9àLTn;QN?HP]8JILk_^I\L;pHP]fH^ph4&8oS=XLN66,Ž\p=PLKqINPJM=ŽbHP]8LHPaST;INXL†;I9àTX^P&[LNÌ^pNXh.Lk_=X^ L\ETVoENXL

(6)

7:9à9N&E;QNX=X\8LNPTm]E;*IL&=X]8L)&[^pTPTVJ8Jà9MJM=¸b.=P^.TXLK\`k1:Ao8LKNPJàLT=X^=P]E;>=:k8;Q=P;$E;ITXL =P]8NX^po8qI];

TXLHoENXL_ULJM\A=XLNÒ;IHKLI6

g 6(7öTVLK=&^$†TV^$É=ŽUm;INXL&8NX^pqIN?;QhtTW=X]E;Q=_;QNPLoETXLk=P^*H^p9M9àLH=Bl&ENX^SHKLTPT ;Q\Ek-L\8NXJ<H?]-=X]8L

k8;Q=P;H^p9M9àLH=XLk]ÌNX^ph L;IH?]1&89à;Q=Ì^pNXh68l8^INWJà\ETV=P;I\EHLpBA=P]8NXLL_kSJ<©ŸLKNPLK\p= TV^$É=ŽUm;INXL_;QNPL

oETXLk}Ì^IN)&E;pTXTXJ<ILbE\EqILKN&8NPJM\A=XJà\8q*=X]8L1f

^=X]8Lë;>=V=?;IH?acJM\8qht;pHP]8Jà\8LT_ªj«¬¤Y` #\yB

oš§š‡o3r.ux­ª{Y

`$`

\¯BI;Q\`kW ®°¯3uxw-Y

`

!(\y6±}­²%yb®v˜… XY

`g

\EJ<T!oETXLk=X^J<kSL\p=XJ<Ìb=P]8L qILK^pqIN?;&8]8J<H

9à^SHK;Q=XJà^I\*^$=X]8L;Q=V=P;pHPaST6

³ ´¤ƒpƒµƒJƒH†K¶P·.·¸¹^Š‹Š‹ƒH¶º¥»]€PdŠ‹ƒJºp·†‡·

LILNP;I9Ê;I\E;Q9àbSTVLTm]E;*ILS[LLK\-HK;INXNPJMLk²^Io8=(^p\*=P]8Lk8;Q=P;tH^I9à9àLH=PLk1ÉNP^IheD-Um;INXL;I\Ek

=X]8L — w(˜o™$ 4E;ITXLk/&89à;Q=Ì^pNXhtT6$QW]8L(NPLTXo89M=PT^%S=P;IJM\8LkbÌNX^ph =X]ELTXL:;I\E;Q9àbSTVLTn]E;*IL[LKL\

&8o89àJàTX]8LktJà\²JM\A=XLKNP\E;Q=XJà^I\E;I9`HK^I\ÌLNXL\EHLT†Jà\t=P]8LH^po8NPTXL:^p!$#$#$[ ‡!#$#%cc6p7:\²o&ë=X^k8;>=PL

9MJ<TV="^$l&8o89àJàH;>=PJM^p\ETn^p\f=X]8J<Tn=X^%&8JàHWHK;I\[L+Ì^IoE\EkJM\XY` [\¯6*,Ž\f=P]8L+Ì^I9à9M^>U(Jà\8qEBCUL^&8NX^(cJàk8L

;.TV]8^pNV=:TXo8h.h.;INXbë^$=X]8Lht;IJM\-H^I\EHK9Mo`TVJà^I\ET(;Q\Ek9MLTXTX^I\ETW9ML;QNP\8Lk-ÌNX^ph =P]8Lk8;>=?;86

]QW]8Lf;Q\`;Q9àbcTXLT(NXL&[^INX=XLkJM\¨Y` c8B ` ›\%ULKNPL)E;ITXLk^p\=X]8Lk8;>=?;tH^p9M9àLH=XLk1ÌNX^ph=X]8L

Jà\8JÀ=PJ<;Q9%eD-Um;QNPL)&89<;>=.Ì^INPh kSoENXJà\8që; ` #.h.^I\p=P]-^$ETXLKN>;Q=XJà^I\1&[LNXJà^SkÊ6k,Ž\X&`;QNX=XJ<Ho

9<;QNB[UL]E;*IL^%ETVLN.ILk=X]`;>==P]8L.kE;>=P;*L3=S]8J8JM=;T¸=?;89àLb[L]E;*AJà^INÌNX^ph¼>;INXJà^IoET

&[LKN?T.&[LH=PJ<ILTKBÌ^pN:Jà\ETV=P;Q\`HLU(JÀ=P]-NXLT&[LH=(=P^.=P]8LqpLK^IqpNP;&8]8J<H9à^SHK;Q=XJà^I\^$n=P]8Lf;Q=

=P;pHPacJà\8q.ht;IH?]8Jà\8LIB8=X]8L=P;INXqpL=(^n=X]EL;>=X=P;pHPa|B½cJàNV=PoE;Q93ht;pHP]8Jà\8LpB&[^INX=xDB8L=PHI6

oEHP]

NPLKqIoE9à;INXJM=ŽbâTVoEqIqILT¸=?Tf=P]E;>=t=X]8LNXL-;INXLTX^Ih.LNPL;Q9>;Q9ào8LT.JM\ oETXJà\8q+=P]8Läk8;>=?;ñH^p9a

9àLH=PLk4ÌNP^Ih ]8^I\8LbF&[^Q=PT!=X^h.^Sk8LK9[;>=X=P;IH?ab&ENX^SHKLTPTVLT!;Q\Ek=P]8NPL;>=?TK6A7:9<TV^`BQ=P]8L&k8;Q=P;

NPLIL;I9MLkå=X]8L L3=SJ<T¸=PLK\EHKLä^_=¸U^¼kSJ<TV=XJà\EH=TXL=?Të^$h.;pHP]8Jà\8LTt=X]E;Q=²=P;QNPqILK=XLk ^Io8N

]8^p\8LKbF&[^Q=4&89à;Q=Ì^pNXh6JQW]8L1EN?T¸=tTXL=.^&h.;pHP]EJM\8LTULKNPL*^I\89àbâTXLKLKacJà\8q =X^ñqp;Q=X]8LN

Jà\Ì^INPht;>=XJà^I\.^p\.^po8N!L\cJMNP^I\EhL\p=BIU(JÀ=P]8^IoS=NXL;Q9à9Mbf=XNPbAJà\8q_=P^"&[LKN.Ì^INPhö;I\t;>=X=P;pHPaŸ6

QW]8LJMNm;IH=PJ<cJM=Žbht;QJà\89àbHK^I\ETXJ<T¸=PLk.JM\²TPHK;Q\8\EJM\8q^IoEN!\EL=¸U^INPaJà\ë;TXbST¸=PLKht;>=PJàH(Um;Cb

H^p\ETXJàkSLNXJà\8q;9MJàh.JÀ=PLkç\Ao8h[LN^^&[^INX=PT6NQW]8LëTXLH^p\EkñTXL=^Wh.;pHP]8Jà\8LTGB«;[^Io8=

!$c¾/DULKNPL-;Q=V=?;IH?aAJà\8qF^I\89àbåT.&[LHJ<`H-^$&[LK\e&[^pNV=?T.^$_^Io8Në]8^p\8LKbF&[^Q=6 QW]8J<TëTXo8q

qILT¸=?T=X]`;>=†=P]8LKb.]E;*IL ;I9MNPL;pkSb;pH:Ao8JàNXLk.TXoEH?]tJà\Ì^pNXht;>=PJM^p\4ÌNX^ph ^Q=P]8LKNh.;pHP]EJM\8LT

[LK9à^I\EqIJà\8q-=P^@EN?T¸=.TVLK=9BÌ=X]8LTXH;Q\8\8Jà\8q ht;IH?]8JM\ELTxD65,¯=JàT\8^I=XLKUm^INX=X]cb =P]E;>=.TXoEH?]

