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مدى توفر معايير جودة التعليم العالي من وجهة نظر - أعضاء الهيئة التدريسية : دراسة ميدانية بكلية الاداب و اللغات جامعة معسكر

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lseddar@yahoo.fr 333 AL NACIRIYA

Vol.09 N°: Spécial décembre 2018

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The availability of quality standards of higher education from the viewpoint of faculty members: case study Faculty

of Arts and Languages University of Mascara Abstract

The current study aims to identify the availability of higher education quality standards from the point of view of faculty members at the University of Mascara Faculty of arts and languages moreover 120 professor were deliberately selected as sample (65 males, 95 females) at the Faculty during the academic year 2017/2018. Beside the researcher used the descriptive approach and created a questionnaire with Signs of sincerity and stability In order to achieve the objectives of the study. The following results were found

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334 AL NACIRIYA

Vol.09 N°: Spécial décembre 2018 The quality of higher education is available according to the study dimensions and from the point of view of the faculty members with a medium degree of 65%.

There are no statistically significant differences concerning the sample responses Towards the availability and quality of higher education standers From the point of view of faculty members due to the, age and grad variable

Keyword: Faculty Member; Quality Standard, Higher

Education@ —‚ܽa @Z @ @ Ò†èm @ òa‰†Ûa @ òîÛb§a @ µg @ ÒŠÈnÛa @ óÜÇ @ ô†ß @ ŠÏìm @ íbÈß  @ ñ…ìu @ áîÜÈnÛa @ ïÛbÈÛa @ åß @ òèuë @ ŠÄã @ õbšÇc @ ò÷îa @ òîŽí‰†nÛa @ òîÜØi @ la…Ła @ pbÌÜÛaë @ òÈßb  @ LŠØŽÈß @ ë @ ‰bîna @ òäîÇ @ éí†–Ó @ æìØnm @ åß I 120 @H a‡bnc @ ñ‡bncë @I 65 @ L‰ìׇ @ 95 @ tbãg @ H òîÜØi @ la…Ła @ pbÌÜÛaë @ òÈßb  @ ŠØŽÈß @ Þý @ áì½a @ ïÈßb¦a @ 2017 O 2018 L @ Éjmaë @ sybjÛa @ wèä½a @ LïЕìÛa @ bîȍë @ ÕîÔznÛ @ Òa†çc @ òa‰†Ûa @ ↂna @ æbîjna @  @ êõbäi @ åß @ ÒŠ @ LsybjÛa @ ë @ ÕÔznÛa @ åß @ püü… @ éÓ†• @ Lémbjqë @ oÜ•ìmë @ òa‰†Ûa @ µg @ wöbnäÛa @ òîÛbnÛa @Z @ @ ŠÏìnm @ ŠíbÈß @ ñ…ìu @ áîÜÈnÛa @ ïÛbÈÛa @ kŽy @ …bÈic @ òa‰†Ûa @ åß @ òèuë @ ŠÄã @ õbšÇc @ ò÷îa @ òîŽí‰†nÛa @ òu‰†i @ òݍìnß @ oÌÜi @ 65 N @ @ ü @ †uìm @ ÖëŠÏ @ òÛa… @ bîöb–yg @ ¿ @ pbibvna @ òäîÇ @ òa‰†Ûa @ ì− @ ô†ß @ ŠÏìm @ ŠíbÈß @ ñ…ìu @ áîÜÈnÛa @ ïÛbÈÛa @ åß @ òèuë @ ŠÄã @ õbšÇc @ ò÷îa @ òîŽí‰†nÛa @ ôŒÈm @ LÌn½ @ ŠàÈÛa @ òjmŠÛaë @ òîàÜÈÛa @N @ @

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335 AL NACIRIYA

Vol.09 N°: Spécial décembre 2018

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1 ( í‰†nÛa@ò÷îç@ìšÇ @Z òÈßb¦a@¿@‡bnc@òЖi@ÑÃì½a@…ŠÐÛa@ìç @L @énu‰… @áØn¤@òîàÜÈÛa µg @ ñ…bè’Ûa @ òîàÜÈÛa @ @bèîÜÇ@Ý–zn½a I nŽubß @L êa‰ìn×… H @L @bßc énu‰…@bç…†znÏ@òîàÜÈÛa@énjm‰ @ òî߆Ócë @ éÐîÃìm N 2 ( Èß íb ñ…ì¦a@Š @Z @pbЕaì½a@åß@òÇìà©@ïç ûm@Ûa @ @òàÄãc@pbjÜİn½ ñ…ì¦a @L @êˆç@æë†jÏ@ñ…ì¦a@ñ‰a…g@òîvèäß@Õîjİm@ÝyaŠß@òía†i@¿@É™ìmë @bèöa…c@óÜÇ@áاa@åß@òÈßb¦a@åØànm@ü@pbЕaì½a ë bç‹b¬a N 3 ( Ûa @áîÜÈn ïÛbÈÛa @Z @Ûa@áîÜÈnÛa@òÜyŠß @ïÜm @áîÜÈnÛa ðìãbrÛa @L @kÛbİÛa@óÔÜní szjÛa@ wçbä¶@ ò•b@ Ò‰bÈß @ ïàÜÈÛa @ L @ ÷뉆Ûaë ò––‚n½a @ L @—n± Ýîçdni @ @òjÜİÛa 4 ( ñ…ì¦a @Z @ÁjmŠíë@‹b¬üa@òàîÓë@Òa†çþa@ÕîÔ¤@ôìnŽß@óÜÇ@áاa@Èm @¿@—öb–¨aë@|ßý½a@œÈji@áŽnm@Ûa@pbuŠ‚½a@ëc@òİ’ãþbi@áاa@aˆç Èß íb ñ…†ª@Òa†çcë@Š N 6 @M ‰b⁄a @ òa‰†ÜÛ@ðŠÄäÛa Z @ @ ïÛbÈÛa@áîÜÈnÛa@ñ…ìu@âìèÐß @ @

