Evaluation of a speed alert system on curves by rainy weather

(1)

HAL Id: hal-00851177

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00851177

Submitted on 12 Aug 2013

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Evaluation of a speed alert system on curves by rainy weather

Peggy Subirats, Eric Violette, David Doucet, Maurice Aron, Gérard Louah, Minh Tan Do

To cite this version:

Peggy Subirats, Eric Violette, David Doucet, Maurice Aron, Gérard Louah, et al.. Evaluation of a speed alert system on curves by rainy weather. 22nd ICTCT Workshop (International Co-operation on Theories and Concepts in Traﬀic Safety), Oct 2009, France. 10p, ill. en coul., graphiques, tabl., bibliogr. �hal-00851177�

(2)

1

1234536789A8BA3ACD11EA341F6ACC61A89A5F21CAA AF379A1361FA

A

DAC57F36CA1A27841661AE AE8516AA

!A3F89^"A# A4853^$A% A%&'6%AE8⁽A A

196F1AE)165E1CA6197*51CAE1A4)1*57D1196A98F39E71A196F1A+AF1C13FA613A$(A

A,A179AE1A43AD85EF7-F1ADA"(.A/0"A41A#F39EA*512744A1E11ABF391A

13742A3D1##4C57F36CA1F7427841661AE327E4E851656E12148DD1196'E5F3414#8524BFA D8912A7$$A8"9A$.A0:A:A/;A

A

"

79C67656A93678934AC5FA41CA6F39CD8F6CA16A415FAC<5F76<AA

A=41AE1C3F61CA"=A"AAF51AE1A43A5661A21F61AA;$00A987C'41'#F39EA1E11ABF391A

13742A3F89679F16C4BFA D8912A7$$A89A(.A;"A.0A:A

A

$A196F1AE)165E1CA6197*51CAE1A4)1*57D1196AE1A4)851C6A

AF51AF19<A2727397ADA(0""$A(("0"A93961CA1E11A"ABF391A

13742A#1F3FE448536E12148DD1196'E5F3414#8524BFA D8912A7$$A8"9A(,A"A:$A0"A

A

(A438F3687F1A196F34AE1CAD896CA16A35CC<1CA

AF8561AE1A8531AADA(";A(($(A85#51937CA1E11ABF391A

13742A79'6394E864D4BFA D8912A7$$A8"9A(,A:(A./A;.A

2 2

3452675859A2BC7D24E82F55929E952F23279227585E74267C7E !2 2

7%>? !>?%A

92A4826E657"2B52675859A2E295B29C7 EAC9288A5 2AC2E#57A285782C2E925$588%5286552EC792 AC2B5EA4572C9AC98!2

9E667C67EA52 C657EA92 86552 82 E2 8AFFC792 7CE2 8E5A2 885!2 2 57EEAC92 C2 EA C864572 C9AC982 E92 4E%52 7E EA2 C985&59582 C92 7%578'2 8E5A!2 955"2 %54#52 4E9#92 E92 F52

#A"2 5%592 6C88F#5"2 B4592 A452 7CEBE2 82 8#6657!2 3452 8AEAC92 82 5%592 BC7852 B4592 A452 7%572828767852F5E852A4527CE2828E##2BA4CA278D!2

3452 88A5 2 675859A52 92 A482 6E6572 9C7 82 7%5782 C2 #CB2 8D7588AE952 C9AC982 E92 BE7982 A45 2C2E925$588%5286552ACBE782A45852C9AC98!2

2

345278A26E7A2C2A4826E6572675859A82A45267C6C8529C7 EAC9288A5 !2345285C926E7A259582A452 78D2 9AC92 C72 E$ 2 657 88F#52 86552 92 A452 7%5!2 3452 A472 6E7A2 E9E#8582 A452 88A5 2 6EA2 C92 C657EA92 865582 C72 7552 %54#58"2 E92 A452 #E8A2 C952 A82 55A2 C92 45EBE82 F5AB5592

%54#5827%92926#EACC98!2 2

2

4A7%@?A>?%ABB>AA

3452 67C6C852 9C7 EAC92 88A5 2 82 675859A52 92 A452 752 1!2 A2 82 C 6C852 C2 ABC2 %E7EF#52 588E52898"2FCA42F592C9A7C##52F2E2EAE#C57!23BC2C657EA92 C582E752595(2

