Measurements of ground temperature frost heave and soil moisture in normal and insulated pavements

Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur:

Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca.

Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at

PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information.

https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits

L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB.

Internal Report (National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building

Research), 1971-10-01

READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright

NRC Publications Archive Record / Notice des Archives des publications du CNRC :

https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=52cf7954-e003-456f-b908-8d636cf7605a https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=52cf7954-e003-456f-b908-8d636cf7605a

NRC Publications Archive

Archives des publications du CNRC

For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous.

https://doi.org/10.4224/20386767

Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at

Measurements of ground temperature frost heave and soil moisture in

normal and insulated pavements

N..".TIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH

MEASUREMENTS OF GROUND TEMPERATURE, FROST HEAVE AND SOIL MOISTURE IN NORMAL AND INSULATED PAVEMENTS

by

Edward Penner

Internal Report No. 391 ,

of the

Division of Building Research

Ottawa October 1971

PREFACE

The us e of thermal insulation to prevent freezing of frost susceptible subgrades of streets and highways is now quite common. The Department of Transportation and Communications of Ontario

alone has used over 1, 000, 000 bd ft a year, over the past several

years, to remedy severe frost heaving in the existing highway system. Thermal protective covers are also presently being used for services such as sewers and watermains placed at depths less than the normal frost penetration depth.

The present report of an experimental roadway gives measurements of temperatures, frost heave and moisture content

below the insulated and the control section for three successive winters. Special emphasis was placed on the determination of the thermal

regime at the transition zone.

Such field results combined with the thermal values of the various materials in the pavement structure provide sufficient infor-mation for checking numerical methods for predicting thermal

patterns in frost heaving soils. It is hoped that this will also result in an improved design capability where insulation is used to modify the ground thermal regime.

Ottawa

October 1971

N. B. Hutcheon Director

MEASUREMENTS OF GROUND TEMPERATURE. FROST HEAVE AND SOIL MOISTURE

IN NORMAL AND INSULATED PAVEMENTS by

Edward Penner

An experimental road was constructed on the property of the National Research Council of Canada in Ottawa (Figure 1) during the summer of 1965 to study the temperature distribution under an

insulated pavement. the control area adjacent to it. and the transition

zone. Frost heave measurements of the road surface and soil

moisture measurements of the subgrade were also carried out. The

pavement design was the same as is used for service roads elsewhere

on the property. The study extended over a period of three successive

winters, 1965 -66, 1966 -67 and 1967 -68; measurements are to be resumed after a five-year lapse for one winter period to ascertain if any signifi-cant changes have occurred in the effectiveness and performance of the insulation.

There appears to be little information available on the thermal regime in the soil at the transition zone between insulated and

non-insulated areas. Special efforts were made, therefore, to obtain a

detailed thermal picture in this zone of special interest. Such information

will be particularly useful when designing thermal protective covers for services such as sewers and watermains that are placed at depths less than the normal frost penetration depth.

There are still difficulties in predicting frost penetration depths

accurately in soils where frost heaving is extensive. Leda clays fall

into this category because 4 to 5 inches of heave is not unusual. The

study includes information on the changing moisture regime, as well as

ice lensing and frost heave activity. Finally, the field data collected,

together with the information on the properties of materials should be useful for developing numerical methods for predicting thermal patterns in frost heaving soils.

The information contained in this report for the three consecutive winter periods (1965 -1968) is as follows:

(a) soil temperature measurements in both the insulated and

control sections and at the transition zone to a depth of 4 ft (measured daily at 0800 hrs) ;

2

-(b) average daily surface temperatures on the centreline of

the road for some periods;

(c) average daily air temperatures and freezing indices i

(d) weekly frost heave measurements along the centreline;

(e) monthly neutron moisture measurements giving moisture

density of the subgrade consisting of Leda clays (l. 2);

(f) depth of frost penetration as a function of time;

(g) thermal regime in the pavement along the road centreline

near date of maximum frost penetration;

(h) properties of the materials used in the road installation.

Previous publications by the Division of Building Research on the subject of insulated roads (4) (5) provide entry into the literature.

ROADWAY DESIGN, INSTRUMENTATION, MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION

A plan of the 100 -ft long test road giving locations of thermo-couple strings. survey plates and access holes for neutron moisture

measurements is shown in Figure 2. Cross sections of the control

and insulated sections are shown in Figures 3 and 4.

The insulation used was extruded polystyrene boards, 2 ft x 4 ft

x 2 in. manufactured by Dow Chemical of Canada Limited and sold

under the trade name "Roofmate". It was placed on a fine -graded, hand -raked clay subgrade that provided uniform support for the boards which were staggered and pinned to the subg r ade with 6-in. long wooden dowels.

The subgrade soil is of marine origin usually referred to in the

literature as Leda clay. The moisture content, measured in the autumn

of 1965 to a depth of 6 ft, was about 40 per cent by dry weight.

The base course was end dumped on the insulation from trucks,

spread by hand and compacted with a vibratory roller compactor. A

sieve analysis of it is given in Table 1.

Temperatures were determined using 20 -gauge copper -c on st ant an

3

-to 1i-in. wooden dowels and installed in 6 -In, diameter augered holes. These were backfilled with the same soil and compacted to give good thermal contact. A l-ft length of thermocouple lead was wrapped

around the dowel in a groove at each measurement position to minimize conduction errors. For temperature measurements between the base course and insulation and between the asphaltic concrete and the base course, the leads were brought directly to the edge of the roadway at that level.

All thermocouple outputs were recorded daily at 0800 h r s , During the winters of 1966 -67 and 1967 -68 outputs were recorded at 6-hr intervals and were used to calculate average daily ground tempera-tures.

The area was cleared of snow to obtain frost penetration depths similar to snow-cleared roadways and highways in the Ottawa area.

Elevation surveys for frost heave measurements were carried out twice a month on metal reference markers embedded in the surface of the asphaltic concrete. The markers were located at 10-ft intervals along the centreline and at the edge of the paved surface. Surveys were referenced to a bench mark near the site.

Moisture densities in the subgrade were determined with a neutron moisture meter (1, 2) near the centre of each section on a monthly basis. The access holes for the neutron probe were cased with Ii-in. diameter aluminum tubes. The tubes were kept sealed

with rubber stoppers; a bag of desiccant was kept inside the tubes between readings to prevent moisture condensation on the inner walls.

RESULTS

The temperatures measured daily at 0800 hrs are given in

Figures 5 (a and b), 6(a and b), and 7 (a and b) for the three successive winter periods. Temperatures at the 3 -, 12 -, 18 -, 24.- and 48 -in. depths

at the centre of the 50-ft control section are presented in Figures 5. 6 and 7 {a) Temperatures at the centre of the 50-ft insulated area are given in

Figures 5, 6 and 7(b). The thermocouples placed at a depth of 3 inches

were located just below the asphaltic concrete layer. In the insulated section the 10-in. deep thermocouple was located directly above the insulation

4

-Figures 8. 9 and 10 show the depth of the frost line with time on the road centreline for all three winters, based on the O°C isotherm.

Frost penetration depths are given for the centre of the control section, 4 ft inside the control section, the edge of the insulation, 4 ft inside the insulated section and for the centre of the insulated section. Table II gives the results of the maximum depth of frost penetration in convenient form for easy comparison. Table III shows the amount of frost penetra-tion protecpenetra-tion in terms of inches of soil per inch of insulapenetra-tion used.

Figures 11, 12 and 13 give the ground temperature pattern near the time of maximum frost penetration for the three winters. The figures show the temperature distribution along the centreline of the road for both the insulated and control section which are located adjacent to each other and in the contact zone between the two sections.

Figures 14 (a and b) and Figure 15 give the level survey measure-ments which were done twice a month along the centreline of the road to establish the heaving pattern. Surveys were continued during the thaw p e r iod when settlement occurred. For each winter period the base elevations were established in early autumn and the results plotted are the differences evident since the first survey.

Moisture density results are expressed in terms of pounds of water per cubic ft of soil. Figures 16 (a and b) and 17 (a and b) give the results of the moisture density measurements for the winters of

1966 -67 and 1967 -68. The measurement started at a depth of 6 in. below the base course and at various depth intervals down to 78 in. The

position of the frost line, based on the O°C isotherm, is given for the control area at the time the moisture density measurements were made. Maximum frost penetration depths are also shown on the graphs.

A photograph of the road surface (Figure 18) shows the abrupt change in elevation at the transition zone between insulation and control section. The thermal properties. densities and moisture condition of the various layers in the road profile are given in Table IV and in Figures

19 and 20.

Temperature measurements for the three winters are tabulated in

Appendices 1, 2 and 3. These include average daily air temperature. daily temperatures (0800 hrs) measured at the contact between the asphaltic concrete, and the base course (referred to in the Tables as surface temperatures) and average daily temperatures based on six hourly readings at contact between the asphaltic concrete and the base course. The average daily surface temperature data is not complete for all three winters. but it is cons idered that there is sufficient informa-tion to be useful for predicting thermal patterns in the ground using

5 -DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The daily temperature measurements at various depths for the

three winter periods (Figures 5, 6 and 7) are given so that the

tempera-ture pattern for any particular day can be easily ascertained. This

information will be used to check ground temperature predictions at . various times using numerical methods.

