Border as nomos : an alternative for the Stateless

BORDER AS NOMOS:

An alternative for the Stateless

by

Melina Philippou

Diploma in Architectural Engineering, 2013 National Technical University of Athens

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT

OFTHE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE STUDIES ATTHE

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE 2016

@ 2016 Melina Philippou. All rights reserved.

The author herby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis

document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created.

Signature of Author:

Certified by:

---Alexander D'Hooghe

Associate Professor of Architect Thesis Supervisor

Signature redacted

Department of Architecture

May 11, 2016

Signature redacted

ure & Urbanism

~iiana

Accepted by:---Takihiko Nagakura

Associate Professor of Design and Computation,

Chair of the Department Committee on Graduate Students

ture red acted

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Refugees stand behind a fence at the Hungarian border with Serbia, near Horgos

BORDER AS NOMOS

An Alternative for the Stateless Melina Philippou

SMArchS Urbanism 2016 Advisor:

Alexander D'Hooghe, Associate Professor Department of Architecture, MIT Readers:

Azra Aksamija, Assistant Professor Department of Architecture, MIT JotaSamper , Lecturer

Department of Urban Studies and Planning, MIT Serena Parekh, Associate Professor

01. "UNHCR Global Trends 2014." UNHCR.

Accessed November 1, 2015. http://www.unhcr.

org

02. Eurostat Number of first instance and final decisions on Inon-Eul asylum applications, 2015

(1), Eurostat (migrasydcfsta)

03. "UNHCR Global Trends 2014." UNHCR.

Accessed November 1, 2015. http://www.unhcr.

org

04. "UN Agencies 'Broke and Failing' in Face

of Ever-Growing Refugee Crisis." Accessed May 3, 2016. http://www.theguardian.com/

world/2015/

BORDER AS NOMOS

An Alternative for the Stateless

by Melina Philippou

Thesis Advisor: Alexander D'hooghe, Associate Professor

Department of Architecture ,MIT

Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 19, 2016 in partialfulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Moster of Science in Architecture Studies

Abstract

International concern over displacement has increased dramatically after the

mass influx of refugees to Europe during 2015. According to UNHCR data, one in every 122 humans is now either a refugee, internally displaced, or seeking

asylum'. While the number of stateless people is increasing, the usual framework for providing humanitarian help is proving inadequate .

When it comes to the inclusion of stateless people to a political community, only 21 percent of all asylum applications in the European Union were accepted in 2015, leaving more than 800,000 people in a stateless limbo 2. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) recently published the memo "Alternatives to Camps Making It Work" to address temporarily housing stateless people in camps outside the legal boundaries of the state. The memo suggests that camps should only be formed as a strategy of exception. In reality, within 2014, 32.5 million people were living under humanitarian protection for up to 20 years .With the UN announcement of a 17 billion dollar deficit 4, the maintenance of these spaces is not sustainable anymore and a more effective way to fund and provide humanitarian help is necessary.

This thesis investigates the Refugee Crisis in the framework of the European continent, specifically the East Mediterranean Refugee Route, as a medium to identify opportunities for the sustainable future of stateless people in the twenty-first century departing from the dysfunctional medium of admissions and the failed paradigm of camps.

The finding of the jurisdictional tabula rasa at the extraterritorial space of the non-Schengen borders of the EU is the opportunity supporting the design of an autonomous entity for the stateless. I suggest a network of complementary settlements that allow the self-determination of displaced populations and that operate in a mutually symbiotic relationship with adjacent communities.

The alternative for the stateless is tested at the border passage from Greece to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Vardar Valley.

