HAL Id: halshs-00777147
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Submitted on 17 Jan 2013
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Le disque comme document : une analyse quantitative de l’usage du refrain dans les albums de rap en français
(1990-2004)
Karim Hammou
To cite this version:
Karim Hammou. Le disque comme document : une analyse quantitative de l’usage du refrain dans les albums de rap en français (1990-2004). Vingt-cinq ans de sociologie de la musique en France. Ancrages théoriques et rayonnement international, Nov 2008, Paris, France. pp.177-193. �halshs-00777147�
Karim Hammou
Centre Norbert Elias (Marseille) [email protected]
Publié dans Emmanuel Brandl, Cécile Prévost-Thomas, Hyacinthe Ravet, 25 ans de sociologie de la musique en France tome 2, L'Harmattan, 2012, pp.177-193.
Le disque comme document : une analyse quantitative de l’usage du refrain dans les albums de rap en français (1990-2004)
1
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2EB41855481D891F95891#1)AF48B81/3165A1B68186-B05819)3FFB,36519B417891B489178143F1861436139!12819EBD1 7)E984841 3B991 F4AD9A8651 851 9,95A35-B88651 -B81 FE9981 891 D+369E691 781 43F31 FBA891 F-B81 B681 355865E619EB586B813BC139F8D591E48917891B4891-B81)E61F8B516584F4A5841DE817891543D891781DE6865E69!1 43691 D81 58C581 /)65844E8431 6E538651 81 E481 D+369E66481 851 )B9381 781 484369!1 561 6584F4A53651 7891 D+369E691DE813B536517817EDB86591+95E4-B8919B41891E4891781DEEFA435E61-B1E651F4A97A1#18B41639936D81 319EDEE817B15433134595-B819817E5817)B61EB517)86-B058168B!16,95A359841317A34D+81/B9-B)#1F4E7B4817891 7E66A891-B365A891F84851781486986841)+95E4817)B68491-B1DE6639986517891AEB5E69143F789171D1)B68491 78131F435-B81F4E899E668817B143F1861436139!1
1
1. Des albums de rap en français comme documents
1281 5,F81 7B481 -B1 31 F34B1 81 FB91 39A1 7E984841 8951 3B!1 *E6543488651 3BC1 F84E436D891821 891 79-B891 9E651 79FE6891 9B41 B681 E6B81 FA4E781 3F491 8B41 4A3935E61 3D53651 689535E61 +95E4-B8!1 4B1 FE651781B8178167B9548178131B9-B8119351781F4E7BD5E6913B1E6913B991D86543891-B81891DE6D84598!19391 5EB91 891 79-B891 681 9E651 F391 3B991 9F891 #1 E98484!1 231 78495A1 7891 E43591 81 6E481 5491 FE4536591 781 F4E7BD5E691 7A4865891 891 7DB5A91 #1 7A5846841 8B41 3B58B491 E651 DE67B51 #1AD345841B681436781F345817891 F4E7BD5E691 79DE43F+-B891 DEF35E691 96891 3C: 1 FEB41 681 4858641 -B81 891 3B9!1 2891 3B91 E651 336538173E41B613B58B413D8865178653818518B4148D869E613B9918C+3B9581-B81FE998189513D5A81F341 68959988651ADE6E-B81FE453651851317B4A8178CFE535E61DE84D381E6B81-B1891D343D5A49865!1 1
*8558148D+84D+81586581369178154841B61F34519D865-B817813179DEE4F+E98178131B9-B81$1881F4E581789188591 781 DE8D5E61 -B81 F84851 31 D865435A1 7B1 79-B81 73691 31 AE368;1 881 93FFB81 9B41 31 7A65E61 3B/EB47+B1 7E63658178131B9-B81DE81%3F63DE2D75D23AC73ABFD243273A23159E5472FD41&<1881/EB81781316E43935E617891 F4E7BD5E691 B9D389!1 =EB5891 D891 54369E435E691 3D58651 B9381 7B1 79-B81 7891 3B9 1 DE81 7EDB8651 +95E4-B81851F84855865178613481B618C3861-B365535!1
1
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81 18B9D3451>!F6!1%12)67B954817B179-B81$1361851F849F8D5891&161A4361E912!174! 1C39F4F233F6236AF47D23A243 EDC7F241234912314EDB86535E61436139813@@B1F!G<!1
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<1 1866E61C!1C3EC445639F41C821234919A53A1'??81F!8<?!1
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1
=EB518619)3FFB,36519B41D8558189-B99817817A65E61E488131DE6955B5E617B1DE4FB913148FE9A19B41B61F46DF81 7)355865E61#1)3B5EF7A65E6195,95-B8178913459589185176DB9E617891B48913BL9!148444813138178143F1 D8951D8F86736515EB51B6154331781D35AE4935E6165846818518C58468188D5BA1F341784913D58B49G1-B18951F491FEB41 3D-B9185168198431F39165844EA17369181D37481781D8158C58!1
1
2. Les enjeux du refrain dans la chanson populaire commerciale contemporaine
1281 DE4FB91 DEF48671 891 8<@1 3B91 -B81 /31 FB1 ADEB5841 9B41 891 ;3@1 48D869A9!1 >,1 31 488A1 9,95A35-B88651 FB98B491 6E435E69!1 43E471 -B8-B891 AA86591 F848553651 781 7A641 3B1 DE6D846A1 71 3B58B41 73581 781 FBD35E61 6E1 7B1 F4E7BD58B41 781 A758B41 851 7B17954B58B4!1 C1 ADEB581 7891 E4D83BC1 781 D+3-B81 3B1 7B1 DE4FB91 /31 869B581 A5A1 3558651 3B1 484361 7891 D+369E691 F4A986589!1 =EB91 891 554891 681 9E651 F391 7891 D+369E691 1 8C958178915548916954B8653BC178916584B7891F34A9178918C5435917819: 1/816317E6D1488A1-B818914843691 EB13986D8178148436 17891E4D83BC19B9D8F589178613E41B6!1
1