The general pattern of frost depths established at all locations including the results below the edge of the insulation are the same for

the three years. Frost depths based on the O°C isotherms in the

central areas (Figures 8, 9 and 10), followed the same trend as the

freezing index i. e., the deepest frost penetration occurred during the

coldest winter. The depths of frost 4 ft inside the control area from

the edge of the insulation are quite sirn i.la r to the centre of the control s e ction (Table II). In the same way the frost depths at the centre of the insulation are quite similar to those 4 ft from the edge of the

insulation. It is noted however that the frost depths below the edge of

the insulation (and on centreline) are not the average depth of the control and insulated areas.

The temperature patterns in the control section. insulated

section and transition zone are given in Figures 11, 12 and 13 for the

day when the frost penetration was close to the maximum. As wo uld

be expected the temperatures in the base course above the insulation

are lower than in the base course of the control section. The results

also show that the edge effect of the temperature di st r ibutron is essentially dissipated at a distance of about 4 ft inside the insulated section.

The protection achieved in term s of the reduction in frost penetration per inch of insulation (Table III) appears to depend on the

severity of the winter. For the three years studied it appears that the

higher the freezing index the greater the apparent effectiveness. Heaving Conditions

The heave patterns shown in Figures 14 (a and b) and 15 for the

three winters show the severity of frost heave in Leda clay. Some heave

was observed in the insulated area because 2 in. of insulation did not

provide complete frost protection for the subgrade. The water table

characteristically rises to the ground surface each fall, in the vicinity

of the test site and, because the surface of the pavement is level with the surrounding terrain. this resulted in a fully saturated base course.

6

-The heave movement measured each year in the insulated area prior to frost penetration into the subgrade is thought to result from the

expansion of the water in the base course on freezing. The maximum

heave in the control section (4. 2 in. ) occurred in the coldest winter

1967 -68 (Figure 15). The minimum heave did not occur during the

mildest winter; the reason for this is not known.

The abruptness of the heave at the edge of the insulation noted in Figures 14 and 15 would give roads undesirable riding qualities

(Figure 18). Where insulation is used as a remedial protective measure

along sections of the highway that heave excessively, the problem of edge effect may be prevented by gradually decreasing the insulation thickness at the ends of the insulated areas.

Moisture Densities

Moisture densities were determined using a neutron moisture

meter calibrated in Leda clay (2). There are difficulties, however, in

interpreting the results when used in a frost susceptible soil under

freezing conditions. Frost action tends to concentrate the moisture at

the freezing plane in the form of ice lenses. The influence of ice

lenses measured by the neutron moisture meter could be exaggerated if

the "centre of maximum activity" of the probe (1) coincided with the

lenses. Whether this occurred is not known. The technique was to

measure the moisture densities each month at the same depths in the

profile. Measurements were made at 6-In, intervals from 18 to 36 in.

and below this at 12-Ln, intervals down to 78 inches.

A further difficulty in interpreting the results arises because

the expan sion of water on freezing reduces the moisture density. In

the profiles studied the volume of water and solids are about equal at

the existing moisture contents. Since the volumetric expansion of water

on freezing is about 9 per cent this means the soil systems expanded

by about

4i

per cent if all the water was frozen. Hence simply freez mg

the system, without moisture redistribution, would cause the neutron moisture density measurements to decrease.

Despite such anticipated difficulties measurements were made in an attempt to pick up evidence of ice accumulation directly beneath

the insulation layer. As noted previously 2 in. of expanded polystyrene

was not sufficient to keep the frost out of the subgrade completely.

The measurements for the insulated section in the winter of 1966 -67 given in Figure 16 (a), show some moisture (ice) accumulation directly

below the insulation. The diameter of the sphere of soil from whi.ch

thermalized neutrons are back scattered to the detector is app r ox irnat e ly

7

-it depends somewhat on moisture content and dens-ity of the soil. The

increase at the top appears to be offset by some moisture reduction at 30, 36 and 48 in.

Figure l6(b) shows the moisture densities for the control section. While considerable heaving took place as the frost line penetrated the subgrade no obvious accumulation of moisture is evident from the neutron

measurements. The March measurements of moisture densities appear

somewhat lower from 30 to 60 in. and are thought to reflect the insitu expansion of the soil mass upon freezing which reduces the neutron

moisture readings. This interpretation is probably correct because

little heaving took place after the January moisture profile was taken. Figure l7(a) shows some accumulation beneath the insulation

for the winter of 1967 -68. Both the February and March moisture

density profiles gave similar results. The bulge in the moisture

density profile for February and March readings shown in Figure l7(b) is probably due to the expansion of the soil system on freezing when little heaving and ice lensing took place as for 1966 -67.

SUMMARY

1. Three years of field measurements have been presented on

the distribution of temperatures in an insulated pavement section and

an adjacent control area. The information on the thermal pattern

in the t r an sition or contact zone is considered to be particularly

useful as such information is needed when designing thermal protection for municipal services placed at shallow depths.

2. Heaving patterns along the centreline show an abrupt change in

elevation at the edge of the insulation. Special design techniques to avoid

this problem should be used involving a gradual reduction in the thickness of the insulation in steps at the ends of insulated sections.

3. Ice accumulation is observed to occur below the insulation if

frost penetration is permitted in frost susceptible soils.

4. Some difficulties result in the interpretation of moisture density

determination using the neutron moisture meter. The expansion of soil

on freezing reduces the readings; ice accumulations may increase readings. The influence on the moisture density readings is dependent also on the position of the centre of maximum activity of the neutron probe with respect to individual ice lenses.

5. Air and ground surface temperatures are provided in tabular

form (Appendices 1 - 3). This information together with the thermal

properties of the materials (Table IV) is required when using numerical methods for predicting the changing thermal patterns in the ground.

8

-REFERENCES

(1) Burn, K. N., Design and calibration of a neutron moisture

meter, American Society for Testing and Mat e r ial s , S TP 293, p. 1 4 - 26, (1 961).

(2) Burn, K. N., Calibration of a neutron moisture meter in

Leda clay. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 1,

No.2, p. 94-103, (1964).

(3) Crawford, C. B., Quick Clays of Eastern Canada, Engineering

Geology, Vol. 2, No.4, p. 239 -265, (1968).

(4) Penner, E. Oo st e r baan , M. D. and Rodman, R. W., Performance

of city pavement structures containing foamed plastic insulation, Highway Research Board Bulletin, No. 128, p.l-17, (1966).

(5) Penner, E., Experimental pavement structures insulated

with polyurethane and extruded polystyrene foam.

International Conference on Low Temperature Science, Vol. 1, Part 2, p. 1311-1322, (1967).

TABLE I

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF THE CRUSHED ROCK BASE COURSE

Sieve No. Sieve Opening Per cent Pas sing

(USS) (rn, rn , ) 1/2 12.7 70. 3 4 4. 76 33.2 8 2.38 10 2.00 18. 9 20 0.84 12. 2 40 0.42 9. 4 60 0.25 7.8 100 0.149 6. 1 200 0.074 4. 6

TABLE II

DEPTH OF FROST PENETRATION (O°C) INTO

SUBGRADE ON ROAD CENTRELINE (IN.)

Insulated 4 ft inside Edge 4 ft

area insulated of inside Control

Year centre area Insulation control centre

1965-66 6.0 10.5 25.5 32.0 32.5

1966-67 7.5 8.0 29.0 37. 5 41. 0

1967 -68 5.0 9.0 30.0 37.5 42.5

TABLE III

FROST PENETRATION PROTECTION FROM INSULATION

Year 1965-66 1966-67 1967-68 15 year average (1953-68) Reduction in depth of freezing (in. of soil per in. of insulation)

13.2 16. 7 18.7 ｾＺｃｆＮ

I.

degree-days 1347 1781 1981 1708

TABLE IV

THERMAL PROPERTIES, DENSITIES AND

MOISTURE CONDITIONS OF THE VARIOUS LA YERS IN THE ROADWAY

Layer Thickness Water Content Density Y

d Thermal Condo

in. cm. per cent dry weight Ib/ft3 gr/cm3 BTU Mi.l.lic a lo rie s

ft hr 0F ern sec 'C ; 7.62 Asphalt 3

I

-

144 2.3 0.84 3. 46 1 Base Course 7 17.8 4. 0.2 1.25 2.0 0.97 4. 00

(Frozen) (measured May 13/71)

2

Subgrade

(Unfrozen)

-

-

40.5 82.5 1. 36 0.50 2.06

(Frozen)

-

_-

see Fig. 19

-

-

see Fig. 20

3 Insulation .2 5.08

-

-

-

0.021 0.087

1 Dolomitic limestone crushed

.2 Undisturbed Leda clay

Figure I Placing insulation boards on Experimental Roadway at the National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.