^$`TVLN.Q;>=XJà^I\²]E;IT^[LKLK\;I9àTX^HK^I\`NXh.Lk-cbt=P]8L_h.^INPLNXLHLK\A=(kE;>=P;.H^I9à9àLH=PLk-ÌNX^ph

=X]EL — w(˜…o3™$ ñkSJ<T¸=PNXJ8oS=PLk|&89<;>=.Ì^INPh63i:^>ULILNBŸUL.^$ETXLKNIL;*]8JMqp]8LKNS&8NP^$&[^pNV=PJM^p\

^­š§š‡­$ux¿®v˜À*h.;pHP]EJM\8LTm=P]E;Q\M¯3ux­(˜l˜k®v˜À²ht;pHP]8Jà\8LTK6

ë7 kSLL& ;Q\Ekå=X]8^pNX^po8qI] ;I\E;Q9àbSTVJ<T^_]8^I\8LbF&`^I=PTtk8;Q=P;ñJ<TtqILK\ELKN?;Q9à9MbFNPL:Ao8JàNPLkâ=P^

]E;*IL:;qI^S^Sko8\`kSLKN?T¸=?;Q\EkSJà\8q^Êht;Q9àJàHKJM^poET!;pH=XJcJM=Žbp6$,Ž\@Y` œcB ` Ÿ(\¯BI;\8LU HK9Mo`T¸=PLKNPJM\8q

;Q9àqI^pNXJM=P]8h J<ToETXLkF=P^+J<kSL\p=XJ<Ìb¼TXJMh.Jà9à;IN.;>=X=P;IH?añ=PNP;pHLT;pTXTX^SHJ<;>=PLkç=X^ç;>=X=P;pHPacJà\8q

ht;IH?]8Jà\8LT†=P]E;>=(;QNPL 9àJMaIL9Mb.=X^oETXL =P]8LTP;Qh.L;>=X=P;pHPa=P^c^I9y6FQW]8L;$&&89MJ<HK;Q=XJà^I\²^3=X]8J<T

;Q9àqI^pNXJM=P]8h =X^^Io8N†]8^I\8LbF&[^Q=PT†k8;>=?;HK^I\ENPh.Lk=P]E;>=JÀ=JàT ILKNPbfoETXL3Ìo89E=X^]8JàqI]E9MJàqI]A=

Jà\p=XLNXLT¸=PJM\EqS&8]8LK\E^Ih.LK\E;&=P]E;>=!NPLKht;QJà\]8JàkEkSLK\.J<ŸUL(;I\E;Q9àbFLKL=P]8L:k8;>=?;_;>=!;]EJMqp]8LKN

ht;IHKNX^ATXHK^$&8J<H9àLIL9%^p\89àbMBÒLI6qE6àB[H^I\`TVJ<kSLKNPJà\8q.=X]ELf\Ao8h[LN&^†;>=V=?;IH?aST:^$ETXLKNILk;Q=

=X]ELkSJa©ŸLKNPLK\A=P&[^INX=PTWU(JM=X]8^poS= ;Q\E;I9MbFLJM\8q=P]8LNP^c^Q=(H;QoETXLTW^=P]8L;>=X=P;pHPaSTxD6

G,Ž\=X]8LWT¸=PoEkSb_NPL&[^pNV=PLk_Jà\1Y` ¡(\¯BULO&8NXLTVL\p=";:h.L=P]8^SkS^I9à^Iqpb =P^&;I\E;Q9àbFLKL!=X]8LO&[^I=XL\

(7)

;QNPL!o`TVL3ÌoE9p=X^H^p\p=XNP^I9I=X]8LNPLK9àLQ;Q\EHKL!^89à^CUFJà\p=PLKN?;IH=PJM^p\]8^p\8LKbF&[^I=nH^I\EqIo8N?;>=PJM^p\ETB

;Q\`kt=X]E;Q=^[^Q=P]²Jà\p=PLKN?;IH=PJM^p\ë9àLIL9àTW;QNPL NPL:Ao8JàNXLk.=X^/8o8Jà9àk;Q\²L32ëHJàLK\A=W\8LK=ŽUm^INPa.^

kSJ<T¸=PNXJ8oS=PLk]8^p\8LKbF&[^Q=?TK6

ëlnJM\`;Q9à9MbpBJà\ÁY!#(\¯B%UmL-&8NPLTXLK\p=; H^ph/&`;QN?;>=XJILë;I\E;Q9àbSTVJ<T^(=X]EL*;Q=V=P;pHPaM&8NP^SHKLTXTXLT

^$`TVLN.ILkt^p\-Q;QNPJM^poET &E9à;Q=Ì^INPhtTWkSL&89à^>bILk*;>=(k8Ja©ŸLKNPLK\A=WqpLK^pqIN?;(&E]8JàH 9M^8HK;>=PJM^p\ET6,Ž\

&E;INV=PJàHKo89à;INBSULH;Q\]8JàqI]89àJàqI]p=(=X]8L_=P]8NPLKLIÌ^p9M9à^CU(Jà\8q.^$ETXLKN>;Q=XJà^I\ET_

` 6 ^Ih.L;>=X=P;pHPa]&ENX^SHKLTPTVLT]E;*ILS[LKL\^%ETVLN.ILk²^I\;Q9à9Ÿ=P]8L)&89<;>=.Ì^INPh.T

!S6 ^Ih.L&;Q=V=?;IH?a/&8NP^SHLTXTXLT!]`;6IL[LKLK\²^%ETVLN.ILk.^I\89àb.^I\*;fTXoETXL=m^T&89<;>=Ì^pNXhtT

g 6

^Ih.L;>=X=P;pHPa]&ENX^SHKLTPTVLT]E;*ILS[LKL\^%ETVLN.ILk²^I\89àbë^p\;.TVJà\8qI9àLS&89<;>=.Ì^INPh

QW]8LNXLTVoE9À=?T ^$S=?;QJà\8LkäTXo8qpqILTV=:=P]E;>=&=P]8Lk8;>=?;ë^$ETXLKNILk9ÌNP^Ih ;²TVJà\8qI9àL&89<;>=.Ì^INPh

JàT \8^Q=TVo2ëHKJML\p= =X^*HP]E;INP;pH=PLKNPJ<LL=X]8Lfht;Q9àJ<HJà^IoET ;IH=XJcJÀ=¸b*^%ETVLN.ILk^I\=X]8L,Ž\A=XLKNP\8LK=6

Em;pTVLk&^I\=P]8L†k8;Q=P;(H^p9M9àLH=XLk_TX^^Ò;QNBJÀ=nTVLKLhtTŸ=X]E;Q=3=X]8J<T3J<TÊ^I\E9Mb&[^pTPTVJ89àL5Ì^pN%;Wh.JM\8^pNXJM=¸b

^S^$ETXLKNILk_;>=X=P;IH?aSTK6QW]8J<T3NXLTVoE9À=%]8JàqI]89àJàqI]p=?TÊ=X]8L†\8LHLTPTVJM=¸b =X^:]E;*IL!;(9<;QNPqILK9àb&kSL&89à^>bILk

kSJàTV=XNPJ8oS=XLkb&89<;>=Ì^pNXh =X^_^$ETXLKNIL†=X]8LWht;I9MJ<HJà^IoET";pH=PJ<cJM=ŽbfHK;INXNPJàLk^IoS=^I\f=P]8L^,Ž\p=PLKNP\8L=

JM\^IN?kSLKNW=X^4[L;E9ML=P^tkSLNXJIL_hL;Q\8Jà\8q$Ìo89%;Q\Ek*NPL&8NPLTXLK\A=P;Q=XJIL_H^I\`H9àoETVJà^I\`TK6

QW]8LëNXLTVo89M=?TTXo8h.ht;QNPJ<LLkç;[^*pLt;QNPL4E;ITXLkñ^I\ñ=X]EL-:po`;Q9àJÀ=?;>=XJILë;Q\E;I9MbSTXJàT_^$m=X]8L