(3)

• 3AC%DEAD>2A4EA2A75782A45278A2892B4592A4527CE287E5282B5A"2!5!2A452BEA572 56A42 C92 A452 7CE2 87E52 82 75EA572 A4E92 *!*+2 ## 5A578!2 ##2 85782 E752 E5A52 F2 A482 78A2 588E5!22

• 3%A C% !DEA D>A A75752 F2 E92 5$588%52 86552 75E792 8D2 7588AE952 C9AC98!2 92 A482 C5"2 A452 85C92 892 %582 E92E#57A2 C72 7CE2 85782 B4C852 86552 BE82 5A5A52E82675859A92E278D2C 6E752BA42E286528AEAC9!2925 67E#29AC924E82 F55925952,675859A5292A45295$A26E7A82C2A4826E657-2AC2E##EA52E2657 88F#528655292 E2 7%52 E82 E2 9AC92 C2 7CE2 5C 5A72 E92 87E52 4E7EA578A82 E92 BEA572 A4D9588!2 34529AC926E7E 5A5782E752#CE##2E.8A52AC2%52E92E#57A2C721+/2C27CE28578!2

2 2

2 22

2

2 22

2

Figure 1: illustration of the information system in curve (above the site without the alert system, bottom the alert system)

2

3452 6EA2C2A45267C6C852E#57A288A5 2C927%572F54E%C72BE825%E#EA52C92E285C9E727CE2 ,2 012-2 #CEA52 92 A452 %9A2 C2 A452 A2 C2 392 ,37AAE9"2 47E95-!2 3452 392 8A52 4E82 F5592 98A7 59A52 BA42 C72 86552 8598C78"2 E2 B5EA4572 8AEAC92 E92 E2 8598C72 5E8792 BEA572 56A482 ,8552752)-!234526C8AC92C2A4529A%52#CC68282%59292A4527525!2

2

(4)

5

2 2

2

Figure 2: instrumentation (on the left, inductive loops, on the right, water depth sensor)

Figure 3: Binic site configuration and position of inductive loops 2

"4AFA!AAGABBHDABG A% ABIA@!%>?%A 2

92A4826E7A"2B52675859A2A452E##EAC92C2A452 E$ 2657 88F#5286552A4EA282852AC2A7572 A45285C9289!234526796#528275675859A5292A4527526!2

2

2 Figure 4: principle used to calculate the permissible speed

2

(5)

2 %54#52 C582 9CA2 8#62 C92 E2 7%52 2 A452 7AC92 C752 C%57C 582 A452 59A7E#2 C75"2 B442 82

#9D52AC2A4528&E752C2A4528655!23452C##CB92C7 #E2%58"2C727E%57E5827%5782E92%54#58"2 A452 E$ 2 5$588%52 86552 9 E$2 B442 565982 C92 A452 A7E98%578E#2 7AC92 C559A2 ,:-"2 A452 7%EA7527E82,-"2A45286575#5%EAC92,8#-2E92A4527E%A2,-(22

(

^s

)

^g ^R

V _max = τ + _l . . 2 2 2 ,1-22

BA42A452C775A29A82 2

;CB5%57"2%52EAC782 6#2E2575E852C2A4EA28655(2

E-23452BEA57256A42575E8582A4527AC9!23452EAE#27AC92C559A2:,4-282 C#EA52F2A452 BEA57256A42,4-2EC792AC2A452C##CB92C7 #E2<1=(222

:2,42->2*!*11?#9,4-@2:**!*+2222 2 2 ,)-2

B45752 :*(27AC92C559A2 5E8752EA2E2C9%59AC9E#2BEA57256A42C2*!+2 !2

F-2 3452 BEA572 56A42 ,4-2 82 5E8752 C92 E2 #EA2 E75E"2 FA2 E82 A452 86575#5%EAC92 E%C782 A452 BEA572

#CB"2A452BEA57256A42C92A4527%52,4F-2828 E##57!2$657 59AE#2 5E8758284CB2A4EA24F282CFAE952 F2%9242F2A452C559A2)!2)2,EA239-!2