SCALE IN FEET 10 5 0 10 20 P S i i - - IIWI I , INSTRUMENT HUT I I IL ,

o

-4

:.: .' ". ::.',: .,'. ': ...:..'...··.1: '. :..'. ':' .... ': '... '.: '.:..

ｾ

. ..','

...:..': :....::.<'.'.:.:...:.' .:..:.,

ｾ

.

t .'.... ::...:::.'..'..:

..

.:

'-'. :

::

'. . .

..

'

..

x x x _f x x x x x x

1

x x x I I 14 ' 10' I _{4' 4'} I

I

_!

I

10

.i.

01

T 'U' PAVED WIDTH

': .: C

RU

S'H'

E

ｾＮＬ

R'O

('K" S'H O·U 'L'D

ER

>... :' : >...: .... '::'" '...

_.

:'.

_':

;

:

.:'.

'..':

:

... ..

...

:

..

:

::.'

:

...

:

..

...

;

...

:

'.

:

. :

:

..

:

:

.'...

;:

..

..

.' . . ' . . . . ' , . . . .

L

CONTROL 50' ...

ｩｾ

INSULATED 50'

J

o THERMOCOUPLE STRINGS

x ELEVATION SURVEY PLATES

o CASED ACCESS HOLES FOR NEUTRON

MOISTURE MEASUREMENTS

- - THERMOCOUPLE CABLE

FIGURE 2 PLAN OF TEST ROAD, NRC, OTTAWA

3" A SPH A LT 1 0' - 0" 14'-0" I

f

I

048" 10'-0" SLOPE 0.3"/FOOT SLOPE 0.5 "/FOOT

:, '.', .:-,1':'

ｾ ｾ

..:':":'.: ::. ':.

FIGURE 3 CROSS-SECTION OF CONTROL SECTION

SLOPE 0.3"/FOOT I

t

,

I

I 12H o 18" SUBGRADE ｾ 24" 2" INS U LA T ION

I

7" CRUSHED ROCK I 3" ASPHALT 0.5"/FOOT 14' -0" 10' -0" o 48" 10'-0"

FIGURE 4 CROSS-SECTION OF INSULATED ROAD SECTION

16 12 8 4 0 u , L.LJ -4 c::: =:J

....

oct: ｾ -8 c, :E: L.LJ

....

-12 - 16 - 20 - 24 - 28 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 NOV. 65 DEC. 65 5 10 15 20 25 JAN.66 5 10 15 20 25 FEB.66 5 10 15 20 25 MAR.66 5 10 15 20 25 APR. 66

FIGURE 5a TEMPERATURES AT VARIOUS DEPTHS AT THE CENTRE OF CONTROL SECTION, WINTER PERIOD 1965-66

\ -...__... --\,..

,--

...

ＢＧ｟Ｎ｟ｾＧＭＭＮＬＮ｟

..

-.

__

..

_--

...

_, ...--... --....｟ＭＭＭＭｾ \ , ... \...._,...'

ｯｾｾｾｾｾｾ｜

Ｎｾ｜

ｾ

I

4 8 12 -16 i i i i i i i i I i i i i i i I I I I i I I I i I I 16 i i i i i i I I I i I u LLJ- - 4 c:::: ｾ ｾ « ｾ -8 c.. :2: LLJ ｾ -12 - 20 - 24 - 28' I I I I I ' i ! , I I I ! ! I , , I J I , , " , ! I I , I I I ! ! I , 5 10 15 20 25 NOV. 65 5 10 15 20 25 DEC. 65 5 10 15 20 25 JAN. 66 5 10 15 20 25 FEB. 66 5 10 15 20 25 MAR. 66 5 10 15 20 25 APR. 66

FIGURE 5b TEMPERATURES AT VARIOUS DEPTHS AT THE CENTRE OF INSULATED SECTION, WINTER PERIOD 1965-66

5 10 15 20 25 APR. 67 16 12 4 8 24" 18" 4 _12"

o '

3" u :

-l.J.J -4 0::: :::J f -<: 0::: -8 l.J.J 0.. ｾ l.J.J f --12 -16 - 20 - 24 - 28 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25

NOV. 66 DEC. 66 JAN. 67 FEB. 67 MAR. 67

FIGURE 6a TEMPERATURES AT VARIOUS DEPTHS AT THE CENTRE OF CONTROL SECTION, WINTER PERIOD 1966-67

16' i i i i i i i i i I i i i I i i i i I I i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ._-... --- ...

_---,-_

..._...

---

...｟ｾ

..

-' \ \ '\

---.

｜ＮＭＭＭＭｾＭＧＭＬＭＢＢ \ \ \..., \ ....

_--\.-lll.\\ ... , ...., 3" ＴＸＢｾ 24" 18" v; 211 ' - - ... , ｾ 1 ,-....,1 10" - 20 -16 4 12 -12 8 u I.Ll - 4 0::: =>

....

<l: ｾ -8 a.. :E I.Ll

....

- 24 - 28' I I ! I I I ! J I ! I ! I I , , ! , I ! , ! , ! , , ! , , , I I ! I , , 5 10 15 20 25 NOV. 66 5 10 15 20 25 DEC. 66 5 10 15 20 25 JAN. 67 5 10 15 20 25 FEB. 67 5 10 15 20 25 MAR. 67 5 10 15 20 25 APR. 67

.

FIGURE 6b TEMPERATURE AT VARIOUS DEPTHS AT THE CENTRE OF INSULATED SECTION, WINTER PERIOD 1966-67

5 10 IS 20 25 MAR. 68 5 10 IS 20 25 FEB. 68 5 10 IS 20 25 JAN. 68 16

ｾ

48" 12 8I--- 24" 18"

Ｚｾ

u 3" o

.

-4 l.l.J 0:: => ｾ « 0:: _-8 l.l.J c, :E l.l.J ｾ - 12 -16 - 20 - 24 - 28 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 IS 20 25 NOV. 67 DEC. 67 FIGURE 7a

TEMPERATURES AT VARIOUS DEPTH AT THE CENTRE OF CONTROL SECTION, WINTER PERIOD 1967-68

- , < , _ " , ...

-

...

\

..

"----'---'---,

ｾＭＬ ｾＮＮＬＭ｜ '." ...,... "...

'----

'...._, , 16

l48'

12 24" 18" I 12" 8 4

ｏｾ

u 3" 0 I.LJ _-4 c::: :::J I -<: c::: I.LJ -8 c, ｾ LI.I I --12 -16 - 20 - 24 - 28' I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 5 10 15 20 25 NOV. 67 5 10 15 20 25 DEC. 67 5 10 15 20 25 JAN. 68 5 10 15 20 25 FEB. 68 5 10 15 20 25 MAR. 68 FIGURE 7b

TEMPERATURES AT VARIOUS DEPTHS AT THE CENTRE OF INSULATED SECTION, WINTER PERIOD 1967-68

F . I. 1347 50 CONTROL

J

V'l w 40 J: U Z J: ₃₀ I - 0-w 0 r-V'l 0 tx: 20 u; 1 0 (4 ) (3) EDGE OF INSULAT 10N (2) 4' INSIDE

｜

Ｇ ｎ ｾ ｕ ｌ ａ ｔｅ ｄ I \ I \

ｾ

I. \

ruU!rrtcr

(1) CENTRE OF INSULATION FIGURE 8

DEPTH OF FROST LINE AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS AS GIVEN IN FIGURE FOR WINTER PERIOD 1965-66

F . I. 1781 (1) CENTRE OF INS U LA T ION 10 50 Vl 40 LU (4 ) 4' INS I DE I _CONTROL u Z I 30 I -0... LU Cl I - (3 ) (2) 4' _{INS I DE} Vl 0 INSULATION c::: 20 u. FIGURE 9

DEPTH OF FROST LINE AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS AS GIVEN IN FIGURE FOR WINTER PERIOD 1966-67

60 F.I. 1918 50 V) 40 w J: U Z J: ₃₀ t-a.. w 0 t- (3 ) ED G E OF V'l INS U LA T ION 0 20 ae: LL 10 (4 ) (2) 4' INSIDE INSULA710N I--I \ I \

ｾＨｬＩｃｅｎｔｃ｛

OF

n

--

INSULATION

o

APR. 5 15 25 5 15 25 5 15 25 5 15 25

NOV. DEC. JAN.

- - - - 1 9 6 7

.1.

5 15 25 5 15 25

FEB. MAR

1968

-FIGURE 10

DEPTH OF FROST LINE AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS AS GIVEN IN FIGURE 1 FOR WINTER PERIOD 1967-68

0 IASPHALTIC 3 CRUSHED ROCK

.