281 484361 9EFFE981 3BC1 DEBF8591 851 D891 78BC1 AA86591 DEFE98651 B681 954BD5B481 54375E66881 7891 D+369E69!1 934316F,4EFEBEB128D36D+81-B1318C36A178498917A65E6917B148436185178131D+369E61355481355865E619B41 31 7A65E61 F4EFE9A81 F341 81 ME8451 FEB41 8-B81 B681 D+369E61 8951 B681 %1E123 A23 2D43 A23 7563 E5EF8CD23 6DC8292673 A42326315FE82743273D2DC63273F34231C67234FD3F63CD1&E!1%1HA6A4388651&1D895F#F7481F3919,95A35-B88651$118C9581 7891D+369E6919369148436!19391B6817DB5A19BFFA8653481A848178131DE9E61865481D81-B819!16F,4EFEBEB1 28D36D+81 7AD451 DE81 B681 54375E61 8554A81 7B1 484361 73691 3-B881 D81 7846841 DE4489FE671 #1 B681 F34581 781 954EF+81 4AFA5A81 861 61 781 DEBF851 484361 65A4A 1 851 31 54375E61 FEFB3481 EN1 81 484361 DE6955B81 B681 B65A1 3B5E6E81-B1F8B513B991861F4ADA7841-B819B481891DEBF85917E65118951D34886517956D514843617A53D+A !1281 DE4FB91A5B7A1F3413B58B481DEFE9A17B61869881781D+369E691436139891FBA8913B1DEB4917B1OO819D8B18951 DEFE9A1 #1 3BP1 781 D+369E691 93691 484361 #1 '3P1 781 D+369E691 3B1 484361 65A4A1 851 781 <GP1 781 D+369E691 3B1 4843617A53D+A!1
1
QB861 895F1 781 31 D+369E61 781 43F1R1 43691 31 DE656B5A1 781 31 4A8CE61 781 8D841 9B41 891 E67891 781 3451 /81 DE697481 -B81 31 F4A986D81 7B61 484361 851 31 E481 -B1 F48671 DE6955B81 B681 DE6865E61 851 -B#1 D81 55481 881 5AE68178131E61DEF8C8 17B14A983B1781DEEFA435E61-B131F4A97A1#1931639936D8!12EB41F4AD984186DE481B9381 -B81/31D+84D+A1#13481781D85581E98435E6178914843691/8148F4867431B681E4B817818D841736912431288243AF3 972D1$1%182435 !274345673A243C115DA43451CF"3435F3E8F43ED1492673A2439592674343A238B475D23A243672DC175643F9C624#1&?1 23365381 781 D85581 E4B81 8951 7699584178444818CF4899E6173DDE4719ED319B4131DEF8C5A1765843D5E691 7E651B68178917869E691DE699581861B6143FFE451781E4D8!1
1
G1 12EB41B618C8F81781D8154331781D35AE4935E6188D5BA1791319A8D5E61789134595891F34189139E69178179-B891 8618613BC1E43591B9D3BC1F4AA91F341891437E91D!1S8B91T!1%12B61367124E436$12EF1M37E1 3671M8DE47124EE5E61614536136715+81U658716535891&1$5EF8CD3%F411!'316K'1'??81F!G3FG8!1
E1 1*5A81 73691 6F,4EFEBEB1 28D36D+81 9!123 D2DC63 AC643 8C3 1C64563 DC6&C423 A23 'DFC673 (3 )26CFA1 2E891 2U2'??B1 F!33!1 C1 F34541 7)B61 54331 9B41 891 D+369E691 3B1 O"O81 9D81 >!1 *+8,4E663B71 F4EFE981B6817A65E61 FB91F4AD9818516A36E69135586581%3CF3DC6A3857729267349C67F21&1-B131FB1D343D5A498418158481D!1*+8,4E663B71
>!148913491V17891DEBF89!1231*A17B1*383B12349157!1M86A1DA68513@@E1F!'3!1
B1 1%1CF723A23E5F5D365F43DD2D3(3F6319DF2315DEF432"CF4735F3D5FD2F4292673156477F3C3ED5D3A239C6D23(34C74CD23CF"3 1D7D243A23D2ED4267C77365F43C5643D21F288375F73123F3E5FC7365F43*759 2D345F438C39C6*1&1F4AD9813B58B4816F,4EFEBEB1 28D36D+815E#3 17#1 F!3E !1 289986581 781 31 DE8D581 48FE981 9B41 7891 365+EE891 F4A8C95365891 DEFA5A891 F341 31 48D+84D+81781F85591E435917AFE-B81F4A98653651F34E891851F3455E617891D+369E69!128E4517817849D35E617891 9EB4D8913D+EFF815EB58E919B4181F4813DDE47A13BC1D+369E6914854369D45891F341EFFE95E613BC18648954886591 -B16E651A5A1E9A91-B81%1E5FD31567D82D38243D4F87C743ED5AF743ECD38B7FA23AF315DEF43ED61EC81&1 A#3F!3B !12891D+369E691 A5B7A891F3413B58B481E651A5A1FBA891781'?@@1#1'?B@!1
?1 18D841!16!12431288243AF3972D#3+5992673156AFD234C3D212D12326341261243451C8241234912314ADEB845813@@31F!?<!1
*E81819EB6816E61A45+'@18143FFE451781E4D81D8654313B5EB417B-B81981/EB8131F4E7BD5E61781D+369E691 73691 67B95481 7B1 79-B81 78FB91 891 366A891 '?<@1 86381 54E91 3D58B49!1 =EB51 73E471 891 3459589!1 569B581 891 39E69178179-B891851FB91F345DB4886518913/E491DE654W3651B68167B954817E65131E481EEFE95-B818951 36D8668''!1 5661891437E91713D58B41F4ADED8178167B9548178131B9-B813A4D3681851-B1E651F491B681F3D81 7AD981861A436D81FB9153478865!1
1
4369167B9548178131B9-B813D5B881814843618951B617891AA86591891FB9195435A-B8917B681D+369E6!1"18951 95435A-B819B4181F361895+A5-B81FB9-B1954BD5B48131E481D+369E6648'3!1"18951A38865195435A-B819B4181 F361DE84D31851D81#13B1E69178BC155489!1=EB5173E47181484361E48138D131AE781891D+36D891891FB91 FE45365891 781 9B9D5841 31 AE4935E6!1 485A1 4AFA55E61 A6A435A'81 399B48651 9EB8651 3B1 484361 B61 4W81 F4AFE67A436517369131F847B435A17B681D+369E6!1
1
281 D343D5481 95435A-B81 7B1 484361 9B41 81 F361DE84D318951A388651A1#1931D3F3D5A1#19B9D584137+A9E61 AE5E6688178913B758B49';!1*895181484361-B1351-B81E619819EB86517B681D+369E61-B8816EB9189513481 3913B991-B8816816EB9148B581F39'<!1481D81FE651781B819181484361F8B51F4EE-B84137+A9E6178913B758B491 DE81816E581/B9588651934316F,4EFEBEB128D36D+81E61F8B513/EB5841-B818B1F4AA178168959988651 AE5E66818148436189513B991319A-B86D8131FB919B9D8F581781F4EE-B841314AFB9E61E49-B81891DEBF85919E651 9B45EB51 863DA91 781 9B9D5841 866B!1 4B1 FE651 781 B81 7891437E918148436189517E6D16E6198B88651B613D58B41 7AD9178137+A9E61#131F4E4335E61B9D381781319535E613913B991B6186/8B1FEB419399B4841-B813B758B41 48958431#1ADEB5817B6819535E61FB5W51-BB6813B5481-B1681D+368431F3917814A-B86D8!1
1
4B1FE651781B81789139E69178179-B891814843613D5817865D35E617B61F4E7B5171FEB418188B41EB1FEB41 81F4817173691B61B68491+3B588651DE6DB448658!1"1DE654B817E6D1#1D81-B8158179-B8173691B61339619E51 48DE66B1 851 A865B888651 3D+85A1 F341 B61 3B758B41 3B1 9861 7B681 E481 E9E663658'G!1 *81 D343D5481 DE84D38865195435A-B81981486E4D81F34131A735E617891437E91$1FB9-B81EB513/8B41781F4EE5E617891 39E69178179-B8919E6518917B9E691861437E1CDE8C,165A40519FAD-B817891437E91FEB41B61484361#131E91 39A8651 7865381 851DE69869B8198148FE45819B4189139E69178179-B89193651B619BDD91DE84D318517E6D1 B6817B9E61437EF+E6-B81348!1
