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Egxrgggment =- =summary
1Report
The OECD Cooperative Programmec on Eutrophication
"Canadian Contribution
i
Compiled and prepared by
Lorraine L. Janus and Richard A. Vollenwelder
SCIENTIFIC SERIES NO.
131NATIONAL
WATER RESEARCH
INSTITUTEg INLAND
WATERS
DIREGTORA TECarla CANADA CENTRE FOR
INLANDWATERS
BURLINGTON, ONTARIO, 1981CanadTa°1'
‘The OEC Cooperative Programme on Eutrophicaition,
Canadian Contribution
Compiled and prepared by
Lorraine L. Janus and Richard A. Vol_lenweIder
A background data supplement (Scientific Series No. 131-S)
is available on request from Na__tiona_l Water Research
Institute, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ontario, Canada, L7R 4A6.
SCIENTIFIC SERIES NO.
131NATIONAL
WATER RESEARCH
INSTITUTE INLANDWATERS
DIRECTORATE ; ____~ _.. ‘ _CANADA CENTRE FOR
INLANDWATERS
A BURLINGTON, ONTARIO, 1981©Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1982
Cat. No. En '36‘-502/131E ' = .
ISBN 0-66__2-1'192O-7Hj
‘ '
'
The report presented here is the Canadian contribution to the OECD Cooperative Programme on Eutrophication. Scope and modus operandi of said programme have been outlined in a Synthesis Report (OECD, Paris, 1980), and have also been summarized in the four already published Regional Reports. Therefore, the reader is invited to consult these reports for detailed information. To make the present report
self-contained, a summary paper which provides a conceptual background, and the most significant results of the total programme, is enclosed as
I
Appendix 1.
T h I
U
The present report completes the North American effort for the OECD Programme. However, the philosophy adopted to produce this report differs from that of the initial North American report produced by Rast and Lee (1978), and differs also from the other regional project conception. The Canadian report has been designed to serve as a test case for evaluating the extent of applicability of the OECD results to an independent set of data not included in the Synthesis Report. The data elaborated for the Canadian report have either been provided by individuals, or have been extracted from already published material.
People who have provided data are acknowledged separately and pertinent literature is cited in the bibliography. The text has been kept as concise as possible, wherefore citations are minimal. ‘A background data supplement, containing information sheets listing the most pertinent background information for the lakes and basins discussed in this _ hreport, is available on request.
ii
ABSTRACT
The OECD International Programme on Eutrophication has been designed for cross sectional comparison of lakes to provide management with simple tools to evaluate nutrient reduction, particularly phosphorus, necessary to alleviate excessive eutrophication. The scope of the
Canadian programme was to test the applicability of the overall OECD results on a set of data not included in the original elaboration with three main objectives in mind:
a)’ clarification of the extent to which lakes of an unspecified nature exhibit statistical properties similar to the OECD lakes
_
b) clarification and identification of the limits of trans- ferability
‘
c)l identification of conditions which need further evaluation.
The Canadian lakes data base represents a collection of in- formation from personal communication with various workers involved in major limnological projects as well as that contained in the literature.
It has been subdivided into seven major geographical regiens which are
treated separately. \
diagnostic sense, the majority of Canadian lakes tested show statistical behaviour similar to that of the OECD lakes, particularly
in regard to the relationships between annual mean chlorophyll and annual mean phosphorus, annual mean phosphorus and flushing corrected inflow
phosphorus concentration, and annual mean chlorophyll and flushing corrected
inflow phosphorus concentration.
for predictive purposes requires care.
f
l
l
l
However, application of the results A number of limfting.conditions were identified under which applicability and transferatility of OECD results are either questionable or should be done with V utmost care.
These include situations where:
a) zeu/2 (euphotic zone depth/mean depth)is§substantially greater than one
I
J
hydraulic load is high (q s > 50 m/y), flushing rate is more than twice/year (Tw < 0.5 yr) and/or lakes with irregular flushing reg1mes either seasonally or over consecutive years i
i
high mineral turbidity or a high degree of humic staining
_ 1
exists {
<
N/P ratios are a 5 and/or P exceeds 105 mg/m3
phosphorus is relatively inert (e.g. as apatite) or internal loading is substantial
dynamic equilibrium has not been attained as in the case of
1
increasing or decreasing nutrient loads!
