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Comparison of measured temperature and heat flux in fire resistance
test furnaces controlled by six temperature measuring devices
Comparison of Measured Temperature and Heat
Flux in Fire Resistance Test Furnaces Controlled by
Six Temperature measuring Devices
Mohamed A. Sultan
Outline
• Introduction
• Parameters investigated
• Test Facility/Experiments
• Results and Discussion
• Summary
Introduction
Why this research is needed?
– Performance-based fire safety design
• Lack of engineering data from standard test E119
– NIST Report on WTC (recommendations)
– FPRF Report (recommendations)
• Furnace instrumentation (plate thermometer)
• Furnace operation (calibration test to quantify thermal
exposure)
– Development of a new E05 standard
• Heat flux measurement
– Laboratories use different type of temperature sensor in
controlling fire resistance furnace temperature
Parameters
Investigated
• Compare temperature heat flux responses
for fire resistance floor furnace controlled by
– ASTM E119 shielded thermocouples
– ISO 834 plate thermometers
– Directional flame thermometers
– Bare bead thermocouples
– Sheathed grounded thermocouples
– Sheathed non-grounded thermocouples
• Time response for shielded, PT and DFT
NRC Test Facility
Experimental
Measurements: Temp. &
Incident Heat Flux
– Test 1, Furnace controlled by ASTM E119 shielded
thermocouples
• PT, DFT, BBT, Sheathed T-grounded Sheathed T
non-grounded
– Test 2, Furnace controlled by ISO 834 plate thermometers
• Shielded T, DFT, Sheathed T-grounded Sheathed T
non-grounded and BBT
– Test 3, Furnace controlled by directional flame
thermometers
• Shielded T, BBT, PT, Sheathed T-grounded Sheathed T
non-grounded
Experimental
Measurements: Temp. &
Incident Heat Flux
– Test 4, Furnace controlled by bare bead thermocouples
(BBT)
• PT, DFT, Shielded T, Sheathed T-grounded and Sheathed T
non-grounded
– Test 5, Furnace controlled by Sheathed
Thermocouples-grounded
• Shielded T, PT, DFT, BBT and Sheathed T grounded
– Test 6, Furnace controlled by Sheathed non-grounded
Temp and Heat Flux
Devices
•Heat Flux Meter
•DFT
•PT (ISO 834)
•BBT
•Sheathed Un-G
•Sheathed G
•Shielded
(ASTM E119)
Temp and Heat Flux
Devices
Directional Flame
Thermometer
4x, 1/4-20 x 1.50 SS Hex head screws and nuts Upper inconel
plate
Lower inconel
plate Type K TC
one per plate Type K TC,
one per plate
4x, 3/8 OD x 0.277 ID x 0.75 long, SS spacer
Cerablanket
SS Wire used to tie leads together
Clean heat treated oxidation from plate Spot weld foil to inside of plate, with TC under it
Watlow Gordon, Type K TC 2 per assembly, one per plate Nickel foil,
1" long x 3/8" wide
Nickel foil, 3/8" x 3/8"
Sheathed
Sheathed Grounded Thermocouple
The thermocouple bear bead is
attached to the inside of the probe
wall
Sheathed Ungrounded Thermocouple
The Thermocouple bear bead is
detached from the inside of the
probe wall
Gr ounded and Ungrounded
Sheathed Ther mocouple
Furnace Controlled
by ASTM Shielded
Thermocouples
Time (min.)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
T
em
per
at
ur
e
(°C
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
ASTM Shielded Thermocouples (controlled) ISO Platev Thermometers
Directional Flame Thermometers Bear Bead Thermocouples
Sheathed Grounded Thermocouples Sheathed Ungrounded Thermocouples ASTM E119 Time-Temp Curve
Furnace Controlled
by ISO Plate
Thermometers
Time (min.)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
T
em
per
at
ur
e
(°C
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
ASTM Shielded Thermocouples ASO Plate Thermometers (controlled) Directional Flame Thermometers Bear Bead Thermocouples
Sheathed Grounded Thermocouples Sheathed Ungrounded Thermocouples ASTN E119 Time-Temp Curve
Furnace Controlled by
Directional Flame
Thermometers
Time (min.)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