1
3. Quels refrains structurent les chansons de rap ?
1*8951 FEB41 8CFE4841 73691 81 D391 7B1 43F1 861 A436D81 81 /8B1 865481 D891 54E91 3D58B491 71 34595891 437E91 39E691 781 79-B89171-BB681355865E61F4E4534813BC1484369131A5A13DDE47A8!12314A8CE61A6A43817)E34718D8419B4131 31E61 7E651 AEB8651 891 E67891 781 )3451 F84851 7)89-B99841 B61 E781 #1 F34541 7B1 DE695351-B816584F4A535E61 43FFA818951B6816EB83B5A14835817369167B9548178131B9-B8143613981E49-B81891F4884913B9178143F1861 43613919E651FBA91861'??@!1*855816EB881DE6865E6176584F4A535E6189517956D5817816584F4A535E61D+365A81 54375E66881 9B41 31 3981 781 3-B881 B681 3481 F34581 7891 F849E66891 781 486E4591 781 67B95481 781 31 B9-B81 A538651+35BA91#1543384!156153651-B81436DF548B4913B1986178167B954817B179-B89189143FF8B4917B17AB517891 366A891'??@1984386513691861FE95E61781%1-4232FD72D.3(38B547873A243CF7D243929 D243AF3956A23A238BCD73&'E!19391DE81 91%15673CEED4382437DCA756432738243F4C243AF3956A23A238BCD7315DD24E56AC673(382FD3EDC7F23-/.38243DC61407D2FD437DC64D24426738243 1562675643 AF3 956A23 A23 8BCD73 -/.3 4FD3 12D7C643 E56743 42F8292671&'B1 851 F8B8651 7E6D1 F4E489988651 43841 891 F4E899E6689165A4A91#18B49166E35E69171EB1#1)6849813367E66841D889FD1FEB413D58418B4165A435E613B1 4A983B1781DEEFA435E618C95365!1
'@11A45+16!1%1=+8167B9543X35E61E19B9D1&1618668551C!16+361!1=E,6881>!1A7! 1123$5EF8CD3%F41327FA243 )2CA2D12E674891MEB587813@@G1F!38<F38G!1
''11284B61 !1 %193/E491 851 3891 67AF8673659!1 A436D81 H43678F4853681 '?G@F3@@@1&123 41821 6K?31 3@@G1 F!8;!1
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1
C1F34541781D85581363,9815+AE4-B817813195B35E617B143F1861A436D81861'??@1/31A5A1F345DB4886513558651#1B61 86/8B1$16584F4A535E6143FFA81895F88136586B81,1DEF4913B1484361D8158F919195435A-B817B681D+369E61R1.B1 39DB8F5FE61E4917B14843619B41B6816584F4A535E61D+365A8154375E66881R1%1M843691D+365A91&1DE65481%14843691 43FFA91&17E6D!128915AE63891781AFE-B81EB18919EB864917891F849E668913,3651DE66B1D891F488491F3917B143F1 86143613917369167B9548178131B9-B819EB686516E538651+E955A178914367914A983BC1437EF+E6-B891#1 B61 95,81 B9D31-B91/B838651%1F3913998X1AE7-B81&'?1E4814AFB91FEB4178913B758B491-B91/B838651F8B1 3849178131E481#131E916954B865381851ED381D343D5A495-B817B143F!1
1
28C3861 7891 -B8-B891 3B91 31 43F788651 67-BA1 -B81 31 7956D5E61 4843691 D+365A91 Z1 4843691 43FFA91 A5351 69B93658!1=EB5173E471E6154EB81B61436716E481781D+369E691-B16814865486516173691B68161736913B5481 781D89178BC1D35AE489!1"19351861F488418B1781D+369E691936913BDB61484361EB1%158F91B9D31&1F848553651 78148FA4841B681954BD5B481781DEBF85919BDD8999!1"19399351869B581781D+369E691DEFE9A891781DEBF85919AF34A91 F341B61484361-B81E61FEB44351-B384176954B8653171-B8-B89189B489134-B8651319AF3435E617891DEBF8591 8519E651EDDBFA891F341B6813435E616954B865381-B19814AF581#17865-B81865481891DEBF8591EB1F34181081 6954B86531 -B81 D8B1 9B41 8-B81 891 DEBF8591 9E651 6584F4A5A9!1 %1M84361 6954B86531&1 7E6D!1 569B581 E61 F8B51 7956B841B61484361E4631-B18951DEFE9A178C5435919E6E489193FA91718C54359178143F9173EB89178191 85D!1 48DEFE93651 B681 E481 76584F4A535E61 861 351 865488651 F4E7B581 F341 DE381 781 D535E69!1 >31 3FF8A1 D85581E48181%148436148DEFE9A1&!1
1
5661891484369143FFA918BCF0891E651F34B1A45841B6817956D5E6198E61-B8181484361A5351DEFE9A1781 FB98B49184914A91EB13B1DE65434817B6198B184919EB8651815548178131D+369E6 14AFA5A91B681EB1FB98B491E91 865481 891 DEBF859!1 C1 31 9B581 781 >EL1 >B,1 E61 FEB44351 891 -B3841 781 %14843691 55481&3@1 F341 EFFE95E61 #1 7891
%14843691 849A91&1 73B1 E691 78BC1 8491 795-B8 !1 >861 34481 #1 D6-15,F891781D+369E6917956BA9198E618B41 484361$1D+369E6193691484361D+369E613B1%14843616954B86531&1D+369E613B1%148436148DEFE9A1&178BC15,F891 781D+369E6913B148436143FFA1%155481&1851%1849A1& 18518661D+369E613B1%1484361D+365A1&!1
1
63691 8654841 73691 81 7A531 7891 7DB5A91 F435-B891 3BC-B8891 DE67B51 8E451 781 D39988651 781 D+369E691 5491 7849891/816819EB68431-BB61F46DF81$1/)317A61B61E47481781F4E45A1865481891D6-15,F891A3E4A9!12E49-BB61 484361 981 43553D+81 #1 FB98B491 5,F891 #1 31 E91 F34D81 -B1 399ED81 D+3651 851 43F1 F34D81 -B1 3584681 B681 9A-B86D81 6954B865381 851 B681 9A-B86D81 48DEFE9A8 1 1 8951 399EDA1 B61 98B1 7891 5,F891 71 F341 E47481 781 F4E45A1$1 484361 D+365A1 484361 43FFAF849A1 484361 43FFAF55481 484361 48DEFE9A1 484361 F+43981 484361 6954B8653!1 *85581 D3B9818951FE4536581#1347841861AE481FEB416584F4A535E6178914A9B53591$18698817891D+369E691D399A891 DE81 3,3651 B61 484361 D+365A1 F8B8651 DEF4867481 3B1 9861 7B1 484361 B61 9A-B86D81 43FFA8!1 2341 DE65481 869881 7891 D+369E691 D399A891 DE81 3,3651 B61 484361 43FFA 1 849A1 6E651 3BDB681 9A-B86D81 D+365A81 3B1 48436!1
1
*81 9E651 3691 8<@1 3B91 -B1 E651 A5A1 8C36A91 FEB41 B61 F8B1 FB91 781 ;E@@1 D+369E691 FEB41 <;@@1 55489 !1 231 F4E7BD5E61 7891 D891 3B91 3B1 DEB491 7891 -B6X81 366A891 E984A891 8951 5491 6A38!1 481 -B8-B891 3B91 F341 361 73691 891 D6-1 F484891 366A891 781 31 #1 E 1 E61 F39981 #1 FB91 7B681 7X3681 781 '??<1 #1 '??E1 '<1 #1 3' 1 33651 7355867481B681F4E7BD5E61366B881781FB917818@1851865W51FB91781;@13B9178143F18614361391F341361#1F34541 781'??B!1