1
1
I
l
-iv
Le programme international de l'OCDE sur l'eutrophisation
a été mis en oeuvre en vue de comparer des coupes transversales de lacs pour fournir aux chercheurs sur l'aménagement de l'eau des outils simples afin d'évaluer dans quelle mesure il faut diminuer la quantité d'éléments nutritifs, particuliérement le phosphore, pour atténuer l‘eutrophisation excessive. ‘Le but du programme canadien était de verifier l'application de tous les résultats obtenus par l'0CDE a un ensemble de données qui ne paraissent pas dans le rapport initial. Trois principaux objectifs étaient visés:
a) Etablir dans quelle mesure des lacs de nature non spécifiée présentent des propriétés statistiques semblables a celles des lacs de l'0CDE;
‘
b) Eclaircir et identifier les limites d‘application 5 d'autres lacs des données de l'OCDE;
I
c) Identifier les conditions qu‘il y aurait lieu d‘évaluer de‘
fagon plus détaillée.
‘
La base de données sur les lacs canadiens est constituée de
données provenant de communications personnelles avec différents chercheurs engages dans d'importants travaux limnologiques ainsi que des données
provenant de la littérature. Elle a été divisée suivant sept grandes régions géographiques qui sont traitées séparément.
Du point de vue diagnostic, la plupart des lacs canadiens étudiés, présentent un comportement statistique semblable 5 celui des lacs de l'OCDE, particulierement en ce qui concerne les relations entre la concentration
‘moyenne annuelle de chlorophylle et la concentration moyenne annuelle de phosphore, la concentration moyenne annuelle de phosphore et la concentration
et, enfin, la concentration moyenne annuelle de chlorophylle et la concentration du phosphore dans les eaux d'apport corrigée pour tenir
compte du renouvellement. Toutefois, il y a lieu de faire preuve de prudence lorsqu'on applique les-résultats a des fins de prévision. On a défini des conditions limites dans lesquelles l'applicabilité des résultats obtenus par l'OCDE est douteuse ou devrait étre faite avec la plus grande prudence.
Parmi ces conditions, on compte:
a) zeu/E (profondeur de la zone euphotique/profondeur moyenne) beaucoup plus grand que I l'unité;
charge hydraulique élevée (q s > 50 m /année) renouvellement
< 0,5 année) et/ou plus frequent que deux fois par année (Tw
lacs présentant des regimes de renouvellement irréguliers, c.-a-d. renouvellement saisonnier, ou renouvellement pendant des années consécutives;
turbidité minérale élevée ou degré élevé de coloration humique;
rapports N/P 5 5 et/ou concentration de P supérieure 3 l00 mg/m3;
phosphore relativement inerte (p. ex. sous forme d'apatite) ou apport interne important;
équilibre dynamique encore non atteint, comme dans le cas de charges d'éléments nutritifs croissantes ou décroissantes.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to express their thanks to all who have contributed to the presented compilation. The work has not been
simple, at times very tedious and frustrating because of the complexity of the subject treated. Such large-scale comparison would never have been possible without the generosity and responsiveness of the many
"researchers who have been involved. In addition, much of the data collection was on a personal communication basis and only through this cooperation have we been able to remain sensitive to the problems and meanings of the original measurements. This has undoubtedly improved the interpretation and reliability of conclusions. Special thanks go to those who shared their often_unpublished results and/or pains- takingly reviewed and commented on the initial exposition of the various chapters. In particular, this includes J. J. Kerekes
(Atlantic Region), P. Campbell, J. Cornett, J. Kalff, P. Potvin,
S. Watson (Quebec Region); P. Dillon (Ontario Shield Region);
A. S. Fraser and H. F. H. Dobson (Laurentian Great Lakes); E. J. Fee and D. W. Schindler (Experimental Lakes Area); R. J. Allan (Prairie
Lakes); G. J. Brunskill, R. J. Daley, C. J. Gray, R. N. Nordin, T.G. Northcote,
L. Patalas and J.G. Stockner (British Columbia Region). Noteworthy , contributions also came through the published work of many people and in addition to those mentioned above, this includes M. Dickman (Quebec Region); M. F. P. Michalski, K. Nicholls, F. H. Rigler and W. Scheider
A. El-Shaarawi, A. Fraser, G. P. Harris, R. Kwiatkowski, M. Munawar and K. willson (Laurentian Great Lakes); J. Barica and P. Cross
(Prairie Lakes).
Thanks are also given to the members of the Technical Bureau, who through all phases have actively supported the North American Project of the programme. The Canadian Government and OECD provided the funds which made it possible to complete the present report.
we also wish to thank Mrs. Sandra Horne for her tireless typing of the text in all stages of its evolution and Messrs. Bill Finn and Mike Donnelly for their patient and careful drafting of the many figures which form an integral part of this manuscript.
/ /
Richard A. Vollenweider .
~~ ~
~~Lorrainé\L</Janus
Burlington, Ontario, Canada September, l98l
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ABSTRACT RESUME
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS.
