On the Future of CASE Tools

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CASE89 STOCKHOLM

ON THE FUTURE OF CASE TOOLS

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F. VAN ASSCIfE

JAMES MARTIN ASSOCIATES

¢ •

THE HISTORY OF CASE TOOLS

• CASE TOOLS STATE OF THE ART

• THE EVOLUTION OF APPLICATIONS

• THE EVOLUTION OF APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

• EVOLUTION OF CASE TOOLS

• EVOLUTION OF CASE TOOL DEVELOPMENT

• THE IMPACT OF THESE INNOVATIONS ON PRODUCTIVITY

& QUALITY

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THE SOFTWARE BACKLOG STORY

INVISIBLE BACKLOG

VISIBLE BACKLOG

c===---I

SOFTWARE PRODUCTION

THE RESULT OF USING 4TH GL

CODE GENERATORS

HAS BEEN THAT SYSTEM BUILDERS STILL DEVELOPED UNRELIABLE INFORMATION

SYSTEMS BUT NOW MUCH FASTER

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INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY

~---.~---,60 I---=:!..LJ:~i - - - j50

:I---~40

\I-~~7l__---~ 30

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~~~;nr-1 0~---j 10

L - ~liLJi.~_____lLLh.~L....JLLh.~.L_.l:Lli.=.:Ll0

~ ⁸⁴ ^HOWEVER,

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87 MAINTENANCE IS NOT REDUCED

1979 REPORT BY

U.S. ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT

STUDY OF 9 FEDEUAL SOFTW AUE PUOJECTS Total Amount 6.8 Million US$

47 % 29 % 19 %

3%

2%

3.3 M 2.0M 1.3 M 0.2M 0.1 M

Delivered but never used Paid but never delivered Abandoned or reworked Used after change

Used as delivered

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DISTRIBUTION OF BUGS

REQUIREMENTS 56 %

DISTRIBUTION OF EFFORT TO FIX BUGS

REQUIREMENTS

82%

"':~:::::::::::::::::::_J~

^CODE

1%

OTHER 4%

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EVOLUTION OF

TIME SPENT BY DEVELOPERS

100%

L~N:'lE~W~A:lP=lP~IL~H~C~A:1':H(Q):N:S::=_l80%

50% - (Q)ILlDl AlPlPILHCAl'H(Q)NS

- error corrections - enhancements - extensions - converSIOn

1975 1980 1990

1975

NEW AlPlPILHCA l'H({})NS

maintenance

1980

time spent

1990

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¢ •

CASE TOOLS STATE OF THE ART

& QUALITY

CASE TOOLS:

State of the Art

• TERMINOLOGY

• AREAS TO BE COVERED BY CASE TOOLS

• THE NEED FOR INTEGRATION

• A TYPICAL I-CASE ARCHITECTURE

• HIGH-LEVEL DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

• ADMINISTRATION

• EFFECTIVENESS OF CASE TOOLS

• REDUCTION OF COSTS

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TERMINOLOGY

CONCERNING CASE TOOLS

• SOFfWARE ENGINEERING vs INFORMATION SYSTEM ENGINEERING

• WORK BENCH: PROGRAMMER WB, ANALYST WB, DESIGNER WB

• UPPER CASE & LOWER CASE' .

FRONT END CASE & BACK END CASE

• INTEGRATED PROJECT SUPPORT ENVIRONMENT (WSE)

• I-CASE

• CASE-SHELL

AREAS TO BE

COVERED BY CASE-TOOLS

lNFORMAllON' BUSINESS BUSINESS TECHNICAL

SmATEGY AREA SYSTEM DESIGN&. TRANSmQN PRODUcnON PLANNING ANALYSIS DESIGN CONSTRUCTION

INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

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IMPROVING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

PLAN

,e:./----r/

CONSTRUCT

L-_~I/

l - - ._ _

--Y/

,.,::./----1"/

MANAGE

DESIGN

l - - ._ _

--Y/

ANALYSE (

I·CASE NEED FOR INTEGRATION

• WHAT

of data models, process models, mmi of all stages

of development, administration, project management

• WHY

quality : error prevention; more powerful analysis;

productivity : more powerful generation; administration

• HOW

central encyclopaedia

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A TYPICAL I-CASE ARCHITECTURE

WORKSTATION

I N T E G ...