H^I9à9àLH=PLkk8;Q=P;E6>7 kEkSJÀ=PJM^p\E;Q9So`TVL3ÌoE9SJà\ETVJàqI]A=PTHK;Q\b[LW^$8=P;QJà\8LkAboETXJM\Eqht;>=X]ELKht;>=PJàH;Q9

h^8kSLK9àJM\Eq.=PLH?]8\8J°:poELTBEJà\W&E;QNX=XJ<HoE9à;IN(U(JM=X]äNPLT&[LH=:=X^t=P]8LfkSLE\8JM=XJà^I\ä^!;&&8NP^$&ENXJ<;>=PL

h^8kSLK9<T"=X]E;Q=†HK;I\/[L(o`TVLkbÌ^IN¥&8NXLkSJ<H=XJà^I\4&8o8N&[^pTXLT6(,Ž\=X]EL(\8L=c=†TVLH=PJM^p\ETKBQUL:k8JàTPHoETPT

=X]8L^$'¸LH=XJILT(;I\Ek²=X]8Lht;QJà\9&8NP^$89àLKhtTWNXL9à;Q=XLk²=X^=P]8JàTW=P^$&8J<H_;Q\Ek*UL^IoS=P9MJà\8LTX^Ih.L

L3=8;Qh4&89àLTW^$5&8NXL9MJàh.JM\`;QNPbtNPLTXo89M=PTm=P^4&8NP^Ih.^Q=PL_kSJ<TPHoETPTVJà^I\%6

 ÃÄPT†.PŋƃJ·T¼ º€d… ††TFTÇPƒ5ƒ

i:^I\ELKbF&[^Q=?Tm;INXL&qIL\8LKN?;Q9à9àb.;Q=V=?;IH?aILk]cbëkSJ<©[LNXL\p=:;>=X=P;pHPaILNPT ÌNX^ph TVLILKN?;Q9[qILK^pqIN?;&8]8J<H

9M^SH;>=PJM^p\ET*;I9M9_^*ILN²=X]ELñU^INP9<kÊ6+,Ž\ ^I=X]8LNU^IN?k8TB†=P]8L+=PJMh.LñU(]8L\=P]8Lç;>=X=P;pHPaST;QNPL

9à;Io8\EH?]8LkÊB=P]8LKJàN.TV^po8N?HL²;I\EkâHK^I\ETXL:Ao8L\EHLT;QNPL²\8^Q=ac\8^CU(\¼JM\å;Ik>;Q\EHKLI6n7:9<TX^EB=X]8L

AoE9M\8LNP;$8Jà9MJM=XJàLTL3=&89à^IJM=PLk}Ab-=P]8L.;Q=V=?;IH?aILKN?T;Q\Ekä=P]8Lt;>=V=?;IH?aäTXHKLK\E;INXJà^pT&hJàqI]A=k8Ja©ŸLKN

TVJàqI\8J<`H;Q\p=P9Mbp6Ff&\t=X]8L&^Q=X]ELKN†]`;Q\EkÊBI=P]8L&;Q=V=?;IHPaNPLTXo89À=?T!h.JàqI]p=mk8L&[LK\`kt^I\.=P]8L&TV=P;Q=XL ^

=X]8L_=P;INXqpL=(TXbcTV=PLKh U(]8L\*=X]8L;>=X=P;pHPaëJ<TWJM\EJÀ=PJà;Q=XLk36E7:9à9Ÿ=P]8LTXLIÒ;pH=X^pNPTW;INXLo8\`HLKNX=P;IJM\A=Žb

TV^po8NPHKLT =P]E;>=]E;*IL=X^9[L=P;IaILK\+Jà\p=P^;pHKH^po8\p=_Jà\ =P]8Lt;Q\E;I9MbSTXJ<T;Q\Ek h.^SkSL9MJà\8q*=?;ITXacT

HK;QNPNPJMLk&^poS=%^I\_=P]8Lk8;>=?;:H^I9à9àLH=PLkIÌNX^ph =P]8L†]8^I\8LbF&[^Q=PT6 =P;Q=XJ<T¸=PJàH;Q9A;Q\EkS&8NP^$`;8Jà9MJ<TV=XJ<H

;Q\E;I9MbSTXJàT[=PLH?]8\8J°:poELT%;QNPL"UL9M9pTXo8JÀ=PLk=X^(=P;QaILJà\p=P^:;pHKH^po8\p=%TXoEH?]_o8\EHKLKNX=P;IJM\A=XJàLTÊJà\_^pNPk8LKN

=X^k_8J°DWHP]E;INP;pH=PLKNPJ<LL:=P]8L;Q=V=?;IH?aILKN?TO[LK]E;*cJà^INW;I\Ek²=X]8L;>=V=?;IH?aëTPHL\E;QNPJà^pTBc;Q\Ek*JMJvD+8o8JM9<k

T¸=P^SHP]`;ITV=XJ<HWh.^SkSL9àT;Q\EktL>;I9àoE;>=PLP:AoE;I\p=XJM=P;Q=XJIL:h.L;ITXo8NXLTNPL 0 LH=XJà\8q=?;QNPqIL=PLktTVbSTV=XLh

HK;&`;IHJM=¸bt=X^.NPLTXJ<T¸=W=X^ë;>=X=P;IH?aSTK6

QW]8Lk8;>=?;ëH^p9M9àLH=XLk9ÌNP^Ih =P]8Lf]E^I\8Lb&[^I=PT&HK;Q\@[L&8NP^SHKLTPTVLkJM\}>;QNPJà^IoET(UW;bST(=P^

HP]E;INP;pH=PLKNPJ<LL(=P]8L;>=V=?;IH?aG&8NX^8HLTPTXLT;I\Ek]&[LNÌ^pNXh¦&8NPLkSJ<H=PJ<IL_;I\E;Q9àbSTVLTK6cl8^pNmL=S;Ih4&89MLpB

UL(H;Q\/8o8Jà9<k.T¸=P^SHP]`;ITV=XJ<Hh.^SkSL9àT!HP]E;INP;pH=PLKNPJ<LJM\8q&=X]8L^ÌNPL:Ao8LK\`Hb;Q\Ekf=P]8L:kSJ<T¸=PNXJ8oS=PJM^p\

^m;Q=V=?;IH?acT&=?;QacJM\EqJM\A=X^-;IHH^Io8\A==P]8L.qIL^IqIN?;&8]8J<H9à^SH;>=PJM^p\ ^†=P]8Lt;Q=V=?;IH?aILKN?TKB`=P]8L4,¸j

;Ik8kSNPLTPTXLT"^[=X]8L ;Q=V=P;pHPacJà\8q_ht;IH?]8Jà\8LTB>=P]8LPAoE9M\8LNP;$8JM9àJM=XJàLTL3=&89à^IJM=XLkÊB>=P]8L TVLILKNPJÀ=¸bf^

=X]8L(H^p\ETXL:Ao8LK\`HLTn^E=X]8L(;Q=V=?;IHPaSTn^I\f=X]EL=?;QNPqILK="TVbSTV=XLh ;I\Ekk8;>=?;8BCLK=PHQ6(,Ž\b&`;QNX=XJ<Ho89<;QNB

(8)

`

HoENXNPLK\EHKL_;Q\`k;>=X=P;IH?a]&8NP^$&E;Iqp;Q=XJà^I\-&8NP^SHLTXTXLT6

!S6(7:\`;Q9àbLLU(]EL=X]8LN:=X]ELfk8;>=?;tHK^I9à9MLH=XLk1ÌNP^Ih kSJ<©[LNXL\p=&89<;>=Ì^pNXhtT(L=S]8J<EJÀ=TVJàh.JM9<;QN

^IN:kSJ<©[LNXL\p=:ht;Q9àJ<HJà^IoET(;Q=V=P;pHPa*;IH=PJ<cJM=XJàLT6

g 6(D-^Sk8LK9=X]8L.=PJàhLëNXL9à;Q=XJà^I\ETX]8J&ET&=P]E;>=ht;CbäL=SJàTV=)[LK=ŽUmLKLK\F;Q=V=?;IH?acTHK^Ih.JM\Eq9ÌNX^ph

kSJ<©[LNXL\p= TX^Io8N?HLTSBÌ^pNW=X^tk8Ja©ŸLKNPLK\p=&kSLTV=XJà\E;>=PJM^p\ETxD6

[E6(j!NPLk8JàH=_=X]ELt^SHHo8NPNPLK\EHL.^W\8LUöUW;6ILT_^(;Q=V=P;pHPaST^I\F;qpJ<IL\M&89<;>=.Ì^INPhÈE;ITXLk

^I\ä=P]8L]EJàTV=X^pNXb^;>=X=P;pHPaST ^%ETXLKNILk-^I\ä=X]8J<TI&89à;Q=Ì^pNXh ;pT UmLK9à9";pT ^p\-=P]8L^Q=P]8LKN