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@òßbÈÛa@bèÏa†çc@ÕîÔ¤@¿@ïÛbÈÛa@áîÜÈnÛa@pbŽûß@òîÛbÈÏë@òîàÜÈnÛa@òîÜàÈÛa @ŠØ‘@òîÛbÈÏë@ñõbÐØi I 2014 H@ N @ @ ÑíŠÈm @ ñ…ìu @ áîÜÈnÛa @ ïÛbÈÛa Z @ ñ…ì¦a @ âìèÐß @ ɍaë @ †ÔnÐí @ ÖbÐmüa @ âbÈÛa @ Þìy @ LéÐíŠÈm @ éãþ @ ÑÜn± @ Úa‰…g @ bß @ éîäÈí @ åß @ Öbî @ µg @ LÖbî @ åßë @ —‚‘ @ µg @ LŠe @ ýÏ @ †uìí @ ÑíŠÈm @ L†yaë @ sîy @ ↂnŽŽí @ |Üİ–½a @ pbßa†‚na @ òÇìänß @ åß @ Þý @ pbßbànçüa @ òÐÜn‚½a @ kÛbݽaë @ LòÇìän½a @ ÚbäèÏ @ åß @ ÒŠÈí @ ñ…ìu @ áîÜÈnÛa @ ïÛbÈÛa @ bèãdi @ LŒîànÛa @ Úbäçë @ åß @ bçaŠí @ óäȶ @ òí‰aŠàna @ æbÔm⁄a @ ¿ @ pbuŠ« @ LáîÜÈnÛa @ Šeë @ bèÏŠÈí @ òßõý½a @ Ò†èÜÛ @ ðc @ òßõýß @ pbuŠ« @ áîÜÈnÛa @ Ò†èÜÛ @ ðˆÛa @ ém…†y @ òŽû½a @ LòîàÜÈnÛa @ Šeë @ ôŠí @ ¿ @ ñ…ìu @ áîÜÈnÛa @ ÕîÔ¤ @ pbjˉ @ åí†îÐnŽ½a @ åß @ pbuŠ« @ áîÜÈnÛa @ N bà× @ Èm @ ñ…ìu @ áîÜÈnÛa @ ïÛbÈÛa @ b™‰ @ ÒaŠc @ òîÜàÈÛa @ òîàîÜÈnÛa @ Òa†çþaë @ òÇì™ì½a @ òÜßb× @ ¿ @ õì™ @ òÇìà© @ åß @ ½a paŠ‘û @ íbȽaë @ Ûa @ É™ìm @ b @ ïÈÏb’Ûa @I 2006 NH @ @ ïÛbÈÛa@@áîÜÈnÛa@ñ…ìu@òîàçc Z@ @Ýöbë@ô†yg@ïÛbÈÛa@áîÜÈnÛa@¿@ñ…ì¦a@†Èm @åع@ðˆÛa@ò½ìÈÛa@Š–Ç@¿@êaìnŽ¶@āìèäÛaë@áîÜÈnÛa@òîÇìã@Šíìİmë@´Ž¤ @pbŽû½a@ éîÛg@ óȎm@ ŸbàÜy@ ñ…ì¦a@ †Èm@ áÜÏ@ Lñ…ì¦a@ Š–Ç@ éãdi@ éЕë @ñ‰ëŠ™@ ozj•c@ Ýi@ Lé׊m@ëc@ ꈁc@ ¿@ Õ§a@ b@ŸbíŠØÏ@ ŸbÏŠm@ëc@ òîàîÜÈnÛa ÌnÛa@bèîÜ·@òzÜß @Éîº@¿@ïÛbÈÛa@áîÜÈnÛa@ÊbİÓ@bç†è’í@Ûa@òljbŽn½a@pa ñŠ•bȽa@ñbî§a@pbjÜİnßë@bÈÛa@õb−c @N @ŠèÄm@ïÛbÈÛa@áîÜÈnÛa@ñ…ìu@òîàçc@æg @åع@bß@Þý@åß c @æ éÔÔ¤ @ ñ…ì¦a@æbà™@íbȽ@éÔîjİm@†äÇ@†öaìÏ@åß N @ @

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ñ…ìu@ŠíbÈß áîÜÈnÛa ïÛbÈÛa @ Z æbàšÛ ñ…ì¦a@ÕîÔ¤ ¿ pbŽûß áîÜÈnÛa ïÛbÈÛa ü †i åß Œî×Ûa óÜÇ òÇìà© @åß ŠíbȽa bç…†Èm@áˉë bèÇìämë üg æc àçc bè Ýrànm @ñ…ìÇ@ìic@kŽy I 2004 @Z 101 @H ïÜí@bàîÏ @Z @ @ ñ…ìu ìšÇ ò÷îç í‰†nÛa : @ îÛ Úbäç Òý Þìy ‰ë†Ûa âba ðˆÛa âìÔí éi ìšÇ ò÷îç í‰†nÛa ¿ ‹b¬g ÕîÔ¤ë@LòîàîÜÈnÛa@òîÜàÈÛa Òa†çc òŽû½a Ûa ÝàÈí Lbèi †–Ôíë ñ…ì  ìšÇ ò÷îç í‰†nÛa éÜîçdm Šßþa@LïàÜÈÛa áèŽí@ ðˆÛa bÔy ¿ õaŠqg òîÜàÈÛa ÕÏë òЎÜÐÛa òîàÜÈÛa òíìiÛaë Ûa bèŠí LÉàna ìšÇ@Ýn°ë ò÷îç @ í‰†nÛa Œ×Š½a Þëþa åß sîy énîàçc ¿ €b¬ òîÜàÈÛa LòîàîÜÈnÛa bàèàÏ oÌÜi òîàîÜÈnÛa@wßaÛa åß @ ‰ìİm bàèßë oÌÜi åß Lñ…ìu bèãhÏ ü ÕÔ¤ ñ†öbÐÛa ñìuŠ½a bèäß a‡g  bçˆÐäí @ñˆmbc õbÐ×c æìi‰†ß LbîÏb×@bj퉆m æìÜçûßë ýîçdm Lbjbäß ÕîÔznÛë ÙÛ‡ †iü åß ŠÏìm …†Ç åß pbàŽÛa ìšÇ@ô†Û ò÷îç bèäß@í‰†nÛa : @ @ − pbàŽÛa [òî–‚’Ûa ædi æìØí éí†Û òãëŠß ¿ ØÐnÛa òÔqë ¿ ÐäÛa ñ‰†ÔÛaë óÜÇ áèÐm @ å튁Ła æcë@LáèÜjÔmë ÙÜn¹ pa‰bèß Þb–müa ÞbÈÐÛa ñ‰†ÔÛaë óÜÇ €Š’Ûa |î™ìnÛaë . − ñõbÐØÛa [òîäè½a ædi æìØí Éß òjÜİÛa ÉÏa†í áèäÇ á版°ë åß ñŠb‚½a â†Ôíë á ñ†ÇbŽ½a @ ¿ áèßbèß@‹b¬a Év’íë óÜÇ æëbÈnÛa ïÇbànuüa Ú‰†íë ŠÇb’ß å튁Ła . − pa¨a [òîÐÓì½a ání ÙÛ‡ åÇ ÕíŠ ñ ‡bnþa òÔàČȽa ¿ Þb© é––¥ éma‰†Óë óÜÇ @ pa‰bè½a@ Þb…g òîÜÈÐÛa ¿ òîÜàÈÛa ém‰†Óë óÜÇ âa†‚na Êbànüa@pa‰bèß òjÜİÜÛ bèÐîÃìmë @ ÝØ’i †îu .

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− ñõbÐØÛa [òîàÜÈÛa ïçë âb½g ‡bnþa pbßìÜȽbi Ûa@pa¨aë bèubn° òjÜİÛa â†Ôíë á ÙÜm @ ÝØ’Ûbi@pbßìÜȽa áî܎Ûa |îz–Ûaë . − ñõbÐØÛa [òíìiÛa ïçë òÏŠÈß ‡bnþa ÖŠİÛbi wçbä½aë òîŽí‰†nÛa òíìiÛaë ¿ ÝßbÈnÛa Éß @ kÛbİÛa . ñ…ìu kÛbİÛa : @ kÛbİÛa ìç Švy òíëaŒÛa ¿ òîÜàÈÛa òîàîÜÈnÛa bç‰ìªë òíbÌÛaë Ûa bèjÜİnm LáîÜÈnÛaë@ áÜÈnÛa@ òîÜàÇ @ †iüë åß ˆþa …†Èi åß ù…bj½a kuaìÛa bçŠÏaìm éîÏ ïØÛ |j–í a‰…bÓ óÜÇ ÝÇbÐnÛa Š•bäÇ@òîÔi@Éß @ òîÜàÈÛa òîàîÜÈnÛa ÕîÔznÛ Òa†çþa ñ…ì’ä½a åß âbÄã áîÜÈnÛa ïÛbÈÛa êˆçë ù…bj½a ïç Z − Œî×Ûa êbjnãüaë õbÌ•⁄aë åß Ýuc ÝjÔm lbÈînaë ‰bØÏc ‡bnþa . − ÝÇbÐnÛa ïЖÛa ÙÛ‡ë åß Þý ÝjÔm pbßìÜȽa Ûa €Šİm õbäqc ÷‰†Ûa . − áîîÔnÛa ïmaˆÛa áníë ÙÛ‡ åß Þý òÈuaŠ½a òîmaˆÛa pbßìÜÈàÜÛ pbî×ì܎Ûaë òí…ŠÐÛa kÛbİÜÛ . @ @ Úbäçë …†Ç åß paŠ‘û½a k¯ bçŠÏaìm ¿ ñ…ìu LkÛbİÛa Ýrß òjbäß …†Ç òjÜİÛa õbšÇþ í‰†nÛa@ ò÷îç ¿ xìÐÛa †yaìÛa ŠÏaìmë pb߆¨a Ûa â†Ôm Lá òÏb™⁄bi µg ŒíŒÈm òîÈÏa… áç…a†Ènaë@ òjÜİÛa áÜÈnÜÛ ŒíŒÈmë áènÜ• òjnؽbi . @ @ ñ…ìu wßaÛa òîàîÜÈnÛa ÖŠë í‰†nÛa : @ †–Ôí ñ…ì  wßaÛa òîàîÜÈnÛa bì bèÔàÇë bèibÈînaë@bènãëŠßë ÑÜn‚½ pbí†znÛa òî½bÈÛa @ ñ‰ìrÛaë LòîϊȽa ô†ßë bç‰ìİm b¶ kbäní Éß bèßbègë@ LòßbÈÛa@ paÌn½a ¿

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åíìØm òî–‚’Ûa @ LòÜßbØn½a Šßþa ðˆÛa åß éãd‘ æc Ýȯ ÖŠ bèŽí‰†m ñ†îÈi bßb· ´ÔÜnÛa@åÇ ñrßë ‰bØÏþ ÞìÔÇë @ lýİÛa åß Þý pb‰bà½a òîÔîjİnÛa ÙÜnÛ wßaÛa ÖŠë bèŽí‰†m @ ïöbİÛa @I 2004 NH @ @ ñ…ìu ïãbj½a bèmaŒîè£ë : @ óäj½a ïàîÜÈnÛa émaŒîè£ë ‰ìª âbç åß ‰ëbª òîÜàÈÛa LòîàîÜÈnÛa nÈm@‡g ñ…ìu ïãbj½a @ bèmaŒîè£ë ña…c òÛbÈÏ ÕîÔznÛ ñ…ì¦a ¿ áîÜÈnÛa b½ b åß qdm ÞbÈÏ óÜÇ òîàîÜÈnÛa@òîÜàÈÛa @ Lbèm…ìuë pbÇbÔÏ Lí‰†nÛa LòíìènÛa Lñõb™⁄a L†ÇbÔ½a bçËë åß pýàn’½a Šqûm @óÜÇ ñ…ìu @ áîÜÈnÛa LémbuŠ«ë bàÜ×ë oäŽy oÜàn×aë pbÇbÓ áîÜÈnÛa bàÜ× Šqc ÙÛ‡ bib¯g óÜÇ pa‰†Ó ò÷îç@õbšÇc @ í‰†nÛa òjÜİÛaë . @ @ ñ…ìu ÝöbìÛa kîÛbþaë òİ’ãþaë : @ Ýrànmë ¿ âa†‚na pbîäÔnÛa ñŒèuþaë òr톧a Ûa ñ…bÐnüa@åع bèäß ¿ Œ×aŠß áîÜÈnÛa @ @pan‚½aë Šíìİmë pbjnؽa LòîÈßb¦a Ò†èíë âa†‚na òr톧a@bîuìÛìäØnÛa µg ÝîèŽm Þì–§a óÜÇ @ pbßìÜȽa b…bjmë bèÜÈuë òybnß å½ bèjÜİí ñõbÐØi Lòäؾ ñ‰a…⁄a@ †îÐnŽmë òîàîÜÈnÛa åß bîuìÛìäØm @ pbßìÜȽa åÇ ÕíŠ †í†¤ pbubvnyüa åß pbßìÜȽa ÝØÛ Âb’ã òİ’ãþa@ åß õaì oãb× ÙÜm @ òİ’ãþa åß Ýa… òŽû½a ëc Lbèu‰b †í†¤ ÝöbìÛa Ûa ání bèi @Éî࣠pbßìÜȽa LòiìÜݽa @ òÏb™⁄bi µg òîÐî× ÝßbÈnÛa Éß pbßìÜȽa ¿ Þì–§a óÜÇ paŠ‘û½a ‡b¥ü@òí‰ëŠšÛa pa‰aŠÔÛa @ ÙÛˆ×ë áîÄäm pbîÜàÇ ÅÐy s톤ë Êbuaë pbßìÜȽa ÝØ’i ÕÔ° Òa†çþa bçìuŠm@Ûa ñ‰a…⁄a @ òÔíŠİÛbië ÝšÏþa @ Çbݽa @I 2005 HN @ @

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ñ…ìu ñ‰a…⁄a òîÈßb¦a pbÈ튒nÛaë |öaìÜÛaë : @ †–Ôíë ÙÛˆi ñ…ìu òîÜàÈÛa òí‰a…⁄a Ûa b草b¹ Ý× ëc@Ší†ß †öbÓ ¿ âbÄäÛa LïÈßb¦a ÑÛdnmë @ ھ ê‡ òîÜàÈÛa åß Š•bäÇ òîbc ïç Z Áîİ‚nÛa áîÄänÛaë òibÓŠÛaë@ ñ…bîÔÛaë áíìÔmë Lõa…þa bàÜ×ë p…a…‹a @ ñ…ìu òîÜàÈÛa òí‰a…⁄a åŽy âa†‚na …‰aì½a òybn½a òí…b½aë@ò튒jÛa N nÈmë pbÈ튒nÛa òîÈßb¦a òîàçc@pa‡ òÌÛbi ¿ Áj™  òîÜàÈÛa òîàîÜÈnÛa ¿ áîÜÈnÛa@pbŽûß LïÛbÈÛa sîy æc êˆç pbÈ튒nÛa ô†yg@†Èm ‰…b–ß ‹b¬g ñ‰a…g ñ…ì¦a LòÜßb’Ûa ÙÛˆÛ †iü @æc k×aìm êˆç pbÈ튒nÛa paÌn½a òîÇbànuüaë@òí…b–nÓüa òîuìÛìäØnÛaë òbîŽÛaë òîÏbÔrÛaë ¿ Lòİîa@ò÷îjÛa ´Èníë æc æìØm êˆç |öaìÜÛa @òz™aë ñ…†ªë òãŠßë N@ I æaìÜÇ N@ I 2004 H N ñ…ìu ÝíìànÛa ÖbÐã⁄aë ïàÜÈÛa : @ Ýr¹ Ýíì· áîÜÈnÛa ý†ß ÍÛbi òîàçþa åß pý†ß ðc âbÄã a‡gë@ LïàîÜÈm pŠÏaìm aˆ âbÄäÛa @ …‰aì½a òîÛb½a LòîÏbØÛa oÜÓ LémýØ’ß ‰b•ë åß ÝèŽÛa LbèÜy †Èíë i†m @‰ìßþa òß‹ýÛa õbÏìÜÛ @ Ýíìàni áîÜÈnÛa éÛ@aŠßc êŠqc jØÛa ¿ ˆîÐäm wßaÛa òîàîÜÈnÛa Áİ‚½a Lb ÙÛˆ×ë æhÏ âa†‚na@õì @ Þaìßþa ð…ûî µg îÌm Á݁ wßaŠië LáîÜÈnÛa Šßþa ðˆÛa Šqûí bàny óÜÇ ñ…ìu áîÜÈnÛa Ûaë xbn¤ @ bjÛbË µg Ýíì· áöa… N aŠÄãë òîàçþ òîÜàÇ Ýíì· LáîÜÈnÛa oÇ… pbçb£üa òr톧a òànè½a @ pbí…b–nÓbi áîÜÈnÛa µg âbànçüa êˆèi òîÜàÈÛa åß Ýuc ÕîÔ¤ òîàänÛa òîjÜmë kÜİÛa †íaŒn½a óÜÇ áîÜÈnÛa @ åÇ ÕíŠ Ïìm ádžÛa @ïÛb½a òãëýÇ @I 2004 NH

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ñ…ìu õa…þa@áîîÔm ïÈßb¦a : @ ü óäË åÇ áîîÔm õa…þa LïÈßb¦a bàèß oÌÜi ñ뉇 aˆç õa…þa åß Áîİ‚nÛa@åŽy LáîÄänÛaë åŽyë @ ñ…bîÓ ´ÜßbÈÛa óÜÇ Òýna áèjmaŠß áèmb––¥ë sîy æc áîîÔnÛa ŠíìİnÛa@åàší ñ…ì¦aë pbuŠ‚½ @ õa…þa ïÈßb¦a Lémý†ßë kÜİníë ÙÛ‡ íbÈß áîîÔnÛ Ý× åß òîŽîöŠÛa@Š•bäÈÛa òîÛbnÛa : kÛbİÛa – @ wßbãÛa ïàîÜÈnÛa – ÖŠ áîÜÈnÛa – lbnØÛa ïÈßb¦a – pbÇbÔÛa òîàîÜÈnÛa – @ ìšÇ ò÷îç í‰†nÛa – @ ÝíìànÛa ïÈßb¦a – ñ‰a…⁄a òîÈßb¦a – òÈibnß ´¯Š¨a – ñ…ìu k퉆nÛa @ ïãìíŠÔÛa @ I 2004 @NH ñ…ìu ò÷îjÛa òİîa : @ ánèm pbŽûß áîÜÈnÛa ïÛbÈÛa áîÜÈni bà×@…aŠÏþa ánèm áç…a†Çhi ñbîzÜÛ €bväi ¿ Éàna ðˆÛa @ æì’îÈí LéîÏ áníë …a†Ç⁄a åß Þý õbİÇg ‰†Ó ïbc åß Ò‰bȽa pbçb£üaë@pa‰bè½aë Ûaë @ éÜÈ£ |îz• LᎦa áî܍ LÐäÛa a‰…bÓ óÜÇ âbè⁄a ¿ Ïìm òßýŽÛa å튁łÛ . @ @ 7 @M ⁄a òa‰†ÜÛ@òîvèä½a@paõaŠu @Z òa‰†Ûa@wèäß @Z @Ò†èm@òîÛb§a@òa‰†Ûa@oãb×@b½ µg @ @ŠÏìm@ô†ß@óÜÇ@ÒŠÈnÛa bÈß íŠ @ êˆ@kbäß@ïЕìÛa@wèä½a@æbÏ@ïÛbÈÛa@áîÜÈnÛa@ñ…ìu @ @òa‰†Û@a þ @éã áöýí @ @òÈîj cë szjÛa@Òa†ç N 8 @M òa‰†Ûa@òäîÇ @Z @Éîº@åß@òa‰†Ûa@òäîÇ@oãìØm c @òîÜØi@í‰†nÛa@ò÷îç@õbšÇ Ła @la… @ óÐİ–ß@ òÈßb @ pbÌÜÛaë g ÝØ’nm@ Ûaë@ ŠØŽÈß@ ïÛìjäݍ @ åß @a þ @âbŽÓ òîÛbnÛa @Z

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ë@òÌÜÛa@áŽÓ þa @ïiŠÈÛa@l… I 35 @H ‡bnc @ cë ñ‡bn N @ @ ë@òÌÜÛa@áŽÓ þa ïŽãŠÐÛa@l… @I 30 H c @‡bn cë ñ‡bn N ë@òÌÜÛa@áŽÓ þa ðŒîܬüa@l… I 33 H c @‡bn cë ñ‡bn N c @âbÈÛa@Êìàa@bß ‰†Ôí @ ¬i 116 @c @‡bn cë Éí‹ìni@sybjÛa@âbÓ@ñ‡bn @ òa‰†Ûa@æbîjna @ @Éîº@óÜÇ c ò톖ÔÛa@òäîÈÛa@…aŠÏ @L @áq †Èjna @I 6 H@ aŠÄã @ â†ÈÛ @ ìç@ïöbèäÛa@òäîÈÛa@ávy@|j–îÛ@bènîyý• I 110 H í‰†m@ò÷îç@ìšÇ N @ @ @ @ @áÓ‰@Þë†u I 01 @H @Lä¦a@Ìn½@ÝÔãë@òa‰†Ûa@òäîÇ@…aŠÏc@Éí‹ìm@´jí ñ…ì¦a@LòîàÜÈÛa@òjmŠÛa @Z @ @ Ìn½a @ @ pa‰bî¨a @ @ pa‰aŠØnÛa @ @ @òíì÷½a@òjŽäÛa % @ @ ä¦a @ @ Š×‡ @ @ 62 @ @ 56.36 @ @ órãa @ @ 48 @ @ 43.63 @ @ Êìà© @ @ 110 @ @ 100 % @ @ òîàÜÈÛa@òjmŠÛa @ @ †ÇbŽß@‡bna @ @ 62 @ @ 56.36 @ @ @Š™bª@‡bna @ @ 43 @ @ 39.09 @ @ ‡bna @ @ 05 @ @ 4.54 @ @ Êìàa @ @ 110 @ @ 100 % @ @ ñ¨a @ @ @åß@ÝÓa 8 @ paìä @ @ 41 @ @ 37.3 @ @ @åß 8 @ @µg 15 @ òä @ @ 33 @ @ 30 @ @

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@kŽäÜÛ@ pbíìnŽß@ òŽ¼@ µg@ òibvnüa@ á܍@ áîŽÔm@ …bànÇa@ †Óë @kîmÜÛ@ÕÏë@ïÛbÈÛa@áîÜÈnÛa@ñ…ìu@ŠíbÈß@ÕîÔ¤@óÜÇ@pbibvnýÛ@òíì÷½a ïmŁa @Z • ÝÓa @ åß 50 % a†u@ÑîÈ™@ÕîÔ¤@òu‰… N • åß 50 % µg 59.9% òÐîÈ™@òu‰… N • åß 60 % µg 69.9 % òݍìnß@òu‰… N • åß 70 % µg 79.9 % ñj×@òu‰… • 80 % @ a†u@ñj×@òu‰…@Šr×dÏ N ïãbrÛa@áŽÔÛa @Z @óÜÇ@òÇ‹ìß@ïçë@æbîjnüa@paŠÔÏ@óÜÇ@áŽÔÛa@aˆç@Ýàn‘a òîÛbnÛa@…bÈiþa @Z • ŠànŽ½a@´ŽznÛa@†Èi @Z åß@paŠÔÐÛa@îÔíë 1 µg 9 • åß@paŠÔÐÛa@îÔíë@ïàÜÈÛa@szjÛa@†Èi 10 µg 18 • åß@paŠÔÐÛa@îÔíë@òî¹…b×þa@Êb™ëþa@œÈi 18 µg 26 • åß@paŠÔÐÛa@îÔíë@ñ…ì¦a@òÏbÔq@†Èi 26 µg 34 10 @M òa‰†Ûa@paë…þ@òíßìØîŽÛa@—öb–¨a @Z c @M szjÛa@ña…c@Ö†• @M ´àØa@ Ö†• @ Z

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áÓ‰@ Þ놦a I

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ŠànŽ½a@´ŽznÛa@†Èi@Áìnß@æc@sybjÛa@ôŠíë@òÐîÈ™ I 3.34 H í @Úa‰…g@È @´Ž¤ë@òîàänÛaë@ÖìÐnÛa@¿@òÛbÈÐÛa@òàçbŽ½a@¿@ïbþa@ê‰ë†Û@ñˆmbþa @ïibŽy@Áìnß@óÜÇ@Ý–¤@ñ…ì¦a@òÏbÔq@†Èi@bßc@LòÈßb¦a@pbuŠ«@õa…c I 3.05 H @¿@áçbŽm@óny@ñ…ì¦a@òÏbÔq@Š’ã@Þb©@¿@k퉆nÛa@òîàçc@åàØmë a‰†Ûa@wöbnã@oÔÐmaë@òîàîÜÈnÛa@pbuŠ‚½a@ñ…ìu@´Ž¤ @†jÇ@òa‰…@Éß@ò @ŒíŒÈÛa I 1989 @H @õbÓ‰ŒÛa@òÈßbu@¿@í‰†nÛa@ò÷îç@õbšÇc@pbçb£a@ñ†ÇbŽ½a @õbšÇc@ô†Û@ïib¯g@êb£a@Úbäç@æc@µg@oÜ•ìmë@ñ…ì¦a@pbjÜİnß@Õîjİm@ì− ñ…ì¦a@òÏbÔq@Š’ã@ì−@í‰†nÛa@ò÷îç N āŠÇ @@ ò’Óbäßë @ wöbnäÛa @ ò•b¨a @ òÐÛbi @ òîöŒ¦a @ µëþa Z @ @ —ã @ òÐÛa @ @ Z †uìm @ ÖëŠÏ @ òÛa… @ bîöb–yg @ ¿ @ pbibvna @ òäîÇ @ òa‰†Ûa @ ì− @ ô†ß @ ŠÏìm @ ŠíbÈß @ ñ…ìu @ áîÜÈnÛa @ ïÛbÈÛa @ åß @ òèuë @ ŠÄã @ õbšÇc @ ò÷îa @ òîŽí‰†nÛa @ òîÜØi @ la…Ła @ pbÌÜÛaë @ òÈßb  @ ŠØŽÈß @ ôŒÈm @ Ìn½ @ òjmŠÛa @ òîàÜÈÛa N @ @ Þ놦a @ áÓ‰ @I 04 H@ ´jí @ wöbnã @ ‰bjna @ Ýîܤ @ åíbjnÛa @ ð…byþa One way ANOVA @H òÛü†Û @ ÖëŠÐÛa @ pbibu⁄ @ òäîÇ @ òa‰†Ûa @ bÈjm @ Ìn½ @ òjmŠÛa @ òîàÜÈÛa @N @ @ paÌn½a @ @ ‰†–ß @ åíbjnÛa @ @ Êìà© @ pbÈiŠ½a @ @ ò튧a @ @ Áìnß @ pbÈiŠ½a @ @ òàîÓ @ Ò @ @ òÛü†Ûa @ òíìäȽa @ @ ´ŽznÛa @ ŠànŽ½a @ @ ´i @ pbÇìàa @ @ @ 6.031 @ @ 4 @ @ 1.506 @ @ 2.524 @ @ Ë @ Þa… @ @ ݁a… @ 203.676 @ @ 341 @ @ 0.596 @ @

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Êìàa @ @ 167.109 @ @ 345 @ @ @ @ ’m @ wöbnäÛa @ ñ…‰aìÛa @ ¿ @ Þ놦a @ êýÇc @ µg @ â†Ç @ …ìuë @ ÖëŠÏ @ òÛa… @ bîöb–yg @ ´i @ Áìnß @ pbu‰… @ õbšÇc @ ò÷îa @ òîŽí‰†nÛa @ ì− @ ô†ß @ ŠÏìm @ ŠíbÈß @ ñ…ìu @ áîÜÈnÛa @ ïÛbÈÛa @ òîÜØi @ la…Ła @ pbÌÜÛaë @ òÈßb  @ ŠØŽÈß @ bÔÏë @ Ìn½ @ òjmŠÛa @ òîàÜÈÛa @ åß @ Þý @ …bÈic @ òa‰†Ûa @I ´ŽznÛa @ LŠànŽ½a @ szjÛa @ LïàÜÈÛa @ Êb™ëþa @ Lòî¹…b×þa @ òÏbÔq @ ñ…ì¦a H . @ @ p‰b‘c @ wöbnäÛa @ µg @ â†Ç @ …ìuë @ ÖëŠÏ @ pa‡ @ òÛü… @ òîöb–yg @ ôŒÈm @ Ìn½ @ òu‰†Ûa @ òîàÜÈÛa @ aˆçë @ ’í @ µg @ ÞìjÓ @ òÐÛa @ åعë @ ŽÐm @ ÙÛ‡ @ æc @ õbšÇc @ ò÷îa @ òîŽí‰†nÛa @ óÜÇ @ Òýna @ ¿ @ áèjmaŠß @ òîàÜÈÛa @ æë†jíü @ ßbànça b@ âìèж @ òîàçcë @ ñ‰a…g @ ñ…ì¦a @ òÜßb’Ûa @ …ìuë @ áîÜÈnÛa @ LïÛbÈÛa @ ðc @ â†Ç @ …ìuìß @ Šqc @ Ìn½ @ òjmŠÛa @ òîàÜÈÛa @ óÜÇ @ pbibvna @ paŠí†Ômë @ õbšÇc @ ò÷îa @ òîŽí‰†nÛa @ ì− @ ô†ß @ ŠÏìm @ ŠíbÈß @ ñ…ìu @ áîÜÈnÛa @ ïÛbÈÛa @ aˆçë @ ojrí @ òz• @ òÐÛa N @ @ ÕÐnmë @ êˆç @ wöbnäÛa @ Éß @ òa‰… @ ïÈÏb’Ûa @I 2001 H Ûa @ pŠèÃc @ â†Ç @ …ìuë @ ÖëŠÏ @ pa‡ @ òÛü… @ òîöb–yg @ ¿ @ paŠí†Ôm @ õbšÇc @ ò÷îa @ òîŽí‰†nÛa @ ì− @ õa…þa @ ôŒÈm @ Ìn½ @ òjmŠÛa @ LòîàÜÈÛa @ ÑÜn¥ë @ Éß @ òa‰… @ Çbݽa @I 2005 HL @ Ûa pŠèÃc …ìuë ÖëŠÏ pa‡ òÛü… õbšÇc@paŠí†Ôm@¿@òîöb–yg a ò÷î òîŽí‰†nÛa ì− ñ…ìu áîÜÈnÛa ïÛbÈÛa b–Û ñˆmbþa å튙ba åعë @ æì×@ òvînäÛa@ êˆç@ ŽÐm éib’m ñˆmbÿÛ@ ÝàÈÛa@ ÒëŠÃ áˉ Òýna òu‰†Ûa @szjÛaë@ í‰†nÛbi@ òÔÜÈn½a@ òÐîÃìÛa@ òÈîjë@ âbèß@ æc@ üg@ òîàÜÈÛa

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āŠÇ @ wöbnäÛa @ òÔÜÈn½a @ òÐÛbi @ òîöŒ¦a @ òîãbrÛa @ Ûa @ —äm @ óÜÇ @ éãc @ D †uìm @ ÖëŠÏ @ òÛa… C bîöb–yg @ ¿ @ bibvna @ òäîÇ @ òa‰†Ûa @ ì− @ ô†ß @ ŠÏìm @ ŠíbÈß @ ñ…ìu @ áîÜÈnÛa @ ïÛbÈÛa @ åß @ òèuë @ ŠÄã @ õbšÇc @ ò÷îa @ òîŽí‰†nÛa @ òîÜØi @ la…Ła @ pbÌÜÛaë @ òÈßb  @ ŠØŽÈß @ ôŒÈm @ Ìn½ @ ŠàÈÛa CN @ @ Þë†u @ áÓ‰ I 05 @H ´jí @ wöbnã @ ‰bjna @ Ýîܤ @ åíbjnÛa @ ð…byþa @I One way ANOVA @H òÛü†Û @ ÖëŠÐÛa @ pbibu⁄ @ òäîÇ @ òa‰†Ûa @ bÈjm @ Ìn½ @ ŠàÈÛa N @ @ paÌn½a @ @ ‰†–ß @ åíbjnÛa Êìà© @ pbÈiŠ½a @ @ Š§a òí @ @ Áìnß @ bÈiŠ½a p @ @ òàîÓ @ Ò @ @ ü†Ûa òÛ @ äȽa òíë @ @ ´ŽznÛa @ ŠànŽ½a @ @ ´i @ pbÇìàa @ @ @ 2.157 @ @ 3 @ @ 0.718 @ @ 1.18 4 @ @ Ë @ Þa… @ @ @ @0.606 @ @342 206.55@ @1 @ @pbÇìàa@݁a… Êìàa @ @ 208.70 8 @ @ 345 @ @ @ @ szjÛa @ ïàÜÈÛa @ @ ´i @ pbÇìàa @ @ @ 2.397 @ @ 3 @ @ 0.801 @ @ 1.53 7 @ @ Ë @ Þa… @݁a… pbÇìàa @ @ 176.84 3 @ @ 342 @ @ 0.521 @ @ Êìàa @ @ 179.24 @ @ 345 @ @ @ @

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Ìn½ @ ŠàÈÛa @ åß @ Þý @ …bÈic @ òa‰†Ûa @I ´ŽznÛa @ LŠànŽ½a @ szjÛa @ LïàÜÈÛa @ Êb™ëþa @ Lòî¹…b×þa @ òÏbÔq @ ñ…ì¦a H. @†ÔÛ pŠÐc @ @åß@ÙÛ‡@|šní@bà×@òÐÛa@ÕÔ¤@åÇ@òa‰†Ûa@wöbnã @áÓ‰@Þ놦a@wöbnã I 05 @H ü@éãa@oÐ’×@sîy @ @òÛa…@ÖëŠÏ@†uìm bîöb–yg @ @ì− @ôŒÈm@òîŽí‰†nÛa@ò÷îa@ŠÄã@òèuë@åß@ïÛbÈÛa@áîÜÈnÛa@ñ…ìu@ŠíbÈß@ŠÏìm@ô†ß ŠàÈÛa@Ìnß@µg @N @æì×@µg@òvînäÛa@êˆç@ŽÐm@åعë õbšÇc @ ¯@òîŽí‰†nÛa@ò÷îa @áèÈà @¿@ò×’ßë@ñ†öb@pa†ÔnȽaë@áîÔÛa@åß@òÇìà©@åàšní@ïÇbànua@É™ë @ñ…ì¦a@bíbšÔÛ@áè×a‰…hÏ@ïÛbnÛbië@òÈßb¦a õa…þaë @ @Šqdnm@Ûa@òîÈÏa†Ûbi@ÁjmŠß Éàna@¿@‡bnþa@òãbØßë@òîÇbànuüa@âaìÈÛbi N @ @ òãëýÇ@wöbnã@Éß@òvînäÛa@êˆç@oÔÐmaë I 2004 H @kîݨaë I 2004 @H @´nÜÛa bm‰b‘c @ @ïÛbÈÛa@áîÜÈnÛa@ñ…ìu@ŠíbÈß@Õîjİm@¿@ÖëŠÏ@…ìuë@â†Ç@µg @ñ…ìÇ@ìic@òa‰…@wöbnã@Éß@òvînäÛa@êˆç@oÐÜnaë I 2004 H @sîy p‰b‘c @ @Áìnß@¿@ÖëŠÏ@…ìuë@µg …aŠÏþa @ ŠàÈÛa@Ìn½@ôŒÈm@òa‰†Ûa@òäîÇ N āŠÇ @ ò’Óbäßë @ òÐÛa @ òîöŒ¦a @ òrÛbrÛa @ @ āŠÇ @ wöbnäÛa @ òÔÜÈn½a @ òÐÛbi @ îöŒ¦a ò@ òrÛbrÛa @ Ûa @ —äm @ óÜÇ @ éãc « ü @ †uìm @ ÖëŠÏ @ òÛa… @ bîöb–yg @ ¿ @ pbibvna @ òäîÇ @ òa‰†Ûa @ ì− @ ô†ß @ ŠÏìm @ ŠíbÈß @ ñ…ìu @ áîÜÈnÛa @ ïÛbÈÛa @ òîÜØi @ la…Ła @ pbÌÜÛaë @ òÈßbu @ ŠØŽÈß @ ôŒÈm @ Ìn½ @ ä¦a CN @ @ @ @ @ @

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Ë @ LéÛa… @ ´jm @ â†Ç @ …ìuë @ ÖëŠÏ @ ´i @ ‰ì׈Ûa @ tbã⁄aë @ ¿ @ †Èi @ Êb™ëþa @ òî¹…b×þa @ sîy @ ÍÜi @ Áìn½a @ ïibŽ§a I 3.02 H ÒaŠ−bi @ ‰bîÈß @ ꉆÔí @ I 0.86 H òϊȽë @ ÖŠÐÛa @ bàèäîi @ oÌÜi @ òàîÓ @ p @I M 0.91 H ïçë @ òàîÓ @ Ë @ òÛa… @ bà× @ ´jm @ â†Ç @ …ìuë @ ÖëŠÏ @ ´i @ ‰ì׈Ûa @ tbã⁄aë @ ¿ @ †Èi @ òÏbÔq @ ñ…ì¦a @ sîy @ ÍÜi @ Áìn½a @ ïibŽ§a I 3.27 H ÒaŠ−bi @ ‰bîÈß @ ê‰†Ó @I 0.83 @H òϊȽë @ ÖŠÐÛa @ bàèäîi @ oÌÜi @ òàîÓ @ p @I 1.83 H ôìnŽ¶ @ òÛü… @I 0.06 @H ïçë @ òàîÓ @ Ë @ òÛa… N @ @ @åß@ÙÛ‡@|šní@bà×@òÐÛa@ÕîÔ¤@åÇ@òa‰†Ûa@wöbnã@pŠÐc@†ÔÛ @áÓ‰@Þ놦a@wöbnã I 06 @H @òÛa…@ÖëŠÏ@†uìm@ü@éãc@oÐ’×@sîy bîöb–yg @ @´i @‰ì׈Ûa tbã⁄aë @ @ŠÄã@òèuë@åß@ïÛbÈÛa@áîÜÈnÛa@ñ…ìu@ŠíbÈß@ŠÏìm@ô†ß@ì−

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• åŽy@ ðëýjÛa L@ I 2000 HN @ @paŠ‘ûß@ ´i@ áîÜÈnÛa@ ¿@ òÜßb’Ûa@ ñ…ì¦a

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• †àª@ïmìí†ÔÛa L@ I 2007 HN @ @¿@òíìiÛa@òîÜàÈÛa@¿@òÜßb’Ûa@ñ…ì¦a@ñ‰a…g @†jÇ@Ùܽa@òÈßbu@òÜ©@Lí‰†nÛa@ò÷îç@õbšÇc@‰ìšäß@åß@oíìØÛa@òÈßbu @†Üa@LŒíŒÈÛa I 21 H @…†ÈÛa@L 1 òí…ìȎÛa@Lñ†u@L N @ @ • c@ñëŠß †» L@ I 2003 HN @ @òèuë@åß@ïÈßb¦a@áîÜÈnÛa@ñ…ìu@Õîjİm@püb©

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