LIST OF FIGURES‘
LIST OF TABLES LIST OF APPENDICES INTRODUCTION
The Eutrophication Probiem in Canada
- General Background
— The Present Situation -Report Organization
- Lakes Considered and Regionai Synopses
— Data and Data Eiaboration
1; ATLANTIC REGION I
1.1 Atiantic Region, Description of Location 1.2 Trophic Response — Nutrient Reiationships
1.2.1 ChTorophyT1—Phosphorus Reiationship
1.2.2 Prediction of P Concentrations from Loading 1;2;3 Prediction of ChTorophyTT from Loading
I
1.3 Region I Conciusions 1.4 References (I)
Page
ii iv‘
vi ix xviii xxiv xxvi
2.1 Quebec Region, Description of Location 2.1.1 Loading Estimates and Trophic Status 2.2 Trophic Response — Nutrient Relationships
2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 N .2.6
Chlorophyll-Phosphorus Relationship Phytoplankton-Phosphorus Relationship Phosphorus-Loading Relationship
Chlorophyll-Loading Relationship
Primary Production in Relation to Loading
Secchi Transparency in Relation to Chlorophyll, Phosphorus and Loading
2.3 Region II Conclusions 2.4 References (II)
ONTARIO SHIELD LAKES REGION III
3.1 Ontario Shield Region, Description of Location 3.1.1
(/
Phosphorus Loadings \
3.2 Trophic Response — Nutrient Relationship 3.2.1
3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4
Chlorophyll-Phosphorus Relationship Chlorophyll—Nitrogen Relationship Phosphorus-Loading Relationship Chlorophyll-Loading Relationship
11-14 IIél8
III-I III—2 IIIé2 III-7 III-7 III-I0 III-I0 III-I3
wv-w¢—_¢_—-ow wwvv
_xi
3.2.5 Secchi Transparency in Relation to Chlorophyll, Phosphorus and Loading
3.2.6 Hypolimnetic Oxygen Depletion 3.3 Region III Conclusions
3.4 References (III)
LAURENTIAN GREAT LAKES REGION IV
4.1 The Laurentiah Great Lake System, Description of Location
4.2 Land Use and Sources of Phosphorus to the Great
I Lakes
4.3 Trophic Response - Nutrient Relationships 4.3.1 Chlorophyll—Phosphorus Relationship pp 4.3.2 Phytoplankton-Phosphorus Relationship 4.3.3 Phosphorus-Loading Relationship
4.3.4 Chlorophyll-Loading Relationship
4.3.5 Primary Production-Loading Relationship 4.3.6 Hypolimnetic Oxygen Depletion Rates 4.4 Region IV Conclusions
4.5 References (IV)
Page III-l4
III-18 III-20 III-21
IV— J
IV— 2
IV— 5
IV— 7
IV-11 IV—1l IV-13 IV-13 IV-15 IV—l5 IV-17 IV—18
5. EXPERIMENTAL LAKES AREA v
5.1 Experimental Lakes Area, Description of Location 5.1.1 Nutrient Sources and Loadings
a) Natural Condition
b)‘ Artificial Fertilization
5.2 Trophic Response - Nutrient Relationships 5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4 5.2.5
5.2.6
5.2.7
Chlorophyll—Phosphorus Relationship
a) Natural Condition
b) iArtificial Fertilization Chlorophyll-Nitrogen Relationship a) Natural Condition
b) Artificial Fertilization
Nutrient Loadings and Concentrations’
a) Phosphorus: Natural Condition
b) Phosphorus: Artificial Fertilization
c) Nitrogen
Chlorophyll-Loading Relationship
Secchi Transparency in Relation to Chlorophyll’
and Phosphorus
Primary Production in Relation to Chlorophyll and Loading
Hypolimnetic Oxygen Depletion Rates 5.3 Region V Conclusions
V926 v—27
xiii
Addendum V 1: Biomass-Ch1orophy11 Relationship 5.4 References (V)
6. PRAIRIE LAKES REGION VI 6.1 Preambie
6.2 Lake Winnipeg, Description of Location 6.3 Trophic Response - Nutrient Relationships
6.3.1 Ch1orophy11-Loading Reiationship 6.4 Assessment for Lake Winnipeg
6.5 Qu'Appe1Ie VaI1ey Lakes, Description of Location 6.6 Trophic Response - Nutrient Reiationships
6.6.1 Nutritiona1 Conditions in the Lakes 5.5.2 Nutrient suppiy and Nutrient Budgets 6.6.3 Ch1orophy11
6.6.4» Nutrient-Chiorophyil Reiationship
6 .6.5 Prediction of Concentration and Biomass from‘
ALoadings
O} \l Region VI Conclusions
05 ® References (VI)
7. BRITISH COLUMBIA REGION VII
7.1 British Coiumbia Region. Description of Location 7.1.1 Loading Estimates
Page v-29 V-32
VI- 1- VI- 2 VI- 2 VI- 6 VI- 6 VI- 8 VI- 8 VI-13 VI-13 VI-13 VI-21 VI-24 VI-33