10 12 I CLAY (LE DA) 20 30 Vl LU :r:: u Z 40

-:r:: I -c, LU 0 ₅₀ 60 70 AT 3" 10" F.I. 1352 DEGREE-DAYS, of 748 DEGREE-DAYS, °C INSULA TE D -2 FROZEN NOT INSULATED AT 80 25 16 12 8 4

o

4 8 1 2 16 25

DISTANCE FROM EDGE OF INSULATION, FEET

FIGURE 11

ISOTHERMS NEAR TIME OF MAXIMUM FROST PENETRATION AT END OF INSULATED SECTION ON CENTRELINE OF SNOW CLEARED ROAD, FEBRUARY 8, 1966

ROAD SURFACE 0 3 IASPHALTIC CRUSHED 10

_I,

ROCK N SU LA T , 0 N 12 CLAY (LEDA) I 30 VI 30 w :r:: U Z ｾ 40 :r:: l -c; w o 50 ONCRETE FROZEN -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 60 70 THERMOCOUPLES POSITIONED 3" 10" 12" 18" 24" AND 48" F.I. 1777 DEGREE-DAYS, of 989 DEGREE-DAYS, °C INSULATED THERMOCOUPLES LOCATED AT 3" 12" 18" 24" AND 48"

NOT INS U LA TED

80

25 16 12 8 4

o

4 8 1 2 16 25

DISTANCE FROM EDGE OF INSULATION, FEET

FIGURE 12

ISOTHERMS NEAR TIME OF MAXIMUM FROST PENETRATION AT END OF INSULATED SECTION ON

CENTRELINE OF SNOW CLEARED ROAD, MARCH 6, 1967

-170.3-/4-0 3

I

ASPHALTIC CRUSHED ROCK

Ｚｾ

IINSULATIO CLAY (LEDA) 20

I-

40% WATER BY WT.

I

V> 30 w J: U Z - 40

-I ... 0-w Q 50 60 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

3" 1 0 " 1 2 " 18" 2 4" AND 4 8 .. I ＧＺＺＺｾｾｾＺｾｦＺｦｴｩ THE RM0 C0 U P L ESP0 SIT ION E D A T

ﾷﾷＺＺＺＺｾｴｲ 3" 1 2" 18 " 24." AND 4.8 " F.I. 1918 DEGREE-DAYS, of 1065 DEGREE-DAYS, °C 70

ｾ

I I

I

TO 50'

_-I

INS U LA TE D

+

NOT INSULATED _{ｾｏＵＰＱ} 80 «ClI

I

₁

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

_i

I 25 16 12 8 4 0 4- 8 12 16 25

DISTANCE FROM EDGE OF INSULATION, FEET

FIGURE 13

ISOTHERMS NEAR TIME OF MAXIMUM FROST PENETRATION AT END OF INSULATED SECTION ON ;

CENTRELINE OF SNOW CLEARED ROAD, MARCH 1968

24-11-65 ﾷ］］］］Ｍ］］ｾＺＺＺ］Ｚ］］］］］］］ｾｾｾｾｾ］］］ｾ］］］］］］］］］］Ｑ 0-11-65 6-12-65 ＺＺＺ］］］］］］］ｩｉＮｔＮｦＺＮｾ -ｾ

-0.1 0.2 0.4

I

I I (0) 1966 -67

o.

3 ｾ F . I .

=

1 78 1 /"15 -3 -67 ,..1-3-67 ,14-2-67 1-2-67 O. 2 ｾ /ｾ ｾ c:::::::::29-3-67 17-1-67 4-1-67

o .

1 • 11161' , 13-4-67

ｾ

ｾｾ

ｾ

-w / ｾ === _ _19-12-66

::::

=

zgz==;i5L;

ｾＺ

_

ＺＺＺ［［［ｾ

d?

ｾＧＵＭＱＲＭＶＶ

o

:;;:----

-_---

20- 4-67 w

>

ｾ

I

(b) 1965 - 66 :r: F.I. = 1347 0.3

o

48 40 I'"" l l J N Il<lJI ｾ 40 48 32 24 16 8 0 8 16 24 32 .. INSULATED ｾｉ

co u r ao

i I

DISTANCE FROM EDGE OF INSULATION, FEET

FIGURE 14 FROST HEAVE ON ROAD CENTRELINE OF INSULATED SECTION AND ADJACENT CONTROL

-It-0.6" , i i i , i , , , , , , , i i ' , , , i i i i i i ,

o

5 0.4 ｾ W W U. _ 0 .3 w > « w :r: 0.2 0.1 1967-68 F . I. 1918 23-2-68 15-3-68 12-2-68 1-2-68 18-1-68 4-1-68 :> 3-4-68 / ::;::>

...-::=

---

c::::::::::::

19-12-6 7 48

..

FIGURE 15 FROST HEAVE ON ROAD CENTRELINE OF INSULATED SECTION AND ADJACENT CONTROL

O...ＮＮＮＮＮＬＮＭＮＮＮＮＮＬＮＮＭＮＮＮＬＮＮＮＮＭＭｲＭＭＭＬｲＭＮＮＮＮＬＮｾｾｾｾＭｲＭＭＮＮＮＮＬＮＭＮＮＮＮＮＬＮＮＭＮＬＮＮＮＮＭＭｲＭＭＭＬＭＭｲＭＭｲＭＭＮＬＭｾ

3t----...;....---"'---...;..---....;....---'"---...:.----t

CRUSHED ROCK INSULATION

MAXIMUM FROST DEPTH MARCH 6, 1967

NOTE: PERIOD OF SUBGRADE F REEZ I N G FEB RU A RY 6, 1 96 7

TO MARCH 3, 1967

APPROXIMATE SAMPLING VOLUME FOR EACH

POINT SUBGRADE \ \ " , - -

'\:--,

<, :

N'

i "

"

"

_....

'.

_{' \}\_\ ,\-', \ <, \.'\'. \

-.

｜ｾＮｾ

-,

_\

"

_t

\ i, ----AUGUST 19, 1966 \

1\

\:

.

,

._._. OCTOBER 13, 1966 ｜ｾＮ \ '. \

,

---NOVEMBER 18,1966 , .... \ ｾ , ' . \ I ... DECEMBER 14, 1966 ,"\ : - JANUARY 11, 1967

I

:\l, '. \\

I

t: \\

- - MARCH 3, 1967 : -v 72 12 t - - - ' 7 " " ? " ' " ' l o o : - - - t 24 v; w :c 36 u Z :c ₄₈ ... 0-W 0 60 46 44 42 34 36 38 40 MOISTURE DENSITY, LB/FT3 32 30 84 '--...L._...J..._..I...---L_..._..J.-_1---.l._-L..._..I...---L_..._..J.-_l---.l._...J..._.L...--...I 28

ASPHALT CRUSHED ROCK 12

l - - - t

24 VI w ::I: ₃₆ u Z ::I: I - 48 0-w 0 60 72 SUBGRADE ---- AUGUST 19, 1966 --- OCTOBER 13, 1966 - - - NOVEMBER 18, 1966 DECEMBER 15, 1966 JANUARY 11, 1967 MARCH 3, 1967 FROST DEPTH DEC. 15, 1966 JAN. 11, 1967 MAX_ MAR. 20, 1967 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 84 1ooo-....I._-'--_ol-..---l._--l-_...1.-_'--...1.._-'--_ol-..--'_---'-_...1.----''--...1.._-'--_ol-..---1 28 MOISTURE DENSITY, LB/FT3

o

3 ASPHALT

CRUSHED ROCK INS U LA T ION

24 V) UJ ::I: ₃₆

u

Z ::I: 48 l -c, UJ NOTE : 0 60 ---- NOVEMBER 3D, 1967 ._._, JANUARY 5, 1968 --- FEBRUARY 9, 1968 - - MARCH 19, 1968 ... APRIL 3D, 1968 '0. I .."..' • __ｾＧＧＧＧＧＧＧＧＯ ｾ .J,..'-' -ｾＮＭｉＭＭＭＭＭＺＮＺＮＮ

----_---;::r -,

1..._--...

\ -,

':--.

<.ｾ

,

.... \ <, A PPRO X I MAT E SAM P LIN G ... ", \

)

ＧＬＬｾ ｾ I VOL U M E FOR EA CH POI N T

• " I

'>!/

_'\::Z,

t" PER/OD OF SUBGRADE

"7"

FREEZ I N G JAN UA RY 1 0, 1

ＹＶＸｾＧ

!

TO MARCH 18, 1968 '/

!

\

.

l,\

ＧｾＢ｜

＿ｾ '\ Ｎｾｾ

\

",,-

\

.

ＧＬＬｾ｜Ｌ \

MAXIMUM FROST DEPTH

FEBRUARY 25, 1968 1 2 72 84 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 MOISTURE DENSITY, LB/FT3

FIGURE 170 MOISTURE DENSITY PROFILE IN SUBGRADE, 1967-1968

I

_I

I

_I

I

_I

I

_I

_ASPHALT I

_I

I _I I

_I

I CRUSHED ROCK FRO ST DEPT H S

_,

ｾ｜ !

-,

,

I ' I ...-. \

-,

ｾｲｴＢＢ I--

,

-JANUARY 5 , 1968 I / ; ..., / / ' : I I ｾＷ i ' ｜ｾ . / ---- NOVEMBER 30, 1967 \

'.

/

ｾＧｦ

I-- _{( I : ._._. JANUARY 5, 1968}

-I I

ｾ｜

- - - FEBRUARY 9, 1968 , I '. \ FEBRUARY 9, 1968 I

i

;\ \

..