Tableau 1
Proportion de chaque type de refrain dans l'ensemble du corpus de chansons (1990-2004) Type de refrain
Refrain DJ (cf. supra, point 4) Refrain chanté Refrain rappé-
versifié Refrain
rappé-titre
Refrain recomposé
Refrain instrumental
Aucun refrain
'?1128CF4899E61 984351 781 93C1 HB3XX61 3E491 748D58B41 A6A431 7891 F4E43891 7B1 4EBF81 SM>!1 581 31 A5A1 43FFE45A81 F341 B61 36D861 36358B41 9B41 B681 7891 9535E691 7B1 4EBF81 E491 7B61 865485861 981 748D51 4A39A1 861 3@@G!1
3@11>B,1 >!1 %1AE4891 6EB8891 781 31 D+369E61 43613981&1 FBA1 81 <1 7AD8481 3@@<1 9B41 81 9581 781 )C99ED35E61
"6584635E6381 781 65,95-B81 +55F$ZZ!95,F!E4ZC"6Z345D8!F+F8R7[345D8\G?1 DE69B5A1 81 '<1 ED5E481 3@@G !1
24,2% 47,1% 9,6% 4,6% 2,0% 12,6%
43691 D85581 F4E7BD5E61 861 E4581 D4E9936D81 31 954BD5B481 7891 7A4865891 5,F891 781 484361 E9A91 73691 891 D+369E691 8951 EB8849A8!1 U61 5,F81 781 484361 8CFE981 81 484361 43FFAF849A1 F3993651 781 E691 781 3@P1 7891 D+369E69186133651'??<1#1F489-B81G@P1861'???!1289148436916954B8653148DEFE9A185143FFAF55481DE663998651 B681AEB5E6168498!1''P17891D+369E691FE99A738651B614843616954B86531861'??@188919E651E691781'P1861 '???!1564E61'<P17891D+369E691FE99A738651B6148436148DEFE9A1/B9-B861'??;!158916819E651FB91-B81781<P1 861'???!193919B45EB51B9381781484369143FFA9F5548198E6748!1;@P17891D+369E691FE9978651B61484361781D81 5,F81781'??@1#1'??8!158916819E651FB91-B81<P1861'???!1
1
2816E481781D+369E69193691484361861DEF3439E61AEB81F8B!1"1E9D813B5EB41781'@P17891D+369E69193691 -BB681586736D816855816A848!1QB36513BC14843691D+365A9191DE663998651B681AEB5E6186178BC158F9!1U681 F484813B86535E61FE4536581861'??;F'??G19B817B681D+B581791'??E1'EP 1FB91B68186581391685581 D4E9936D81#1F345417813@@@1/B9-B8613@@;1EN181584917891D+369E691E651B61484361D+365A!1
1
561 9B3651 +,FE5+981 781 7AF3451 /81 EB74391 43FFE45841 D891 54369E435E691 3BC1 AEB5E691 7B1 4A983B1 781 DEEFA435E61F848553651781F4E7B48178913B9178143F!1
1
4. La transformation du rôle des DJs dans le réseau de coopération des albums de rap en français
1
2AEB5E6131FB9168558185131FB91399817369189148436915,F-B8917891D+369E69178143F18614361391DE699581861 31 76B5E61 39981 7B1 6E481 781 4843691 43FFA9F55481 F34388651 #1 31D4E9936D817B16E4817814843691 43FFA9F849A9!1 231 E4581 F4A986D81 3B1 7AB51 7891 366A891 '??@1 781 D+369E691 7E651 81 484361 8951 DEFE9A1 7B681 B6-B81 F+43981 8951 73B53651 FB91 9B4F4863651 -B81 D8951 #1 B681 E481 35,F-B81 73691 31 D+369E61 4361398!1 93431 6F,4EFEBEB1 28D36D+81 6E581 3691 73691 9E61 DE4FB91 781 D+369E691 FBA891 781 '?@@1 #1 '?B@1 -B81 891 4843691 7A53D+A91DEFE458651861A6A4313B1E69178BC184918519EB681-B%1832473DCD23F2382342156A32D434573F6349E823 44C23 AF3ED292D1&3'!1289198B91E6E95D+89331-B13FF3439986514AB488651736919E61DE4FB919E65165A4A913B1DEBF851851 E486517E6D17891D+369E6913B148436165A4A!19391891484369143FFA9F55481781E61DE4FB91681DE4489FE678651F391
#1D8914843691AF954EF+-B89!1"919E651861A6A4316855886519AF34A917891DEBF8591851F8B8651DE818914843691 7A53D+A91-B81934316F,4EFEBEB128D36D+81-B381781%1484361954EF+-B81&198195B8413B99186133651-B3F491 891DEBF859!1
1
93431 6F,4EFEBEB1 28D36D+81 F4EFE981 B681 8CFD35E61 E4881 781 D85581 586736D81 39981 #1 D81 -B81 736919E61 DE4FB918914843691891FB91DEB45919E865165A4A913BC1DEBF8591$1%1232D43F6F232637C673F232D436B2473EC43F62347DF17FD23 5F36B2473FBF623 CF123A2347DF17FD231CD383623E2F73423A6D3F23ECD3DCEE5D73(38F09692#3383429 8236C7FD283F231277235DC64C7563 969C8238232D43D2DC63A523423D22D34FD3F6326429 82382315FE8273DCD1F2926734FED2FD3EF4F23A!(347DF17FD3263E8F42FD43 2D41&38!1
1
>EL1>B,19EB681FEB41931F3451%3AC6438C3ED5AF17563156729E5DC623]781D+369E69143613989^3F623EDC7F23A226F2315FDC6723 128823AF3D2DC6077D21&1DE69953651861%3F63956547123A7C135F367D3(38C347D5E21&3;!12317956D5E618654817A53D+88651EB1 65A435E61 781 D81 E6E95D+81 3BC1 DEBF8591 681 B1 F343J51 F391 F845686581 %1A1823 (3 AD23 273 E2F3 F7823 (3 A72D962D3&1 F4AD98F5F 1 851 781 D81 FE651 781 B81 1 8951 7D81 781 DE64E65841 9E61 E98435E61 #1 D8891 781 93431 6F,4EFEBEB1 28D36D+8!12891B95435E691891FB9136D866891-B17E668173586517B17AB517891366A891'?E@138D131D+369E612FE2D3 6C6C1 781 9D+81 >E639X!1 281 484361 781 D85581 D+369E61 8951 7A53D+A1 851 %1423 4423 F63 659 D23 A23 543 FC43 C8C75D23 263 EE5D21&3<1 71 E481 D343D5A495-B81 7891 4843691 43FFA9F55481781 E61 DE4FB9!1 595FD81 #1 7481FEB41F343F+4398419!1 6F,4EFEBEB1 28D36D+81 -B91 48958651 6DEF8591 A3BD+891 781 954BD5B4891 63D+8A891R1 >81 F4EFE981 FB5W51 B681 +,FE5+981 358463581$1 D81 984351 73691 )6954B86535E61 781 31 D+369E618516E6173691891DEBF8591-B81D8914843691 54EB8438651869881+A434D+-B886519BFA48B41-B18B417E66815EB518B419869!1
1
3'116F,4EFEBEB128D36D+815E#317#1'??B1F!<8!1
3311M84361681DEF4863651-BB6198B1849!1