VI-34 VI-36
VII- 1 VII- 2
7.2 Trophic Response - Nutrient Relationships 7.2.1
7.2.2
_Chlorophyll-Phosphorus Relationship
Loading-Phosphorus Relationship (Okanagan Lakes)
Chlorophyll—Loading Relationship (Okanagan Lakes)
Chlorophyll-Phosphorus Relationship (Babine, Kamloops, Kootenay)
Loading—Phosphorus Relationship (Babine, Kamloops, Kootenay)
7.2.6 Chlorophyll-Loading Relationship (Babine, Kamloops, Kootenay)
7.2.7 Secchi Transparency - Chlorophyll and Phosphorus Relationships (Babine, Kamloops, Kootenay)
Primary Production and Hypolimnetic Oxygen Depletion Rates
7.3 Region VII Conclusions 7.4 References (VII)
RECOVERY OF LAKES 8.1 Introduction
8.2 Gravenhurst Bay (Ontario Shield Region III) 8.2.1 Loading History and Trophic Condition
VII-24
VII-26
VII-27
VII—32
VII-32
VII-34
VII-37 VII-39
VIII- 1
VIII- 2
VIII- 2
VIII- 2
XV
8.3 Littie Otter Lake (Ontario Shield Region III) 8.3.1 Loading History and Trophic Conditions 8.4 Lakes Erie and Ontario (Laurentian Great Lakes
Region IV)
.4.1 Loading History
.4.2 Variation and Trends in Phosphorus Concentrations .4.3 Variations and Trends in Biomass (ChTorophy11) .4.4 Variations and Trends in Secchi Transparency
00®C0O0OO
.4.5 Variations and Trends in Hypoiimnetic Oxygen Depietion Rates in Lake Erie
Historica1 Trends in Phytoplankton Species Composition Changes:
a) Lake Erie b) Lake Ontario
8.5 Qu'Appe11e Lakes (Prairie Region V1) 5.1 Loading History and Trophic Condition
kootenay Lake (B.C. Region VII)
6.2 Effects of Impoundment
8.
6
8.6.1 Loading History and Trophic Condition
8.
8.6.3 Effects of Nutrient Loadings
7 Conciusion for Recoyery of Lakes 8.8 References (VIII)
Page VIII- 6
VIII- 6
VIII- 7
VIII- 7 -VIII-10 VIII—13 VIII—14 VIII-16
VIII—17 V111-20 v111—22 VIII-22 VIII-24 VIII—24 VIII-27 VIII-28 v111—31 VIII-33
9. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
9.l Applicability of the OECD Results 9.2 Insufficiently Resolved Problems
9.2.l Chlorophyll and Biomass
9.2.2_ Chlorophyll-Phosphorus Relationship 9.2.3 Nutrient Loadings
9.2.4 Predictability of Inlake Nutrient’
Concentrations from Loading
-9.2.5 Primary Production and Hypolimnetic Oxygen Depletion
9.3 Management Implications 9-3.1 Diagnostic Application 9.3.2 Predictive Application
‘ 9.4 Recommendations
9.4.l Guidelines for Data Elaboration and Testing Against Standard Correlations
4 Nutrient Loading - Inlake Concentration Relationship
I
- Chlorophyll-Nutrient Relationship
- Use of Standard Correlation
9.4.2 Planning and Implementation of New and Follow—up Studies
IX-10
IX-ll IX-ll IX—ll IX-"l4 IX-l4
IX-14
IX-16 IX—l6, IX-17
xvii
LE2
— Inlake Nutrient Conditions and Nutrient
Loading Studies \ IX-l7
- Physical Conditions
'
A
IX-l8
- Hypolimnetic Conditons IX-l9
- Tropho—Dynamic Interactions
‘ _
IX-l9 - Historical Trends _
- IX—l9
GENERAL REFERENCES R/l
APPENDICES A/l
Appendix 1 vBackground and Summary Results of the OECD A/l Cooperative Programme on Eutrophication and
Standard regressions and confidence limits Addendum to Appendix l
_
. A/48 Appendix 2 Rationale and Critical Considerations for Using A/60
I
1/(1 + /TTW7) as Standard Flushing Correction
Appendix A 3 Hypolimnetic Oxygen Depletion Models A/69 Appendix III 1 Bedrock geology of Ontario Shield lakes A/76 Appendix III 2 Surficial geology of Ontario Shield lakes A/84 Appendix V 1 Theoretical water renewal times for some ELA A/92
‘
lakes (individual years)
’ Appendix Vg 2 Yearly loadings of P and N to ELA lakes" A/93
’ ‘ (mg/m’ -Sn‘)
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
i
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
‘H
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II II
III III III III
III
III 10
-l>vOu IN)
OF FIGURES
Locations of study regions
Nearshore trophic condition of the Great Lakes Location of Atlantic Region Lakes