4

I

Acknowledgements

I

would like to thank,

my committee Alexander D'Hooghe, Azra Aksamija, Joto Samper and Serena Parekh

for contributing in complementary ways to the formulation of this thesis.

the Harold Horowitz (1951) Student Research Fund for supporting my in situ research

at

the East Mediterranean Route the Cyprus Fulbright Commission, the A.G Leventis Foundation and

the Foundationfor Education

and

European Culturefor supporting my graduate degree

at MIT

the MIT deportment of Architecture and Planning for its administrative and financial support

Additionally I would like to thank the friends that made this year stimulating ond fun: Spyridon Amponavos

Demitri Delinikolos Christina Serifi Eleona Tsoukia the Mezz Crew

and

the Slum Bunch

---contents

Acknowledgements

7

Introduction

1

1. Statelessness: A global Perspective

1

1.1 International Law

1.2 Ethics of Admissions

2. Statelessness

_

EU

21

2.1 Camps. 2.2 Admissions

3. EMR Border Passages

41

3.1 Separation of the Stateless 3.2 Informal Economy Emergence

3.3

Infrastructurat

Corridors density

3.4 Jurisdictional Tabula Rasa of the border

4. Proposal_ Introducing the Zone

83

4.1 The Industrial Settlement 4.2 Phasing

4.3 Design Modules:

Bibliography

114

Image Credits

116

Macedonian police bar refugees from crossing border

Introduction

01. "UNHCR Global Trends 2014." UNHCR. Accessed November 1, 2015. http://www. unhcr.org/556725e69.html.

02. According to UNHCR (2004) "one in which

refugees find themselves in a long standing and intractable state of limbo.Their lives may not be

at risk, but their basic rights and lives may not

be at risk, but their basic rights and essential

economic, social and psychological needs remain unfulfilled after years of exile."

03. "10 Infographics That Show the Insane Scale of the Global Displacement Crisis."

UNHCR Innovation. Accessed November

2, 2015.

http://innovation.unhcr.org/10-

infographics-that-show-the-insane-scale-of-the-global-displacement-crisis/.

04. Eurostat, Decisions on applications and resettlement (migrasydec),2015

05. 387 520 out of total 520 957 illegal crossings to Europe took place through

the East Mediterranean route according

to "uNHcR's Supplementary Appeal -Special Mediterranean Initiative - June 2015-December 2016 (30 September 2015)." UNHCR. Accessed November 2, 2015. http://

www.unhcr.org/560ce6959.html.

International concern over displacement issues has increased dramatically after the mass fleeing of refugees to Europe the Summer of 2015. The most recent UNHCR's annual GlobalTrends Report reveal that worldwide displacement is at the highest level ever recorded. Globally, one in every 1 22 humans is now either a refugee, internally displaced, or seeking asylum

Though stateless people have been increasing ever since 1975's leading to the unprecedented number of 825 000 people in 201 5,the legislative frame work and its spatial trajectories for providing humanitarian help have not been updated. There is a gap when it comes to the creation of new knowledge on addressing statelessness and it is a small part of that gap, this thesis is trying to fill within the discipline of Urbanism.

Border as Nomos, is an investigation of the humanitarian refugee crisis in the framework of the European Continent as a medium to identify opportunities for

the sustainable future of stateless people in the 21 st century departing from the

failed paradigm of camps and the dysfunctional medium of admissions. With respect to temporarily housing stateless people in camps, UNHCR has recently published the memo "Alternatives to Camps Making It Work" suggesting that the camps should only be formed as a strategy of exception. In reality, though within 2014, 32.5 mitlion people were living in Protracted Refugee2 Situations for up to twenty years 3. Advocates against camps critic their operational character both in a philosophical level as spaces of ontological harm, in relation to their legislative framework as spaces of violation of human rights and in account to their resource effectiveness as financially unsustainable. With the UN announcement of the 17 billion dollar deficit, the maintenance of these spaces is not sustainable anymore and a more effective way to fund and provide

humanitarian help is necessary.

When it comes to the inclusion of stateless people to a political community only 21 % of all asylum applications in the EU were accepted within 2015 leaving more than 800 000 people in a stateless limbo 4. Unfolded by my study on the Spatial Trajectories of Seeking Asylum in the EU, is the fact that in the absence of a common asylum policy, individual countries can employ the tool of "a state of emergency "in order to denounce their moral and legal responsibility to protect stateless people.