38116F,4EFEBEB128D36D+815E#3171F!'@@!1
3;11>B,1>!15E#317#3
3<11 A#35614+A5E4-B81AFF+E4817AD451314AFA55E617B615848186161781F+4398!1
281 98691 7891 4843691 43FFA9F55481 9AD3481 3691 E49-BE61 891 43FF4ED+81 7B1 4W81 7B61 3D58B41 9EB86516AA1 7B1 4A983B1781DEEFA435E613EB59936513BC1B489178143F1$1814>!15613518148436143FFAF55481736918143F17B17AB51 7891366A891'??@1895181FB919EB8651B6158F91B9D313B1DEB4917B-B818143FF8B4171813J5481781DA4AE6819* 1 FEB4148F4867481B6818CF4899E614A-B88651B59A81E49-B818143FF8B413635178919E4A8917369189-B8891814>1 399B4351 81 C1 71 983D81 681 F4E6E613651 -B81 -B8-B891 E591 3B1 F4E51 781 6954B86531 EB1 7891 F84E436D891 9D435D+A8917819E614>!1"16819343517E6D1F391EB1F39198B8865 1DE817369131D+369E61FEA5-B817891366A891 '?G@17B68131E617819817A34-B841789134A5A9186198143FF4ED+36517B681E481DEF34381#131FEA983G1391 FB5W517B681E481EN131DEFA865345A14>1Z19*13FF343J51DE81#1868491$1A-B4818654816584F4A535E691 ED381 851 6954B865381 9684981 F341 43FFE451 #1 D8B1 -B1 D343D5A4981 891 DEBF859!1 2891 4843691 6954B8653BC1 851 48DEFE9A91F8B86513E49105481B91DE8178915,F891DEF343891-B1FEB998438651D85581E-B81#19E6158481$181 9*168951FB9186148543513915E53886513986517B158F91865481891DEBF85913B1F4E517B14>171DEFE958B41851Z1 EB19D435D+8B4!1
1
231DE68486D81781AEB5E617891484369143FFAF554816954B8653185148DEFE9A13691-B81814W81F4AA68651 -B81/EB81814>173691D89154E91E4891/B9581-BE61891E6781861B68198B81D35AE48171/81)3FF88431%14843614>1&!1 2AEB5E61789148436914>173691891D+369E69178143F131DE67B51#19EB68413154369E435E61-B1D343D5A498181 4A983B1781DEEFA435E61F84855365181F4E7BD5E617B489178143F186143613913B1DEB4917891366A891'??@!1CB17AB51 781D889FD1B681D+369E6178143F168951F391B4817B6143FF8B413917B614>18517B619*!1"91399B48651869881 891 3D55A91 -B1 9E651 DE697A4A891 DE81 3FF83651 B61 538651 F345DB841 851 -B1 9E651 A8A891 #1 D81 55481 3B1 4361 7)3D55A91D34763893E173691314A3935E617B613B178143F!1
1
CB1 DEB491 7891 366A891 '??@18914>91981E8651346398417B1F4ED899B91781F4E7BD5E6173B9!1"916399B48651 FB91 B681 3D55A1 D3476381 391 48/E68651 891 43691 7891 F849E66891 781 486E45!1 "91 9E651 DE6DB4486DA91 F341 A8486D81 7B681 6EB881 B481 71 D881 7B1 F4E7BD58B41 DEFE958B4 1 -B1 #1 3781 781 31 B9-B81 39995A81 F341 E476358B419C. 1399B481314A3935E6176954B8653BC193691E4DA86513J549841B93817891F3568916,891851 781 31 5381 781 C381 -B1 9E651 )3F36381 7B1 4>!1 481 FB91 31 D4E9936D81 FE4536581 7B1 6E481 781 43FF8B491 681 93DDEF3681F3917B681D4E9936D81DEF343817B16E4817814>9!1*855813463935E617369181F4ED899B91781 F4E7BD5E6178913B91F4E489981781'??;1#1'??E168196815EB58E91F391B6813463935E6173691814A983B1 781 DEEFA435E6!1 691 F8478651 8B41 D347635A1 891 4>91 3D-B48651 B681 FE95E61 781 A7358B491 7AD991 73691 31 9A8D5E61 851 31 7B9E61 7891 43FF8B49!1 "91 9E651 #1 653581 781 3891 67AF86736591 658651 7891 DEF35E691 D399855891CA89173E471*41869B58 1FBA891#18B416E13686517891A99E691781437E18518617A699865131 F4E4335E63B!1"91E6517A9E4391B6816E5E4A5A1F4EF481851DE3E4865181FB919EB865138D1FB98B49143FF8B491 FB5W51-B81705481399EDA91#1B6198B14EBF8!1
1
*85581AEB5E617B14W8178914>9173691814A983B1781DEEFA435E613EB5993651#1314A3935E6173B178143F18951B61 4A9B5351 6355867B1 781 8C3861 7891 484369!1 581 8951 B61 F48841 5AE6381 781 31 ADE675A1 8F4-B81 781 31 7A34D+81 7)86-B0581 69F4A81 F341 31 7A65E61 7891 79-B891 DE81 %1C115DA43 451CF"3 41&3?!1 9391 /31 399A1 FEB41 6953651 781 DW5A1 89986581 781 EFFE95E61 336DA81 #1 55481 7+,FE5+981 865481 484361 43FFA1 851 484361 D+365A1 EFFE95E61736913-B881981D4953984351B6143FFE451781E4D8186548139E69178179-B891437E9185143FF8B49!1 1
5. Générations de rappeurs et opposition majors / indépendants
128917E66A8917)8698819B4131FA4E781'??@F3@@;19,65+A59A891736918143F+-B81'1681F848558651F3917336D841 B681 363,981 9F81$1 AEB5E61 7891 4843691 681 5AE681 F391 7B681 9E4581 73DD3535E61 F4E489981 781 31
%1D+369E61 781 43F1&1 3BC1 8C86D891 DE84D3891 781 67B95481 7B1 79-B81 EB1 #1 684981 781 31 DE6849E61 7891 F849E66891 781 486E4591 3/E491 437E91 85D! 1 #1 31 DE6865E61 781 6584F4A535E61 43FFA8!1 2+95E481 7B1 43F1 861 43613917369167B954817B179-B81F343J51FB91DEF8C818516AD899581781E9841B6135A43B1FB9139581-B81891 7E66A8914B58919B41891484369!1
1
H43F+-B81'1
758F7563263E5FD1267C243A2437,E243A23D2DC63ED843AC64382431C645643A23DCE3EF 82434FD3C8 F93A23899:3(3;::<#3
3G11>B,1>!15E#317#3
3E118D841!16!1243956A243A238CD715E#317#1F!;'!1
3B11231B4817B14>1*B51T84189518A35-B81781D85581AEB5E6139131543/8D5E481>,1>3,14>1-B19819AF3481 7819*16E33413B18B17891366A891'??@18615AE6815EB513B5365!1
3?118D841!16!12431288243AF3972D15E#317#1F!?<!1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1990 1991
1992 1993
1994 1995
1996 1997
1998 1999
2000 2001
2002 2003
2004
Aucun DJ Versifié Chanté
1 1
43691B6815+981861DEB491#13781781)8C3861-B36553517891DE6865E69148FA438919B418913B913913B991781 7EDB865918517815AE638919B41+95E4817B143F1861A436D81/317956BA154E91FA4E789!1231F4848131781'??@1