\ - - MARCH 19, 1968 ' : \ \ II : ' \ I - ｾ ｾ _\

,

... APRIL 30, 1968

-MAX IMUM

"

'.

'.

,

""

....

'.,

MARCH 1 8, 1968

"'<:'" ,',

"

_-,,",

"

.-,

10-

1 '..

ｾ

)

-\ 1.

i

\

"'

.

./

\ 1\

7-..

10-

,

.I' ..

-'\:"

<,

,\,'

'.'.

_...

""

'.'.

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

o

1 2 24 VI UJ I 36 u Z I ₄₈ l -n.. w 0 60 72 84 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 MOISTURE DENSITY, LB/FT3 38 40 42

Figure 18 Heave Difference at end of insulated section, NRC Experimental Roadway, Ottawa.

100 __- - ---..,..---r----r----'r----,----'T""'---, 90 -0.001256747638 T5- 0 . 0 5 6 4 1 18 8 0 1 7 T4 -1.004638235 T3 -8.981458608T2 -41.34711006 T - 0.2285050862 w 20 30 80 T (- °C ) OfcWATER FROZEN 70 0 0 1 32.1 2 55.1 Z 3 65.4 u..J 4 72.3 N 60 0 5 76.5 a::. ₆ 78.2 u, 7 79.8 a::. 8 80.2 u..J ₅₀ ... _{9 80.7}

«

ｾ 10 81 .2 1 1 81 .5 u, 12 81 .7 0 40 1 3 82.0 >R 0 II

s

10 16 14 12 1 0 8 6 4 2

OL-_ _....I..- _ _...l-_ _--L L....-_ _..L-_ _...I..._ _--l. _

o

TEMPERATURE, _DC

FIGURE 19

EST I MAT E D PER C E N T 0 F W ATE Reo N TEN T FRO Z EI'J A S A FUN C T I0 ｾＧｊ

OF TEMPERATURE - SUBGRADE OF INSULATED ROAD M20

4 u c. :'E u u w V ) <, 3 T(-O() K -J

«

u 0 2 06 :'E 1 2.57 2 2.85

>-

3 3.03 I -4 3.13

>

_{5 3.20} I -6 3.23 u :::> 2 7 3.25 0 _{8 3.27} Z ₉ 3.28 0 1 0 3.29 u 11 3.30 -J

«

:'E _{K 2.655(_T)°·1012} c:r: w :r: I -AVE. M( % _DRY WT 40.5

ｾ AVE. DENSITY Ib/ft 3 82.5

% (LAY SIZE 70.0

° °

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

TEMPERATURE, _O(

FIGURE 20

EST I MATE D C HAN GEl NTH E RMAL ( 0N D U

c

T I V I T Y A S A F U t'J

c

T I0 f'1

OF TEMPERATURE - SUBGRADE OF INSULATED ROAD M20

paｾ･ 1 ａｐｐｅｾｄｉｘ 1 MEASURED ｲｅｾｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ (OC) NOV. 65/66 DEC. 65/66 0.5 I -0.,< I

AV. DAILY AVERAGE DAILY _{8 A.M.} AV.DAILY AVERAGE DAILY

I

8 A.M.

DAY AIR TDiP. SURFACE TEMP. SURFACE ｔｅｾｉｐＮ AIR TDfP. SURFACE 7:::<? -.- ?-?_-\CE: TE:-fP. INSULATED CONTROL INSULATED COXTROL INSULATED ｃｏｾＺＺＺｒｏｌ ｉｈＢｓｾｬＮＮａｔｅｄ r CO:-:rROL

AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA ARr::A AREA

I

AREA

1 +1.4 +1.7 +2.5 -0.8 -1.4 -0.7 2 -4.2 -1.1 -0.4 +0.8 -0.3 -0.1 3 +6.4 -0.6 -0.1 +0.6 -0.2 -0.1 4 +3.3 +5.1 +5.6 +3.3

-

-5 +1.9 -0.8 -0.5 -2.2 - -6 +5.0

-

-

-4.7 -0.5 -0.3 7 +3.1

-

-

-6.4 -1. 7 -0.8 8 +1.4 +2.8 +3.2 -4.7 -0.9 -0.5 9 -1.7 +0.2 +1. 0 -0.6 -0.9 -0.5 10 -3.6 -1.4 -0.7 -1.1 -0.8 -0.5 11 +0.3

_-

-

-

-9.1

-

-12 +3.6 0 +1. 6 -7.8 - -13 +5.8

-

- -4.4 -4.7 -1. 8 14 -0.3

-

- -

-3.6 -2.6 -1.2 15 -2.2 -0.6 -0.5 -1.7 -2.9 -1.5 16 0 +0.3 +0.8 -0.6 -1.3 -0.5 17 -2.2 +0.3 +0.7 -5.6 -3.5 -2.6 18 -4.7 -2.3 -2.3 -4.2 - -19 -2.2 -1.4 -1.4 -13.6 - -20 -3.3

-

-

-15.3 -12.9 8.6 -21 -1. 9

-

-

-9.7 -13.9 -6.0 22 -1.4 -0.2 -0.2 -5.3 -13.9 -7.6 23 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -1. 4 -8.1 -3.G 24 -1.7 -1. 2 -0.6 +3.9 -4.4 c , -...:....-+ 25 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 -2.2

-

-26 +0.8 -0.1 0 -14.4

-

-27 0

-

- -14.4

_-

-28 -1.1

-

-

-8.3 -11.0 -7.3 29 -3.1 -1.7 -1.1 -0.8 -7.7 ' r -"-;" .l..;-30 -1.9 -1. 6 -1.1 +0.8 -3.3 -1.5 11 -

-

-

+'i _R

APPENDIX 1

MEASURED TEMPERATURE (OC)

ｊａｾＮ 1965/66 FEB. 1965/66

pa:;e 2

AV.DAILY AVERAGE DAILY _{8 A.M.} !f AV.DAILY AVERAGE DAILY 8 A.ｾｾ

DAY AIR TD1P. SURFACE TDlP. SURFACE TE!'lP.

Ii

AIR TEMP. SURFACE TEHP. Sl:R:'ACr: E::

.

II};SULATED CO};TROL INSULATED ｃｏｾｔｒｏｌ I _{INSULATED ICO};TROL} IｔｾＭｴＺｲＧ Ｍｾ _{J.; ?-OL}

I

t-a

ｾ ｟ｾＮＺＧＭｊ

AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA ,AREA I ＮｾＮＺＺＮ r....

1 +1. 9

-

-

-

-

-7.2

-

-

-1l . .:3 ; -9.3 2 -5.8

_-

_-

_-

_-

-5.8

-

-

-9.4 -7. S 3 -2.8

_-

-3.6

_-

_-

-7.8 -7.0

-

-4 -6.1

_-

-

-9.5 -7.2 -4.7

_-

_-

-6.8 -6.5 5 -3.3

-

-

-7.0 -4.6 -8.9

-

-

-7.6 - .,i .-to, 6 -5.3

-

-

-6.3 -5.0 -13.9

-

-

-11.6 ; -1 C).5 7 -14.2

-

-

-9.2 -7.3 -15.0

-

-

-14.9

1-

1 2 .3 8 -17.2

-

-

-

-

-9.2

-

-

-16.4 -12.6 9 -16.1

-

-

-

-

-7.5

-

-

- l l . S -8.8 10 -6.1

_-

-

-12.3 -9.0 -1.1

-

-

-9.7 -8.1 I I -16.7

-

-

-1l.8 -8.9 +3.1

-

-

-1.1 -1.3 12 -20.0

-

-

-

-21. 5 -16.7 +1.1 .

-

-

-0.5 -2.9 13 -16.1

_-

-20.2 -15.1 -1.7.

-

-

-0.5 I -2.5

-

I 14 -13.6

-

-

-15.8 -11.1 -3.1

-

-

-0.6 -2.1 15 -20.8

-

-

-

-

-9.7

-

-

-6.9 -7.9 16 -13.6

-

-

-

-

-8.9

-

-

-9.0 -7.3 17 -9.4

-

-

-12.9 -10.4 -11.1

-

-

-9.8 -9.4 18 -6.9

-

-

-8.7 -7.8 -17.2

-

-

-14.1 -10.6 19 -4.2

-

-

-

-

-24.4

-

-

-20.8 ＭＺＧｾＮｏ 20 -1. 9 -

-

-

-

-20.8

-

-

-20.4 -2.2.l 21 -2.2

-

-

-4.0 -4.1 -14.4

-

-

-17.5 -1.2.7 22 -7.2

-

-

-

-

-7.8

-

-

-11.8 -3.7 23 -5.8

-

-

-

-

-5.6

-

-

-6.9 -5. 1 24 -5.0

-

-

-5.0 -4.3 -8.1

-

-

-2.0

I

+1. 3 25 -17.8

-

-

-13.5 -10.8 -5.0

-

-

+0.6 -;-.2.1 26 -17.2

-

-

-20.6 -16.8 -0.6

-

-

+0.3 j +2.6 27 -20.3

-

-

-22.1 -17.4 -1. 9

-

-

-0.2 i +1.0 28 -19.7

-

-

-18.3 -12.7 -2.5

-

-

-0.2 -0.5 29 -18.1

-

-

-21.1 -17.0

-

-

-

-

-30 -14.4

-

-

-18.2 -14.3

-

-

-

- -31 -10.0

_-

_-

-15.0 -10.6

-

-

-

-

-MARCH 65/66

APPENDIX 1

MEASURED TEMPERATURE (OC)

page 3

APRIL 65/66

AV. DAILY AVERAGE DAILY _{8 A.M.} II AV.DAILY AVERAGE DAILY 8 A.M.