R A Ta

R

CENTRAL PLATFORM TARGET

HIGH LEVEL DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

SCREENS and E·R PROCEDURE

ACTION

DIALOGUES MODEL DIAGRAMS

DATA STRUCTURE

DIAGRAM

j, j, j,

MAN MACHINE DATA DASE CODOl PROGRAMS

INTERFACE EMDEDDED SQl

100%COMPLETE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

100% COMPLETE GENERATED APPLICATION

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HIGH LEVEL SPECIFICATIONS

READ customer

WHICH makes ANY OCCURENCE OF booking

WITH received_date EQUAL TO CURRENT_DATE

SET out booking fee_amount TO course daily-price· course days_duration • (100 - in customer

discount_percentage) / 100

ADMINISTRATION

• ADHERENCE TO STANDARDS

• MODEL MANAGEMENT, MANAGING MULTIPLE MODELS

• CONTROLLING USER ACCESS

• VERSION CONTROL, VERSION DIFFERENCE REPORTING

• SUBSETTING & MERGING

• SELECTIVE GENERATION

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EFFECTIVENESS OF TOOLS

COMPLEX!

LARGE

• •

INF. SYS.

MEDIUM SIZE

• •

INF. SYS.

•

SMALL

• • •

I.S.

TRIVIAL

•

APPLICATIONS

• •

No Tools Isolated Tools ICASE 4GLlApplic.

gen.

EVOLUTION OF

DEVELOPMENT AND RUN COSTS

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

Run

0 0

1974 1989

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c=:::>.

THE EVOLUTION OF APPLICATIONS

& QUALITY

EVOLUTION IN THE

DOMAIN COVERED BY CASE TOOLS

• MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

• LOW LEVEL SOFTWARE (OPERATING SYSTEMS, COMPILERS, DBMS, ... )

• REAL TIME SYSTEMS

• DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

• ENTERPRISE MODELLING

• DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

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EVOLUTION IN HeI SUPPORT

• GRAPHICS

• WINDOWS ICONS MOUSE

POINTER DEVICES

• OTHER INTERFACES

E.G. SPEECH RECOGNITION SPEECH SYNTHESIS

¢ .

THE EVOLUTION OF APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

• THE IMPACT OF THESE INNOVA TIONS ON PRODUCTIVITY

& QUALITY

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EVOLUTION

IN APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

• OBJECT ORIENTED APPROACH

• MORE POWERFUL SPECIFICATION LANGUAGES

• CUSTOMIZING TEMPLATE APPLICATIONS

• RE-ENGINEERING

MORE POWERFUL SPECIFICATION LANGUAGES

• ADVANCED KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION TECHNIQUES

• NATURAL LANGUAGE

• RULE BASED SYSTEMS

• EXPRESSING TEMPORAL & DYNAMIC ASPECTS

• COMBINING & REFORMULATING DIFFERENT SPECIFICATION LANGUAGES

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NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING

• FROM SIMPLE PSEUDO-NATURAL LANGUAGE TO REAL NATURAL UNDERSTANDING

• CAPTURING THE INFORMATION SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS

- THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL - DATA PERSPECTIVE

- THE PROCESSIBEHA VIOUR PERSPECTIVE - THE EXTERNAL SPECIFICATIONS

• INQUIRY

- RETIHEVAL REQUESTS IN NATURAL LANGUAGE FOR USERS and DEVELOPERS

NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION

GENERATING NATURAL LANGUAGE SENTENCES FOR EXPRESSING:

- THE ER MODEL

- DIFFERENT KINDS OF RULES

- FIELD DESCRIPTIONS

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EXAMPLE RULE-BASED SPECIFICATIONS

STATIC CONSTRAINTS

A scheduled flight must have its city of arrival different from its city of departure

STATIC DERIVATION RULE

The cheapest supplier(s)for a product are those that offer this product at a minimum price

DYNAMIC INTEGRITY RULE

Issue a purchase order only if there isn't already one outstanding

DYNAMIC ACTION RULE

The last day of the month issue purchase orders for products of which the quantity in stock is less

than its reorder point

RE-ENGINEERING CYCLE

Reverse Engineering Forward Engineering Requiremenl level

I

Business Analyst

I

Specificalions level

I

Data/System Analyst

I

Imp Ie men lations level

I

DBAll'rogrammer

I

Operations level

I

Exisling applicalions

I.-i

New applications

I

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¢ .