&89<;>=.Ì^INPh.T6

QW]8L;$&&8NP^p;IH?];IkS^%&S=XLk*Jà\=X]8L/?m7 Gi:^]&8NX^'¸LH=(=X^4Ìo89<E9M9%=X]8LTVL^%F'¸LH=XJILT:HK^I\

TVJ<T¸=?T3Jà\L=&89M^pNXJà\8qW=P]8L;&&89àJ<HK;Q=XJà^I\_^$8T¸=?;>=PJàTV=XJ<HK;I9p;Q\E;I9MbSTXJàT%;Q\EkS&8NP^$`;8Jà9MJ<TV=XJ<H"h.^SkSL9MJà\8q

=XLH?]8\8J°:Ao8LT =X]E;Q=;INXL=XN?;Ik8JÀ=PJM^p\E;Q9à9MboETVLk=X^²h.^SkSLK9n;I\Ek-L>;I9Mo`;>=XL=P]8Lk8L&[LK\`k8;8Jà9àJÀ=¸b

^†TV^$É=ŽUW;QNPLf;Q\Ek-]E;INPkSUW;QNPL)E;pTVLk-TXbST¸=PLKhtT oETVJà\8q*k8;Q=P;²H^p9M9àLH=XLk-Jà\ä^%&[LKNP;Q=XJà^I\%BE;I\Ek

L3=c=XL\EkSJà\8q=P]8LKJàN:oETVL_=X^=P]8Lk8;Q=P;.H^p9M9àLH=XLk1ÉNP^Ih =X]EL]8^I\8LbF&`^I=PT6

lE^IN=X]8L²TP;QapL.^WJà9à9MoETV=XN?;>=PJà^I\3B3UL]&8NPLTVL\p=Jà\ç=X]8LGÌ^p9M9à^>U(JM\8qäTXJMh4&89àLG&ENXL9MJàh.JM\E;INXb

h^8kSLK9<T^E;ITXLk*^I\*=P]8LkE;>=P;.HK^I9à9MLH=XLk]ÌNP^Ih^Io8N(]8^p\8LKbF&[^Q=?TK6QW]8LL3=8;Qh4&89àLT(;Ik8k8NXLTXT_

J°D_=X]ELt=PJMh.L yLI^I9àoS=XJà^I\Fh.^SkSLK9àJà\8qä^W=X]8L²\co8h[LKN^:;>=X=P;pHPaST^$ETXLKNILkñ^I\âkSJ<©[LNXL\p=

]8^I\8LbF&[^Q= &89à;Q=Ì^pNXhtT†kSL&E9M^>bILktTX^SÒ;QNBp;Q\`k.JMJvD"=X]8L&;Q\`;Q9àbcTXJ<T"^$j&[^Q=XL\p=PJà;I9`H^pNXNPLK9<;>=PJM^p\ET

Ì^INW=X]8L;>=X=P;IH?a]&8NX^8HLTPTXLT^%ETVLN.ILkë^p\²=X]ELkSJ<©[LNXL\p=P&89<;>=Ì^pNXhtTm=P;IaAJà\8q.JM\A=X^t;IHH^po8\p=

=X]8LqILK^pqIN?;(&E]8JàH&9à^SHK;Q=XJà^I\^n=X]8L;Q=V=?;IH?aAJà\8q.ht;IH?]8Jà\8LT:;Q\Ek*=X]8LNXL9à;Q=XJIL_HK^I\A=XNPJ<8o8=XJà^I\

^mL;IH?]|&E9à;Q=Ì^INPh =P^=X]8LtqI9à^$E;I9;>=X=P;IH?a ;IH=XJAJM=¸bI6j•ñL.NPLKh.Jà\Ek =X]`;>=Jà\ñ^po8NHK^I\p=PL3=c=B

;Q\;Q=V=?;IH?aAJà\8qht;IH?]8Jà\8L_JàTWJ<kSLK\A=XJ<ELk9Ab*;Q\1,¸j ;Ik8kSNPLTPTmJM\A=XLNP;pH=XJà\8qU(JM=X]^Io8NW]8^p\8LKb

&[^Q=PTBpU(]8J<HP]*kS^cLT†\8^I=\8LHKLTPTX;INXJà9MbH^pNXNPLT.&[^I\Ek=X^=P]8L ht;pHP]8Jà\8L Jà\8JM=XJ<;>=PJM\8qf=X]8L;>=X=P;IH?a

&8NX^8HLTPTSBÒTXLKL LH=XJà^I\W!%D6

QW]8L-k8;Q=P;çH^I9à9àLH=PJM^p\É&[LKNPJM^8kåH^I\ETXJ<kSLKNPLk¨Ì^IN.=X]8L-L3=8;Qh4&89àLTtH^pNXNPLT.&[^I\Ek8Tf=P^M[›

ULKLacT6¥•ñL-=P;IaIL-JM\A=X^¼;IHKHK^Io8\A=t=X]8L ;Q=V=P;pHPaSTt^$ETXLKNILkå^p\ ` [F]8^I\8Lb&[^I=]&89<;>=Ì^pNXhtT

;Qh.^I\8që=X]E^pTXLkSL&89M^>bILk TV^]Ò;IN6…QW]8L]8^I\ELKbF&[^Q=?T&TVL9MLH=XLkäHK^INPNXLT&[^I\Ek=P^ë=P]8^pTXL=P]E;>=

]E;6IL4[LKL\ç;IH=PJ<IL/Ì^IN;Q9àh.^pTV==X]8LtU(]8^p9MLtH^p\ETVJ<kSLKNPLk}&[LKNPJà^SkÊ6NQW]8L=X^I=P;I9"\co8h[LKN^

;>=V=?;IH?aST†^%ETVLN.ILkt^I\ë=X]ELTXL&]8^p\8LKbF&[^Q=?TJàT^Ÿ

`

›[Fœ(›86QW]8LTXL;>=X=P;pHPaSTm;QNPL \8^Q=Wo8\8J<Ì^INPh.9Mb

kSJàTV=XNPJ8oS=XLkå;Ih^p\8q =X]8L9&E9à;Q=Ì^INPhtTK6H,Ž\É&E;INV=PJàHKo89à;INB=X]ELk8;Q=P;+HK^I9à9MLH=PLkAÌNP^Ih =P]8NXLL

&89à;Q=Ì^pNXhtTWNPL&8NPLTXLK\A=Wh.^INPL&=P]E;Q\9É=¸b-&[LNPHKLK\A=(^=P]8L_=X^I=P;I93;>=X=P;pHPa²;pH=PJ<cJM=Žbp6

£3LK=:oET(k8LK\8^I=XLScb…_

]Ê-B½ËD!=X]ELÌo8\EH=XJà^I\kSLTPHNPJ<EJM\8q=P]8L&LI^I9àoS=XJà^p\ë^Ê=P]8L&\co8h[LKNW^;>=V=?;IH?aST &[LKNmo8\8JM=

^=PJMh.L^%ETXLKNILk²^I\;I9M9Ê=X]8L]8^p\8LKbF&[^Q=?T(kSo8NPJM\8q=P]8L^$`TVLN.>;Q=XJà^I\-&[LNXJà^SkÊB

GÌbÍ%B½ËD=P]8LXÌo8\`H=XJà^I\kSLTPHNPJ8JM\Eq+=P]8L-LI^I9àoS=XJà^I\ ^$&=X]8Lä\Ao8h[LNë^_;Q=V=?;IH?aST4&`LN

o8\8JM=m^Ê=XJàhL&^$ETXLKNILk.^I\ë;I9à98=P]8L ]8^p\8LKbF&[^Q=?T†kSo8NPJà\8q=P]8L ^%ETVLN.Q;>=PJM^I\4&[LKNPJà^Sk/Ì^IN

U(]8J<HP]=X]EL),¸j ;Ik8kSNPLTPTmJ<TW9à^SH;>=XLk²Jà\-H^IoE\p=XNPbbÎ`6

,Ž\ ;¨EN?T¸=TV=?;QqILpBUmL+]E;*IL|&89à^Q=X=XLk3B+Ì^IN9Q;QNPJM^poETë=XJàh.LM&[LKNPJM^8k8TKB^Ê-B½ËD;Q\Ek=X]8L

Ho8NILT/ÌbÍ%B½ËD.H^pNXNPLT.&[^I\EkSJà\8q =X^FkSJ<©[LNXL\p=ëHK^Io8\A=XNPJMLT)Î`6e&JàTXoE;Q9(Jà\ET.&[LH=PJM^p\ TX]8^>ULk