-228E5A2 E7928295588E72C72E2C C927%57"2BA42E2C C92%54#5!247C 25$657 59AE#2 5E8758"2AE##599525A2E#!2<)=267C6C852AC2852C9#2A452A472C2A452A7E98%578E#27AC92C559A"2 8C2A452657 88F#52865529628(2

1 3

1 2

= 3 + 4

5 6

b

p l

V (h ) s .g.R²² ² ² ² ^,5-2

56#E92 A452 8E52 E792 7582F2A452 55A%52 E792 2 75865A52 F2 A452 7%572 "2 A452 7567CE#2 75#EAC984682F5AB5592A45255A%52 E792E92A45286552E75(222

1 b

i l

i

V (h ) s .g.R c

1 2

= 3 + 4

5 6 ₂₂₂ ₂ ₂ _,6-2

E92A45275%57852C7 #E(22 2

1 ⁱ

i b l

c (h ) / V s g.R

1 2

= 33 − 44

5 6_{2222 2} ₂ ₂ _2,+-2

2

92A45295$2C2A4528598C7"2E82A4528598C72#CEA5292A4527%5282A4526^A42C95"2A45298E527%5782 E752A4C852842c⁴_i ^22B25!2

-2 3452 86552 BE7992 82 5#%5752 68A75E 2 A452 7%5"2 8C2 A4EA2 A452 7%5782 B##2 75EA2 F5C752 A452 7%5!2C5A2.*2F52A45268A75E 28598C7295E72A452#CEAC92C2A4527EE72C9A7C##92A45286552BE799!2 A2 .*"2 7%5782 E752 9CA2 5A2 C957952 F2 A452 7%5!2 92 E88 6AC92 A4EA2 A452 98E52 7%5782 92 A452 7%52,9267C6C7AC92-2E752E#75E2A452#58828E52C9582EA2.*"2E##CB8259A92A458527%5782EA2.*(2 A4C852 B4C852 86552 EA2 .*2 82 75EA572 A4E92 A452 5 67E#2 65759A#52 C2 A452 86552 EA2 .*2 C72 A452 BEA572 454A24"V (h)_u^j0 "2C72A4C852B4C85255A%52 E792 ^j0

ci 282#5882A4E92A4525 67E#265759A#52C_u^j02 C2 A452c_i^j02 8A7FAC9!2 DCA52 A4EA"2 52 AC2 A452 9 F572 C2 EAE"2 A452 C95952 92 E2 89#52 %E#52

j u0

C 2,9565959A2C2A452BEA57256A4-28275EA572A4E9292E2%5AC7V (h)_u^j0 E2A282E#8C25E8572AC28AC752 E928529275E#2A 5!2

5-2A2BE8255"292C7572AC2 ED526C88F#52A452C 6E78C92C27%57'827586C9858"2AC2E75882A452 1+/2C27%578298A5E2C2E758892E##298E527%578!22

(6)

+

C27C 2A4527557595264E852EAE"2A452C559A2c_i^j02C725E427%57224E%52F5592C 6A5"2A4592

8C7A5"2E92A4521+/265759A#52C_15%^j0 4E82F559258AEF#845!22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 92 A452 75E#2 A 5"2 A452 C559A2 c_i^j02 C72 5E42 7%572 EA2 8598C72 .*2 82 C 6A5"2 C 6E752 BA42

j 15%0

C ^!22F4592c_i^j⁰ ≤C₁₅^j⁰_%"2A45286552BE7992828BA452C9!2 2

3452%E#582C2A452 E792C559A2CFAE952792A4527557595264E852E752A452C##CB9(2 2

2 392

2 j, B i n i c

1 5 %

C 2

j,Binic j,Binic

C C

21.6%

safe = 2

/2E758852%54#582 1+/2 )1!2/2

5759A#52222598C7212 )!))2 )!252 222222222222222222222598C72)2 1!102 )!1*2 222222222222222222222598C7252 )!))2 )!602

222222222222222222222598C7262 2 5!*2,59AC9-2

E5A2 E79(2E5265759A#52E921+/265759A#52EA2A4525759A28598C782 22

A239"2A452852C2A452 E79

2,Binic

C15% 28555292E758892E265759AE52C27%578295E721+/2 ,B4EA5%572A452BEA572454A2BE8"267C%52A2BE8244572A4E92*!*+ -!2

2

$4A3BBBBA%>A?%A@A&DBA 2

3452 E92 CF.5A%582 C2 A452 5%E#EAC92 E752 AC2 &E#2 E92 &E9A2 A452 6EA2 C2 9C7 EAC92 88A5 82 56#C52 C92 A452 392 5$657 59AE#2 8A52 792 657C82 C2 EA%EAC92 C2 8982 F2 C985792 5759A2 8AE582 C2 EA%EAC9!2 F52 C9#2 C98572 7552 %54#58!2 2 %54#52 82 8E2 AC2 F52 75522A8245EBE2BA42A452675592%54#5282 C752A4E92+285C98!2