EVOLUTION OF CASE TOOLS

& QUALITY

STAR ARCHITECTURE VS NETWORK

I I

l

IMPORTANCE OF THE INTEGRATOR FUNCTION

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UPPER CASE

LOWER CASE

UPPER CASE

LOWER CASE

EVOLUTION IN THE

HW ENVIRONMENT FOR CASE TOOLS

- - ^• ^•

• • - -

PC WORK MID RANGE MAINFRAME STATIONS

EVOLUTION IN THE

HW ENVIRONMENT FOR CASE TOOLS

- ^• ^• ^•

• • • -

PC WORK MID RANGE MAINFRAME STATIONS

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EVOLUTION IN

GENERATING CAPABILITIES

INDEPENDENT VENDORS WILL SUPPORT MORE

DBMS

OPERATING SYSTEMS HARDWARE

3RD GENERATION LANGUAGES

STANDARDISATION

• STANDARDISATION OF METHODOLOGY

• STANDARDISATION OF METHODOLOGY COMPONENTS

• STANDARDISATION OF REPRESENTATION

• STANDARDISATION OF INTER FACES

• INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISATION EFFORTS

- Information Resource Dictionary System Standard - IEEE-CS Task Force or Professional Tools

- Portable Common Tool Environment PCTE - Common Ada Intelface Standard

- ISO TC971SCSIWG3 on Conceptual

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EVOLUTION IN

ADMINISTRATION & CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT

• CONFIGURING APPLICATIONS FROM (VERSIONS OF)

GENERATED SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

• CONFIGURING SPECIFICATIONS FROM (VERSIONS OF)

ANALYSIS & DESIGN COMPONENTS

EXPERT SYSTEMS

• THE EXPERT TECHNICAL TUNER

• THE EXPERT ANALYST/DESIGNER

• THE EXPERT CONSULTANT

• THE EXPERT CONFIGURATION MANAGER

• THE EXPERT PROJECT MANAGER

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EXPERT CONSULTANT

DIFFERENT KINDS OF KNOWLEDGE INVOLVED

• METHODOLOGY _KNOW~EDGE

• METHODOLOGY HEURISTICS

• DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE

-REFERENCE MODELS

-MIXING & MATCHING OF PART OF DIFFERENT MODELS -PATTERN RECOGNITION

-USING CERTAINTY FACTORS

c:>.

EVOLUTION OF CASE TOOL DEVELOPMENT

• THE IMPACT OF TJ-IESE INNOVATIONS ON PRODUCTIVITY

& QUALITY

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THE CASE TOOL SUPPLIERS

EVOLUTION IN HOW

CASE TOOLS ARE DEVELOPPED

User specific Standards & Methods

CASE SHELL

^Methods

.. _• ,..

_Standards

Graphics

, _r

Information System

..

specifications

• ^{CASE TOOL} ^-

^Spec_nase

~

Application Data

INFORMATION .

^User

SYSTEMS

^Data_Base

+ SELF REGENERATING CAPABILITIES

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• •

¢ .

TIME SPENT BY DEVELOPERS

%of

...

1-:N~E~W:A:P7.P:LI:C_A_TI_O_N_S ---.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.J

^{time spent}

r

^EXTENSIONS

ENHANCEMENTS

CONVERSION

ERROR CORRECTION

1989

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TIME SPENT BY DEVELOPERS

r :;;:-:;;~:;;:~--~~::~---I

NEW APPLICATIONS ^% ^of

time spent

EXTENSJ

ENHANCEMENTS

CONVERSION

ERROR CORRECTION

1989

A FUTURE NEED FOR

• CONCEPTS

• METHODOLOGIES

• TOOLS

TO DEAL WITH CHANGING APPLICATIONS

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On the Future of CASE Tools

CASE89 STOCKHOLM