TVo8N&8NPJàTXJà\8qtTVJàh.JM9<;QNPJÀ=PJàLT^[LK=ŽUmLKLK\@Ê-B½ËD(;I\EkTX^Ih.LSÌbÍ%B½ËD6lQ^ëH^I\ENXh TVoEH?]LKh4&8JàNPJàH;Q9

^$ETXLKN>;Q=XJà^I\ETKBEUL]E;*IL=X]ELK\+kSLHJ<kSLk-=X^*NPJMqp^INP^IoETV9àb*;I\E;Q9àbFLKL=X]8Lb&E]8LK\8^ph.LK\E;ëo`TVJà\8q

h.;Q=X]8Lht;>=XJ<HK;I9Ê9àJM\8L;QN(NPLKqINPLTPTVJà^I\²h.^SkSL9àT6

?^I\`TVJ<kSLKNPJà\8qä;9àJà\8L;QNfNPLKqINPLTPTVJà^I\ñh.^SkSLK9yB%UL²]E;6ILëJà\ILTV=XJàqp;Q=XLkñJaÊ-B½ËDH;Q\{[L

(9)

h^8kSLK9y6

lE^INPh.;I9M9àbpBÊ/Ð$B½ËDmJ<T:kSL3E\8Lk;IT+Ì^I9à9à^CU:T_

Ê Ð

B½ËD ÑzÒ ÓjÍÌbÍ%B½ËDpÔAÕ Î/Ñ `$Ö! Ö××Ø B ` D

?^I\`T¸=?;Q\p=?TIÓNÍ.;Q\`k@Õ H^INPNPLT.&[^I\Ek=X^*=P]8L/&E;INP;Ih.L=XLNPT&^†=X]8L.9àJM\8L;QN_h^8kSLK9n=P]E;>=

&8NX^(cJàk8L.=X]8L-[LTV="8=U(JÀ=P]ç=P]8Lë^%ETVLN.ILkñk8;Q=P;EB%;I\Ek>¿ñJàT=P]8L²\Ao8h[LKN^:H^po8\p=PNXJàLT

H^I\`TVJ<kSLKNPLk*JM\=X]8LNPLKqpNXLTXTXJM^I\36

QW]8L":AoE;Q9àJM=Žb²^p8=:^$=X]ELh^8kSLK93JàT(h.L;ITXo8NPLk-cbë=X]8LTV=P;Q=XJ<T¸=PJ<HKTÙ_O_k8L3E\8Lk9Ab…_

Ù O ѺÚ

BÏÊ/Ð$BÏۇDHÜ{ÊÝ3Þ(DVO

Ú

BÏÊ-BÏÛKD5Ü{ÊÝ3Þ(D

O

B§!$D

Ê-B½ÛKD;Q\Ek-Ê/Ð$B½ÛKD†HK^INPNXLT&[^I\Ek=P^f=X]8L^$ETXLKNILkë;Q\EkëLTV=XJàht;>=PLkë\AoEh[LKNm^$%;Q=V=?;IH?acT

Ì^IN(o8\EJÀ= ^=PJMh.L)Û?BSNPLT.&[LH=XJILK9àbI6ʅÝVÞfJ<Tm=P]8L;6pLKNP;IqIL&\co8h[LKN:^$";>=X=P;IH?aST^&`LN(o8\EJÀ= ^

=XJàh.LIBS=?;QacJà\8qJà\p=P^t;pHKHK^Io8\A=m=P]8LU(]8^p9ML_^%ETXLKN>;>=PJM^p\-&[LKNPJM^Sk36

ÙOfNXL&8NXLTVL\p=PT(=P]8L&8NP^$&[^INX=XJà^I\^=X^Q=?;Q9p>;INXJ<;>=PJM^p\;[^poS=:=P]8L;*ILKN?;QqILL3=&89<;QJà\8Lk

Ab =X]EL+NXLqINPLTPTVJà^Q\%6¥,Ž\`kSLKLk3B^Ù JàT²=X]8LñHK^INPNXL9à;Q=XJà^I\Ò;IH=X^pN-[LK=ŽUmLKLK\=P]8L+LTV=XJàht;>=XLk

h^8kSLK9;Q\Ek-=P]8L^$ETXLKNILkW>;I9Mo8LTK6…QW]8L.H9à^pTXLKN =X]EL/Ù_Ob>;Q9ào8LJàT&=X^ ` B`=X]ELb[LK=V=PLKN=X]8L

LTV=XJàh.;Q=XLk*h.^SkSL9…8=?TW=X]8LHK^I9à9MLH=XLkk8;>=?;86

•ñL]E;6IL;&k&89MJàLkë=X]8J<Tmh^8kSLK9ÊH^I\`TVJ<kSLKNPJà\8qf9MJà\8L;INmNXLKqpNXLTXTXJà^Q\`T!JM\FI^I9cJM\8q^I\8LpBp=¸U^

^IN"h.^pNXLWHK^Io8\A=XNPJMLTK6 o8N&8NPJàTXJM\EqI9àbIB=P]8LWNPLTXo89M=PT"NPLIL;I9A=X]E;Q=!;qI^c^8k)8=†HK;I\b[L(^$S=?;QJà\8Lk

AbëHK^I\ETXJ<kSLKNPJM\8qf=X]EL_;>=X=P;pHPaST ÌNP^Ih ^I\8L_H^po8\p=PNXbt^I\89àbp6clE^INmL=8;Qh4&89àLIBA=X]8L_h.^SkSLK9<T+&8NX^$

AJ<kSJà\8qt=X]EL"[LT¸=8= =P;IacJM\8qëJà\p=X^*;IHKHK^Io8\A=:=X]8L=X^I=P;I9%\Ao8h[LN ^$!;>=V=?;IH?aST^ÌNP^Ih ;I9M9%=X]8L

&89à;Q=Ì^pNXhtT;QNPL:^%S=P;IJM\ELkGcbtH^I\`TVJ<kSLKNPJà\8q=X]8L;Q=V=?;IH?acT†J<TXTXo8LkGÌNX^phàß&Y.Bß 7BR(oETPTXJà;

^INáLKNPht;Q\Abä^p\89àbI6NQW]ELtHK^INPNXLT&[^I\Ek8JM\8qXÙO4>;I9MoELT;QNPL^$=X]8LëTP;Qh.L.^IN?kSLKN^mht;Qq$

\8JÀ=PoEkSL-BÏ#E6¡$[$[bÌ^INß Y.Bk#86¡ g ¡"Ì^pNPß 7Bl#86¡ g #"Ì^pNPR(oETPTVJ<;.;Q\`k9#86¡%!$#"Ì^pNáLKNPht;Q\cbDB

kSLK\8^I=XJà\8qF;|ILNXbâqI^c^Sk¨8=t^$ =P]8LLT¸=PJMht;Q=XLkåh.^SkSL9àT=P^+=P]8LäH^I9à9àLH=PLk k8;>=?;86¥QW]8JàT

NXLTVo89M= J<T H^p\ENPh.LkXAbTVLILKN?;Q9%TV=P;>=PJàTV=XJ<HK;I93=XLTV=?T(=P]E;>=&8NP^*cJ<kSLk-TVJàqI\8J<`HK;I\p=ªâ‡ã(­(äaqkoV¯

JM\Ek8JàH;>=XJà\8q =P]E;>=n=X]ELmkE;>=P;&;&k&[L;QN=X^[LmHK^I\ETXJ<T¸=PLK\p="U(JÀ=P]=P]8Lm9MJà\8L;INnNXLKqpNXLTXTXJM^I\h.^SkSL9«6

l8^pN&L3=8;Qh4&89àLIBE=P]8LLT¸=PJMht;>=PLkäh.^SkSLK9n^$8=P;QJà\8Lk-U(]8LK\+H^p\ETVJ<kSLNXJà\8qt=P]8L;>=X=P;IH?aSTPÌNX^ph