#1'??81851DE4489FE671#131FBD35E617891F4884913B9178143F1861436139!1.61F8B51-B3841D85581FA4E781781
%158F917B1F341&1FEB419EB6841E4635A1781-B8-B891366A8913B1DEB491789-B8891F341B618851786543J688651 B5B818913/E4919863865173691314A3935E61F8B1DE_58B98 173B919B41819BDD91789-B8916D8455B7818951 F345DB48865143678!16B51B681FA4E781'??;F'??E 13B1DEB4917813-B881B681F4E7BD5E6173B9178143F1F341 7891 F4E7BD58B491 851 7891 A758B491 67AF86736591 A848!1 5661 #1 F34541 781 81 3B5E681 '??E1 B61 6EB81 3D58B41 788651D8654317369131F4E7BD5E61$131437E1DE84D3816,4ED17E65131F4E4335E613DDE47813E491F491781 E;P17819E6189F3D813B143F18614361398@!1
1
*85581 FA4E7935E61 E4A81 6E538651 9B41 8C3861 7B1 DE4FB91 73B91 486DE65481 891 4367891 AEB5E691 E984A891 73691 891 5,F891 781 484369!1 231 FA4E781 '??@F'??81 8951 D881 7B1 4681 7B1 484361 4>1 439983651 891 4843691 43FFA9F55481 48DEFE9A1 851 6954B8653 !1 231 FA4E781 '??;F'??E1 8951 4E99488651 D881 781 931 3463935E61 F4E48998!1 9391 /81 EB74391 #1 F4A98651 B59841 D81 7ADEBF381 D+4E6EE-B81 FEB41 7956B841 7A4865891 A6A435E691 781 43FF8B49!1 U61 B9381 9EDEE-B81 781 31 6E5E61 781 A6A435E61 31 A5A1 336DA1 F341 284481 AEB46841-B19814A81B581FEB4131F4A986581A5B78!1%142138C36DC7563834BC73A23E2642D3823ED42673A243C172FD43451CF"3263 82643C213823729E432738B24EC123A2382FD3451C84C756#3=2432"ED261243C11F9F8243ECD3823EC443AC643F6315672"723475DF23ECD71F82D3 42D2673A231CAD243A23E2D12E7563AF3ED42673273823!C85662673A23DD261243E5FD3CD#3-/.3+236B2473EC435D192673AB67D23643(38C323AC643 F623 ED5A23 7D43 7D5723 F23 ECD7C2673 8243 929 D243 A23 657D23 6DC7563 9C43 AB67D23 >3643?3 (3 F28F23 15423 ABC5D3 C11A3 (3 A243 2"ED261243 451C84C67243 263 96923 729E43 263 F63 96923 15672"723 729E5D283 273 123 (3 E2F3 ED43 F28823 F23 4573 8C3 AC723 A23 6C44C6123 585F2#1&8'12317A486D81781A6A435E6917E65118951-B895E6173691D8158C5819B3651363,9817812!1AEB46841681 34-B81 7E6D1 F391 B681 7A486D81 7`81 391 B681 7A486D81 73691 8CFA486D81 9ED3936581 73691 67B95481 7B1 79-B8!168E613173581#13-B8818B41F488413B13B431A5A1FBA1FBD35E617E651E61351D1+,FE5+981-B1 93517B681AF48B81E4354D81781F48841F36173691B681543/8D5E481F4E899E668817345958189143FF8B4913B4E651 A5A1DE64E65A91#17A48659143FFE4591781E4D81+95E4-B89186548189154E913D58B4917AD99178167B954817B179-B8171 34595891437E9139E69178179-B89!1
1
231F48481A6A435E61DE4489FE671#1789134595891DE81"C91S=919*16E33419695481C95M1=781851 63691 *EF8C81 >+E6,E1 851 48954E,361 C9939961 2891 25581 63+31 866,1 !1 85D!1 "91 FB8651 8B41 F48841 3B1 781 '??@1 #1 '??81 73691 81 %158F91 7B1 F341&!1 2489-B81 5EB91 54EB8651 3FFB1 7B681 3/E41 FEB41 F4E7B481 851 7954B8418B413B!1
1
8@11>EB868519!1)CE37216538217D5###3239F41263267D237DCC83CD747F232731D7F23451C82123491575E69178131939E617891 9D86D891781)+E813@@G1F!8E!1
8'11AEB46841 2!1 %12891 A6A435E691 3B1 54331$1 7B1 F399A1 3B1 F4A98651&1 DEB6D35E61 3B1 *EE-B81 6584635E631 1DCC832735DC64C7564#3)212D12431D54C6732765DCE23273475D219961CCF86F24E86D818@18518'1313@@G1F!'3!1
23178BC81A6A435E61DE4489FE671#1789134595891DE819A6A1638912E1A3814AED4358914198E361 C36D8155+61T441"7831>131314ED1H,68DE1AE6,1A3,1a49861MEDD3:1"91FB86518B41F48841 3B1781'??;1#1'??E!1*8453691FB86518B41F488413B18613/E4139183BDEBF13B991,1F348668651F341 3FFB1781389167AF867365919FAD39A9173691818648143F13E491861F8617A8EFF8865!1
1
23154E981A6A435E61DE4489FE671#1789134595891DE81''81B9531A8C1C4899E61D84381.1T364,1TE31 ME+1 9,951 4391 63b361 6BF31 *481 2B635D:1 *E81 31 A6A435E61 F4ADA786581 E61 54EB81 #1 31 E91 7891 3B91F4E7B5918613/E4185173B548914A39A9186167AF867365!1
1
C1D85581363,981861584891781A6A435E691/3/EB5813691B6813B548134381$1814W8178913/E49173691314A3935E61 78913B91A5B7A9!128913/E491F8B86516584864179131F4E7BD5E617813B1851861A6A4318891861399B48651 3E491317954B5E6!15891F8B86516819EDDBF841-B81781317954B5E6!15891F8B86518661665848641#13BDB681 781D891A53F891851D819E6513E491891A758B4918517954B58B49167AF86736591EB13459581BF081-B1399B486515EB5891 891A53F8913EB5993651#131FBD35E617B613B!1
1
2EB419F84181D4E988651865481D89178BC1343891A6A435E617B681F34514W8178913/E49173691319A8D5E61781 3459581 73B5481 F3451 /81 7956B8431 891 34595891 3,3651 FBA1 8B41 F48841 3B1 93691 6584865E61 7B681 3/E41 73691 31 F4E7BD5E61 7891 34595891 3,3651 FBA1 B61 F48841 3B1 73691 8-B81 B681 3/E41 A5351 F-BA81 73691 31 F4E7BD5E6!1
1
*855817956D5E61EF481B6143DDEB4D1DE697A4381861399ED3651891B489186548865167AF8673658913BC1B4891 F4E7B589186167AF86736513917954BA891F341B6813/E4!1561885181DE654W8178913/E4919B41317954B5E618951 )B681 7891 D343D5A495-B891 954BD5B4365891 7B1 34D+A1 7B1 79-B81 851 7956B841 3B1 E691 D891 54E91 D391 781 B481 71 3B1 F4E7B51 851 7954BA1 861 3/E41 3B1 F4E7B51 861 67AF8673651 851 7954BA1 861 3/E41 3B1 F4E7B51 851 7954BA186167AF867365171F343J519EB86516AD899348!1
281 43DDEB4D1 -B81 /)EF481 D1 681 981 /B9581 -B81 F341 31 9A81 5A81 781 )363,981 86A81 73691 D891 F3891 851 F341 891 D343D5A495-B891789167AF86736591E9A917369131F4E7BD5E617)3B9178143F17369131A436D817891366A891'??@!11 1