Annual mean chlorophyll a concentration in relation to annual mean total phosphorus concentration
Peak chlorophyll a concentration in relation to afinua1 mean total phosphorus concentration
Annual mean total phosphorus concentration in relation to the flushing corrected annual mean inflow total phosphorus concentration
Annual mean chlorophyll in relation to flushing corrected annual mean inflow total phosphorus concentration
Lake Memphremagog drainage basin _
Location and macrophyte distribution in Pink‘s Lake
Annual mean chlorophyll a concentration in relation to spring total phosphorus concentration
Annual mean phytoplankton biomass in relation to annual mean total phosphorus concentration
Spring total phosphorus concentration in relation to flushing corrected inflow total phosphorus concentration
sumer mean chlorophyll 3 in relation to flushing corrected inflow total phosphorus concentration
Annual areal primary production in relation to flushing corrected inflow total phosphorus concentration
Secchi transparency in relation to annual mean chlorophyll 3 Concentration Secchi transparency in relation to spring total phosphorus concentration Secchi transparency in relation to flushing corrected inflow total phosphorus concentration
A
Muskoka lakes and the towns that influence them Harp and Jerry Lakes
Otter - Little Otter Lake watershed
Annual mean chlorophyll g_concentration in relation to spring total phosphorus concentration
Annual mean chlorophyll a concentration in relation to spring total phosphorus concentration, 4 year means
Annual mean chlorophyll a concentration in relation to mean total phosphorus concentration
Page 4 9 1- 4 1- 7-
I- 7
I—lO I—lO
II-,4 II- 6 II- 9
II- 9
II-l2
II-l2
II-l5
II—l5 II—l6 II—l6
III— 5
‘III— 6 III— 6 111- 8
III— 8
III— 9
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
_Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III III
III
III
III
IV IV
IV
IV
1v
IV 10
11
12
13
14 15
16
17
18
’Annual mean chlorophyll 3
xix
Annuai mean chlorophyll a_concentration in relation to mean total phosphorus concentration, 4 year means
Annuai mean chlorophyll a concentration in relation to mean inorganic nitrogen concentration
in relation to total nitrogen concentration of the growing season, 4 year means
Annual and spring total phosphorus concentration in relation to flushing corrected inflow total phosphorus concentration
Annual and summer chlorophyll a_concentration in relation to flushing corrected inflow total phosphorus concentration
Secchi transparency in relation to annual and summer chlorophyll a
concentration
Secchi transparency in relation to annual chlorophyll a_concentration, 4 year means
Secchi transparency in relation to spring total phosphorus concentration Secchi transparency in relation to annual mean total phosphorus
concentration
I
Secchi transparency in relation to summer total phosphorus concentration, 4 year means
Secchi transparency in relation to flushingrcorrected inflow total phosphorus concentration
Monthly hypolimnetic oxygen depletion rate in relation to mean chlorophyll a concentration
Laurentian Great Lakes Basin
Mean summer chlorophyll 3_concentration invrelation to annual mean total phosphorus concentration
Annual mean surface phytoplankton biomass in relation to annual mean total phosphorus‘concentrationlv
Annual mean total phosphorus concentration in relation to the flushing corrected annual mean inflow total phosphorus concentration
Annual mean chlorophyll a concentration in relation to the flushing corrected annual mean inflow total phosphorus concentration
Annual areal primary production in relation to the flushing corrected annual mean inflow total phosphorus concentration
Page III- 9
III-11
III—11
III—12
III-12
III—15
III-15
III—l6 111-16
III-17
III—17
III—19
1v- 3,
IV—I2
IV-12
IV-14
IV-14
IV—I6
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig‘.