R(oETPTVJ<;^I\89àbëJ<T(k8L3E\8Lk9Ab²L:AoE;Q=XJà^I\{Bg DV_

Ê Ð

B½ËD Ñå[$[ ×c$›$ŸÌ

@

B½ËDpÔ ` c%c$c כœ Bg D

Ì @

BÏËDmNXL&8NXLTVL\p=PT=P]8LLI^I9àoS=PJM^p\*^=X]8L\Ao8h[LN(^$n;Q=V=?;IHPaST+ÉNP^IhºR(oETPTVJ<;868lnJMqpo8NXL

` &89M^I=PT(=X]8LLI^I9àoS=XJà^I\^n=P]8L^$ETXLKNILk;I\EkLTV=XJàht;>=PLk\co8h[LKN ^$";Q=V=?;IH?aST^&[LN:o8\8JM=

kSo8NPJM\8q*=X]8Ltk8;>=?;*H^p9M9àLH=XJà^I\}&[LKNPJà^Sk H^p\ETVJ<kSLNXLkäJà\ =X]8J<TL=S;Ih4&89MLp6jQW]8Lo8\8JM=_^$!=PJMh.L

H^INPNPLT.&[^I\Ek8T†=X^4[tk8;bST6F,¯=:JàTW\E^Q=XLU^INX=X]cb.=P]E;>=B8TXJMh.Jà9<;QN(H^p\EH9àoETXJM^p\ETW;QNPL^$S=?;QJà\8Lk*Ja

UL H^p\ETVJ<kSLN†;Q\8^I=X]8LN!qIN?;Q\co89<;QNXJM=¸b)Ì^IN!=P]8L:oE\8JÀ=^$[=PJMh.LpB$Ì^IN†L3=8;Qh4&89àL(^p\8L k8;bpBI^IN†^I\8L

ULKLa[6

QW]8LTVL&NXLTVoE9À=?T;INXL LIL\ëh.^pNXL&TXo8N.&ENXJ<TVJà\8q=X]E;Q==X]EL;>=X=P;pHPaST¥ÌNP^Ih¦R(oETPTXJà;;Q\Ek-ß Y

NXL&8NXLTVL\p=!^I\E9Mb;TVht;Q9à9k&8NX^%&[^INX=XJà^I\^$[=X]EL(=X^I=P;I98\co8h[LKN^3;>=V=?;IH?aSTPB` 6¡F¾ ;I\Ek g 6æœ$¾

NXLT&[LH=XJILK9àbD6O?^p\EHLNX\8Jà\8q+=P]8L@ß 7fB†;I9À=P]8^Io8qp]¼=P]8LW&8NP^$&[^INX=XJà^I\åJàTt]8JàqI]8LNWB«;[^Io8=

(10)

ç¥èé Ú*êcÚ

”K€c‚?¯·¸¿…´”·¸‚´ƒQ‚p?„8‡?ƒ€pŽ¿À‚pP“¸¿…€pã”K·Ž·V”K‡X÷Qßà“¸ƒ´ {†AŽŽ¿À”ƒ€p„ÈÞ

QW]8LXÒ;pH=t=X]`;>=t=P]8L-9àJM\EL;QNtNPLKqpNXLTXTXJM^I\åh.^SkSLK9<TëH^I\`TVJ<kSLKNPJà\8qç;>=X=P;pHPaST.^pNXJàqIJà\E;>=PJM\Eq

^I\89àb LKJM=X]8LN9ÌNX^phëß Y2^INXß

7B(^pNXR(oETPTVJ<;>&8NP^*cJ<kSLñ;åqI^c^Skå8==P^å=X]8LFH^I9à9àLH=PLk

k8;>=?;8BAJ<TNPLK9<;>=PLk.=P^f=X]ELÒ;pH=m=X]E;Q=m=X]8L_H^pNXNPLT.&[^I\EkSJà\8qfHKo8N.ILT &ENXLTXLK\A=WTXJMh.Jà9à;IN†=PNXL\Ek8T6

QW]8JàTtJ<T.Jà9M9àoETV=XN?;>=XLkå^I\ lnJMqpo8NXLX[çU(]8J<HP] NXL&8NXLTVL\p=?T=X]8L-LI^I9àoS=XJà^I\ ^&=X]ELW£;&89<;IHKL

Ò;IH=P^IN"HK^I\ETXJàk8LKNPJM\8q =X]8L(k8;>=?;&H^p9M9àLH=XLk"ÌNX^ph =X]8LW]8^I\8LbF&`^I=5&89<;>=.Ì^INPhtTU(JM=X];I9M9STV^po8N?HL

H^IoE\p=XNPJàLT†Jà\EH9àoEkSLk}BÒlnJàqIo8NPLI!I;%DBc;Q\Ekt=X]8L_k8;>=?;fH^INPNPLT.&[^I\EkSJà\8q_=P^;Q=V=?;IH?acT¥ÌNP^Ih¦ß Y.B

ß 7 ^IN^R(oETPTVJ<;f^I\89àbWBÒlnJàqIo8NPLT^!3B!IH&;Q\Ek1!IkkD6F,¯=(H9àL;INX9àb.TX]8^>U:T!=P]E;>=m=P]8LKNPL&L3=SJ<TV=PTm;

T¸=PNXJàacJM\Eq.TXJMh.Jà9à;INXJM=¸b][L=¸ULKL\;I9M9Ê=X]8LHKo8N.ILTK6

7 TëkSL=?;QJà9MLkåJM\dY! ` \yB"=X]8L@£%;$&89à;pHL1Ò;IH=X^pN4ìHB½ÛKDHK^Ih4&8oS=PLk ;Q=to8\8JM=ë^ =PJMh.LWÛJ<T

E;ITXLkä^I\+;I9M9n=X]8L.kE;>=P;²^%ETXLKNILkW[L3Ì^pNXLbÛ?6…QW]EJàTL3=&89<;QJà\ET =P]8L.TVh.^c^I=X] LI^p9MoS=PJà^I\ ^

=X]8L4£%;&E9à;pHLHo8NILHK^Ih4&E;QNPLkXÌ^INL3=8;Qh4&89àL=P^lJàqIoENXL ` 6…QW]8LqI9à^$E;I9n;Q\Ek-=X]8L9M^8HK;Q9

=XNPLK\Ek8T"L3=S]8J8JM=XLkcb=X]8L(kE;>=P;;INXLmJàkSL\p=PJaELkNPLT.&[LH=PJILK9àbScbf;Q\E;I9MbFLJM\8q =P]8L(TXJMqp\;I\Ek

=X]8L>;QNPJ<;>=XJà^p\9BÒJM\`HNPL;ITXL(^IN†k8LHNPL;pTVL*D^$[=P]8L£;&89<;IHKL^Ò;IH=P^IN†HKo8NILI6IlENP^Ih ;S&8N?;IH=XJ<HK;I9

&[^IJà\p=:^5cJàLKUBS=X]8LHKo8N.ILT+&ENXLTVL\p=XLk*^I\lnJàqIo8NPLS[tHK;Q\9[L;Q\E;I9MbFLLk*;pTOÌ^p9M9à^>U:T_

G>;I9MoELT^ATXHJà9à9à;Q=XJà\8q`LK=ŽUmLKLK\b ‡! ;I\Ekb! Jà\EkSJàH;>=PLW;&TV=P;$89ML+[LK]E;*cJM^pN+BÒJ«6LI6àBC=X]8LNXLmJ<Tn\8^

TXJMqp\8Ja[HK;Q\A=:=PNXL\Ek=X^>Um;QN?k-;Q\äJM\EHKNXL;ITXL^pN&;²kSLHNPL;pTVL^=X]ELf\AoEh[LKN&^$!;Q=V=?;IH?acT

&[LKN:o8\8JM=:^=PJàhL*D

G&[^pTXJM=XJILOQ;Q9ào8LT+í!BÒNXLT&[LH=PJ<IL9MbpBC\8LKqA;>=XJILOQ;Q9ào8LT+î¨ ‡!%D%TXo8qpqILTV=";&qI9à^$`;Q9p=PNXL\Ek

