المعالجة الإعلامية للتلوث الصناعي في الصحافة الجزائرية

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ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﻨﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ – ﺔﻨﻴﻁﻨﺴﻗ – ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﻗ لﻴﺠﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ : ... ﻲﻠﺴﻠﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭﻝﺍ : . ... ﺭﻜﺫﻤ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ لﻴﻨﻝ ﺔﻠﻤﻜﻤ ﺓ ﺹﺼﺨﺘ : ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼ ﺒﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﺔ : ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺸﺇ : ﻱﺩﺎﺒﻋ ﺀﺎﻤﺴﺃ ﺃ . ﺩ . ﻭﻴﻝﺩ لﻴﻀﻓ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ...: ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺠﻝ : -ﺃ. ﻴﻌﻜﻝﻭﺒ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺇ ﺩ ﺕﺎﺒ ﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﻨﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝ ــﺴﻴﺌﺭ ــ ـ ﺎـ -ﺃ. ﻭﻴﻝﺩ لﻴﻀﻓ ﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﻨﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻓﺭﺸﻤ ـ ﺍﺭﺭﻘﻤﻭ ﺎ -ﺃ. ﻑﻴﺭﺨ ﻥﻴﺴﺤ ﺩ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺭﻭﺘﻨﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻱ ﻀﻋ ــ ــ ﺍﻭـ -ﺩ . ﺭﺍﻭﻨ ﻥﺒ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻲﻗﺍﻭﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ــﻀﻋ ــ ﺍﻭـ ﻲﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ : 2009 / 2010

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ﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻲﻧﺩﺯ ﻲﺑﺭ ﻞﻗﻭ

ﻪﺗﺎﻤﻠﻛ ﺩﺍﺪﻣﻭ ﻪﺷﺮﻋ ﺔﻧﺯﻭ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺎﺿﺭﻭ ﻪﻘﻠﺧ ﺩﺪﻋ ﷲ ﺪﻤﺤﻟﺍ

ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﷲ ﺪﻤﺤﻟﺍ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺀﺎﻬﻧﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﻧﺎﻋﺃﻭ ﻲﻨﻘﻓﻭ

ﻊﺿﺍﻮﺘﻤﻟﺍ

ﺍﺪﻬﻋ ﻪﻟ ﻲﻓﻭﺃ ﻙﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ

...

ﺍﺩﺭﻭ ﻪﺘﺿﻭﺭ ﻦﻣ ﻒﻄﻗﺍﻭ

ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻣﻭ ﻱﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻥﺎﻨﺘﻣﻻﺍﻭ ﺮﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﺺﻟﺎﺨﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗﺃ

ﻲﺋﺎﻄﺧﺃ ﻢﻳﻮﻘﺗﻭ ﻲﺗﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻮﻴﻟﺩ ﻞﻴﻀﻓ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ

ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻢﺴﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺗﺬﺗﺎﺳﺃ ﻞﻛ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻜﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗﺃ

ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍﻭ

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ﺍﺮﻜﺸﻓ

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ﺔﻤﺩـــــﻘﻤﻝﺍ

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لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

:

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ

ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍﻭ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ

... ﺹ 04 1 -1 -ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ... ... ﺹ 05 1 -2 -ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ... ... ﺹ 08 1 -3 -ﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘ ... ... ﺹ 09 1 -4 -ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ... ... ﺹ 10 1 -5 -ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ... ... ﺹ 11 1 -6 -ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ... ... ... ﺹ 16 1 -7 -ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ... ... ﺹ 22 1 -8 -ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ... .. ... ... ﺹ 23

ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

:

ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ

... . . .. ﺹ 25 ﺨﺩﻤ ـــ ل ... ﺹ 26 2 -1 -ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ... ... ﺹ 27 2 -2 -ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ... ... ﺹ 32 2 -3 -ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ... ... ... . .... ﺹ 37 2 -4 -ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺘﺨﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻋﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘ ... ... . .... ﺹ 40 2 -5 -ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤ ﺽﻌﺒ ... ... . .... ﺹ 45 2 -6 -ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ... ... .... . .. . .. ﺹ 50 2 -7 -ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ... .. .... ﺹ 55 2 -8 -ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ... . .. . . ... ﺹ 65 .

ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

:

ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ

... . .. ﺹ 74 لــﺨﺩﻤ ... ... . ... ﺹ 75 3 -1 -ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ... .. ... ﺹ 75 3 -2 -ﻱﺭﻴﻫﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ... . ... ﺹ 76 3 -3 -ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ... ... . . ... ﺹ 76 3 -4 -ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ... ... ﺹ 82 3 -5 -ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ... . . ... ﺹ 84 3 -6 -ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﺘﻝﺍ ... . . ... ﺹ 85 3 -7 -ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ... . .. .... ﺹ 86

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-ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ... .... . . ﺹ 3 -10 -ﺒﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻹﺍ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻺﻝ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔ ... . . . ﺹ 90 3 -11 -ﻱﺭﻴﻫﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ... .. . . ﺹ 92 3 -12 -ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ... . .... ﺹ 93 3 -13 -ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻺﻝ ﺀﺎﻀﻔﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻁﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ... ... ﺹ 93

ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

:

ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ

ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ

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... . ﺹ 96 4 -1 -ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ... ... . ﺹ 97 4 -2 -ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ... ... ... ... ... .. ﺹ 98 4 -3 -ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ .... ... ... .... . .... . .. ﺹ 100 4 -4 -ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ... ... .. .. ﺹ 102 4 -5 -ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ ... ... . ﺹ 108 4 -5 -1 ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺤﻤ El-Watan ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻓ .... ... . ﺹ 108 4 -5 -2 ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺤﻤ El-Watan لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻓ ... . . .... . ﺹ 145

ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ

... ... ... .. . ... .. ﺹ 181 1 -ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ... ... ... . ... .. ﺹ 182 2 -ﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎ . ... ... ... . ﺹ 188

ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻝﺍ

...

ﺹ 192

ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ

...

..

.. ﺹ 196

ﻕﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ

: ... .... .. ... ﺹ 207 1 ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴ ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺼﻝ ﺭﻭﺼ El-Watan ... ... ... ﺹ 208 2 -ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ ... ... ... .. ﺹ 211 3 -ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ ... ... .. .. ﺹ 214 4 -ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ ... ... ... ﺹ 216

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55 ا ت ا ا ا تا لو 99 _{ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ لﺜﻤﻴ}_:₀₂_{ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠ} 109 ث ى'()ا عا+)ا ,- +ر.- / ا ثا را'0 03 !ر لو 110 / ا ثا '2 را'0 04 !ر لو 112 يا ثا را'0 05 !ر لو 114 /5ا ثا را'0 06 !ر لو 116 /ا'ا ثا را'0 07 !ر لو 118 مه:ا ;آ' => يا ثا را'0 08 !ر لو 120 ?.ا @?A - / ا ثا 09 !ر لو 122 را @?A - يا ثا 10 !ر لو 125 فDا EF @?A - يا ثا 11 !ر لو 127 فD>ا رDا EF @?A - يا ثا 12 !ر لو 129 مه:ا ;آ' => /5ا ثا را'0 13 !ر لو 131 را @?A - /5ا ثا 14 !ر لو 133 فDا EF @?A - /5ا ثا 15 !ر لو 135 فD>ا رDا EF @?A - /5ا ثا 16 !ر لو 137 مه:ا ;آ' => /ا'ا ثا را'0 17 !ر لو 139 را @?A - /ا'ا ثا 18 !ر لو 141 فDا EF @?A - /ا'ا ثا 19 !ر لو 143 فD>ا رDا EF @?A - /ا'ا ثا 20 !ر لو

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147 يا ث 2ا را را'0 22 !ر لو 148 يا ث 2ا و ارا'0 و 23 !ر لو 150 يا ث 2ا Iا ع+ 24 !ر لو 152 يا ثا 'J+ ن0- 25 !ر لو 154 يا ثا A>- 26 !ر لو 156 يا ثا /F نا EF 27 !ر لو 157 / ا ثا /F ->ا ? !Lا H?M)ا 28 !ر لو 159 /5ا ث 2ا ?ا Hا.ا را'0 29 !ر لو 161 /5ا ث 2ا را را'0 30 !ر لو 162 /5ا ث 2ا وا را'0 31 !ر لو 164 /5ا ث 2ا Iا ع+ 32 !ر لو 166 /5ا ثا 'J+ ن0- 33 !ر لو 167 N => /5ا ثا A>- 34 !ر لو 169 /5ا ث => نا EF 35 !ر لو 170 /ا'ا ث 2ا ?ا Hا.ا را'0 36 !ر لو 172 /ا'ا ث 2ا را را'0 37 !ر لو 173 /ا'ا ث 2ا وا را'0 38 !ر لو 175 /ا'ا ث 2ا Iا ع+ 39 !ر لو 177 /ا'ا ثا 'J+ ن0- 40 !ر لو 178 /ا'ا ثا A>- 41 !ر لو

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70 ةا ت- OS :01 !ر O0P 70 '?ا و T=ا تاAو ا تا ?آ OS :02 !ر O0P 71 '5ا;ا /F ى'=0ا ? ا ت U.ا ت+ OS :03 !ر O0P 108 2008 M 'DPأ Oآ لW( / ا ثا را'0 OS :04 !ر O0P 109 ى'()ا تا ,- +ر.- / ا ثا =>+ OS :05 !ر O0P 110 / ا ثا '2 H>+ OS :06 !ر O0P 112 يا ثا '2 را'0 OS :07 !ر O0P 114 /5ا ثا '2 را'0 OS :08 !ر O0P 116 /ا'ا ثا '2 را'0 OS :09 !ر O0P 118 _{ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝ} => يا ثا =>+ OS :10 !ر O0P