This thesis suggests an alternative to camps and admissions learning from the processes, improvisations and gaps exposed within the East Mediterranean Route, the route from which 2/3 of all illegal crossings took place in Europe during 2015 1.

Border As Nomos :An Alternative for the Stateless / Meina Philippou

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Based on the findings of the jurisdictional gap within the Non-Schengen border thickness, the identification of spontaneous financial synergy and the density of infrastructure at the East Mediterranean Route's border passages I formulate my proposal.

My thesis suggests the utilization of the jurisdictional gab within the

Non-Schengen border thickness as an opportunity of founding a network of complementary settlements that could ensure the reconstitution of the rights of the stateless and incentivize investments for sustainable economic growth capitalizing up on the legal gab of the border towards the instrument of free trade.

The two axis that lead my design proposal are:

_Nurturing the border community as an autonomous entity in a symbiotic

relationship to its surrounding communities based on mutual financial benefit.

_Ensuring the smooth process of inhabiting the border the smooth inhabitation

of the border through programmatic modules that facilitate the processes of Entry, Adaptation and Community Building following the values of Dignity,

Building for the Future and Solidarity accordingly.

The proposal is implemented to the case study of the border passage from Greece to FYROM at the Vardar Valley.

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STATELESSNESS: A global perspective

International Law

01. "UNHCR Global Trends 2014." UNHCR.

Accessed November 1, 2015. http://www.

unhcrorg/556725e69.html.

02."The State of the Right of Asylum in International Law" Roman Boed, 5 Duke

Journal of Comparative & International Law 1-34 (1994) page 8

03."Beyond the ethics of admission: Stateless people, refugee camps and moral obligations", Serena Parekh, Philosophy Social Criticism August 28, 2013,page 2

International concern over displacement issues has increased dramatically after the mass fleeing of refugees to Europe this summer. The most recent UNHCR's annual GlobalTrends Report reveal that worldwide displacement is at the highest level ever recorded. Globally, one in every 122 humans is now either a refugee, internally displaced, or seeking asylum. If this were the population of a country, it would be the world's 24th biggest 1.

Though the number of refugees is continually increasing ever since 1975, humanitarian help is still provided in a voluntary basis according to the moral obligation that each nation and institution assigns itself towards refugees. The above is supported by international conventions on the protection of refugees. Specifically, Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human rights states that"Anyone has the right to seek and enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution" but does not declare that anyone has the right to be granted asylum from persecution'. Another example is The 1980 Refugee Act of the United States stating "the underlying principle is that refugee admissions is an exceptional ex gratia act provided by the United States in furthering foreign and humanitarian policies" -. In other words, Asylum is tied to the state as an option and not to the

refugee as a right.

In contrast to Asylum, Non refulment has consensus in the International Community and is legitimized in the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. It refers to the obligation of a state not to return a person to a third country in which his life is in danger. Taking into consideration that the median time span of a conflict is 5.5 years, a country is obliged on keeping a refugee in its territory for that long. In comparison to the case of Asylum, Non-refulment does not assign political rights and allows the return of population when the conflict is over. Though non refulment is legitimized in international law, sovereign states can still denounce their obligation by preventing entry to their territory either through border controls or by visa restrictions.

Summarizing, international law on the protection of refugees does not bind the state with an obligation to the protection of people fleeing from persecution. When it comes to asylum, the state has no legal obligation to include refugees to its political community, whereas the minimum obligation of non refulment can be denounced by restricting entry to the national territory.

Humanatarian Reasons

x

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Temporary Protection Subsidiary Protection

00

Rate of first Instant decisions on Granting Asylum, EU 2015

Sources:

Eurostat. Decisions on

applications and

resettlement (migrasydec).2015

V

Ethics of Admissions

01."Beyond the ethics of admission:

Stateless people, refugee camps and moral

obligations", Serena Parekh, Philosophy

Social Criticism August 28, 2013

02. Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of

Totalitarianism. New York: Meridian Books,

1978.

03.Agamben, Giorgio. Homo Sacer:

Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Trans. Daniel

Heller

04."Managing the Undesirables", Agier,

Michel, Polity Press, 2011.

The refugee crisis of 2015 exposed the inadequacy of international law to ensure the protection of refugees and resurfaced the conversation on the ethics of admissions.

Ethics of admission refer to the philosophical stream debating on whether or not we are morally obliged to include displaced people in our political communities. The polarized opinions on the subject support that closure as a medium to protect "communities of character" is morally justifiable or that inclusion of the displaced to a political system is our moral obligation in order to provide the displaced "life due to right and not charity"1.

Within this conversation, I position myself in between Hannah Arendt, Giorgio Agamben and Michael Agiers.

Hannah Arendt argues on the ontological harm of Statelessness and stresses the reduction of life to the bare minimum, the separation from the common world and the

loss

of the capacity to act meaningfully in camps. An exodus from the ontological deprivation of the camps according to Arendt is the space of appearance, a space were refugees can claim their rights in front of the eyes of a political community that is directly influenced by their actions2.

Giorgio Agamben aligns with Arendt in his position of camps being spaces were humans exists plainly as a biological bodies. In his work " Homo Sacer " Agamben refers the sacred figure of exclusion ( in this case a stateless person ) and argues that there are conditions were these undesired communities can exist meaningfully , reconstituting their human ontology, by falling within a state of indifference to the sovereign power'.

Whereas Arendt's space of appearance requires a clash with the political community, Agambens space introduces the idea of hacking, the status quo by finding a crack that seems to be unimportant for the sovereign power and live within that frame.

I support that the two spaces are not mutually exclusive but rather there is a case

were stateless people can reconstitute their human ontology in front of the eyes of a political community while not questioning its authority.

Michael Agier on "managingthe undesirables" supports taking into account forms of improvisation within the refugee regime to transform the existing condition of addressing statelessness4 I align in his position and set the framework of addressing statelessness in the EU as my field of operation.

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Statelessness in the EU

01.Alternatives to encampment include

httP://www. migration policy.org/article/ local-integration-forgotten-solution

02.Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Meridian Books, 1978.

03.Agamben, Giorgio. Homo Sacer:

Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Trans. Daniel

Heller

04."10 Infographics That Show the Insane Scale of the Global Displacement Crisis."

UNHCR Innovation. Accessed November

05."Beyond the ethics of admission: Stateless people, refugee camps and moral

obligations", Serena Parekh, Philosophy

Social Criticism August 28, 2013 2, 2015.

http://innovation.unhcr.org/10-infographics- that-show-the-insane-scale-of-the-global-displacement-crisis/.

Ontological deprivation of the camp Lack offinancial sustainability of the camp

The main ways to address Statelessness in the EU have been Camps and Admissions. Both have proved inadequate to address the current humanitarian crisis.

Camps

The inadequacy of spaces of containment, such as camps, to serve the humanitarian crisis of displacement in Europe this Summer resulted to

UNHCR publishing the memo "Alternatives to Camps Making It Work" and the

US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI) to re-introducing the idea

of "temporary local integration" both within 2015 1. Advocates against camps

critique their operational character both in a philosophical level and in account to

their resource effectiveness on providing humanitarian help.

In a philosophical level, both Hannah Arendt and Giorgio Agamben argue on the ontological deprivation of Stateless people in the camp. Arendt in the The Origins

of Totalitarianism 2 suggests that camps by separating stateless people from the common world geographically, socially, economically and politically, deprive humans from their primary capacity to act meaningfully in a way that influence their lives. Giorgio Agamben at Homo Sacer 3supports a similar position referring to life in the camp as Bios rather than Zoe, meaning life deprived of any meaning more than the biological needs of the body.

In a level of resource effectiveness, camps prove inadequate. The camp approach assumes that fleeing from persecution is a state of exception that acquires immediate, though temporal action. However, according to UNHCR data on displacement, the phenomenon is continuous with all increasing numbers ( see diagram No ) . Additionally far from their temporal role, more than 32.5 million people were encamped for more than 5 years during 2014 while the oldest camp is more than 20 years old. The maintenance of these spaces for so long acquires a cost that is nor of the interest of the third nations that support them, of the refugees staying to them. It is important to redistribute resources in a way that is effective to the improvement of lives of refugees. With 2013 UNHCR managed to raise only about the 60% of its estimated needs. The maintenance of these spaces is not sustainable anymore and a more effective way to fund and provide humanitarian help is necessary.

Legal exception and inscribing exclu

01.Hailey, Charlie. Camps: A Guide to 2

Century Space. Cambridge, Mass: The Press,

02."Managing the Undesirables", A

Michel, Polity Press, 2011.

03."Turkey: Refugee Crisis." ECHO factsh European commission/Humanatarian

and Civil Protection , Accessed May 2016. http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/

countries/factsheets/turkeysyrian crisis

en.pdf.

sion Camps

law

does not comply with the law of the state or international law. Specifically camps are spaces where the rights of free movement, employment and education are restricted. The Legal Status of the camp takes various transformations in order to ensure migration control.

ZAP The most characteristic example of the camp as space and law that inscribes

1st- exclusion is the The Zone d' Attente pour Personnes en Instance at the first floor

MIT of the Ibis hotel at the Roissy airport. A zone d'attente is a "waiting zone" where

gier, refugees can be processed before entering French soil. These spaces are legal

exceptions of territorial jurisdiction'. As a result the first floor of the Ibis is a

"non-eet, national border zone" where French national law does not apply, even though the

Aid

ground floor and second floor are still considered to be part of French territory and

aid/ thus under French national

law

2

. By doing so, the French government denounced its moral and legal responsibilities to the stateless.

Offshore Camp Another example of the camp as a space of inscribed exclusion is the offshore camp. In this case, a state funds a space of containment outside its territory displacing the responsibilities and spillover effects of migration flows. This mechanism is usually reinforced with institutions of border control (e.g Frontex) in order to ensure the reduction of entries to its territory .This is the case with the Refugee Facility for Turkey Program, initiated by the EU within 2015 to deliver efficient and complementary support to Syrian and other refugees and host communities in close cooperation with Turkish authorities. The resources of the Facility will come from the EU budget and from EU Member States over 2016 and 2017, making a total so far of E3 billion over two years3.

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Conclusions States formally exclude stateless people as non-citizens is spaces of containment, yet stateless people remain dependent up on a given state for their both material needs and identity. In the absence of effective citizenship and institutions able to enforce international laws, refugees exist in the legal order within extra territorial spaces such as Camps created by communities of closure in the basis of negating them.

AI

.Non-Schengen territory borders along the EMR in Europe Sources:

Photo by Darko Bandic: Refugees crossing the Slovenian borders at Rigonce.

Irregular Migration Routes: Prague Process Knowledge Base

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The East Mediterranean Route

01. Frontex (from French: Frontieres

exterieures for "external borders") is an agency of the European Union established in 2004 to manage the cooperation between national border guards securing its external borders

Admissions

When it comes to the inclusion of stateless people in the EU, the affected countries have continuously used the instrument of the "state of emergency" to operate within a frame of extra legality (closing borders, restriction of the right to ownership). By using this toot, countries have been able to interrupt the entry of refugees to their territory and prevent refugees from their right to seek asylum .

The primary route to seek Asylum in the EU since 2015 is the East Mediterranean Route. As the Syrian war escalated, the Eastern Mediterranean route, defined for Frontex I purposes as the passage used by migrants crossing through Turkey to the European Union via Greece, grew into the main passage to Europe surpassing the Central Mediterranean Route referring to the crossing through Italy. During the first 9 months of 2015, the Eastern Mediterranean route accommodated 70

% of the almost seven times larger population arriving. Under this pressure, the

route was legalized for a short period from August to November of 2015. The temporary formalization of the East Mediterranean Route is historic. It was the first time after WWII that the western world faced statelessness in its own territory. Institutions were unprepared leading to continuous improvisations, surprising alliances, exposure of legislative gaps and absurd proposals. As such, the EMR is a unique field to study the existing framework of providing humanitarian help and identify opportunities for the sustainable future of stateless people in the 21st. Century.

Spatial Trajectories on Seeking Asylum_ National Territory

My investigation of the EMR begins with the curving of the spatial trajectories of

seeking asylum from Greece to Germany. Each study includes the geography of the two options of a Stateless person in the EU:

1. Seeking asylum within the national territory 2. Continuing the trip to the country of preference.

The study aims to unfold patterns and gaps that characterize the process of seeking asylum in the EU towards the reformulation of strategies employed to address statelessness. The data was gathered during my in situ research during January of 2016.

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Border Controls: Authors database

Route: Kinetic Lite, GPS from Author following the E.M.R Asylum Legislation: Comparator Asylum Information Database

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Border Controls: Authors database

Route: Kinetic Lite, GPS from Author following the E.M.R

Asylum Legislation: Comparator Asylum Information Database

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Border Controls: Authors database

Route: Kinetic Ute, GPS from Author following the E.M.R Asylum Legislation: Comparator Asylum Information Database

Spatial Trajectories on Seeking Asylum National Territory

The identified commonalities along the trip are:

1. Employing the State of Emergency

Though the route was formalized for a small period, the countries consisting the EMR were reluctant on welcoming refugees to their national territories.The mass fleeing of refugees in Europe was perceived as an invasion that could put in stake the stability of the national order. Accordingly, EMR countries declared a state of emergency, which allows the suspension of rights of freedoms as an exception in order to protect the state in times of unrest. In total, there were 14 cases that EU member states declared a state of emergency within 2015, related to the inflow of refugees.

2.Obstructing access to asylum through border controls

Within the frame of extra legality allowed under the state of emergency member states of the EU applied border controls or even closed their borders against international laws of seeking asylum and EU regulations of free movement within Schengen.

Hungary was the first country to fence its border to all stateless people on the

9/14 of 2015. Starting from its borderto Serbia, Hungary gradually fenced all of its

borders adjacent to the E.M.R such as the border to Austria and Slovakia.

Border controls are another common tactic violating international laws protecting refugee On 13/9 Germany applied a temporary disruption of entries. Soon after more countries applied border controls, this time related to the country of origin of asylum seekers. Since 22/2 Macedonia refused entry to Iraqis and since 2/19 the entry to Afghans. Austria, on 2/19 followed a system of restricting the asylum process to 80 people per day.

3.Obstructinng access to asylum through time limits

Beyond border controls, the right to seek asylum is obstructed in the EMR due to the short time limit of legal stay without having applied for asylum. Most of the EMR countries follow a time limit of 72hours of legal stay. Three days are often not enough for stateless people to reach an institution designated to provide admission services and follow through the bureaucracy of applying for asylum. For example, Serbia has only four designated application centers within the country. It is reasonable to assume that accessing the application center would be difficult without resources or the ability to communicate in the native language.

a. Fence b. Temporary border control

80 $/day

c. Ethnic Selection d. Max People per Day

e. Temporary Pass

72 hours

Border Control measures in the EU, 2015: Hampering the right to seek asylum

v

-I,

EU policy gap The analysis on violations of the right to seek asylum reveals that there is no legislative framework to enforce the international rights of stateless people.

A closer

Look

to the Common European Asylum System verifies a policy gap on

ensuring access to points of applying for asylum.

0.A Common European Asylum System _{The document referring to Asylum in the E.U is the Common European Asylum}

-

ceas -factsheet-en.pdf." Accessed

May 19, 2016. http://ec.europa.eu/ System. It is consisted by:

dgs/home-affairs/e-library/docs/ceas-fact-sheets/ceas-factsheeten.pdf.

-The asylum procedure directive referring to guidance on the process of application

_The reception procedure directive referring to legislation abiding EU members for processes related to period until the asylum seeker receives an answer

_The qualification directive that provides the common ground for decisions on asylum.

The legislative framework covers issues of asylum from the day of application to the processes following the decision; however, it lacks provision on ensuring the access to the point where an asylum application can be filled.

In the absence of a common policy to access the asylum processes, each country follows a different trajectory that can change from one day to another, increasing difficulty and confusion towards the route to safety.

I

we

EURODAC SYSTEM

IL

ASYLUM PROCEDURES DIRECTIVE

L,

RCPINPROCEDURES DIRECTIVE

L.

QUALIFICATION DIRECTIVE

*1

_x

Legislative Gap in the Common European Policy for Asylum

I

Spatial Trajectories of Seeking Asylum in the EU

Border Passages

My research on the EMR continuous with the identification of the spatial

configuration of processes related to refugees in the border. The program of

providing humanitarian help in the border usually includes:

The registration center:

The registration center is the space were the stateless people are to prove

their refugee status. The process often includes, security checks, biometrics

the interview and the issuing of a temporary pass that allows the legal

continuation of the trip. The national police department usually administers

the registration center. Sometimes other bodies of control such as the military

or Frontex support the police.

The transit Camp:

The transit camps are serving the temporary accommodation of refugees.

According to the congestion of the route, the waiting list for an interview might

take

1

h or a week. The administration of the transit camp is a combination

of agencies from humanitarian organizations such as 1M and UNHCR to

smaller grassroots Ngo's and the local government.

The means of transportation connecting the borders:

Refugees in the EMR travel from border to border until their end destination.

Means of transportation differ however; trains are the most common way to

travel after the legalization of the moving of stateless people through public

means of transportation.

Legislative Gap in the Common European Policy for Asylum

LESVOS MUNICIPALITY

HELLENIC COAST GUARD HELLENIC POLICE

FRONTEX

I

D

METADRASIS

STARFISH

Refugee Regime Agency Hierarchy , Lesvos

V

Methimna beach, photo: Spyros Ampanavos, January 2016

Moria Hot Spot , registration center

Lesvos, Greece

,uc -e~

Kara Tepe, gathering of informal activities around the registration center

Kara Tepe, gathering of informal activities around the registration center

Lesvos, Greece

V

Kada T-pe tranwit carp Mitilini Port Lesvos, Greece

V

-1 'A. _71

"r-N w

-

0

HELLENIC POLICE

MSF

FYROM BORDER POLICE

Q

SPECIAL SUPPORT POLICE UNIT

RIOT POLICEHUNGARY

GENDARMERIE

POLICECROATIA POLICESLOVENIA

POLICESERBIA

Refugee Regime Agency Hierarchy , Oidomeni-Gevgelija

v

PRAXIS METADRASIS

~p~I

4

Transit camp located at a Gas station 10 km from

FYROM fence at the Greek-FYROM border

the FYROM border

Oidomeni, Greece

The border passage for the civilians

The border passage for the Stateless

Oidomeni, Greece

V

No man's land in between the borders

Transit camp at Gevgelija by the train station

Oidomeni, Greece

v

0

SERBIAN COMMISSARIAT FOR REFUGEES AND MIGRATION

ADVISOR TO THE MINISTER OF LABOR AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS

SERBIAN POLICE SERBIAN BORDER POLICE

BORDER FREE SAVE THE CHILDREN

Refugee Regime Agency Hierarchy Presevo

v

UNHCR

NGO's outside the Presevo registration center

Presevo train statlor

Presevo, Serbia

V

5> 7

I

________________________________________________________________ ~FI

0

ADMINISTRATION FOR CIVIL PROTECTION AND DISASTER RELIEF (ACDOR, SLOVENIA)

SLOVENIA POLICE

UNHCR

Refugee Regime Agency Hierarchy ,Rigonce

v

CroatiaSlovenia border at Rigonce

-- o Asi- m

Dobova registration center

Rigonce , Slovenia

I

Dobova registration center

Rigonce, Slovenia

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Dobova registration center, photo

Sid, Serbia

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V

wlsV

Spielfeld, Austria

V

Spielfeld Hot Spot document checking tent

11

Document checking booth

.Heating the tent

Spielfeld, Austria

v