=X^>Um;INPk8T(;Q\Jà\EHNPL;pTVL4BÒNXLT&[LH=XJILK9àb²;.kSLHNPL;pTVL*D†^=P]8LJM\A=XL\ETVJM=¸b²^$";>=V=?;IH?aSTK6

ëkSLHNPL;ITXJà\8q^pNmJM\EHKNXL;ITXJM\Eq>;Q9ào8LT^$3=X]ELS£%;&E9à;pHLPÒ;pH=P^INm^*ILNm;TVo8Jà\p=PLKN>;I9[JM\Ek8Ja

HK;Q=XL;.9M^8HK;Q9%kSLHNPL;pTVL_^IN:JM\`HNPL;ITXL_^n=X]8LJà\p=PLK\ETXJÀ=¸b*^$";Q=V=?;IH?acTBSNPLT.&[LH=XJILK9àbIBÌ^IN

(11)

&E;QNX=XJ<Ho89<;QNBITXJMqp\8J<`HK;I\p=!=XNPLK\`ktH?]E;Q\8qpLT!^SHKHKo8N†;I9Mh.^AT¸=;QNP^IoE\Ek=X]8L&TP;Qh.L:o8\8JM=PT^Ÿ=PJMh.L

BÌLI6qE6àB

`

cSB[FcSBkc([FD6

•ñL]E;6IL;$&&89àJMLkTXJMh.Jà9à;IN ;Q\E;I9MbSTXLT^Ab*NPLT.&[LH=XJILK9àb*H^I\ETXJ<kSLKNPJM\Eq.L;IH?]]8^I\ELKbF&[^Q=

&89à;Q=Ì^pNXh Jà\â^IN?kSLKN=X^ Jà\ILTV=XJàqp;Q=XLëJ< TXJMh.Jà9à;INH^I\`H9àoETVJà^I\`TfHK;Q\A[L*k8LKNPJ<ILk{AbFH^Ih/

&E;QNPJM\Eq_=P]8LKJàNm;>=X=P;IH?a.;IH=PJ<cJM=XJàLT &[LKNmTV^po8N?HL:HK^Io8\A=XNPbf=P^=P]8LKJàNqI9à^$`;Q9`;>=X=P;IH?a;pH=PJ<cJM=XJàLT6

QW]8LNXLTVo89M=PTW;QNPL&TXo8h.h.;INXJLKLkëJM\9Qn;89àL g 6QW]8L_TXLH^p\Ek²H^I9ào8h.\*JàkSL\p=PJaELT=P]8L_TV^po8N?HL

H^IoE\p=XNPb-=X]E;Q=)&8NP^*cJ<kSLT&=P]8L4[LT¸=SE=6TQW]8LtHK^INPNXLT&[^I\EkSJà\8q9Ù

O

>;Q9ào8L.JàT_qpJ<IL\+JM\ñ=X]8L

=X]8JàNPk-H^I9ào8h.\36`lJà\E;I9M9àbIB8=X]8L9à;pT¸=(=X]ENXLLHK^I9ào8h.\ET(qIJIL=P]8LÙO)>;Q9ào8LT(^$S=?;QJà\8LkU(]8L\

H^I\`TVJ<kSLKNPJà\8q4ß Y.Bkß 7fB8^pNPR(oETXTXJ<;JM\=X]8LNPLKqpNXLTXTXJM^I\²h.^Sk8LI6

,¯=&H;Q\W[L\8^Q=PJàHKLk=X]E;Q=:=P]8L:AoE;I9MJM=Žb*^$n=P]8LNPLKqpNXLTXTXJM^I\ETWh.L;pTVoENXLk*U(]ELK\äH^p\ETVJ<kF

LKNPJM\8q-;>=X=P;IH?aSTÌNP^IhïR(oETPTVJ<;^I\89àbäJ<T_qIL\8LKN?;Q9à9àb-9M^>U;Ì^pN;Q9à9J&89<;>=Ì^pNXhtTGB§Ù O 9àLTPT=X]E;I\

#86Ÿ$#%D6QW]8J<TJà\EkSJàH;>=PLT†=P]E;>==P]8LI&8NX^%&[LKNX=Žb^%ETXLKNILkt;Q==X]8LqI9à^$E;I9`9MLILK9[J<T\8^Q=+cJ<TVJ89àL

U(]8LK\²9à^c^IacJà\8qf;Q==X]8L9M^SH;Q9[;pH=XJcJÀ=PJàLT^$ETXLKNILk.^p\ëL;IH?]]&89<;>=Ì^pNXh6ci:^>ULILKNB$Ì^IN=X]8L

h.;('¸^pNXJM=¸b ^$m=X]EL]&89<;>=.Ì^INPh.TB3=X]8L-[LTV=fNXLqINPLTPTVJà^Q\ñh.^SkSL9àT^É=PLK\FJà\I^p9<ILë^I\8Lë^W=X]8L

=X]8NPLKLPÌ^I9à9M^>U(Jà\8qfH^po8\p=PNXJàLT_%ß

7BáLNXht;Q\cb^pNOß Y.BpU(]8J<HP]²;I9àTX^"&8NX^(cJàk8LW=P]8L[LT¸=NPL3

qINPLTPTVJà^I\ETU(]8LK\²;Q\E;I9MbFLJM\8q_=P]8L qI9à^$E;I9E;>=X=P;pHPa;pH=PJ<cJM=Žb.H^p\ETVJ<kSLNXJà\8q;Q9à98=P]8L&89<;>=Ì^pNXhtT

=X^IqpL=P]8LKN6kQWU^ëL3=8HL&S=XJà^I\ET ;QNPLSÌ^Io8\Ek-U(JÀ=P]äj ›t;I\EkjOŸ/Ì^IN U(]8J<HP]=P]8L^%ETVLN.ILk;Q=

=P;IH?a-;pH=PJ<cJM=XJàLT&L=c]EJ<8JM=kSJ<©[LNXL\p=H?]E;QN?;IH=XLKNPJ<T¸=PJàHT:U(JM=X]+NXLT&[LH=&=X^²=P]8L^INPJMqpJM\ä^$!=X]8L

;>=V=?;IH?aSTSB§Qn;QJàUm;Q\3Bl?]EJM\E;DBEHK^Ih4&E;QNPLkë=P^=P]8L^Q=P]8LKN&89<;>=.Ì^INPh.T6

QW]8L_=XNPLK\Ek8T:kSJàTPHoETPTXLk;[^(IL]E;6pLI[LKL\;Q9<TX^^$ETXLKNILk²U(]8LK\-H^I\`TVJ<kSLKNPJà\8q;.kSJ<v

ÌLKNPLK\p=(qIN?;Q\Ao89<;INXJM=ŽbbÌ^pN=P]8Lo8\EJÀ=(^%=XJàh.L4BÒLI6qE6àB ` k8;Cbt^IN ` UmLKLKaD;ITmULK9à9Ê;pTmkSJ<©[LNXL\p=

k8;>=?;^$ETXLKN>;>=PJM^p\-&[LKNPJà^SkÊ6

Q^-TVoEhht;INXJLKLpB[=¸U^-ht;QJà\ñ^$ETXLKN>;Q=XJà^I\ET_HK;Q\M[LëkSLKNPJILk}ÌNP^Ih =X]8LtNPLTXo89M=PTS&8NPL3

TVL\p=XLk;$[^*IL%_

` 6 ^phLt=PNXL\Ek8TL3=S]8J8JM=XLkF;>==P]8Lëqp9M^%E;Q9!9àLIL9H^I\`TVJ<kSLKNPJà\8q=P]8L²;Q=V=?;IH?a}&8NP^SHKLTXTXLT

^I\t;I9M9S=P]8LP&89<;>=Ì^pNXhtT"=P^IqILK=X]8LN!;INXLW\E^Q=!^%ETXLKNILkU(]8LK\ë;Q\E;I9MbFLKJà\8q_L;pHP]4&89<;>=.Ì^INPh

Jà\EkSJAJ<kSoE;I9M9àbeBÌ=X]8J<TJàT=P]8L*H;ITXLGÌ^INL3=8;Qh4&89àLë^$:;Q=V=P;pHPaST)ÌNP^IhðR(o`TXTXJà;D6Jf&\F=X]8L