Fig.’
rig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
‘ Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
IV
10
11
12
13
14
1s
16
Hypolimnetic oxygen depletion rates in relation to annual mean chlorophyll a_concentration and annual mean total phosphorus concentration
Location of the Experimental Lakes Area
Natural condition: annual mean chlorophyll a_concentration in relation to spring total phosphorus concentration (Schindler)
Natural condition: summer mean chlorophyll a concentration in relation to spring total phosphorus concentration (Fee)
Enrichment-condition: annual mean chlorophyll 3 concentration in relation to spring total phosphorus concentration
Enrichment condition: L227, annual mean chlorophyll g_concentration in relation to annual mean phosphorus concentration
Natural condition: annual mean chlorophyll a concentration in relation to spring total nitrogen concentration
Enrichment condition: annual mean chlorophyll a concentration in relation to spring total nitrogen concentration
Total phosphorus concentration in relation to flushing corrected annual mean total phosphorus inflow concentration
Total phosphorus concentration (one year after inflow measurements) in relation to flushing corrected annual mean total phosphorus
‘inflow concentration
Total nitrogen concentration in relation to flushing corrected inflow total nitrogen concentrations
Total nitrogen concentration (one year after inflow measurements) in relation to flushing corrected inflow total nitrogen concentrations Annual mean chlorophyll a_concentration in relation to flushing
F
corrected inflow total phosphorus concentration
Secchi transparency in relation to annual mean chlorophyll 3 concentration»
_
Secchi transparency in relation to spring total phosphorus concentrations
Annual areal primary production in relation to annual mean chlorophyll
a concentration (Schindler)
Annual areal primary production in relation to flushing corrected inflow total phosphorus concentration
IV-16
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
‘Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
V VI VI
VI
VI VI
VI VI VI
» v1
VI
VI
VI
VI
VI
VII VII VII
VII 17
18
19
20
10
11
12
T3
14
xxi .
Annual areal primary production in relation to annual mean chlorophyll 3_concentration (Fee)
I
Annual areal primary production/annual total phosphorus loading ratio in relation to annual total phosphorus loading
Mean monthly hypolimnetic oxygen depletion rate in relation to annual mean chlorophyll 3_concentration
Addendum:
Phytoplankton biomass in relation to peak chlorophyll 3 concentration -Drainage area of Lake Winnipeg and the Fishing Lakes
Several year mean chlorophyll 3 concentration in relation to flushing corrected annual mean total phosphorus inflow concentration, Lake Winnipeg
Several year mean chlorophyll 3 concentration in relation to flushing corrected annual mean total nitrogen inflow concentration, Lake Winnipeg
The Qu'Appelle Valley lakes of Saskatchewan Qu'Appelle Phosphorus Budget
Qu'Appelle Nitrogen Budget Qu'Appelle N/P Ratios
Several year linear and geometric mean chlorophyll 3 concentration in relation to average inlake total phosphorus concentration
Several year mean chlorophyll_3_concentration in relation to average outflow total phosphorus concentration
Peak chlorophyll 3 concentration in relation to average inlake and outflow total phosphorus concentration
Several year mean chlorophyll 3 concentration in-relation to mean.
outflow total nitrogen concentration
Peak chlorophyll 3 concentration in relation to mean inlake and outflow total nitrogen concentration
Mean annual chlorophyll 3 concentration in relation to mean phosphorus, respectively, phosphorus x theoretical water residence time
Mean annual chlorophyll 3 concentration in relation to mean annual nitrogen, respectively, nitrogen x theoretical water residence time
Mainstem lakes of the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia Babine Lake
I
Kamloops Lake and major geographic, urban and industrial features of the area
Kootenay Lake Drainage Basin
Page V-22
V-24
V-24
V#30 VI— 3 VI— 7
VI— 7
VI— 9 VI— 9
VI—l8 VI-18 VI-25
VI-25
VI-26
VI-26
VI—27
VI—32
VI—32
VII- 3
VII- 3
VII-I2
VII-12
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
‘Hg.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Hg}
Fig.
