(1)Development of new sorghum ideotypes to meet the increasing demand of bioethanolg f S Braconnier G Trouche S Gutjahr S

(1)

Development of new sorghum ideotypes to meet the increasing demand of bioethanolg f

S Braconnier G Trouche S Gutjahr S. Braconnier, G. Trouche, S. Gutjahr,

D. Luquet, M. Dingkhun

(2)

Context

Global oil production is rapidly approaching its peak

h // ild li /

http://www.oildecline.com/

Actual CO2atmospheric concentration = 381.2 ppm (WMO source)

Oil is now being consumed four times faster than it is being discovered, and the situation is becoming critical.

It is urgent to find alternative and sustainable energies

100 $ Crude prices last 40 years

Biofuels or agrofuels, defined as solid, liquid or gas fuels derived from biomass, are today the only direct subsitute for oil on a significant

scale particularly in the transport sector

Adapted from http://www.france‐inflation.com

(3)

Context

poorest countries will be lead to grow biofuel crops

Less arable surfaces available for food production

Increasing staple food world market prices (good for producers, bad for urban consumers)

Instability of the staple food market

Increase of food insecurity

(4)

Which plant for producting bio ethanol ?

In the tropics In temperate area

Sugar Cane Mayze

Sweet Sorghum Sorghum

+ almost any staple food crops + sugar beet and other promising biomass crops

(5)

Why producing ethanol from sorghum ?

Temperate zone

Tropical zone Temperate zone

Propagation

Cuttings seeds Intrant needs

sorghum < < maize

Sorghum vs Maize

Tropical zone

Sweet sorghum Sugar cane vs

Water requirement 1/3 less than maize Water requirements

36 000 m3 8000 m3

g Length of cycle

12‐16 months 4‐5 months

Nitrogen Use Efficiency sorghum > > maize 36 000 m3 8000 m3

Adaptation to dry environments sorghum > > maize Adaptation to marginal soils

Adaptation to dry zones Irrigation yes

Grain production

0 << up to 6T / ha (2 cycles)

(stay green)

p g

cane < < sorghum

Hudge potential of improvement and adaptation

R t f i t

Adaptation to marginal soils sorghum > > maize

Ethanol production (l ha‐1) i 6500 5600 (2 cycles)

Uses

Fuel Food, Feed, Fuel

Respect of environment Development of rural zones Low competition with food crop

Better sustainability of the production system

Biomass sorghum Ù maize

(25 to 40T DM ha‐1)

ADVANTAGE SORGHUM

(6)

What is the bottleneck for sorghum development ?

A diff t th l k f i ti d t d t th

SWEETFUEL project

SweetFuel SweetFuel

Among different reasons, the lack of varieties adapted to the different environments was identified as the main bottleneck

Development of a FP7 project: SWEETFUEL ^S^S ^t^t^{F l}^{F l}

Overall objective: development of ethanol production from sweet sorghum in temperate and

Development of a FP7 project: SWEETFUEL Sweet sorghum: an alternative energy crop

SweetFuel SweetFuel

tropical area through genetic enhancement and improvement of harvest and cultural practices.

Scientific consortium: 10 partners from 7 countries and 3 continents

Cirad, Icrisat, Embrapa, KWS, Ifeu, UniBO, UCSC, ARC‐GCI, UANL, WIP Target area: temperate and tropical area (particularly semi arid tropics)

Duration: 5 years (01/2009 – 12/2013)

Budget: 5 millions € including 3 millions contribution from EC

(7)

SweetFuel

SweetFuel Definition of the new sorghum ideotypes

Temperate area ^{EtOH 2}^e ^generation

Centralized system

New sorghum ideotype « Biomass » sorghum (sweet or not, with or without grains)

Essential traits

Hi h bi d ti ith d lit d h it

High biomass production with a good quality and homogeneity (low lignin content = bmrtrait and good digestibility)

Adaptation to low temperature to enlarge sowing (and thus harvesting) window

(and thus harvesting) window Drougth tolerant / high WUE

Photosensitivity for increasing cycle durationotose s t ty o c eas g cyc e du at o

(8)