=EB517)3E471/81681D+84D+81F391#193941817A5317B143FFE451781E4D8186548167AF867365918513/E49161#1F4E7B481 B681 89535E61 781 8B41 DE654W81 489F8D51 7B1 34D+A1 7B1 79-B8!1 2B91 E789588651 /81 586581 781 DEF34841 891 D343D5A495-B891 7891 3B91 7)34595891 9A8D5E66A91 7)3E471 F341 891 3/E491 851 891 D343D5A495-B891 7891 3B91 7)345958919A8D5E66A917)3E471F341789167AF8673659!14369131DE656B5A1781)65844E35E61653819B418914A983BC1 781 DEEFA435E61 7E651 891 B4891 FE458651 31 543D81 /)8C3681 7E6D1 31 -B895E61 9B36581$1 3BC1 34595891 F4A3651 -B8915,F891781DE6865E6918913/E4917)B61DW5A189167AF86736591781)3B54813DDE47865F91891E,86917814A39841 B613B1R1
1
481 FB91 891 366A891 '??@1 981 D343D5A498651 861 D81 -B1 DE6D84681 81 43F1 861 4361391 F341 B61 381 68959988651 7)67AF86736591 A6A4395891 -B1 3B438651 9539A1 B681 DEEFA435E61 7B4381 861 35481 781 7954B5E61 38D1 B681 3/E4!15617)3B54891584891316AED35E61FEB41)E5865E617)B61F34586343517817954B5E61981/EB8186133178131 F4E7BD5E61781D+3-B816EB813B171D817E6515AE6813F886513178495A1FEB41B61081F4E7BD58B417891 5,F891 781 7954B5E61 861 3/E41 EB1 861 67AF867365 1 F4AA9!1 5A35-B81 781 D85581 AFE-B81 81 E6D5E66886517B1381>,1>3,124E7BD5E691DE4489FE673515EB51#1351#1D81E781#1861D4E4819E61E67358B41$1
%3@35F28437C26738243C43A243CD7472435F3A24329E85,43A239C45643A23A4F243CF75FD3A237534FD3123ED5!273A238C 2836A3A3@3B637C7375F43 AC115DA#3C23ED5AF4C438438235F8C2673843ED26C267346563!23823C DFC4327382345D7C43C213F63A47D F72FD36A!1&1AD+3681781 DEB448138D1>,1>3,1381/B613@@E 1
1
28913459589178131F48481A6A435E61H' 1E651F489-B815EB91FBA18B41F488413B138D137817B6813/E4!1 2891 34595891 781 31 78BC81 A6A435E61 F341 DE65481 984E651 7956BA91 98E61 -BB681 3/E41 8951 658486B81 73691 31 F4E7BD5E617818B41F488413B1FBA1781'??;1#1'??E1H39 1EB13B1DE654348198E6181351-B3BDB6813/E41681 9E51 658486B81 EB1 -B881 681 9E51 658486B81 -B81 FEB41 31 7954B5E61 H3" !1 481 081 FEB41 891 34595891 781 31 54E981A6A435E6171736913-B881/817956B81H891851H8"!1
1
"18951#16E5841-B8191B6134595813,3651FBA1B61F488413B186167AF8673651FB81B616EB813B1D85581E91 861 3/E41 E49178131FA4E7819B365811489581D399A17369131D35AE481H3"1$19E613FF3458636D81#131381A6A435E61 73459589178143F1861436139168951F391814B517B6819A8D5E6178913/E49!1
1
6. La fracture au sein de la 2
egénération d’artistes de rap à publier un album (1994-1997)
1>3843913DDE47841B681355865E61FB919EB586B813BC1AEB5E691DEF8C891781B93817814843691D+365A9!1 1
H43F+-B8131
D58F7563A238C3ECD73A2431C645643CF3D2DC631C673AC643826429 823A2431C645643A23DCE3263DC6&C43EF 82434FD3F63C8 F93A23899:3 (3;::<32635617563A238C36DC7563A238CD74723CF72FD#3
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2000 2001-2004
G1 G2M G2I G3M G3I
28D5B481$1 481 '??@1 #1 '??81 E691 781 '@P1 7891 D+369E691 FBA891 F341 B61 3459581 781 31 F48481 A6A435E611 FE99A738651B61484361D+365A!1
1
2EB41336D841B6816584F4A535E61781D89154369E435E6913FF348865184435-B891781'??;1#13@@@1/8143FF4ED+8431 D8143F+-B81781D8B148F4A98653651AEB5E617891D+369E691936913BDB6148436!1
1
H43F+-B8181
D58F7563A238C3ECD73A2431C6456434C643D2DC63AC643826429 823A2431C645643A23DCE3263DC6&C43EF 82434FD3F63C8 F93A23899:3(3
;::<32635617563A238C36DC7563A238CD74723CF72FD#3
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2000 2001-2004
G1 G2M G2I G3M G3I
28D5B481$1 481 '??@1 #1 '??81 864E61 '<P1 7891 D+369E691 FBA891 F341 B61 3459581 781 31 F48481 A6A435E61 6811 FE99A7386513BDB6148436!1
1
.61 F8B51 488841 B681 43D5B481 FE4536581 3B1 9861 78131 381 A6A435E61 865481 34595891 3/E491 7B61 DW5A1 851 34595891 67AF867365917813B548!1*8558143D5B4819814A816E53865173691B9381-B81D89178BC14EBF891E6517B1484361 D+365A18517891D+369E691936913BDB6148436!161E61B5981891F4E7BD5E69178131'481A6A435E61DE81A53E617B681 6E48178131F435-B817B143F173691891366A891'??;F'??E1E61F8B51348178BC14834-B89!1
1
561'??;F'??E189134595891FB36518B41F488413B186167AF86736519817A34-B8651F341B61B9381FB914A-B8651 7891 D+369E691 93691 3BDB61 48436!1 6B41 31 081 FA4E781 891 34595891 FB3651 B61 F48841 3B1 861 3/E41 F341 DE654819817956B8651F341B61B93813/E4534817814843691D+365A9!1
1
>81F4EFE981781481D891D+EC1EFFE9A9178178BC143D5E691781316EB881A6A435E6173459589178143F1-B1A8481781 '??;1#1'??E1DE8181F4E7B51781FB98B4913D58B49!1
1
=EB517)3E4717814367914A983BC1781437E1/8B6891SM>16,4ED1AB6 13DD8F586517891D+369E69178143F1861436139171 D895131FA4E781781981861F3D81F4E4899817891-BE5391781D+369E691436DEF+E689171391#1DE675E61-B8891 9E8651 %17DC645D9C741&831 851 -B81 6584F4A535E61 43FFA81 D781 81 F391 #1 B681 6584F4A535E61 FB91 DE6865E66881 3B1 E8651D4BD317B148436!1
1
569B5818913/E4919A8D5E6686517816EB83BC1345958919B417891D45489174395-B891781E6681EE65A1F34143FFE451#1 E/8D51 781 7B9E61 9B41 891 436791 4A983BC1 437E!1 44395-B891 F34D81 -B81 781 '??;1 #1 '??E1 891 3/E491 681 F4E7B98651 3B1 -B81 7B681 FE6A81 781 6EB83BC1 34595891 781 43F1 71 ?1 4EBF891 FEB41 '@1 3B9!1 231 E6681 EE65A1861-B895E6168951F39181FB919EB8651-B818143FF8B41BF0813DD8F581781F4A841B61D+3651AE7-B81 3B148436!1581DE699581FB5W51#13DD8F5841654E7BD5E61FB91EB1E6919,95A35-B817B616EB83B1F849E6681781 486E45173691814A983B1781DEEFA435E61DE6865E66817891B489178143F1$181D+3658B4!1