VII
VII
VII
VII
VII
VII
VII
VII
VII
VII
v11
vn
in
VII
vn
VII 10
11
12
13
14
15
I6
17
18
19
20
_concentration: Kootenay, Kamloops
Annual mean chlorophyll 3 in relation to mean total phosphorus concentration: Okanagan Lakes
Secchi transparency in relation to annual mean chlorophyll 3 concentration: Okanagan Lakes
Secchi Transparency in relation to mean total phosphorus concentration: Okanagan Lakes
I
Mean total phosphorus concentration in relation to flushing corrected inflow total phosphorus concentration: Okanagan Lakes
I
Annual mean chlorophyll 3 concentration in relation to flushing corrected inflow total phosphorus concentration
Annual mean chlorophyll_3_concentration in relation to mean phosphorus concentration (discovered and total): Kootenay, Kamloops and Babine Peak chlorophyll 3 concentration in relation to mean total phosphorus:
Kootenay, Kamloops and Babine
_ I
Mean total phosphorus concentration (same year) in relation to flushing corrected inflow total phosphorus concentration: Kootenay, Kamloops and Babine
Mean total phosphorus concentration (one and two years later) in relation to flushing corrected inflow total phosphorus concentration:
Kootenay
Annual mean chlorophyll'3 concentration in relation to flushing corrected inflow total phosphorus concentration (of same year and mean of two previous years): 'Kootenay’
Secchi transparency in relation to annual mean chlorophyll 3
and Babine
Secchi transparency in relation to mean total phosphorus concentration: Kootenay, Kamloops and‘B'abinew '
Annual areal primary production in relation to mean chlorophyll 3_
and Babine
I
concentration: Kootenay, Kamloops
Annual areal primary production in relation to mean total phosphorus concentration: Kootenay, Kamloops and Babine
A
Monthly hypolimnetic oxygen demand in relation to mean total phosphorus concentration: B.C. lakes
A A I
Monthly hypolimnetic oxygen demand in relation to mean chlorophyll 3' concentration: B.C. lakes
VII-2l
VII-21
VII-22
VII-22
VII-25
VII-25
VII-28
VII-28
VII-31
VII-31
VII-33
VII-33
VII435
‘VII-35
VII-36
VII-36
xxiii
BEBE Fig. VIII 1 Return of oligotrophic conditions to Little Otter Lake with 1972 VIII. 5
P—loading reduction
.
Fig. VIII 2 Trophic conditions of the Laurentian Great Lakes in the 19605 and VIII- 8
‘
1970s
'
V
Fig. VIII 3 Lake Erie phosphorus loading estimates (1967 to 1976)
k
VIII-'l'|
Fig. VIII 4 Lake 0nta_rio loading estimates (1967 to 1976) VIII-H
Fig. VIII’ 5 -Spring total phosphorus trends in the Great Lakes VIII-‘|2.
Fig. VIII 6 Offshore summer Secchi transparencies in the Great Lakes VIII-‘I5 Fig. VIII 7 Long term changes of diatoms in the sediments of Lake Erie gVIII.-'l9 Fig. VIII 8 Recent trends ‘in western Lake Erie phytoplan_kton
g VIII-‘I9
9 Long term a) species and b) compositional changes of diatoms in the VIII .2]
Fig. VIII
'
sediments of Lake Ontario
V
Fig. VIII 10 Effect" of TNJTP ratio on predicted chlorophyll a VIIiI—2A5
Fig. VIII 11 Tropnhic response to nutrient levels in Kootenay Lake (1950 to 1980) VIII-29
Fig. IX l Annual mean chlorophyll a concentration in relation to annual mean _ IX- 6 phosphorus lake concentration: All cagngadian Regions
table
II
111 1v 1v 1v 1v
v1‘
v1
V1 V1 VI
VI VI
VI
VI
VII VII VII VII
5.:
-l>Uol\)
-l>(.0f\)
Phosphorus loading estimates:
LIST or TABLES:
List of lakes included in Canadian OECD analysis (grouped according to region)
Comparison between some mean features of OECD and Canadian lakes 4
OECD Standard Regressions
Selected limnological features of Atlantic Region Lakes (annual mean values) Comparison of two phosphorus specific loading estimates and resultant inflow concentrations for Quebec lakes
Phosphorus loading to huskoka Lakes
% Land Use Great Lakes Basin
Phosphorus sources to Great Lakes. % contribution 1976 Great Lakes Trophic Response
Lake Erie Phosphorus Loading Condition of ELA lakes N/P ratios of ELA lakes
Qu'Appelle Valley lakes. .Total Phosphorus mg/m3; Statistical Averages
1970-77 _
Qu'Appelle Valley lakes. Total Nitrogen mg/m3; Statistical Averages 1970-77
—Long-term Averages of Phosphorus Inflow-Outflow Concentration (mg/m3) Long-term Averages of Nitrogen Inflow-Outflow Concentrations (g/m3) Confidence level of significance for differences between consecutive lakes (P value)
Qu'Appelle Valley lakes. N/P Ratio; Statistical Averages 1970-77 Pasqua Lake. Yearly Phosphorus Loading and Average Inflow-Outflow Concentrations
Qu'Appelle Valley lakes. Chlorophyll mg/m3 Statistical Averages (1970-77)
Qu'Appelle Valley lakes. Distribution of Flushing Rates over a 7-year Period
Selected chemical. physical and biological parameters: Okanagan Lakes Dkanagan Lakes
Phosphorus loading estimates: wood and Kalamalka Lakes
Kootenay Lake 1972 to 1979 Averages (TP, TN/TP ratio, chlorophyll and primary production)
14 .17 1- 5 11- 7
111- 4 1v— 6’
1v— 6
1v— 8 & 1v—9 1v—1o
v— 6
v-12 v1-14
v1—14
v1-15 VI-l6 VI—l7
v1—17 v1-22
v1-23
v1-30.
v11-‘7 VII-l8 VII-l8 VII—29
Table vIII VIII VIII VIII
VIII
IX
XAXV
3.3.99.
