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PERTURBATIONS PLUVIOMETRIQUES DE LA SECONDE SAISON AGRICOLE

DANS LE DEPARTEMENT DES COLLINES AU BENIN Ibouraïma YABI, Philippe Biaou CHABI

AYEDEGUE et Guy Cossi WOKOU

Laboratoire Pierre Pagney ‘’Climat, Eau, Ecosystème et Développement’’ (LACEEDE)

Département de Géographie et Aménagement du Territoire (DGAT)

Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC)

E-mail :[email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected]

Résumé : Dans les départements des Collines les activités agricoles se déroulent en deux saisons.

Les productions de seconde saison agricole revêtent une importance capitale pour les paysans dans la mesure où elles sont consommées pendant la période de soudure alimentaire et utilisées comme semence pour la campagne agricole suivante. Dans un contexte d’agriculture essentiellement pluviale, toute perturbation pluviométrique de cette saison engendre forcément des conséquences agricoles et socioéconomiques négatives pour les paysans.

Les données pluviométriques journalières de 4 stations ou postes pluviométriques extraites du fichier de l’ASCENA-Cotonou et couvrant la période 1951-2005. De même des informations sur les perceptions paysannes obtenues auprès de 120 producteurs au cours des enquêtes de terrain, ont été utilisées. Les outils statistiques (fréquence, pourcentage, tableaux, illustrations graphiques, le test de concordance de Man Kendall) ont été mis à contribution pour le traitement des données et informations.

La durée moyenne de la seconde saison agricole varie entre 56 et 61 jours et est marquée par une forte variabilité qui se manifeste par un arrêt précoce (la probabilité de 8 années sur 10 correspond partout à un arrêt précoce), l’apparition des séquences pluviométriques sèches au cours de la saison agricole (22 à 31 % des années) sans oublier les démarrages tardifs qui surviennent par moments. Ces aléas perturbent le calendrier agricole traditionnel des paysans et affecte négativement la seconde campagne agricole. Le maïs et l’arachide ont été cités par les 52 % des producteurs interrogés comme des cultures les plus vulnérables à ces perturbations.

Les mesures adaptatives se rapportent essentiellement à l’adoption des cultures à cycle court (82 %) aux semis précoces (71 %), à l’utilisation des engrais chimiques (50 %) et à l’exploitation des bas-fonds (44 %). Les propositions faites se rapportent à la mise en place

des variétés culturales plus adaptées et la définition d’un calendrier agricole plus approprié.

Mots clés: Département des Collines, seconde saison agricole, perturbations pluviométriques, calendrier agricole, perspectives.

Abstract: The production of second growing season are crucial for farmers because they are consumed during the hunger gap and seed for the next crop year. In a context of predominantly rainfed agriculture, any disruption of rainfall this season brings inevitably agricultural productions and caused negative socio-economic consequences for farmers.

Daily rainfall data from four stations extracted from the file of ASCENA-Cotonou covering the period 1950-2005 as well as information on farmers' perceptions were used. Statistical tools (frequency, percentage, tables, graphics, concordance test of Man Kendall) have been involved in the treatment of data and information.

The average duration of the second growing season varies between 56 and 61 days and is characterized by a high variability which is manifested by an early stop (probability 8 out of 10 years is everywhere at an early stop), the appearance of dry rainfall sequences during the growing season (22 to 31% of the year concerned) and the late start that occur at times. These contingencies disrupt the traditional agricultural calendar farmers and negatively affects the second crop. Maize and groundnuts were cited by 52% of producers surveyed as the most vulnerable to these disruptions cultures. Adaptation measures relate primarily to the adoption of short-cycle crops (82%) with early sowing (71%), use of chemical fertilizers (50%) and the use of lowlands (44%).

The proposals relate to the implementation of the most suitable crop varieties and the definition of a suitable cropping calendar.

Key words: Department of hills, second growing season, rainfall disturbance, impacts agricultural production

Introduction

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3. Résultats et discussions

3.1. Démarrage et fin de la seconde saison agricole

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Tableau n°1 : Synthèse des statistiques relatives au début et à la fin de la saison agricole

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Figure n°2 : Longueur moyenne de la seconde saison agricole

Source : Traitement de données.

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