DAY AIR TOlP. Sl:RFACE TEMP. SURFACE TEMP. I AIR TEMP. SURFACE TEMP. SURFACE ＡＧｅｾｾ＿

ESULATED CONTROL INSULATED CONTROL INSULATED CONTROL INSULATED: COXI;\OL

AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA _..

-

ＬｾｴＧＢ. .(

ＮＺ｜Ｎ｟ｾ 1 +1.7 0 0 -0.6 +0.4 +0.5 2 +1.9

-

-

+1.7 - -3 +0.6

-

-

+1. 9 -

-4 +0.6

-

-

+0.8 +6.4 +3.8 5 +0.6

-

-

+2.8 +7.4 +4.7 6 +1.4

-

-

+1. 9 +4.3 +3.6 7 -5.6

-

-

+3.1 +4.5 +3.2 8 -6.9

-

- +1.7 - -9 -4.2

-

- +3.1

-

-10 +0.6 -0.4 -0.1 +3.6

-

-11 -7.2 -0.23 -0.8 +3.1

-

-12 -5.0

-

-

+6.1 +6.9 +5.3 13 -1.1

-

-

+6.4 +9.4 +6.9 14 -1.7 -2.3 -0.5 +8.3 +10.4 +8.5 15 -6.9 -3.8 -1. 7 +6.9 +12.6 +10.5 16 -3.1 -4.9 -0.6 +6.7 - -17 -2.8 -0.9 -0.1 +7.2 -

-18 +7.2 -0.1 -0.1 +7.5 +13.7 +11.2 19 +7.5

-

-

+9.7 +14.2 +12.2 20 +1.7

-

-

+9.7 +13.5 +11.j . 21 -0.3 -0.1 -0.1 +13 .1 +12.0 +11.7 22 +0.8 0 +0.1 +6.7 +10.0 +10.4 23 +5.6 +2.9 +2.3 +6.4 -

-24 +5.0 +5.3 +3.4 +9.4

-

-25 -1.1 +1.2 +0.4 +10.6

-

-26 -6.4

-

-

+0.3 -

-27 -10.3 -

-

+0.8

-

-28 -7.8 -1.2 -1.1 +1. 4

-

-29 -3.3 -0.5 -0.3 +7.5

-

-30 +0.6 +0.1 +G.2 +5.8

-

-31 0 0 +0.3

-

-

-page 1

APPEXDIX 2

MEASURED ｔｅｾｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ (Oe)

NOV. 1966/67 DEC. 1966/67

AV.DAILY AVERAGE DAILY 8 A.M. AV.DAILY AVERAGE DAILY 8 A.M.

DAY AIR TEMP. SeRFAGE TEMP. SURFACE ｔｅｾｐＮ AIR ｔｅｾｐＮ SURFACE ｔｅｾｐＮ SURFACE TEMP.

INSULATED CONTROL INSULATED CONTROL INSULATED ｃｏｾ［ｾｒｏｌ INSULATED ｃｏｾｔｒｏｌ

AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA

1 +4.7 - - - - -5.0 -0.23 +0.16 +0.3 +0.7 2 +11.1 - - - - -9.4 -1.87 -1.46 -2.2 -1.6 3 +1l.3 - - - - -15.0 -4.84 -4.50 -4.8 -4.7 4 +1.4 - - - - -12.8 -10.05 -6.18 -11.4 -7.8 5 +0.3 - - - - -8.3 - - -12.3 -7.2 6 -0.8 - - - - -2.5 - - - -7 +3.3 - - - - -0.3 - - - -8 +7.8 - - - - 3 .1 - - - -9 +10.3 - - - - 5.3 - - - -10 +12 . 5 - - - - 2 . 5 - - - -II +5.3 - - - - -4 .4 - - - -1 2 +4 . 7 - - - 9 . 7 - - - -13 -2.5 - - - - -5.6 - - -3.7 -3.9 14 -0.6 - - -1.4 +0.4 -3.9 -3.18 -2.53 -4.6 -3.8 15 -1.7 - - -1.5 -1.3 -5.6 -3.03 -2.43 -5.2 _L.::" 16 -3.1 - - -1.2 -0.4 -2.2 -3.16 -1.90 -4.2 -2.6 17 -1.1 - - -0.9 0 2.5 -0.54 -0.10 -0.8 -0.3 18 -1.7 - - -0.5 +0.2 -3.6 -1.43 -1.07 -0.2 0 19 -4.4 - - -3.2 -2.5 -13.9 -9.02 -6.71 -10.9 -3.7 20 -5.0 - - -4.6 -3.8 -10.6 -10.88 -6.31 -12.1 -7.5 21 -3.9 - - -5.5 -4.6 -7.2 -8.46 -3.48 -8.8 -3.3 22 -0.6 -2.08 -1.79 -5.5 -4.1 -5.6 -6.50 -2.55 -7.2 -3.0 23 +1.9 -1.81 -0.75 -3.2 -2.4 -16.4 -11.28 -7.16 -12.5 -8.2 24 ｾＮｏ +0.24 +1.04 +0.1 +0.4 -13.3 -11.55 -6.47 -12.6 -7.2 25 ｾＮＵ +2.98 +3.86 +1.9 +3.2 -10.6 -10.27 -4.84 -10.5 -5.2 26 +3.6 +4.37 +3.96 +4.5 +3.9 -9.4 -8.99 -3.16 -9.2 -3.2 27 ｾＮＷ +3.85 +3.75 +2.7 +2.7 -12.5 -8.14 -2.53 -8.2 -2.6 28 +8.9 +6.20 +5.92 +5.3 +5.2 -12.5 -8.75 -4.55 -8.2 -2.9 29 +6.1 +7.45

I

+6.74 +7.9 +7.2 -10.3 -9.76 -5.31 -9.9 -5.6 30 +3.6 +3.78 +3.73 +2.4 ＫｾＮＳ -11.7 -9.76 -6.55 -9.4 1 -6.3 31 - - - -12.2 -13.72 -8.62 -14.6 -10.1

p.:lgc 2

2

APP EN:..:..:D=-I=..;X'-'--__ MEASURED TEMPERATURE (OC)