1
2343886518913459589178131'481A6A435E61DE656B8651781A6AD84173691B681D845368189B48178131D86D81 3DDE47A81F3418913/E491861'??@F'??8!1C1D85581AD+8814E994817E98435E613B1E6916B86D8178913/E491 9B41 31 B9-B81 3FF343J51 /EB841 73E471 F341 9A8D5E61 7891 34595891 38D1 89-B891 DEEFA4841 FB5W51 -B81 F341 B681 6B86D819B418913459589196A9!12B938186DE4813/E4534817369131F48481E5A17891366A891'??@17814843691 4/91 9)8CF-B81 3488651 F341 31 DE656B5A1 7891 DE6865E691 -B81 D85581 '481 A6A435E61 7)34595891F4A819B419891 3B9!1
1
5661B681381A6A435E6167AF867365819817A8EFF817369181938178913459589178131'481A6A435E61D89178468491 6586517816EB83BC13891$1>,1>3,124E7BD5E6168691U61M8DE47!!! !1689184891F34538651B61869881781 8BC1 437E91 ED3891 F484891 F345891 781 DE6D8459: 1 851 781 F435-B891 C53F89 !1 "91 981 E6548651 9EBD8BC1 7B1 /B886517818B491F34918517B681E4817817956D5E6138D1891D+369E69178143F1437EB9A89131H39 !1*85581381 A6A435E6167AF86736581DE663J51B6819A8D5E617956D581781D881-B17E681891D+EC178913/E49!1CBC14835E691 677B8891 734595891 #1 39E691 781 79-B891 9EFFE981 B61 8B1 76584DE6639936D81 851 781 DEEF535E61 -B1 981 7A8EFF81DE697A4388651781'??;1#1'??E!1U6167D81781658695A1781D855813D55A198154EB8173691816E481 73B9178143F13E491F4E7B59167AF8673865178913/E491$18319E5154E91E91FB91-B818913/E491-B1399B438651 31-B39165A435A178131F4E7BD5E6173B9178143F1E49178131FA4E781F4ADA78658!1
1
2891 436791 4A983BC1 437EF+E6-B891 891 3/E491 851 B681 3/E45A1 7891 43FF8B491 -B81 D891 78464891 9A8D5E668651 48D+84D+86513B18B17891366A891'??@1B61%143F154369E4351&1-B1E9843518613/E45A178914843691D+365A9!1 A3D81 #1 D85581 586736D81 B681 E481 437D39A81 76584F4A535E61 43FFA81 FE45A81 F341 31 381 A6A435E61 67AF86736581 A848!1299B81781D81D381A4581705481488A!1C13138B417813FFB1F4E4899178131437E16,4ED1781'??<1#1 '??B18517B19EB58617B6813/E45A173459589178131'481A6A435E6131381A6A435E6167AF86736581F348651781'??;1
#1'??E1#1867481B616E48173B91581-B14398138D18913B91F4E7B5918613/E49!1 1
=383B131
E59 D23A2"29E8CD243AC8 F943A23DCE326AF43A23899<3(3899F32635617563AF37,E23A23ED5AF172FD3273A23A47D F72FD#3
1 D865891781'??;1#1'??E1
24E7BD5E618517954B5E613/E41 '18'@1;@@
24E7BD5E6167AF867365818517954B5E613/E41 GB?1B@@
24E7BD5E618517954B5E6167AF867365891 ;'@1@@@
831*895F#F7481 -B8891 9E8651 861 89B481 705481 7B9A891 4AB488651 9B41 7891 9535E691 781 437E1 7E651 891 F4E4335E691 748651 E458865!1 DE41 H486841 2!1 %1M37E1 4E37D39561 61 *36373$1 5+81 *3981 E1 c=4369E435c19B9Dc1&1$5EF8CD3%F413!?16K31F!33'F388!1
*819BDD9148351781319A8D5E61DE6/E658178913459589178131'481A6A435E618517B18B167AF8673651861E81781 954BD5B435E61F34143FFE451#1319A8D5E61EFA4A81F3418913/E4919B4131081FA4E7818CF-B81936917EB581B681E6681 F3451781AEB5E61-B19EF481861'??BF3@@@!1CB1DEB491781D8558173581B681DE68486D819EF481736918914843691 5,F-B891E9A91F3418913459589178131'481A6A435E6185178131381A6A435E61851D81-B9138651F4E7B518B41F48841 3B18613/E41EB186167AF867365!1*85581DE68486D819813513B1A6AD817B148436143FFAF849A1FB5W51-B3B1 A6AD81 7B1 484361 D+365A1 7E651 B9381 F341 891 34595891 9A8D5E66A91 F341 891 3/E491 981 351 FB91 43481 D!1 43F+-B813 !1
1
H43F+-B81;1
D58F7563A238C3ECD73A2431C645643CF3D2DC63DCEE02D43AC643826429 823A2431C645643A23DCE3263DC6&C43EF 82434FD3F63C8 F93A23 899:3(3;::<32635617563A238C36DC7563A238CD74723CF72FD#3
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1990-1993 1994-1997 1998-2000 2001-2004
G1 G2M G2I G3M G3I
28D5B481$1 481 '??@1 #1 '??81 FB91 781 '<P1 7891 D+369E691 FBA891 F341 B61 3459581 781 31 F48481 A6A435E611 FE99A738651B6148436143FFAF849A!1
1
CB1DEB491781317846481FA4E7813@@'F3@@;1E613999581#1B617A8EFF886518651391A6A431781B93817B1484361 D+365A!1"1DE4489FE671#131953935E61FEB418143F186143613917B68169D4F5E6173691B681954BD5B4817EEFE81#1 43689881 DE654WA1 F341 891 3/E49!1 2EEFE81 #1 43681 7AD451 B61 34D+A1 7E651 -B8-B891 86548F49891 DE654W8651 89986581 781 E481 536791 -B8C9581 B61 43671 6E481 786548F49891 #1 31 5381 851 3B1 D+481 7334891 4A7B59!1 565481D81%16E,3B1&18519891%1436891&19816EB865178914835E691781DEFA865345A1E4817819EB9F543536D8!1*85581 E4817E436935E61D399-B817369167B954817B179-B816819818513691F4E489988651861F3D81-B#131617891 366A891'??@17369181D3917B143F1861A436D8!1
1
Conclusion
12)869881 781 D891 4834-B891 9B41 )AEB5E61 78914A983BC1781DEEFA435E61F848553651314A3935E617)E8B4891781 43F1 861 4361391 781 '??@1 #1 3@@;1 9351 B61 E/8D51 F4AD91$1 B954841 31 ADE675A1 7)B61 B9381 7891 79-B891 DE81 7EDB86591 851 781 )8C3861 7891 DE6865E691 34595-B891 -B81 )E61 F8B51 ,1 7AD8841 DE81 543D891 7891 E4891 +95E4-B891F49891F34189143FFE4591781E4D8918654817A4865913D58B49!1
1
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