Morphometric and hydroiogic data for Gravenhurst Bay VIII- 3 Phosphorus sources for Gravenhurst Bay
A
VIII- 3 water qua'lit'y of Gravenhurst Bay before and after phosphorus precipitation VIII‘ 5 Comparison of predicted and measured phosphorus," ch1orophy11 and Secchi VIII- 5 depth values
Species composition response to phys1'ca'l and chemical changes in kootenay VIII925
La_ke
Frequency distribution of [ch1]/[P] ratios in Canadian and osco Iakes IX-I3
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix
Appendix III III
LIST OF APPENDICES
Background and Summary Results of the OECD Cooperative Programme on Eutrophication and.
Standard regressions and confidence limits Addendum to Appendix l
Rationale and Critical Considerations for Using 1/(1 + /TTW7) as Standard Flushing Correction Hypolimnetic Oxygen Depletion Models
Bedrock geology of Ontario Shield lakes Surficial geology of Ontario Shield lakes Theoretical water renewal times for some ELA lakes (individual years)
Yearly loadings of P and N to ELA lakes‘
(mg/m2.yr)
Page .
A/ I
A/48 A/60
A/69 A/76 A/84 A/92
A/93
INTRODUCTION THE EUTROPHICATION PROBLEM IN CANADA
- General Background -
Canada, with a totaT area of 10 miTTion kmz, and a popuTation of nearTy 23 miTTion peopTe, has some 756,000 km? of fresh water. Stream- fTow in Canada's rivers has been estimated to be about 100,000 m3 per second, equivaTent to about 50% of Canada's annuaT precipitation, and represents about 9% of the totaT fTow in aTT the worTd's rivers. Much of the usabTe surface water present in Canada is stored in Takes and
reservoirs, or eTsewhere in the form of ice and snow.
Canada probabTy has more Take area than any other country in the worTd: a compTete inventory is not feasibTe at present. Five.
hundred and sixty-three Targe Canadian fresh water Takes exceed a water surface area of 100 kmz; 42 of these exceed 1,000 km2.N Outstanding among these Takes, in terms of size, are the Great Takes, aTthough onTy parts of these are in Canadian territory. In centraT Canada, Lake Winnipeg is the Targest Take; Great STave and Great Bear are the Targest in the north-western region. Others worthy of mention are Lakes Athabasca,
Reindeer,winnipegosis, Nipigon, Manitoba,-Lake of the woods, NettiTTing and Dubawnt. Apart from these Targe Takes are countTess other smaTTer Takes.
scattered througout Canada, particuTarTy in the Canadian ShieTd.
River discharge in the different main river basins varies considerabTy and consequentTy, the range of theoreticaT water residence time is tremendous. 0f the smaTTer Takes, many receive an extremeTy high
whereas the residence time of some of the large lakes can exceed a
hundred years. In addition, variability of the residence time for a
particular system is affected by its size and complexity. The Saskatchewan ,River, with a mean flow of 680.m3 per second, has a maximum flow of 3,000
m3 per second, and minimum of 50 m§ per second. The maximum recorded flow is 4.4 times the mean flow and 60 times the minimum. 0n the other hand, large systems have the capacity to damp these variations in flushing rate. The St. Lawrence River, flushing the Laurentian Great Lakes system has a mean flow of 6,740 m3 per second. The maximum is only 1.5 times the mean and about twice the minimum. Residence time and its variability‘
are of considerable importance for the actual susceptibility of Canadian lakes to nutrient load and eutrophication.
- The Present Situation -
In considering the general situation, the eutrophication problem in terms of the total water resource stored in lakes, for Canada, cannot be defined as serious compared to other regions in the world. Most of the Canadian lakes belong to the oligotrophic category.
A cross-sectional listing of the 130 lakes, including the lakes considered in this report, showed the following distribution of trophic categories:
a) in terms of number of lakes:
oligotrophic — 73%, mesotrophic - 15%, eutrophic — 12%
b) in terms of surface area:
"oligotrophic - 73%, mesotrophic - 13%, eutrophic - 14%
