Late quaternary environmental changes in lago Fagnano, Tierra del Fuego (54°S): reconstructing sedimentary processes, natural hazards and paleoclimate

(1)

Late Quaternary environmental changes in Lago Fagnano, Tierra del Fuego (54°S): Reconstructing Sedimentary

Processes, Natural Hazards and Paleoclimate

APPENDIX

Présentée à la Faculté des sciences de l’Université de Genève pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès sciences, mention Sciences de la Terre

par

Nicolas WALDMANN de

Mendoza (Argentina)

Thèse No 4044

GENEVE

Atelier de production de la Section de physique

2008

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Waldmann, N.:

. Terre & Environnement, vol. 82, 150 pp. (2008)

ISBN 2-940153-81-7

Section des Sciences de la Terre, Université de Genève, 13 rue des Maraîchers, CH-1205 Genève, Suisse Téléphone ++41-22-702.61.11 - Fax ++41-22-320.57.32

Late Quaternary environmental changes in Lago Fagnano, Tierra del Fuego (54°S): reconstructing sedimentary processes, natural hazards and paleoclimate

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A2. Rock-eval pyrolysis from core LF06-PC12

A3. Major and trace element composition of the Hudson H1 tephra A4. Location of airgun seismic profiles shown in the appendix A5 - A30. 1 in

³

seismic profiles (airgun source)

A31. Location of pinger seismic profiles and sedimentary cores A32 - A55. 3.5 kHz seismic profiles (pinger source)

A56 - A66. Core photographs

A67 - A70. Petrophysical data of the cores

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LF06-PC16-6/6-3 25 36808 0.15 0.89 1.03 0.12 76 288

LF06-PC16-6/6-4 35 36809 0.16 0.85 1.01 0.14 114 231

LF06-PC16-6/6-5 45 36810 0.16 0.89 1.05 0.14 95 263

LF06-PC16-6/6-6 55 36811 0.17 0.94 1.11 0.17 112 223

LF06-PC16-6/6-7 65 36812 0.17 0.98 1.15 0.16 96 242

LF06-PC16-6/6-8 73 36813 0.13 0.73 0.86 0.17 107 218

LF06-PC16-6/6-9 88 36814 0.21 1.09 1.31 0.23 66 400

LF06-PC16-6/6-10 98 36815 0.17 0.91 1.08 0.23 125 196

LF06-PC16-6/6-11 108 36816 0.16 0.92 1.08 0.14 107 220

LF06-PC16-6/6-12 118 36817 0.14 0.85 0.99 0.13 92 248

LF06-PC16-6/6-13 128 36818 0.13 0.81 0.94 0.17 96 218

LF06-PC16-6/6-14 138 36819 0.13 0.85 0.99 0.12 88 233

LF06-PC16-6/6-15 148 36820 0.12 0.81 0.92 0.13 59 282

LF06-PC16-6/6-16 158 36821 0.15 0.88 1.03 0.20 109 209

LF06-PC16-5/6-17 169 36822 0.12 0.83 0.95 0.13 80 218

LF06-PC16-5/6-18 176.5 36823 0.10 0.69 0.78 0.11 75 219

LF06-PC16-5/6-19 190 36824 0.14 0.88 1.02 0.16 55 337

LF06-PC16-5/6-20 201 36825 0.14 0.87 1.01 0.11 93 210

LF06-PC16-5/6-21 211 36826 0.11 0.74 0.85 0.08 82 215

LF06-PC16-5/6-22 221 36827 0.10 0.69 0.79 0.10 87 205

LF06-PC16-5/6-23 231 36828 0.12 0.78 0.89 0.11 71 266

LF06-PC16-5/6-24 241 36829 0.09 0.67 0.75 0.10 67 215

LF06-PC16-5/6-25 251 36830 0.10 0.66 0.76 0.10 84 222

LF06-PC16-5/6-26 267 36831 0.10 0.67 0.77 0.09 96 194

LF06-PC16-5/6-27 277 36832 0.12 0.76 0.89 0.09 89 236

LF06-PC16-5/6-28 287 36833 0.12 0.78 0.90 0.11 89 230

LF06-PC16-5/6-29 297 36834 0.09 0.64 0.73 0.10 54 281

LF06-PC16-5/6-30 307 36835 0.12 0.75 0.87 0.10 87 251

LF06-PC16-4/6-31 319 36836 0.05 0.48 0.53 0.07 34 231

LF06-PC16-4/6-32 332 36837 0.10 0.68 0.78 0.10 65 291

LF06-PC16-4/6-33 342 36838 0.12 0.71 0.83 0.09 106 213

LF06-PC16-4/6-34 352 36839 0.12 0.67 0.78 0.09 102 233

LF06-PC16-4/6-35 362 36840 0.08 0.62 0.70 0.09 73 214

LF06-PC16-4/6-36 372 36841 0.07 0.53 0.60 0.10 55 234

LF06-PC16-4/6-37 397 36842 0.06 0.51 0.57 0.09 30 268

LF06-PC16-4/6-38 407 36843 0.05 0.53 0.59 0.10 29 246

LF06-PC16-4/6-39 417 36844 0.06 0.51 0.57 0.07 41 252

LF06-PC16-4/6-40 427 36845 0.07 0.53 0.60 0.09 59 226

LF06-PC16-4/6-41 437 36846 0.06 0.55 0.61 0.07 36 223

LF06-PC16-4/6-42 450 36847 0.05 0.55 0.60 0.06 21 263

LF06-PC16-4/6-43 467 36848 0.05 0.52 0.57 0.08 24 255

LF06-PC16-2/6-44 473 36849 0.06 0.56 0.62 0.08 49 196

LF06-PC16-2/6-45 483 36850 0.03 0.43 0.46 0.10 20 197

LF06-PC16-2/6-46 494 36851 0.05 0.50 0.55 0.07 27 249

LF06-PC16-2/6-47 504 36852 0.06 0.54 0.60 0.08 58 187

LF06-PC16-2/6-48 514 36853 0.05 0.52 0.57 0.07 18 262

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(cm) [%] [%] [%] [%] [mg HC/g TOC] [mg CO2/g TOC]

LF06-PC16-2/6-49 524 36854 0.04 0.48 0.52 0.06 22 213

LF06-PC16-2/6-50 534 36855 0.05 0.48 0.53 0.07 37 227

LF06-PC16-2/6-51 544 36856 0.05 0.49 0.54 0.08 37 218

LF06-PC16-2/6-52 554 36857 0.05 0.52 0.57 0.06 50 157

LF06-PC16-2/6-53 564 36858 0.04 0.49 0.52 0.06 24 178

LF06-PC16-2/6-54 573 36859 0.04 0.49 0.53 0.06 37 176

LF06-PC16-2/6-55 583 36860 0.04 0.45 0.49 0.05 26 203

LF06-PC16-2/6-56 603 36861 0.03 0.48 0.52 0.05 6 209

LF06-PC16-1/6-57 611 36862 0.03 0.46 0.49 0.05 19 181

LF06-PC16-1/6-58 619 36863 0.02 0.39 0.41 0.07 0 215

LF06-PC16-1/6-59 630 36864 0.04 0.50 0.53 0.03 22 181

LF06-PC16-1/6-60 640 36865 0.02 0.35 0.38 0.05 0 217

LF06-PC16-1/6-61 646 36866 0.03 0.44 0.47 0.05 27 145

LF06-PC16-1/6-62 671 36867 0.03 0.48 0.52 0.05 18 170

LF06-PC16-1/6-63 681 36868 0.02 0.41 0.43 0.06 0 185

LF06-PC16-1/6-64 691 36869 0.02 0.46 0.48 0.05 4 172

LF06-PC16-1/6-65 701 36870 0.02 0.41 0.42 0.03 0 154

LF06-PC16-1/6-66 711 36871 0.02 0.39 0.41 0.04 0 143

LF06-PC16-1/6-67 721 36872 0.02 0.39 0.41 0.03 0 141

LF06-PC16-1/6-68 736 36873 0.03 0.40 0.43 0.03 39 109

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0.400.600.801.001.201.4050100150200250300350400 020406080100120

LF06-PC16 (cm) 700650600550500450400350300250200150100500 HI (mg HC/g TOC)

OI (mg CO2/g TOC)TOC (%)

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LF06-PC12-5/5-TC3 20.5 0.11 0.68 0.79 0.09 73 275

LF06-PC12-5/5-TC4 31 0.09 0.62 0.71 0.09 38 329

LF06-PC12-5/5-TC5 41 0.04 0.51 0.56 0.07 8 267

LF06-PC12-5/5-TC6 50 0.05 0.53 0.58 0.06 28 231

LF06-PC12-5/5-TC7 60.5 0.10 0.67 0.77 0.09 89 209

LF06-PC12-5/5-TC8 71 0.05 0.55 0.61 0.07 29 241

LF06-PC12-5/5-TC9 81 0.05 0.53 0.59 0.07 31 237

LF06-PC12-5/5-TC10 91 0.03 0.47 0.50 0.06 11 222

LF06-PC12-5/5-TC11 101 0.04 0.49 0.52 0.06 19 211

LF06-PC12-5/5-TC12 110 0.02 0.41 0.43 0.05 0 196

LF06-PC12-5/5-TC13 124 0.03 0.40 0.43 0.06 0 258

LF06-PC12-4/5-TC14 134 0.02 0.39 0.41 0.04 0 195

LF06-PC12-4/5-TC15 144 0.02 0.26 0.28 0.04 0 300

LF06-PC12-4/5-TC16 154 0.02 0.29 0.31 0.03 0 223

LF06-PC12-4/5-TC17 164 0.02 0.32 0.34 0.03 0 221

LF06-PC12-4/5-TC18 184 0.01 0.36 0.38 0.02 0 138

LF06-PC12-4/5-TC19 195 0.02 0.32 0.34 0.03 0 192

LF06-PC12-4/5-TC20 205 0.02 0.31 0.33 0.03 3 203

LF06-PC12-4/5-TC21 215 0.02 0.33 0.35 0.02 0 184

LF06-PC12-4/5-TC22 236 0.02 0.31 0.33 0.02 0 202

LF06-PC12-4/5-TC23 246 0.02 0.35 0.38 0.03 0 204

LF06-PC12-4/5-TC24 256 0.02 0.29 0.31 0.03 0 216

LF06-PC12-4/5-TC25 266 0.02 0.34 0.36 0.03 0 160

LF06-PC12-3/5-TC26 267 0.01 0.33 0.35 0.02 0 142

LF06-PC12-3/5-TC27 277 0.01 0.34 0.36 0.02 0 144

LF06-PC12-3/5-TC28 287 0.01 0.30 0.32 0.02 0 156

LF06-PC12-3/5-TC29 297 0.01 0.34 0.36 0.02 0 154

LF06-PC12-3/5-TC30 307 0.01 0.33 0.34 0.02 0 157

LF06-PC12-3/5-TC31 316 0.01 0.30 0.31 0.03 0 154

LF06-PC12-3/5-TC32 326 0.01 0.29 0.30 0.02 0 142

LF06-PC12-3/5-TC33 336 0.01 0.28 0.29 0.02 0 156

LF06-PC12-3/5-TC34 346 0.01 0.29 0.31 0.02 0 146

LF06-PC12-3/5-TC35 355 0.01 0.27 0.28 0.01 0 107

LF06-PC12-3/5-TC36 366 0.01 0.29 0.30 0.02 0 113

LF06-PC12-3/5-TC37 376 0.01 0.29 0.30 0.02 0 121

LF06-PC12-3/5-TC38 386 0.01 0.30 0.31 0.02 0 115

LF06-PC12-3/5-TC39 396 0.01 0.30 0.31 0.01 0 112

LF06-PC12-3/5-TC40 406 0.01 0.26 0.26 0.02 0 88

LF06-PC12-2/5-TC41 532.5 0.01 0.29 0.29 0.01 0 87

LF06-PC12-2/5-TC42 522.5 0.01 0.32 0.33 0.02 0 71

LF06-PC12-2/5-TC43 512.5 0.01 0.28 0.28 0.02 0 89

LF06-PC12-2/5-TC44 502.5 0.01 0.32 0.33 0.03 0 85

LF06-PC12-2/5-TC45 493.5 0.00 0.30 0.31 0.02 0 52

LF06-PC12-2/5-TC46 482.5 0.01 0.30 0.30 0.01 0 69

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LF06-PC12-2/5-TC52 423.5 0.01 0.31 0.32 0.02 0 101

LF06-PC12-2/5-TC53 413.5 0.01 0.27 0.28 0.02 0 122

LF06-PC12-1/5-TC54 550.5 0.01 0.27 0.28 0.02 0 91

LF06-PC12-1/5-TC55 559.5 0.01 0.29 0.29 0.02 0 74

LF06-PC12-1/5-TC56 569.5 0.01 0.27 0.28 0.02 0 129

LF06-PC12-1/5-TC57 580.5 0.01 0.33 0.33 0.01 0 70

LF06-PC12-1/5-TC58 589.5 0.01 0.29 0.30 0.02 0 97

LF06-PC12-1/5-TC59 600.5 0.01 0.31 0.32 0.02 0 78

LF06-PC12-1/5-TC60 610.5 0.01 0.31 0.31 0.02 0 94

LF06-PC12-1/5-TC61 619.5 0.01 0.29 0.30 0.02 0 84

LF06-PC12-1/5-TC62 630.5 0.01 0.29 0.30 0.02 0 92

LF06-PC12-1/5-TC63 639.5 0.01 0.28 0.29 0.02 0 98

LF06-PC12-1/5-TC64 649.5 0.01 0.33 0.33 0.02 0 57

LF06-PC12-1/5-TC65 658.5 0.01 0.33 0.34 0.02 0 90

LF06-PC12-1/5-TC66 668.5 0.01 0.35 0.36 0.02 0 64

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(11)

650

600

550

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

10050

0

HI (mg HC/g TOC) 050100

LF06-PC12 (cm)TOC (%) 0.000.501.001.500100200300400 OI (mg CO2/g TOC)

(12)

Ti 8422 8649 9112 8513

Mn 1240 1323 1340 1085

Cs 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3

Rb 49 52 47 53

Sr 377 380 382 369

Ba 800 807 797 852

Y 41 41 38 41

Zr 355 361 338 365

Nb 16 17 14 16

Hf 10.0 9.5 10.3 9.5

Ta 1.8 1.5

Pb 12.6 13.2

Th 6.5 6.3 6.8 6.4

U 1.2 1.2

La 39.9 40.3 41.3 37.5

Ce 85.2 81.2 85.9 78.3

Pr 9.7 9.7

Nd 42.3 42.7 43.1 40.9

Sm 8.62 8.66 8.58

Eu 2.41 2.41 2.43 2.23

Gd 10.6 10.8

Tb 1.29 1.26 1.25 1.17

Dy 7.53 7.95

Ho 1.48 1.43

Er 4.50 4.74

Tm 0.58 0.56

Yb 4.28 4.39 4.71 4.19

Lu 0.61 0.65 0.70 0.61

*Data from Naranjo and Stern (1998). Data obtained by ICP-MS measurements in

University of Colorado at Boulder.

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54° 30’

395000

600000 580000

560000 540000

520000 10 UTM

FA06-16

FA06-12 FA06-18

Not sur veyed

0 5 15

Km

±

67° 30’

54° 30’

395000

600000

± ^{5 km}

54° 30’

68° 30’

395000

560000 540000

± 5 km

68° 00’

54° 30’

395000

580000 560000

5 km

±

A

B

C

A B

C

A6

A14

A15 A12

A5

A7 A8

A9

A10 A11

A13

East basin

Central basin

West basin

A16 A17

A18 A19 A20

A21

A22 A23

A24 A25 A27

A28 A30

A26

Foldout A28b

A29

(14)

(17)

Figure 1

TWTT (sec)

SW

0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500

Airgun42Airgun17

Top Baseme nt

Top Glacial 500 m

50 m

(18)

TWTT (sec)

SENW

0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500

Top Glacial Top Baseme nt 500 m

50 m

(19)

0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450

Airgun42Airgun17

Figure 1

TWTT (sec)

SENW

Top Glacial Top Baseme nt 500 m

50 m

(20)

0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450

Airgun42Airgun17

TWTT (sec)

SWNE

Top Glacial Top Baseme nt 500 m

50 m

(21)

0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500

Airgun16Airgun15Airgun14Airgun13Airgun12

Figure 1

Figure 1

Airgun41

TWTT (sec)

S

Top Glacial Top Basemen t 500 m

50 m

(28)

0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250

TWTT (sec)

SWNE

Top Glacial Top Basemen t 500 m

50 m

(29)

0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250

Figure 1

50 m

(38)

0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300

Airgun28

TWTT (sec)

SWNE

Top Glacial Top Basemen t 500 m

50 m

(39)

0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250

Airgun28

Figure 1

TWTT (sec)

S

Top Glacial

Top Basemen t 500 m

50 m

(40)

0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200

Airgun28

TWTT (sec)

SW

Top Glacial Top Basemen t 500 m

50 m

(41)

54° 30’

395000

600000 580000

560000 540000

520000 10 UTM

FA06-16

FA06-12 FA06-18

Not surveyed

0 5 15

Km

±

67° 30’

54° 30’

395000

600000

± ^{5 km}

54° 30’

68° 30’

395000

560000 540000

± 5 km

68° 00’

54° 30’

395000

580000 560000

5 km

±

A

B

C

A B

C

A33

A38

A32 ^A34 _A35

A36 A37

A39

East basin

Central basin

West basin

A48 A47

A40 A41 A42

A43

A44 A46

A49 A50

A54

A52 A51

A53 A45

A55 A56

A58-A66

A57 A59

A60 A61-62

A64

A63

A65

(42)

0.270

0.260 0.265

SWNE

0.275 0.255

Pinger1Pinger17

TWTT (sec)

500 m

EB EC

(43)

LF05-GC2LF06-PC16

0.250 0.260 0.270 0.280

Pinger11Pinger17Pinger11

Figure 1

TWTT (sec)

SN

500 m

EA

EB

EC

(44)

0.250 0.260 0.270 0.280

Pinger17Pinger5Pinger1 SN

EA EB EC 500 m

(45)

0.260 0.270 0.280 0.290

Pinger17Pinger1

Figure 1

TWTT (sec)

SWNE

EA EB EC 500 m

(46)

TWTT (sec)

SN

500 m

LF06-PC14

0.250 0.260 0.270 0.280 0.290

Pinger17Pinger1

EA EB EC

(47)

0.240 0.250 0.260 0.270 0.280

Pinger17Pinger1

Figure 1

TWTT (sec)

SENW

EA EB EC 500 m

(48)

0.250 0.260 0.270 0.280 0.290

Pinger11Pinger12Pinger15Pinger16Pinger13Pinger14

TWTT (sec)

W

EA EB EC 1000 m

LF06-PC14LF06-PC18

(49)

0.2000.2100.2200.2300.240

Pinger42 Pinger43

Pinger1

Figure 1

TWTT (sec)

S N

EB EC

500 m

7.5 m

(50)

0.130 0.140 0.150 0.160 0.170 0.180 0.190

Pinger41

TWTT (sec)

WBa WBb

WBc WBd WC

500 m

WBaWBb

WBc

WBd

WC

(54)

0.150 0.160 0.170 0.180 0.190 0.200

Pinger27Pinger19

TWTT (sec)

SE

500 m

WAa

WAb

WBaWBb

WBc

WBd

WC

(55)

0.130 0.140 0.150 0.160 0.170 0.180

Pinger27Pinger19

Figure 1

TWTT (sec)

S

500 m

(56)

0.140 0.150 0.160 0.170 0.180 0.190 0.200

Pinger21Pinger22Pinger24Pinger25 W

1000 m

WAa

WAb

WBaWBbWBc

WBd

WC

TWTT (sec)

(57)

0.140 0.150 0.160 0.170 0.180 0.190 0.200

Figure 1

TWTT (sec)

SN

1000 m

WBb WBc

WBd WC

7.5 m

(58)

LF05-GC3

0.140 0.150 0.160 0.170 0.181 0.190 0.200 0.210

Pinger21Pinger22Pinger24Pinger23Pinger25

TWTT (sec)

W

1000 m

LF06-PC12 WAa

WAb

WBaWBbWBc

WBd

WC

(59)

0.150 0.160 0.170 0.180 0.190 0.200

Figure 1

TWTT (sec)

W

1000 m

WBc WBd

WC

(60)

0.150 0.160 0.170 0.180 0.190 0.200

Pinger28

TWTT (sec)

SW

500 m

WBc WBd

WC

(61)

TWTT (sec) 0.190 0.200 0.210 0.220 0.230

Pinger28

Figure 1

NW

500 m

WBd WC

(62)

0.160 0.170 0.180 0.190 0.200

Pinger38Pinger37

TWTT (sec)

W

500 m

WBd4

WBb6WBd9

WBd WC

WC11 WC5

(63)

0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140

Figure 1

TWTT (sec)

S

100 m

(64)

0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140 0.150 0.160 0.170

Pinger28

TWTT (sec)

SWNE

500 m

7.5 m

(65)

0.170 0.180 0.190 0.200 0.210 0.220

Figure 1

TWTT (sec)

W

500 m

7.5 m

WBd4

WBd5WBb8

WBd9WBb11WBd9

WBd WC

WC11 WC9

(66)

140 150 130 120 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

160 150 140 130 120 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Base

Base

Location: 54

0

33’ 47‘’S / 67

0

31’ 1’’W Locatio n: 54

0

33’ 14‘’S / 67

0

24’ 9’’W

170 Base

(68)

160 150 140 130 120 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Base

29’ 31’

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Base 160

150 Base

(71)

1.6 1.4

1.2

2/2

1/2

Density (g/cm

³

) Core picture

and sections Depth

(cm) Lithology

Clay Silt Sand Gravel

200 150 100 50 0

Figure 1

(72)

100 50

0 2

1.5

1 2.5

150 100 50 0

Density (g/cm³)

Mag susceptibility (10^-5 SI)

1/1

Core picture and section Depth

(cm) Lithology

ClaySilt Sand Gravel

(73)

Figure 1

750

700

650

600

550

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

10050

0 800

21.51

Density (g/cm3) 400300200100

Mag susceptibility (10-5 SI) 7/7 6/7 4/7 3/7 2/7 1/7

Core picture and sectionDepth (cm)Seismic record TWTT (ms)Lithology 0.1020.1010.1000.0990.0980.0960.0950.094 0.103 0.104

ay Cl Silt Sand av Gr el

(74)

1.61.4151050 3/3 2/3 1/3 450400350300250200150100500

Density (g/cm3)Mag susceptibility (10-5 SI)Core picture and sectionsDepth (cm)Seismic record TWTT (ms)Lithology

ay Cl Silt Sand av Gr el

0.205

0.204

0.203

0.202

0.201

0.200

0.199 0.206 0.207