2

3452A475528AE582C985752C72A4525%E#EAC92E752C##CB9(2 2

• 6&2@%A B>(2 792 A482 8A562 9C2 892 82 85A2 62 E92 7%578'2 86552 4E%52 F5592 E9E#852AC24E%52E27557595292C7572AC2&E9A2A452E#57A288A5 2 6EA!2

2

• 6&A %DA D>A B>(2 792 A482 8A56"2 B52 5E8752 A452 6EA2 C2 A452 78A2 892

#4A92 C92 E667CE492 865582 F5C752 E92 92 A452 7%5!2 345852 865582 E752 C 6E752 AC2 A4C852C2A452755759528AE5!2

2

• 6&A% !DAD>AB>2A792A4828A56"2B52 5E8752A452 6EA2C2A45285C92892

#4A92 C92 E667CE492 865582 F5C752 E92 92 A452 7%5!2 345852 865582 E752 C 6E752 AC2 A45852C2A452755759528AE52C727%5782B4C284C#24E%52F5592E#57A5!2

A

3BC2 9EAC782 4E%52 F5592 85(2²9+*2 E92 91+2 86558"2 B442 E752 75865A%5#2 A452 +*^A42 E92 1+^A42 65759A#582C2A452865528A7FAC92C27552%54#58!2

2 2 2

(7)

4752+2675859A8286552758#A82C72A452755759528AE5!22 2 2

V50 and V85, week

40 50 60 70 80 90 100

1 2 3 4

Measurement points

Speeds (km/h)

V50 dry V50 wet V85 dry V85 wet

2 Figure 5: speeds results for the reference stage

345752829C275E#27%52 55A2A4EA2#5285782AC289E9A#27552A457286552B45927C8892A452 7%5!2 565992 C92 A7E2 C9AC98"2 A482 55A2 82 F5AB5592 +2 E92 12 D G42 C72 A452 91+!2 345852 E92758#A82C97 2675%C828A582<+=25865E##2EFCA294A2657C!23452#CB2%8F#A252AC2A452 7E92E92A45294A24E82A45275EA58A2 6EA2C928655!22222

2

475222675859A8286552758#A82C72A4525957E#2E#57A28AE5!22 2

2

V50 and V85, week

40 50 60 70 80 90 100

1 2 3 4

Measurement points

Speeds (km/h)

V50 dry V50 wet V85 dry V85 wet

2 Figure 6: speeds results for the general alert stage

(8)

0

2B52#CCD2EA25759582927%92865582565992C92A4527CE287E52C9AC92,72C72B5A-"2A2 E665E782A452C##CB92A759(292E##2 5E875 59A26C9A8"2A45752BE82E275EA57275AC929286558292 A452C9AC92HB5A27CEH2B4592A45278A289282EA%EA5!25E8C992C92A4529EAC7291+"2A452AEF#52 F5#CB2 ##8A7EA582 A482 F2 587F92 A452 575952 92 91+2 5$6758852 92 D G42 C72 8AEAC982 72%82 F5A2C72FCA4264E8582,5575952%82A5957E#2E#57A-!2

2

3EF#521!2 6EA2C2A45278A2BE7992892C92B4C#5298A7 59A52E75E2

6@@A C>A CG AA CG A"2 CG A$2 CG A(2

F@%A 62 +2 +2 2

9&>A

#%DA3D>AA';A ';A ',A ':A

F@%A )2 )2 )2 2

EA #%DA3D>A '/A '/A '/A '0A

2

3452AEF#521284CB82A452 6EA2C2A452BE79928982C92A452B4C#5298A7 59A52E75E!2A284C#2F52 9CA52A4EA2A45289282EAE##2%8F#5268A75E 2C2A45278A26C9A2C2 5E875 59A!22