SweetFuel

SweetFuel Develoment of new sorghum ideotypes

Temperate area

10 12

Durra Asia Africa

106 accessions

35 40

Durra Asia Africa

IS 21991 (bmr8)

Temperate area

6 8 10

ADL/NDF

C & CB China C photo‐insensible K & INT SA

Guinea SA 15

20 25 30

INNDFD

C & CB China C photo‐

insensible K & INT SA Guinea SA

0 2 4

A Guinea SA

Bicolor Africa MV

0 5 10

15 Bicolor Africa

bmr MV

0 100 200 300 400

Poids sec moyen tige principale (g)

0 100 200 300 400

Poids sec moyen tige principale (g) (Source: Grassbiofuel project / 2009 report)

Mean dry weight of main stem (g) Mean dry weight of main stem (g)

Possible combination of + high stalk biomass + low lignin content

+ good digestility of fibres

(9)

SweetFuel

SweetFuel Development of new sorghum ideotypes

T i l ^{EtOH 1}^st ^generation Centralized system

Tropical area ^{EtOH 1}^st ^generation

+ anticipation 2^ndG

Centralized system Decentralized system

In Brazil ^{Obj ti} ^l ^t ^{d ti}

Target ideotype Triple purpose sorghum: sugar + biomass + (grains)

In Brazil

Centralized system Objective: complement sugar cane production (conversion of 20% of sugar cane fields into sweet sorghum ± 1.5 millions ha)

g yp p p p g g (g )

Juicy, sugar‐°Brix%, Al toxicity tolerant, P deficiency tolerant, bmr, biomass Essential traits

Decentralized system Objective: develop production systems to

provide village or cooperative with food and fuel

Target ideotype Triple purpose sorghum: grain + sugar + biomass

Grain yield, juicy, sugar‐°Brix%, Al toxicity tolerant, P d fi i t l t b bi

Essential traits

P deficiency tolerant, bmr, biomass

(10)

SweetFuel

y = 0 8502x + 11 472 50

46 lines

25

marga

106 accessions

y = 0.8502x + 11.472 R² = 0.0267

20 30 40

ass(t ha‐1)

10 15 20

°Brix%

marga durra Asia‐

Africa C&B China C photo‐insens

0 10 20

10 12 14 16 18 20

Stalkbioma

0 5 10

0 200 400 600 800

Kafir & Int SA Guinea SA

10 12 14 16 18 20

°Brix% at maturity (source Nataima Colombia 2007) (source Grassbiofuel 2008)

0 200 400 600 800

Poids jus par tige (g) Juice weight per stalk (g)

Possible combination °Brix% + juice

°Brix% + stalks biomass

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SweetFuel

Identification of the gene for tolerance to aluminum toxicity : Alt_SB

and incorporation in the best lines in EMBRAPA

(12)

SweetFuel

SweetFuel Develoment of new sorghum ideotypes

T i l ^{EtOH 1}^st ^generation Centralized system

Tropical area ^{EtOH 1}^st ^generation

+ anticipation 2^ndG

Centralized system Decentralized system

In India

Target ideotype: Triple purpose sorghum: grain + sugar + biomass

In India Centralized system Objective: production of ethanol through syrup partnership with industrial sector

Juicy, sugar‐°Brix%, adaptation to rainy and post rainy seasons, stay green, grain yield, bmr, biomass,

Essential traits

Decentralized system Objective: develop syrup production systems to provide village or cooperative with additional income

Target ideotype Triple purpose sorghum: grain + sugar + biomass

Grain yield, juicy, sugar‐°Brix%, adaptation to seasons, stay green bmr biomass

Essential traits

stay green, bmr, biomass,

(13)

SweetFuel

Sotuba 2010 ^{IS 2848} 20.0

12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

%

20.0

25.0 Sotuba 2010 ^IS 2848

SSM 215 IS 5867 IS 10234 IS 20351 IS 23142 IS 23254

4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

°Brix%

10.0 15.0

°Brix%

IS 23254 IS 4285 IS 26731 IS 6351 IS 26833 IS 8685

0.0 2.0

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0

Fresh weight of panicule (g) 0.0

5.0

With inflo without

IS 33261 IS 15443 IS 2814

Fresh weight of panicule (g) With inflo. without

Source: Sweetfuel project / PhD S. Gutjahr

There is a competition °Brix% / grain but also a great diversity There is a competition °Brix% / grain, but also a great diversity

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SweetFuel

Id tifi ti f th b t li bi i d bi

Identification of the best lines combining sugar and biomass

1.63 to 2.36 t ha^‐1 8.25 to 72.43 t ha^‐1

Identification 2 stay‐green QTL lines S 35 SG 06002 and 19‐S35 SG 06019 Identification 2 stay green QTL lines S 35 SG 06002 and 19 S35 SG 06019 having °Brix% >15

(15)

SweetFuel

Case of Haïti Target ideotype: triple purpose sorghum: grains + ethanol + fodder

ANR project S3F for Haïti

e-days)

2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0

B l a n c A u g I S 1 5 4 0 1 K a u r a D - 1 2 S h o r t K a u r a F a r a f a r a 1 7 C S 0 2 M a d a g a s c a r C G M 1 9

K e n d é N b e B l a I R A T 2 0 4

a

Adapted phenology is essential

Duration of PSP (degree

5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0

2 0 0 0 I R A T 2 0 4

S a r i a s o 1 0 S o u r o u k o u k o u

Source: CIRAD/IER Mali, 2002

01/01/02 01/02/02

01/03/02 01/04/02

01/05/02 01/06/02

01/07/02 01/08/02

01/09/02 01/10/02

01/11/02 01/12/02

01/01/03 0

(16)

SweetFuel

SweetFuel Development of a new sorghum model

SAMARA model is a new model for cereals (simulator of morpho‐

physiological adaptability to abiotic stresses, and of annual graminaea yield).

Objectives:

• identification of TPE, study the adaptation to CC and CV as well as interaction variety x cultural practice x environment

interaction variety x cultural practice x environment…

• + conception of ideotypes and their adaptation to the environment

• (at plant canopy scale)

Main characteristics:

• based on ECOTROP software

• based on hydric balance and phenology module from SARRAH

• trophic relationships and competitions between organs are inspired by ECOMERISTEM

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SweetFuel

Biomasses

Stem ^(sheath

internode reserves)

Sowing ^Leaf

Root

Panicle Grain Root

Reserves

(18)

SweetFuel

SweetFuel Development of new sorghum model

Sensitivity analysis were done by:

Modifying varietal parameters (plant height, cycle duration, stay green…) or

agronomic practices (irrigation, plant density…) or

combining 2 parameters (i.e. height + duration)

Analyzing evolution of output values (panicule and grain yield, total and above ground biomass, sugar yield, LAI, tillering, plant height etc…)

(19)

SweetFuel

Effect of terminal drought

Rainfed condition (terminal drought)

Biomass‐19%

G i i ld 16%

BMag BMtot LAI

« Wild Type », irrigated High yielding, dwarf, early, sweet, stay‐green

Grain yield – 16%

Final sugar reserves – 50%

TN

y y g

(like Kouressy’s V3)

Plant Height 2.0 m

GY TN IC=1

FTSW

(20)

SweetFuel

ff f ( )

Cycle 40 d longer due to longer PSP

Effect of lateness (photosensitivity)

« Wild Type »

High yielding, dwarf, early, sweet type (like Kouressy’s V3)

Cycle 40 d longer due to longer PSP (PSP longer : photoperiodism) Biomass + 34%

Plant Height + 40% (2.8m)

Higher Tiller No., more motality Grain yield – 30%

(like Kouressy s V3)

Plant Height 2.0 m LAI max+200%

Sugar reserves much smaller

IC=1

(21)

SweetFuel

SweetFuel Development of new sorghum model

Calibration of SAMARA for sorghum is possible in many different environments

environments

Results from sensitivity analysis are quite conform to the reality on a qualitative basis

on a qualitative basis

We must now conduct some specific trials to validate this model

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Thank you for your attention

Contact:

serge.braconnier@cirad.fr www.sweetfuel‐project.eu