T
em
per
at
ur
e
(°C
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
ASTM Shielded Thermocouples ISO Plate Thermometers
Directional Flame Thermometers (controlled) Bear Bead Thermocouples
Sheathed Grounded Thermocouples Sheathed Ungrounded Thermocouples ASTM E119 Time-Temp Curve
Furnace Controlled by
Bare Bead Thermocouples
Time (min.)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
T
em
per
at
ur
e
(°C
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
ASTM Shielded Thermocouples ISO Plate Thermometers Directional Flame Thermometers Bear Bead Thermocouples (controlled) Sheathed Grounded Thermocouples Sheathed Ungrounded Thermocouples ASTM E119 Time Temp Curve
Furnace Controlled by
Sheathed Grounded
Thermocouple
Time (min.)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
T
em
per
at
ur
e
(°C
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
ASTM Shielded Thermocouples ISO Plate Thermometers Directional Flame Thermometers Bear Bead Thermocouples
Sheathed Grunded Thermocouples (controlled) Sheathed Ungrounded Themocouples ASTM E119 Time-Temp Curve
Furnace Controlled by
Sheathed Ungrounded
Thermocouple
Time (min.)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
T
em
per
at
ur
e
(°C
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
ASTM Shielded Thermocouples ISO Plate Thetrmometers Directional Flame Thermometers Bear Bead Thermocouples
Sheathed Grounded Thermocouples
Sheathed Ungrounded Thermocouples (controlled) ASTM E119 Time-Temp Curve
Gardon Gauge
Incident Heat Flux
Time (min.)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60H
eat
F
lux
(
k
W
/m
2)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160ASTM Shielded Thermocouples (controlled) ISO Plate Thermometers (controlled) Directional Flame Thermometers (controlled) Bear Bead Thermocouples (controlled) Sheathed GroundedThermocouples (controlled) Sheathed Ungrounded Thermocouples (controplled)
Eurocode 1, 1991
Total heat transfer to fire exposed surface
Q
total
= Radiation + Convection
= εσ (T
AST
4
- T
s
4
) + h
c
(T
AST
– T
s
)
Where:
T
AST
Plate Thermometer temperature measurement
(Adiabatic Surface Temperature)
T
s
Surface temperature (target surface)
Incident Heat
Radiation
Q
inc
= σ T
f
4
(assuming convective heat is small) Predicted
Q
inc
measured by Gardon gauge heat flux meter
Furnace Controlled by
Shielded Thermocouples
Plate Thermometers
Directional Flame Thermometers
Time (s) 0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 H eat F lu x (kW /m 2) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Measured by Shielded Thermocouples (Controlled) Predected Based on Shielded Thermocouples
Time (s) 0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 H eat F lu x (kW /m 2) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Measured by Plate Thermometers (Controlled) Predected Based on Plate Thermometers
Time (s) 0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 H eat F lu x (kW /m 2) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Measured by Directional Flame Thermometers (Controlled) Predected Based on DFT
Temperature Lag with
Respect to a Bare Bead
Thermocouple
Time (s)
0
600
1200
1800
2400
3000
3600
T
em
p
er
at
u
re
D
if
fer
en
ce
(°C
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
(Bare - Shieleded)
(Bare - PT)
(Bare - DFT)
Time Constant
Time Constant τ(t)= (T
f
– T
t
)/(ΔT
t
/Δt)
T
f
bar e bead ther mocouple
Time (s) 0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 T im e C ons tant ( s ) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Plate Thermometers Directional Flame Thermometers Shielded Thermocouples Time (s) 0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 Te m pe ra ture ( °C ) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 ASTM E119 Plate Thermometers Directional Flame Thermometers Bare Thermocouples