2

3452 6EA2 758#A82 92 E2 44572 575E852 C2 7%92 865582 92 A452 C9AC92 HB5A2 7CEH!2 3482 75AC92 82 5957E##2 EFCA2 +2 D G4"2 E92 E92 75E42 0D G4!2 34575C75"2 C 6E792 A452 8E 52 C9AC982C26E%5 59A287E52C72A45275575952E92A4525957E#2E#57A28AE58"2A2E92F528E2A4EA2 865582E752#CB57292A48285C9264E85!2

2

34528655275AC92C72B5A27CE2C9AC92E92F52C985752E82E26C8A%52 6EA2C2A452BE7992 588E5289!2

2

35E852C2A4528A52C97EAC92E92A45298A7 59AEAC9285"2A4528E 52E9E#852E99CA2F52C952 C72A4529%E#2E#57A!2345246CA4588282A4EA2A452E#57A527CE2857827552A45286552 C752A4E92 A4529C9E#57A527CE285782F2C985792A4529AE#28655!23452 E92#A282AC2856E7EA52ABC2 6C6#EAC98(2

• A5957E#2E#57A(22 84C#24E%52F5592E#57A527%5782%8!29C9E#57A527%5782

• 9%E#2E#57A(22 E#57A527%5782%8!29C9E#57A527%5782

C2B52E##EA52A45257595286552F5AB5592 5E875 59A26C9A8212E925!23452A2C# 92%582 A452 865582 575952 792 A452 5957E#2 E#57A2 E92 A452 2 C# 92 %582 A452 865582 575952 F5AB5592A4529%E#2E#57A!22A452E#57A527CE2857827552 C752A457286552A4E929C9E#57A5"2 A452 75%C#AC982 %E#52 84C#2 F52 75EA572 C72 A452 44572 65759A#582 ,E#57A52 7%578-!2 58#A82 E752 675859A52C92A452AEF#52F5#CB2

(9)

3EF#52)!2 6EA2C2A45285C92BE79928922

V 1-V 3 H2o : 0.05 - 0.09 m m H2o : 0.10 - 0.19 m m H2o : 0.20 - 0.39 m m Ce ntile s AG AI Evolution AG AI Evolution AG AI Evolution

5% -16 -10 -6 -16 -8 -8 -17 -9 -8

10% -7 -4 -3 -7 -3 -4 -7 -5 -2

15% -6 -4 -2 -6 -4 -2 -5 -4 -1

20% -5 -3 -2 -4 -4 0 -5 -4 -1

25% -4 -3 -1 -4 -2 -2 -4 -3 -1

30% -4 -2 -2 -3 -3 0 -4 -3 -1

35% -3 -2 -1 -4 -3 -1 -4 -3 -1

40% -4 -3 -1 -3 -2 -1 -3 -2 -1

45% -3 -2 -1 -3 -2 -1 -2 -2 0

50% -3 -2 -1 -2 -2 0 -2 -3 1

55% -3 -1 -2 -2 -2 0 -2 -1 -1

60% -3 -1 -2 -2 -2 0 -2 -1 -1

65% -3 -1 -2 -1 -1 0 -2 -2 0

70% -3 -1 -2 -1 -1 0 -2 -1 -1

75% -2 0 -2 -1 0 -1 -3 -1 -2

80% -3 -1 -2 0 -1 1 -2 -1 -1

85% -3 0 -3 0 1 -1 -2 -1 -1

90% -2 -1 -1 0 0 0 -1 -1 0

95% -2 0 -2 0 1 -1 -2 0 -2

100% 8 3 5 3 -1 4 -4 4 -8 22

Table caption

Drivers not alerted Drivers probably alerted Drivers surely alerted

2

6552 5E875 59A82 F5C752 E92 +* 2 EA572 A452 85C92 892 A4EA2 86#E82 9%E#2 BE7992 9C7 EAC92C29CA284CB2E275E#2 6EA2F2E9255A2C27592865582C72A4526E7A2C2A4527%5782 8F AA52 AC2 A452 E#57A2 588E52 C 6E752 BA42 7%5782 B4C2 4E2 9CA2 F5592 E#57A5!2 ;CB5%572 A482 C582 9CA2 5E92 A4EA2 A452 E#57A2 588E52 C582 9CA2 6EA2 C92 8572 F54E%C7!2 A2 8A2 4CB5%572 F52 E8858852892CA4572 5A4C82C72F2EE6A92A452C952 6#5 59A5292A48267C.5A2F2E58892AC2 9%E#2A7E.5AC758!2