^Q=P]8LKNm]E;I\EkÊBcUL&]E;*IL&^$ETXLKNILk.=X]8L^Q=P]8LKNWTXJÀ=PoE;>=PJM^p\²U(]8LKNPL:=P]8L&=XNPLK\Ek8Tm^$ETXLKNILk

qI9à^$`;Q9à9Mb²;QNPL;Q9<TV^4cJ<TVJ89àL_9à^SHK;I9M9àbë^p\*=X]ELht;('¸^INPJÀ=¸b²^n=X]8L"&89à;Q=Ì^pNXhtT)BÌ=X]8J<T:JàT(=X]8L

HK;pTVLIÌ^IN(L=8;Qh4&89àL_^";>=X=P;pHPaST+ÌNX^phˆß 7Blß Yö;I\EkXáLKNPht;Q\cbD

!S6QW]8L ;>=X=P;pHPab&8NX^8HLTPTXLT"^$ETXLKNILk9à^SH;Q9à9Mbf^p\.L;pHP]4&E9à;Q=Ì^INPh ;QNPL^ILNXbf^$É=XL\.]EJMqp]89Mb

H^pNXNPLK9<;>=PLk U(JÀ=P]ñ=X]8Lë;Q=V=?;IH?a@&8NP^SHLTXTXLT^pNXJàqIJà\E;>=PJM\Eq-ÌNP^Ih ;9&E;INV=PJàHKo89à;INHK^Io8\A=XNPbI6

QW]8L H^IoE\p=XNPb&8NP^(AJ<kSJà\8q=P]8LP[LT¸=†NPLKqINPLTPTVJà^I\ETn9à^SH;Q9à9MbpBQkS^cLT\8^Q=†\8LHKLTPTX;INXJà9MbbcJàLK9<k

qI^S^Sk¼NPLKqpNXLTXTXJM^I\ETU(]8L\ H^p\ETXJàkSLNXJà\8qç^Q=P]8LKN]&89<;>=.Ì^INPh.Tt^IN²;>=t=P]8LäqI9à^$E;I9(9MLILK9y6

QW]8LTVL =XNPLK\Ek8TTXLKLh =X^åNXLTVo89M=-ÌNP^Ih T.&[LHKJa`H@Ò;IH=X^pNPTë=X]E;Q=qI^(ILKNP\ =X]8Lç;>=X=P;IH?a

&8NP^SHLTXTXLTm^$ETXLKNILk]ÌNP^IhL;pHP]9&89<;>=.Ì^INPh6

7 =P]8^INP^Io8qp]²;Q\E;I9MbSTXJàT^3=P]8L_H^p9M9àLH=XLk²k8;>=?;fJàTWHKo8NXNPLK\A=X9àbtHK;INXNPJàLkt^IoS=WJà\*^IN?kSLKN†=P^

E\Ek;&TX^Io8\Ek'¸o`T¸=PJa`H;>=PJM^p\f^$8=X]8Lm^%ETXLKN.pLk_=XNPLK\EkETKB=P;IaAJà\8q&Jà\p=P^;pHKH^po8\p==P]8LWkSJ<©[LNXL\p=

;>=V=PNPJ<8oS=PLT(H?]E;QN?;IH=XLKNPJLKJà\8q=X]EL;>=X=P;IH?aSTK6SD-^pNXL^*ILNBc;b&E;INV=PJàHKo89<;QNmLh/&E]E;ITXJàTWJàT^&8oS=:^I\

=X]8LL9à;$[^IN?;>=XJà^I\t^$TV=X^SH?]E;ITV=XJ<H:h.^Sk8LK9<T†=X]E;Q=(HK;Q\-[LoETXLkGÌNP^Ih ;&8NPLkSJ<H=PJ<ILI&`^pJM\A=W^

AJàLKU =P^]Ì^INPLH;ITV=:=X]8L;>=X=P;pHPa;pH=PJ<cJM=XJàLT:=P^-[Lf^%ETXLKNILk^I\ ;ëqIJILK\@&89<;>=.É^pNXhñE;ITXLk

(12)

ç¥èé ÚòIØ`Ú

ç¥èé

ÚòpÔnÚó+ô

ç¥èé ÚòAÙpÚkó vpu

ç¥èé ÚòõÚ {pŽŽ¿M”

ç¥èé ÚòEÚ

s[”K¾A„À”‡P’A”‡P·¸ƒ“:?~Cƒ„…p·¸¿…ƒ€*‡?ƒ€pŽ¿À‚pP“¸¿…€Aã.”K·Ž·V”K‡X÷QWßM“¸ƒ´ ”„…„%¾A„À”K·Žßàƒ“¸´?|`”„…„%‡?ƒp€>·Ž“¸¿…?

¿…€p‡?„…c‚p?‚*Ý

µ

”CáX|pƒ“†ƒ€p„…Þ”·Ž·V”‡V÷Qßà“¸ƒ´

ó+ô ݵ

æSáX|

ó

vIu ݵ

‡áƒK“†{pŽŽ¿M”Ý

µ

‚cá

»3„À”K·Žß<ƒK“¸´ xnƒA€>·Ž“ŽÞf¾p“¸ƒ~Q¿M‚I¿…€Aã&·¸ˆAWæS?¯·†´ƒQ‚I?„ öW°Wºn?¯·´ƒQ‚I?„ öW°

ó+ô öW°

ó

vpu öW°m{pŽŽ¿À”

»Š ÷mX“¸´”€>Þ ‹Iðø Æ ‹Iðø } ‰ ‹IðøÆø ‹Qð½ø

}

» µ ó

vpu ‹Ið

}

‰‰ ‹Ið‘C½K‘ ‹Ið

}

‰‰ ‹Qð

µ

½‹

»%‰ ÷mX“¸´”€>Þ ‹Ið

}µµ

‹Ið…Š

¶}

‹Ið‰ } ‰ ‹QðÀŠ?½IŠ

»3‘ ÷mX“¸´”€>Þ ‹Iðø } ‘ ‹Iðø½

‹Iðø

‹Qð½‹6ø

Ȯ

ó+ô

‹Iðø½QŠ ‹Iðø½QŠ ‹Ið½

¶¶

‹Qð½Æ½

»%½

Œ

”K¿…ô"”€ ‹Ið

½ ‹Ið

µ ‘

‹I𑠵 Æ ‹Qð

µ Š µ

» }

÷mX“¸´”€>Þ ‹Ið

}

Ƒ ‹I𽉋 ‹Ið½ µ ‘ ‹Qð½‰IŠ

»Tø xnˆA¿…€A” ‹Ið

}

‘½ ‹Ið‰‹‰ ‹I𽽑 ‹Qð‹

¶C}

»

÷mX“¸´”€>Þ ‹Ið

}

‰ø ‹IðÆ } ‘ ‹Ið‘IŠ

µ

‹Qð‰ø

»Š‹ ÷mX“¸´”€>Þ ‹Ið

}

‹ø ‹IðÆQŠ?‹ ‹IðƑC½ ‹Qð‹ø

}

»ŠŠ

ó

vpu ‹Ið

Š µ

‹Ið

} ø }

‹Ið

Š µ

‹Qð

}}

‘

»Š

µ

vp»8u†èyz ‹Ið

Š ‹Ið½ µ ‹ ‹Ið

}µ}

‹Qð

‹

»Š‰

ó

vpu ‹Iðø } ‹ ‹Ið…Š

} ½ ‹Iðø } ‹ ‹QðÀŠŠŠ

»Š?‘

ó

vpu ‹Iðø } ‘ ‹Ið½CÆ

‹Iðø } ‘ ‹QðÆ>Š

}

ç¥èé ÚùEÚ

±3¯·¸¿…´f”·¸‚f´ƒQ‚I?„…"ßàƒ“!”‡Vˆ¾A„À”K·Žß<ƒK“¸´4úI‡?ƒ“Ž“¸P„M”·¸¿…ƒ€ßɔK‡P·¸ƒ“¸!ƒæI·V”¿…€A?‚fßàƒ“·¸ˆAm‡?ƒA€Iw

·Ž“¸¿…?!¾p“¸ƒ~Q¿À‚p¿…€Aã&·¸ˆAWæS?¯·õA·†”€A‚fß<ƒ“

ó+ô

| ó

vIu唀c‚{†AŽŽ¿À”

Références

Documents relatifs

Abbreviations used: DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GST, glutathione S-transferase;

To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed

Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à

Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine

En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages

Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur

A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated

The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide