Constructing and deconstructing 'the Iraq refugee crisis'

HAL Id: hal-00338409

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00338409

Preprint submitted on 13 Nov 2008

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Constructing and deconstructing ’the Iraq refugee crisis’

Géraldine Chatelard

To cite this version:

Géraldine Chatelard. Constructing and deconstructing ’the Iraq refugee crisis’. 2008. �hal-00338409�

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a+$LMaAL+“<F5LM6ND xzb:79BC+$1g#+$7nJiH7T79@n+²5>D$5“D !†‡1ADˆLM+C5‹E5613i3f47TD$5E6A1<=740f_<F:7e‰€O‡½‡8S~¼56hf+²5>19164#tLM+$41n6

†#:A76_<F:791)76@)f56NDF<=1<=7419<=7)^#aL+$1)+Cf#a+2LT<=7@<F5LM6#+27)E5^P7)16A4 DF<=1)+I<=74#aH35ID$:56`JF5H+$7DR<F:1<

1^‡131^P1<=74#BC+$1dg5“DV<F:1<V:1d4,M77656_<F:7TD27”:AL’DF<b@nLH6T<F+=5i7DˆM7JFLM+$7Kuvv{1)6A40<F:LND$7e†,:L`@d1)^791Ji<=7)+‚<F:A7

LAH<I+$71nLMJN<F:A7e†1)+=x(f@d133>56P1<I<=7n6T<F5L60<FL19@)+=5iD$5IDˆ<F:A7e‰9O™:14#a31)f746La1)+“<’56‡@)+$71<=56\<F:5iD

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H61)3>7e<=L#LMa7n+$1<=7K56#B=+$1g#L+b@nLM^,a73>3>740<=L#LMa7n+$1<=7<I:A75+bBC+21g#a+CL+$1^^P7TD.JI+$LE^™1945iDW<=1n6@7xzb:5“D

JI+WHRDF<F+$1!<F56D$5Š<IHc1<=5LM6,a+$LM^,a<=74”<F:7^ <=L#3LLMP1)3G<=7)+C61)<F5&y791n+$71TD.LJV4M5‹+$7@<V56<=7)+WyM76<C5LM6cxzˆ:A7TD$70D21^P7

1)7)6@5>7TDR†‡7)+$7913ID$L0<F:79L67TDV<F:1<VgTH5@)E3f+$7TD=aLM6A4740<FL0<F:79@d133'hf+$5>1”31HN6A@:7d4}JFL+b56<=7)+C6A1<F5L613

56<=7)+Cy76T<=5L656JF1)yLH+bLJ'BC+$1g5+$7JiH77D.47TD=aE5G<=7e<F:79gTHc7TDF<F5LM61)3>79@L645Š<=5LM6DR<F:7#hf+²5>16#Ly7)+=6^`76<

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]03Š<=7n+²6A1<=5yM73fd\O`-_Y‡DV†5Š<=:1)614yL@1@)f#A+$5i7JV^`1)fP14LaT<V1K+=5&E:<$D$o“M1TD$7d4}1naa+$LE1d@):0<F:1<b7n^#aE:A1D$5“D27DR<F:7

+$LM379LMJbDW<=1<=7TDb56#a+$Ly5456P37)13i3f56456`^7d@:A165WD$^D.JFLM+b56@dLM+CaL+21<F5L6`DWHc@:1TDZ+²5‹E:<$D.LMJ'+$7D$5476@)f

1)640†‡LM+C'xOPL67KLJN<F:7TD2791)aa+$L1@):A7TD$\:L†7)yM7)+F\E@dLM6D$54E7n+!D.56A4M5&yc5>4THc13^`5+$16<$D.1TDb+$7D$LH+$@7)JiHc3

5645&yN5>4THc13IDR†:AL`1)+$7K6ALT<'5ID$L3>1<=74#JI+$L^ <F:7K:LNDW<Z@nLM^^#Hc65Š<Wf‡L+bJI+$LM^ D2LE@5>13+$LHaE56NDV<F:1<.DCa1n6

56<=7)+$61<=5L613LH641)+$5>7TDxBC+$1dgM5iDˆ@)+$71<=79L+.@nL667d@<'<FL`DWHaaL+“<’67<I†,L+CNDZLAH<$DC5479LJN<F:797^P7)+W76A@df

+$735>7JbDW<F+WHc@<IH+$7K1)6A41)aa+$L1@):56EDW<=5Š<IH<F5L6131D!D$5IDF<=16A@7Ka+CLy547)+D.56`D$^P13>3E6HN^#c7)+ D$\1”JF1@<N<F:1<

56<=7)+$61<=5L613OP-0Y}D.56T<=7n+Ca+$7<V1D.10DC5&6LEJVJF71)+.1)6A4}^P5“DF<F+WH'DW<'yA5“D2o o“y5IDR<F:A7”:AL’DF<.DCL@)57<Wf‡164LT<F:7)+

BC+$1g5IDxBC6#+27135G<Wfd\<F:79+$7JiHc77)164:THc^`165Š<=1n+²5>16@)+$5ID$5ID a1n+$145&E^DR<F:ALAH:_†:5>@:‡1)7)6@5>7TDb+$71d4,<F:A7

a:76LE^‡76ALM6‡LAcD$@H+$7D.@dLM^#a3>7)D$L@5i13a+$L@7TD D$7TDˆ16414‘WH'DF<C^76<$Dx

zˆ:A7”56T<=7n+Ca+$7<=1!<F5L6LMJN<F:A7K61<IH+$7(LMJN<F:A7”56T<=7n+Wy76T<F5LM6+$7gTHc7DW<=741)aa71n+!D‚<“L‡M7e1TD274LM61K6A7H<F+$13

1TD!D27AD D$^P76<ZLMJN<F:7K6A774ED.LJ'+$7JiHN7d7TD$\H<V5^aE3>5i7DR<F:A7ey7)+Cf,aLE35Š<=5i@5ID$7d4}6L<F5L60<F:1<'+$7)JiH77D.1n+$791

H+$47n6LM6#:AL’DF<C56`@dLAH6<F+C57TDb7d@1HVD$7e<F:7)f‡1)+$7947)ac7)6A416<b5656EDW<=5Š<IH<F5L613c1TDD$5IDW<=1)6A@791644L}6ALT<

@LM6<F+C5&H<=7Ka+=LE4THc@!<F5&y73f_<=L0<F:797@dLM6ALM^#f‡LEJN<F:7K:LNDW<ZD$L@)57<FfxTB=60<IH+C6\T<F:A79@)L6@d7)a<VLJ’H+$476

3i7nE5Š<=5i^P57TDR<F:A79@13i3LEJ':LNDW<Z@nLAH6<F+C57TD.JFL+b56T<=7)+C6A1<=5LM6131TDD$5IDF<=1)6@79560<F:79JI+$1^P7)†L+CLJR^7d@:A165“D ^D

JFLM+b+$7nJiH7T79H+$476Ao²D$:1)+$56c\†,:7)+$7)f^‡LM+$7e†‡713Š<=:fDW<=1<=7TD.@nLM6<F+C5&H<=7KJF5616A@5>13i3f0<=L0<F:A797)JIJFLM+F<$D.LMJ

3i7D D.47)y73La74`DW<=1<=7TD'<F:1<V1)+$7K:AL’DI<F56#<F:79^1C‘$L+$5Š<Wf}LMJN<F:7e†‡L+C34sDZ+$7JiH77Dxzb:7Ka+C56@5aE3>79LJ’H+$476o

DC:1)+$56PJFLM+b+$7nJiH77D³JF564ED.5Š<$D.L+C5&5656#<F:7956T<=7)+C6A1<=5iL613+$7JiH77K+27)E5>^P791)64:1DR7d76‡14AyMLE@d1<=740f

<F:7K:THc^P165Š<=1)+$516@LE^^#Hc65Š<Wf_<=L#a+CLy547956@76T<=5yM7TDb<FL#BC+$1dgDZ675E:MLAH+!D'<FLP1@!<R560<F:A7K56T<=7)+$7DW<VLJ

7)6:16@74#a+$LT<=7d@<F5L6JFLM+bBF+$1g5+$7JiH77TDx½‡L†7yM7)+F\T<I:5IDba+$56@5&a3i79:1DRM77637d4}1DW<F+$1)f_f#·¿7DW<=7)+=6

DW<=1!<=7TDD$56@7e<F:A7`ln¹¹vED.1)6A4,H'D 7d4}1D.1”^‡716NDR<FLP@)L6T<=156}JFL+$@7d4}^5+$16T<$D.560<F:75&+b+$7nE5L6ND.LJVLM+C5‹E56164

5“DV<F:7)+$7JFL+$7K6L<'6A7H<F+$1)3164#:A1ADV776}JiH+F<F:7)+b56NDW<F+FH^P76T<=135“D 7d4,f‡tL+$41)6560<F:7931DW<'fA71)+Cx

tL+$41)6\357”^LNDW<‚LT<F:7)+N]9+21d}@LAH6<F+C57D$\:1Db+$7@75&yc74#BC+$1g57)53>7ADˆ1TDR<=7^#aL+$1)+Wf,Hc7TDW<$DV†5Š<F:561

4M5iD @n+$7<F5L61)+Cf_<=LM37)+$1<=5L6#+$7)5^`7K+2LAH6A474}567)+2LE474@L^^5Š<C^P76T<$DV<FL0XZ1)6oW]9+21d5ID$^¨xzb:793i1n+W7

^`1C‘$L+$5Š<Ff:1)y793>1@)741937)c13+$7TD$5>476@df‡1641@@n+WHN56D$L@)513N16A4}7d@LM6ALE^5>@K+²5‹E:<$Dx*7TD=aE5G<=7S<F:70D2@13>79LMJ

<F:7K^5+$1<=5LM6560<F:A7Ka+$7oWuvv{#a7)+C5LE4\tL+$41n60†1DD$a1)+$74#56T<=7n+C61<=5L613a+$7TD!DFH+$7e<=L#a+CLy547KBC+21gM5>DR†5Š<=:

1TD!D$5IDW<=16A@791644M54‡6ALA<Z7)5G<F:7)+.@133NJFL+b56T<=7)+C6A1<=5LM6A13N1D!D$5IDF<=1)6@791<Z1³<F5^`7e†‡:760<=7)6D$7KH<V56NDW<F+WH^76<=13

+$731<=5LM6DR†5Š<=:h1441^PsDbB=+$1g#a+$7@)3GHc474#tL+$41)60<“L`1n@)6L†374c7e<F:7K56JC3&H'x)·¼:5>3>7KBC+$1)6:1d4}@dLM6<=156A74

BC+$1g5+$7JiHc77TD2\MtLM+$41n6}37<N<F:79JF3LA† a1TD!DV<F:+$LH:5Š<$D‚<=7n+W+C5G<=LM+Wf‡56‡4M5&+27T@<F5LM6‡LMJV@LH6T<F+$57TDV<F:1<VLJIJ=7)+$74

7<I<=7)+Z1TDCf3&Hc^x)]„gTHc7DW<=5LM65ID.5J‚<F:70D$5G<IHc1<F5L60†1Db+27yc7)+!D2741Ji<=7n+b56<=7)+C6A1<C5LM6A1316A4}6L6oFLAyM7)+C6^P76T<=13

LM+F1)651<C5L6EDV<=LLM0Ha_<F:7K5ID!DFHc79LMJ'BC+$1dgM545IDCa3i1d@T7^P76T<Z1TD.1K:HN^‡165G<=1)+$5i16@n+²5ID$5IDxBC6JF1@<=\t LM+241)6#:1D

^`16A1)740<=L@):1667356T<=7)+$61<C5L613c1TDD$5IDW<=1)6A@7e†5Š<=:561K6A1<F5L613N1n76A41e†5Š<=:0<F:7K+27TDWHc3Š<N<F:A1<N<F:7

@LM6A4M5G<C5L6EDˆ16A4}^5+$1<=5L60<F+$7)6A4ED.LMJV5Š<$DbBC+21g5Hc7TDW<$DZ:1)y796L<N7d76PDWHNDW<=1n6T<=513i3f}1JIJ=7@<=7d4Nx

Y”60<F:A79LE@d@1TD$5L6LJ’<F:A7]9a+²53uvvp0‰xO¨x@nLM6JF7n+$76@79L645iDCa3>1T@d74#BC+$1g5iD.56-076A7dyc1d\MtLM+$41n6@)3>15^P74

<F:1<'B=+$1g5iDb+27TD$5>4M56`56#tLM+241)60†‡7)+$79pEµv\vvvNxjk1!<=7)+F\tL+$41)647@31n+$740<F:1<VBF+$1g5ID.@LNDW<<F:79@dLAH6<F+Wf0‰ h

lxŠm053i3>5LE61KfA71)+.1)6A4@13i3>74LM656T<=7n+C61<=5L613'DWHaaL+W<E<“L1)33i7)y5>1<=7e†,:1<V5Š<Z@1)33>74}19H+$476nLM69<F:7

61<=5L613N7d@LM6ALE^#fd\E:L†‡7y7)+.LaaLNDC56‡<F:A7”54E719LJV1Ka1)+$133>73c154`DCfNDF<=7^ xTBC6,+$7TDCaL6ND$7e<“L0<F:5iD.@13i3\A<F:A7

LAyM7)+C6^P76T<V:14#+$7d@75yM741TD.LEJV31<=7eƒ 1df,uvvEw9‰hµwxG{0^5i3>3i5LE656#5oC3>1<=7)+$13L+b^0HN3G<C5oC3>1<=7)+21315>40<FL

5i^a+$Ly79JF1@5i3i5G<C5>7TD.56D$7@<=L+ DDWHcD$5i4574#f#aH3i5>@9JWH64EDx‰€O‡½‡8³~€\M:1)y56#Hc6T<=53<F:A760HN6DWHc@@7TDD$JiHc3i3f

14TyL@1<=74#JFL+.1S<=7)^,aLM+$1n+Wf#a+2LT<=7@<F5LM6#+27)E5^P79JFLM+bBC+=1g5ID³5G<b47nJW56741TDb+27JiHc77TD2\M+27JI+21^P745Š<$D

LMa7)+21<F5L6ED…56,uvvp\EmRl;a7)+$@d7)6T<VLJN<F:791)7n6@)fD.LMa7n+$1<F5L613Hc47<VJFL+btL+$41)60†‡1TDb5&yc7645&+$7@<=3&f0<=L

<F:7eƒ„565IDW<F+$57TD.LJN½7d13G<C:16A4,QS4THc@1<F5LM6561445Š<=5LE60<“L}45‹+$7@<Z1TD D$5“DF<=1)6@7Ka+$Ly54740<“L‡H647n+Ca+C5&y5i3>7)74

tL+$41)6516ND.13L6'D$5>47KBC+$1g5iDx?VL+b5Š<$Dba1)+F<F\T<F:7eƒ„565IDW<F+Cf‡LMJ.hL@)513M*‡7)y73LaE^P76T<V5^aL’D2740HaLM6

56<=7)+$61<=5L613OP-0Y}DˆLMa7)+21<F56a+$L+$1)^D.JFL+RBC+$1dg5“D.56#tLM+$41n60<F:1<Z1!<'371TDF<Ruv#a7)+2@7)6T<‚LMJN<F:75&+

767JC5>@5>1)+$5i7DD$:LHN34‡7KaLL+RtLM+241)6516EDx

zˆ:A7KtL+$41)65>161H<F:L+C5Š<F5>7TD.:A1dyM7”^P147KLy7n+C6^P76<$DD$@:ALEL3iD.1640<F:A7KaH35>@9:713Š<F:`DCfcDW<=7^™1@@7TDD$5&c3i7

<FL1)33EB=+$1g5“DkD$56@d7KuvvpNxTBI<'5IDb67)yc7)+F<F:737D!D.7)y5>476T<N<È:1<c<F:79JW5H+$7TDV<F:7)f0H'D 7956JiHN6A4M56P1)aa713ID.1)+$7

+$L’D DC3&fP56JC3>1<=741)640<F:A1<N<F:7K6HN^#c7)+.LJ'BC+$1g5iDR†‡:L0H'D$7e<F:A70D$7)+Wy5>@7D.LJN<F:7KaH3>5i@0D27@<=L+b1)6A4LMJ

56<=7)+$61<=5L613OP-0Y}DZ+$7^156NDˆ@LE^#a1)+21<C5&yM73fy7)+Cf3L†¨…T3>7TD DR<F:16#uv\vvv#BC+$1dg5@:53>4+$761)+2797)6+$L33>7456

aH3i5>@0D$@:LL3iD$\EJF7†™5645&yN5>4THc13ID.1)aa+$L1@):,aH3i5>@”:A713G<F:`D$7)+Cy5>@7TD2\E16A4‡6AL`^L+$7S<F:A1)6mv\vvv0H'D$7

1TD!D$5IDW<=16A@7Ka+$L+$1)^`D.La7)+$1<=74”f€O`-_Y}Dx

Y”60<F:A794LM^‡7ADF<F5>@0DW<=1)7\T<F:A7KtL+$41)6516#Ly7n+C6^P76<=sD.aLND$5Š<=5L60y5ID$o

oWy5IDbBC+21gM5Hc7DW<$D.@L6T<F56Hc7ADV<FL‡M7

7a+$7DD$747)@3&H'D$5&yc73fP56_<=7)+$^`D.LJR@dLM6A@7)+$6ND.JFLM+b6A1<F5>LM6A13ND27@H+$5Š<Ff56#<F:79JF1@79LEJN<=7)+C+=L+C5iD$^P\@)+$5^`7916A4

LT<F:7)+'<F:+$71<$D‚<F:A1<V@LH34`DCa53i3cLAyM7)+³JI+2LM^œBC+21gNx8;133ID³J=L+R56T<=7)+=61<=5L613‚DFHaaLM+I<V56@3&Hc470D$7@H+$5Š<Ff‡16A4

a+$7@1H<F5LM6^P71TDFH+$7TD.JFLM+R†,:5>@:#61<F5L6137dAa7645Š<IH+ 7TDb:1)yc7956@)+$7d1AD2740fuv#a7)+$@7n6T<.D$56@7KuvvEµ\

133>7)743f,<=L‡a+27y7)6<N<=7)+C+=L+C5iDW<Z1!<i<=1@nNDbJI+$LE^™JFLM+275‹E67n3i7^P76T<$DRH<Z1)3ID$L\LM6A7K^`1)f‡@L6T<=7)6A4\A<“L˜DWHaa+27TD!D

4LM^7DF<F5@94M5ID @L6T<=7n6T<N<F:A1<V@LH347)6NDWHc79JI+$L^™1947<=7)+C5>L+$1!<F56P7@L6L^}5>@0D$5Š<IHc1<C5L6'…†:53i7KaH3i5>@

DWH'D$5>4M5>7TDˆ1)+$7ec756`3>5Ji<=74LM60c1D$5i@KLL4ED.1)64#56JC3>1<F5L6}5IDb+$5iD$56PU)lxGm#a7)+$@7n6T<V56#uvv{0<FL1)67Aa7@<=74¹

a7)+$@7)6<V56,uvvEw[$\T<F:7KaH+$@n:1D$56}aL†‡7)+VLMJN<F:7e<F+2145&<F5LM6A13E^P5i443>7oC@3>1D!D.5IDbaE3GHN^P^`7<C56\bln{ LJ

tL+$41)6516ND.35yc7eHc647n+R<F:7KaLy7)+I<If3i567\1)6A4}1<R371DW<;l´'x&µ 1+$7eH67^#a3LMfM74Nx

XR+27TD$7)6<=741TDRH+$476o²D$:A1)+$56PJFLM+bBF+$1g5+27JiH77TD2\A<F:A79@H+C+$7n6T<Z1TD!D$5>DW<=16@79JI+$1^P7†‡LM+CP4LE7TDZ6LT<Va+=LAy547

JFLM+.1e56456P@LM6<F+$1@<IHc1n3E^7@:165ID$^ <F:1<'†,LH34}^P1)7KtLM+$41n61@@LH6T<=137e<=L4L6L+!DbJFL+.1)67gTH5Š<=13i7

133L@1<=5L6LJR15>40<FL#BC+$1dg5“D2\M6ALM+bJFL+R+21)6T<F56#<F:A7^™1K†547n+D$7<VLJ'+$5&E:<$D.56,a1)+W<F5@Hc3>1)+b+$7TD$54E76@)fP16A4

3i7n13c1@@d7AD DR<=L”<F:A7”31)MLM+b^1n+C7< xzcL”<F:LND$7e†,:LJI+$1^`7e<F:A75&+.1@<=5L6ED.1TDˆ16NDF†7n+!DR<FLP1K:TH^P165Š<=1)+$516

+$7)JiHc779@)+$5ID$5“D2\MtLM+241)6#:1D³5>^aL’D2741947y73LaE^P76T<‚1)aa+$L1@):0<F:A1<'^77<$D³5G<$Dba+$5LM+=5Š<C57TD.LEJV133i7)y5>1<=56

<F:797JIJF7@<$DbLJV7@L6LE^5>@K+$7JFL+C^™LM6_<F:7KtL+$41)6516,aLMaHc31<=5L61640<F5&:T<=7)656D$7@H+²5G<Wf^P71DFH+$7TDx

<F:1<N†,53i3c76EDWH+27e<F:7K+$7<IH+=6#LJ'BC+$1g5iDR<“L}BF+$1gŒ9560<F:70D$:ALM+F<=7TDI<RaAL’D DC5&3>7e<=7)+$^xƒ„L+$7”DFH+$7)3&f\<F:791naa+$LE1d@):

<=1)7)6#a+=LAy547ADV<F:791)aa+$La+=5i1<=79@)L645Š<=5LM6DR<F:1<‚†,53i3'7n6NDWH+$7e<F:A70D$7@L641n+2f‡^}5+$1<C5L6LJ'tL+$41)6D

Hc7TDW<$D'<FLLT<F:7n+F\M^LNDW<F3&f_·¸7TDW<=7)+=6\@LAH6<F+C57TD.560<F:A70D$:LM+I<'L+R^‡74M5&Hc^»<=7n+C^\E56@L6T<F56HN5Š<Ff#†5G<C:0<F:A7Ka+$7o

uvv{”<F+$7)6A4Nxzˆ:5iD.5ID.6LT<ZgTH5Š<=7<F:79LH<=@nLM^7976y5ID$5LE67d4,f_<F:LND$7e†,:L\56_<F:7`ln¹¹vED$\@L6@7na<IHc1)3574LEJ

H+2476Ao²D$:1n+²56c)1D.@L6T<=1)56^P76T<ZLMJ'+$7JiH77D³560<F:A75i+b+$7)5LM6D.LMJVL+C5&56'x

BR†#53i3c@L6@3&Hc47efD$1)f56#<F:1<'†,:7)+271TDR<F:A70D$@La7KLJR:HN^P165Š<=1)+$51656T<=7)+Wyc76<F5LM65IDbf61<IH+$7K35i^`5G<=74}56

<F5^P79164`D=a1@7\<F:70D2@LMa7(LMJV^5+21<F5L6}JI+2LE^œBC+$1g5iDk1)6@5>76T<=\4TH+$13i791n64#E3LM13Ixzb:7)+$7JFL+$7\aL35>@5>7TD

47y5ID 740†5Š<F:560<F:79JFLM+C^‡7)+³JI+21^P7†‡L+CP1)+$7eLH649<FL#5i^a1@<c<F:7931<I<=7)+Va:7)6ALE^P76ALM6‡LM63&f^P1)+FE5613i3fx

Kf‡@LM6<F+$1TDF<=\<F:7KJI+21^P7†‡L+CLJR:THc^P165Š<=1)+$51656<=7)+Wyc7)6<C5LM61d47gTHc1<=73&fJC5Š<$DR<F:A70D$@La79LJ‚6A1<=5LM6A13

47y73LaE^P76T<Z1)6A4`D$7@H+$5Š<Ff,aLE35i@5>7DR<F:1<b1n5^ <=L1@n:5I7yM70D$:L+W<=oÈ<=7+C^™Ln‘ 7@<=5yM7TDR†5G<C:5661<=5L613

LH641)+$5>7TDxBC60<F:A7”31ADF<Z1)613&fND 5ID$\1K:THc^`165Š<=1n+²516‡1)76410D$7n+2yM7DbtL+$41)6AsDbLy7)+=6^`76<=1356T<=7)+27TDW<$DRM7<I<=7)+

<F:1)60<F:AL’D279LMJ'BC+21g5IDR†#:AL}:A1dyM7”:A14#6LP@):LE5@7€H<N<FL_3LELJFLM+D21)J=7<Wf‡1)6A4}19JiH<IH+$7(LAH<$DC5479LMJN<F:A75‹+

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