2

(4A3BBBBA%>A?%A&DBA %AJ>&%AGD>??%BA

22

82 E2 6E7A2 C2 A482 7585E74"2 78D2 9EAC782 F#A2 7C 2 45EBE82 E92 865582 C72 %54#582 7%92 BA492 6#EACC982 4E%52 F5592 8A5!2 3452 5E2 BE82 AC2 A58A2 2 E2 86552 E#57A2 88A5 2 C#2 4E%52 E92 6EA"26C8A%52C7295EA%5"2C9245EBE8"2E92A4592C9275E7592C##8C9278D!22

2

A24E82F5592C985752A4EA2AC2F5292E28E 526#EACC9"2A452A 52E62F5AB5592ABC2%54#58284C#2F52

#5882 A4E92 62 8!2 3482 %E#52 758#A82 7C 2 E2 675%C82 8A2 <5="2 E92 82 C988A59A2 BA42 A452 A47584C#2 852AC25952E27552%54#5292A452675%C826E7A2C2A4826E657"2B44284C#2F525&E#2C724457!2 2

EA4572 A4E92 A452 #E88E#2 A 52 AC2 C##8C92 ,AA-"2A452 78D2 9EAC72 4C8592 45752 82 A452 A 52 E62 AC2 865527EAC2,A87-!282A4528598C7289E#2825#%5752EA2A45275E72C2A452%54#58"2E9229"2C2E92A2 59CA5275865A%5#2A4528655"2A452#59A42E92A452A 52C26E88E52C2A452A42%54#5"2A4529EAC782 75#EA%52AC2ABC2C##CB92%54#5829 F575212E9225$675882E8(2

2

42>2A2I2A122 2 2 2 45EBE2 A2>242I2,C2G29-2 2 2 A 52E62 AA2>2A2912G2,92I291-2 2 A 52AC2C##8C92

A872>2A2G292 2 2 2 A 52E62AC2865527EAC2 2

FA42842E929EAC72E82A87"2A452#588282A82%E#52E92A452 C75282A45278D!2A2E92F525952C72A2

(10)

J

,J*2D G4-"2!5!2*!*128KG !28292A452675%C828A"2A24E82E#8C2F5592C 6A52A45267C6C7AC982C2 A2E92AA2#588572A4E92%592A47584C#8!22

2

345255A2C2ABC2EAC782C92A48278D29EAC724E82F5592CF857%5(2E2B5A26E%5 59A2,BEA57256A42 75EA572A4E92*!*+2 -2E92E286552BE799289!2C957992A45286552BE799289"2A452A47552 EFC%5 59AC9528AE5824E%52F5592C 6E75!2

2

3452C9#2#5E72758#A"2B442C97 82B4EA24E2E#75E2F55929CA5292A452675%C828A"282A4EA2E2 B5A26E%5 59A24E82E9255A2C92A45278D29EAC7!23452 #EA%528A7FAC92C2A87282A459284A52 AC2 A452 74A"2 !5!2 7%5782 E752 C752 EAC8"2 B45A4572 A452 8AEAC92 B45752 A2 82 C 6A5!2 ;CB5%57"2 A482C5829CA2 6#2A4EA2A48244572EAC928259C42AC2C 6598EA52A452#5885728D27588AE95!22 7A45728A284C#2F52957AED592EFCA2A4826C9A2C72E2F5AA572984A!2

2

3A2A45255A2C2A45286552E#57A288A5 2829CA2#5E7"28C 5A 582C77586C992AC2E28#4A2975E852 92 EAC9"2 8C 5A 582 AC2 E2 8#4A2 575E85"2 565992 C92 A452 5E875 59A2 6C9A!2 47A457 C75"2 C9AC982 B442 84C#2 #5E2 AC2 8 #E72 758#A82 ,5!!2 5957E#2 E#57A2 E92 9%E#2 E#57A2 BA4CA2 EA%EAC92 C2 A452 9%E#2 86552 E#57A2 86#E-2 E2 #5E2 AC2 8#4A#2 5759A2 758#A8"2 E#8C2 565992C92A452 5E875 59A26C9A!2