JAN. 1966/67 FEB. 1966/67

I

ａｖＮｄａｉｾｙ AVERAGE DAILY _{8 A.M.} AV.DAlLY AVERAGE DAILY 8 ａＮｾＮ

DAY i AIR TLI? SeRFACE TH1P. SURFACE TEMP. AIR TEMP. SURFACE TEMP. ｓｲｒＺＮｾＮｃｅ ＷｅＺｾｐＮ

I

Il\SULATEDAREA ｃｏｾｔｒｏｌ AREA INSULATEDAREA CONTROLAREA INSULATEDAREA

I

ｃｏｾＺｔｒｏｌ AREA II:\SCLATEDAREA I CO:;E.OLＮｾＺ｜ E_t.6

1 -8.3 -11.25 -5.36 -11.5 -5.3 -4.4 -8.86 -6.02 -9.6 -6.7 2 -1.9 -9.33 -2.55 -9.6 -3.6 -7.2 -7.11 -5.23 -6.6 -4.5 3 -2.2 -7.32 -2.40 -8.1 -2.6 -18.3 -14.40 -11.98 -15.5 -13.6 4 0 -4.76 -1. 85 -5.1 -2.0 -9.7 -14.82 -10.77 -16.3 -12.4 5 -3.6 -4.55 -3.18 -4.1 -2.8 -7.5 -10.64 -6.95 -11.1 -7.2 6 -18.1 -14.10 -10.91 -14.6 -12.3 -22.8 -12.62 -11 .10 -11.7 -11.3 7 -11.1 -15.93 -10.80 -16.1 -11.5 -20.3 -18.92 -14.96 -19.9 -16.1 8 -6.9 -11.95 -6.34 -12.7 -6.8 -17.5 -20.50 -15.12 -22.7 -17.3 9 -6.9 -8.35 -5.52 -8.9 -6.1 -6.1 -13.94 -10.11 -14.3 -10.4 10 -6.7 -7.13 -4.78 -7.8 -5.4 -5.3 -10.29 -7.82 -12.1 -9.5 11 -6.4 -6.71 -4.13 -6.3 -4.3 -8.6 -6.82 -6.47 -4.3 -3.9 12 -7.8 -10.61 --6.84 -11.1 -7.7 -28.3 -20.99 -17.53 -22.1 -19.3 13 +1.4 -5.84 -2.74 -6.9 -4.2 -25.3 -25.01 -18.89 -26.3 -20.9 14 -0.8 -3.81 -1.95 -4.8 -3.5 -13.3 -20.06 -14.74 -21.3 -15.7 15 -6.4 -2.73 -2.03 -2.3 -1.5 -6.7 -12.33 -9.36 -13.8 -10.4 16 -11.4 -5.73 -4.71 -6.4 -5.5 -14.4 -9.39 -8.06 -9.4 -7.9 17 -5.6 -6.08 -4.36 -6.6 -4.6 -20.8 -13.24 -13.16 -13.3 -14.2 18 -23.9 -11.74 -10.56 -10.2 -10.6 -21. 4 -19.05 -15.88 -20.1 -17.3 19 -19.2 -19.19 -13.48 -20.6 -15.5 -19.2 -20.17 -15.69 -21.7 -17.4 20 -12.5 -15.77 -9.63 -17.3 -11.3 -15.6 -18.64 -14.29 -18.8 -14.8. 21 -4.7 -12.24 -7.08 -13.3 -8.6 -9.4 -14.20 -10.40 -15.5 -11.5 22 -1.7 -7.05 -3.52 -7.7 -4.0 -10.6 -13.31 -10.93 -15.0 -13 .1 23 -0.8 -3.18 -2.35 -2.7 -2.2 -6.7 -9.18 -7.58 -10.1 -8.3 24 +1.4 -1.54 -1. 64 -2.7 -2.8 -15.0 -11.44 -10.83 -12.1 -11.7 25 -0.3 -0.96 -1. 48 -1. 7 -2.2 -14.7 -14.26 -12.57 -15.6 -1:'.1 26 -1.1 -0.91 -1.90 -1.1 -1.9 -13.3 -14.77 -12.41 -17.1 -15.3 27 -6.7 -3.99 -3.87 -4.6 -4.6 -9.2 -12.22 -9.60 -14.6 -11.8 28 -6.1 -4.10 -3.16 -4.2 -3.3 -4.7 -7.87 -6.67 -8.6 -7.2 29 -11.1 -6.02 -5.58 -5.5 -4.7

-

-

-

- -30 -12.5 -8.48 -6.95 -8.4 -6.2

-

-

-

-

-31 -12.5 -11.76 -9.23 -13.8 -11.5

-

-

-

-

-APPENDIX 2 page 3

MAR. 1966/67

MEASURED TEMPERATURE (OC)

APR. 1966/67

AV. DA IL Y

r

AVERAGE DAILY _{8 A.M.} AV. DAILY AVERAGE DA IL Y 8 ａＮｾＮ

DAY AIR ｔｅｾﾷＺｐＮ I SURFACE TEHP. SURFACE ｔｅｾｦｐＮ AIR TEMP. SURFACE TEMP. SL'R: ACE TE:.:? .

nSULATED COXTROL INSULATED CO:lTROL INSULATED ｃｏｾｔｒｏｌ IXSl.:l..ATED CO:.. TROL

AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA

1 -15.6 -8.59 -11.50 -7.9 -13.2 +10.0 +7.71 +10.25 +7.1 +5.8 2 -13 .1 -12.19 -11.25 -13.5 -12.8 +5.0 +6.63 +7.94 +5.5 +6.6 3 -3.6 -9.07 -7.29 -11. 4 -10.1 +2.8 +5.97 +5.35 +4.5 +3.8 4 -13.3 -8.38 -9.49 -8.9 -11.1 -1.4 +4.25 +4.01 +0.2 +0.5 5 -13.9 -10.53 -11.23 -11.4 -13.2 +6.1 +7.78 +6.15 +5.6 +4.1 6 -5.0 -8.72 -7.69 -9.5 -9.0 +0.8 +5.87 +4.14 +4.4 .J..?• _ ..,I 7 -5.0 -8.01 -7.34 -8.7 -8.6 +2.2 +5.56 +4.24 +3.8 +2.2 8 -17.2 -10.72 -11 .79 -11.8 -14.0 +3.3 +7.20 +6.10 +2.0 +0.8 9 -11.7 -12.14 -11.28 -14.0 -14.2 +6.6 +10.13 +8.19 +5.7 +4.1 10 +1. 7 -6.31 -4.18 -9.3 -7.8 +3.3 +10.18 +8.19 +9.9 +7.5 11 +2.2 -2.06 -0.94 -3.3 -3.5 -3.6 +3.81 +3.50 -0.1 +0.1 12 -9.2 -3.29

-

-1.01 -8.1 -6.2 -0.6 +5.71 +6.04 +0.1 +G.3 13 -5.3 -3.68 -2.21 -5.6 -4.0 +6.1 +11.57 +10.51 +5.2 +4.3 14 -1.1 +0.29 +0.50 -1.8 -1.7 +6.1 +12.26 +9.64 +10.5 +7.9 15 -1. 9 +0.68 +1.14 -0.7 -0.4 +4.4 +8.47 +6.76 +8.0 +6.2 16 -10.6 -1.12 -0.44 -3.6 -2.5 +6.4 +7.96 +7.22 +6.4 +5.4 17 -15.3 -2.90 -2.92 -5.9 -6.3 +4.2 +6.17 +5.20 +5.6 ..J-I. -, - t • .J 18 -18.1 -6.71 -5.73 -11.8 -10.5 +5.8 +6.81 +6.04 +7.3 +6.6 19 -12.2 -5.65 -3.94 -11.6 -8.9 +6.1 +6.76 +6.40 +5.1 ＫｾＮＳ 20 -2.8 -0.65 -0.18 -4.1 -3.5 +5.0 +10.56 +8.19 +5.8 +5.4 21 -5.0 -0.41 -0.44 -1. 2 -1.5 +3.6 +10.15 +8.21 +9.7 +7.9 22 -1.4 -0.13 -0.008 -0.2 -0.3 +10.3 +9.11 +8.27 +6.5 ＫｓＮｾ 23 -0.6 +0.5 +0.29 -0.1 -0.1 +4.7 +7.81 +6.69 +6.9 +5.8 24 -0.3 +2.13 +1.53 -0.2 -0.1 +5.6 - - +6.4 +5.9 25 +1.9 ＫＳｾＸＶ +3.11 -0.3 -0.1 +4.2

-

-

-

-26 -1.1 +5.69 +3.55 +0.4 +0.1 +6.4

-

-

-

-27 +1. 9 +3.21 +1.11 +3.9 +0.2 +5.8 _{- -}

_-

-28 +5.6 +5.53 +5.76 +4.6 +2.4 +7.5

_-

-

-

-29 +3.1 +3.37 +4.73 +1. 2 +0.4 +6.7

-

_-

-

-30 -0.6 +3.76 +4.61 -0.2 ·+0.2 +9.7

-

-

-

-31 +3.1 +5.40 +6.53 +1.3 +2.0

_-

_-

-

-

-NOV. 67/68

APPENDIX 3

MEASURED TEMPERATURE (OC)

page 1

DEC. 67/68

I

AV.DAILY AVERAGE DAILY 8 A.M. AV.DAILY AVERAGE DAILY 8 A.M.

DAY AIR TE:·:P. SURFACE TEMP. SURFACE TEMP. AIR TEMP. SURFACE TEMP. SURFACE TEMP.

INSULATED CONTROL INSULATED CONTROL INSULATED ｃｏｾ［ｔｒｏｌ INSULATED ｃｏｾｔｒｏｌ

AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA

1 +9.4

-

-

- - -6.4 -6.87 -4.81 -9.9 -7.2 2 +11.1

-

-

-

-

-6.4 -7.21 -4.57 -9.1 -5.8 3 +9.4

-

-

-

- -3.3 -4.42 -1. 97 -4.5 -2.1 4 +7.5

-

-

-

-

-2.8 -3.71 -1.38 -4.1 -1.5 5 +1.1

-

-

-

- -1.4 -3.26 -1.87 -3.7 -2.2 6 -0.3

-

-

-

-

-6.4 -5.55 -4.21 -7.8 -6.5 7 -0.6

-

-

-

-

-3.3 -4.13 -0.47 -5.5 -3.7 8 -3.3

-

-

-

-

-1.7 -2.03 -1. 22 -2.2 -1. 3 9 -1. 7 _-

-

-0.3 -0.2 -7.5 -4.26 -3.63 -4.5 -3.9 10 +1.1 -

-

-

-

-11.1 -9.97 -7.05 -11.2 -8.7 11 +3.1

-

- -0.2 -0.4 -5.0 -9.79 -6.58 -8.8 -5.7 12 +6.1 +5.30 +6.28 +4.7 +6.1 +3.9 -

-

-1.3 -0.6 13 -0.8 +3.06 +3.09 +2,1 +1. 9 +3.3

-

-

-0.3 -0.4 14 -6.4 -0.52 -0.47 -1.0 -1.3 -0.3

_-

-

-2.9 -3.2 15 -8.3 -0.15 +0.21 -0.2 +0.3 -6.1 - - -6.0 -5.3 16 -9.4 -1.61 -0.31 -1.8 -0.1 -7.5