2

82A4525759582B57528#4A2E929CA2C988A59A"2A24E82A4592F5592C985752A4EA2A2C#29CA2F52 EAA7FA52E929CA5EF#5255A2C2A45286552E#57A288A5 2C92A45275E7592C##8C9278D29EAC7!2 LC7525AE#52758#A82E752%59292A452##2756C7A2<6=!2

2 2

?%D!B?%BA 2

92A4826E657"2B524E%52675859A52E295B2E#57A288A5 2AC29C7 27%5782C2E278D2C2762#C88!23452 E88588 59A2 4E82 F5592 E7752 CA2 F2 C 6E792 7%578'2 86552 792 A47552 8A568(2 E2 75575952 8AE5"2E25957E#2E#57A2E92E29%E#2E#57A2<2=!2

2

F5284CB52A4EA2A45278A28924E82E26C8A%5255A!2348255A28275#5A52F2#CB5727%92865582 , C752 6C7AE9A292A452 8AEAC92HB5A27CEH-2792B442A45289282EA%EA5!2348"2A2E665E782 A4EA2 A452 86552 75AC92 792 A482 64E852 82 975E852 F2 +2 D G42 C 6E752 BA42 A452 8E 52 C9AC982C2A4527557595264E85!23482CF857%EAC9282 E52C72E##26C9A82C286552 5E875 59A8!2 8858892 A452 6EA2 C2 9%E#2 E#57A2 588E52 4E82 9CA2 5 C98A7EA52E2 89E9A2 75AC92 92 7%92865582C72A4526E7A2C27%5782B4C24E82F5592BE7952EE98A2A4EA2B4424E829CA2F559!2 2C 6#5 59AE728A2C92%54#5827%92BA4926#EACC98284CB52A4EA2A2C#29CA2F52EAA7FA52 E929CA5EF#5255A2C2A45286552E#57A288A5 2C92A45275E7592C##8C9278D29EAC7!2

2 C 6#5 59AE72 8A2 ,92 67C7588-2 A7582 AC2 9578AE92 B42 E#57A52 7CE2 85782 C9'A2 7552 C752 86552 F2 E758892 EAAA52 E92 F54E%C7!2 4C72 A4EA"2 9%E#2 A7E.5AC7582 E752 CF857%52 E927%5782E752&58AC952.8A2EA572A4527%5!2

(11)

HD?G&A

<1=2L!2ACA4M"2)**0"2AEA252 C##E527A&5"2585E74267C7E 23G2G2"23252 CC9"25#%57EF#521!5!2

2

<)=2 LC!2 AE##5995"2 !2 C549572 E92 !2 9C#5AA5"2 )**J"2 E9C8A2 E92 BE7992 ACC#82 C72 #C882 C2 C9A7C#2C927%58"27C!211^A4237E986C7AEAC92585E7423CE7299E#2L55A9"2E6572N*J)60!2 2

<5=2L!27C9"2A!2CCE42E92!29C#5AA5"2)**1"27%9278D292%54#526#EACC982C924C7OC9AE#27%582 F272E927E92C9AC98"27C!237E986C7AEAC92585E742759E"2C.F#.E9E2,#C%59E-!2

2

<6=2 A!2 CCE42 E92 L!2 7C9"2 )**J"2 778&52 6E72 A5 682 52 6#52 I2 9EA572 'E#57A52 #M2 E$2 65#CAC98"2C"27585E74267C7E 232G22G2"25#%57EF#521!2!)!2

2

<+=2 P!2 5#E9952 E92 !2 9C#5AA5"2 )**1"2 F5A2 7CE2 E59A82 I2 7%572 F54E%C7"2 E5A2 E7982 E92 7CE2589"27C!237E2E5A2C9252C9A959A82C957595"2LC8CB!2

2

<2=2!29C#5AA5"2!2F7EA8"2!2C5A"24!2C85"2!2Q59572E92C!22AEC C"2)**J"25A22 88AR 52 '9C7 EAC92 872 #52 C 6C7A5 59A2 582 C9A578"2 C"2 7585E742 67C7E 2 32G2 2G2"25#%57EF#526!1!2

2