-

-

-9.6 -7.4 17 -5.0 -0.96 -0.83 -1. 2 -0.9 -6.1

_-

_- -9.9 -7.5 18 -1.1 -0.49 -0.52 -0.6 -0.4 -0.8

-

- -3.8 -2.7 19 -0.6 -0.18 -0.36 -0.20 -0.40 +1. 9

-

-

-0.4 -0.6 20 -4.5 -0.91 -0.62 -0.3 -0.3 +0.3

-

- -3.2 -3.6 21 -8.9 -4.94 -2.71 -5.7 -3.8 +2.2

-

-

-4.0 -4.2 22 -2.5 -4.31 -1. 74 -4.9 -2.1 +1.4 _-

-

+0.1 +0.1 23 0 -0.67 -0.36 -0.6 -0.4 -6.4

-

-

-3.3 -3.2 24 0 -0.39 "-0.57 -1.1 -1. 2 -10.6

-

-

-9.4 -3.3 25 +0.6 ＭＰｾＲＱ -0.26 -1.8 -1. 9 -5.6

-

-

-

-26 +3.9 +0.42 +0.29 0 -0.1 -16.4

-

- -6.3 -3.5 27 -0.6 -0.02 +0.05 -0.2 -0.5 -16.9

-

-

-8.0" -4.7 28 -3.9 -0.07 -1.12 -0.9 -1.4 -11.9

_-

_- -8.8 -5.9 29 -7.5 -2.40 -2.58 -3.8 -3.7 -9.4

-

- -8.2 -4.2 30 1 -6.7 -4.39 -4.00 -6.1 ... 5.6 -12.2

-

- -10.5 -6.3 31 _-

_-

_-

_-

_-

-6.4

-

-

-9.0 -4.2

JAN. 67/68

APPHOIX 3

MEASURED ｔｅｾｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ (OC)

page 2

FEB. 67/68

AV. DAILY AVERAGE DAILY _{8 A.M.} AV.DAILY AVERAGE DAILY 8 A.M.

DAY AIR TDlP. SrRFACE ｔｅｾｬｐＮ SURFACE TEMP. AIR TEMP. SURFACE TEMP. SURFACE TEM?

ｉｾｓｴＺｌａｲｅｄ ｃｏｾｔｒｏｌ INSULATED CONTROL

I

INSULATED CONTROL InSULATED CO:;TROL

AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA . AREA AREA

1 -21.7

-

-

-2.5

-

-

-4.3 -4.9 2 -21.1 -13.2 -10.4 +-1.9

-

-

-0.5 -1.0 3 -15.6 -12.5 -7.1 -3.6

-

-

-0.3 -2.3 4 -12.2 -11. 4 -5.9 -8.9

-

-

-

-5 -19.4 -13 .9 -10.2 -9.7 -5.07 -5.10 -7.7 -7.8 6 -18.6 -16.1 -10.9 -7.2 -7.00 -6.90 -8.2 -7.6 7 -20.0

-

-

-10.0 -8.11 -7. 80 -10.5 -10.1 8 -29.7 -22.8 -21.8 -14.2 -10.72 -9.60 -14.6 -13.9 9 -27. 5

-

-21. 4 -13.6 -10.32

-a..

72 -14.0 -12.5 10 -21. 7 -23.9 -17.8 '-16.1 -8.41 -7.19 -9.2 -8.1 11 -22.8 -24.5 -19.4 -21. 9 -12.67 -10.93 -9.9 -8.4 12 -18.9 -24.8 -19.7 -21.1 -16.47 -13.91 -18.6 -16.7 13 -15.8 -23.1 -17.7 -16.1 -16.39 -13.24 -17. 9 -15.4 14 -10.6 -20.7 -15.8 -9.4 -12.62 -9.04 -14.1 -11.1 15 -6.9 -13.5 -8.7 -12.8 -10.19 -7.98 -9.9 -7.8 16 -22.5 -12.1 -7.6 -11.1 -14.07 -9.84 -17.1 -15.1 17 -16.7 -15.3 -12.3 -12.8' -9.18 -6.97 -9.0 -7.2 18 -6.1 -13.2 -10.4 -18.3' -9.84 -9.20 -8.5 -8.1 19 -2.5 -6.5 -4.5 -15.6 -14.39 -12.08 -17. 2 -15.1 20 -1.4 -5.1 -5.1 -20.8 -15.63 -12.83 -17.6 -15.9 21 -1.1 -3.3 -3.6 I -20.3 -17.96 -14.12 -20.7 -13 :3 22 -7.5 -5.3 -6.2 -15.3 -16.72 -13.59 -8.6 -15.5 23 -6.7 -5.3 -5.1 -12.5 -14.88 -12.62 -17.3 -15.2 24 -17.2 -11.3 -12.1 -12.2 -12.91 '-10.51 -17.3 -15.4 25 -16.9 -18.9 -16.3 -7.5 -10.29 -7.74 -14.9 -13.3 26 -15.0 -19.1 -14.8 -6.9 -8.30 -5.76 -12.9 -11. 4_ 27 -7.8 -15.4 -12.1 -7.2 -5.02 -3.71 -9.5·

I

-8.4 28 -8.6 -9.3 -8.0 -3.6 -1. 90 -2.53 -3.2 -4.5 29 -3.3 -7.5 -7.0 -1.1 -0.62 -0.96 -1. 7

I

-2.9 30 -1.9 -1.6 .-2.4

-

-

-

-

-31 -7.8 -6.6 -7.9

-

-

-

-

-MAR. 1967 /68

APPENDIX 3

MEASURED TEMPERATURE (OC)

page 3

APR. 1967/68

AV.DAILY AVERAGE DAILY _{8 A.M.} AV. DAILY AVERAGE DAILY 8 A.M.

DAY AIR TEl-IP. SURFACE TEMP. SURFACE TEMP. AIR TE:IP. SURFACE TEMP. SURFACE ｔｅｾｐＮ

INSULATED CONTROL INSULATED CONTROL INSULATED CONTROL INSULATED' COHROt

AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA AREA

1 -2.2 -0.36 -1.90 -1.9 -4.7 +2.8 +9.42 +6.15 +5.8 +3.3 2 -5.6 -2.27 -3.87 -3.3 -5.1 +4.2

-

-

-

-3 -14.4 -9.68 -8.38 -12.7 -12.3 +4.4

-

-

-

-4 -5.8 -6.55 -3.84 -11. 5 -8.7 +9.2

-

-

-

-5 -10.0 -1.93 -1. 48 -6.0 -5.5 -0.8

-

-

-

-6 -8.6 -3.55 -2.95 -7.7 -7.3 +0.6

-

-

-

-7 -10.0 -5.21 -3.97 -ll.·S -9.9 +4.4

-

-

-

-

-8 -1.4 -1. 46 -0.78 -4.0 -3.4 +1l.7 _-

-

-

-9 +1.4 +1. 53 +1.84 fO -0.6 +7.5

-

-

-

-10 0 -0.15 -0.23 -0.2 -0.3 +3.9

-

_-

-

-11 -7.8 -0.41

_-

-0.18 -2.5 -2.2 +6.4

-

-

-

-12 -8.9 -0.94 -0.75 -2.7 -2.6 +11.1

_-

-

-

-13 -4.7 -0.02 -0.83 -0.2 -0.4 +17.5 _- -

-

-14 -8.3 -2.08 -2.32 -6.2 -7.2 +18.1

-

-

-

-15 -3.3 -1. 20 -0.70 -3.5 -2.9 +9.7

-

-

-

-16 +1.9 +0.50 -0.63 +0.3 +0.4 +7.8

_-

-

-

-17 +3.1 +1.12 +1.33 +0.4 +0.3 +11.7

-

-

-

-18 +5.0 +1.35 +0.65 -0.1 -0.3 +12.5

-

-

-

-19 +4.7 +0.91 +5.09 -0.1 +0.2 +11.9

-

-

-

-20 +3.9 +0.81 +4.55 +0.7 +1. 7 +12.2

_-

_-

-

-21 +3.3 +1.40 +2.75 +1. 0 +1.5 +1l.9

-

-

-

-22 +1.4 +2.26 +1.90 +0.9 +0.6 +14.4

-

-

-

-23 +0.8 +1.40 +0.78 +1. 2 +0.5 +15.6

-

-

-

-24 -3.6 +0.26 -0.13 +0.1 -0.6 +9.2

-

-

- -25 -4.2 -0;54 +3.06 -1.4 -0.8 +8.6

-

-

-

-26 +4.7 +2.44 +5.58 -0.6 -0 +4.7

-

_-

-

-27 +8.1 +5.12 +6.69 +3.9 +3.6 +5.3

-

-

-

-28 +3.9 +5.38 +5.61 +3.0 +2.3 +6.9

_-

_-

_-

-29 +9.7 +7.48 +7.76 +3.7 +2.2 +8.9

-

-

-

-30 +6.9 +9.67 +8.09 +4.8 +3.3 +10.3

_-

-

-

-31 +5.8 +9.52 +6.38 +7.8 +4.2

_-

_-

_-

_-