120 ?.ا E => / ا ثا را'0 OS :11 !ر O0P

122 را @?A - يا ثا :12 !ر O0P

125 .فاه)ا @?A - يا ثا OS:13 !ر O0P

127 يا ثا 0J- /F فD>ا رDا EF OS :14 !ر O0P 129 Yا ة' => مه:ا ;آ'- EF OS:15 !ر O0P 131 /5ا ث => را EF OS :16 !ر O0P 133 /5ا ث => فDا EF OS :17 !ر O0P 135 /5ا ثا '2 رDا EF OS :18 !ر O0P 137 /ا'ا ثا مها ;آ'- EF OS :19 !ر O0P

139 /ا'ا ثا /F ر- EF OS:20 !ر O0P

141 /ا'ا ثا /F فه EF OS :21 !ر O0P

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150 يا ثا /F >ا Iا ع+ OS :24 !ر O0P

154 يا ثا '2 A>- OS :25 !ر O0P

157 / ا ثا /F ? !Lا H?M)ا ع+ OS :26 !ر O0P 162 /5ا ثا /F O>ا ناا OS :27 !ر O0P 164 /5ا ثا /F ->ا Iا ع+ OS :28 !ر O0P

167 /5ا ثا '2 A>- OS :29 !ر O0P

173 /ا'ا ثا /F O>ا ناا OS :30 !ر O0P 175 /ا'ا ثا /F >ا Iا ع+ OS:31 !ر O0P

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ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ

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أ

ا

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،ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒ لﻜﺎﺸﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻴ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ لﺜﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻨ ﺕﺩﻘﻌﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ : ﺭﻤﺘﺅﻤ ﻡﻝﻭﻬﻜﻭﺘﺴ 1972 ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﻗ ، " ﻱﺭ ﻭﺭﻴﻨﺎﺠ ﻱﺩﻭ " 1992 ﺔﻨﺴ ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻨﺎﻫﻭﺠ ﺔﻤﻗ ، 2002 ﻙﺭﺍﺩﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻬﻴ ﺕﺎﺒ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺩ : ﻥﻭﺯﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻘﺜ ،ﻱﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺱﺎﺒﺘﺤﺍ ، ﺭﻴﺼﺎﻋﺃ ،ﺭﺤﺼﺘ ،ﺔﻴﺠﺎﻨﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ .... ﺦﻝﺍ . ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺕﺩﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ، ﺩﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻤﺸﻭ ﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺜﻭﻠﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻌﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺒﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻗﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻌﺸﻹﺍﻭ ﻱﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺎﻜ ﺔﻤﺨﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ لﺎﻔﻏﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺀﻭﺴ . ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﺎﻤﻋ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ، ﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺴ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﺒ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻬﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻔﻠﺘﺄﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻁﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﻊﻴﺭﺎﺸﻤ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻲﻀﺍﺭﺃ ، ﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﺤﺘ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺍﺩﺘ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻗﺇﻭ ﻲﻝﻭﺩ ﻯﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﻁﻁﺨ ﻊﻀﻭﻭ ، . ﻭ ﻴ لﻭﺎﺤ لﻜ ﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺍﺩﺘ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺕﺩﻌﺘ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃﻭ ﻭ ﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺕ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ لﺠﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺠﻭ ﺍﺫﻬﻝﻭ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺭﻓ لﻜ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﺃ ﻡﻴﻘﺘﺴﻴ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﺎﻀﺘ ﺩﻭﻬﺠ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﺍ ﺭﻭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝ ﻑﻘﺜﻤﻭ ﺞﻀﺎﻨ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻱﺃﺭ ﻪﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ . ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﺒ ﻲﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻭ ، ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﻤﺎﻨﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺭﺎﺜﻵﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻤﺩﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺎﺒ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺢﺒﺼﺃﻭ ، ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺸﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺴﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺘﺭﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ، ﻪﻠﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ : ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺘﻜﻝﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﺯﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺍﺫﻹﺍ ﺏﻌﻠﺘﻭ ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺼﺘﺍ ﺓﺎﻨﻗ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﺒ ﺭﻴﺼﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺯﺭﺎﺒ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻓ . ﻲﻫﻭ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﺍ ﺭﻴﻫﺎﻤﺠﻝ ،ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺎﻓ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺱﻤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺏﺎﻌﻴﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﻭﻋﺩﻴ ﻲﻤﻼﻋﺇ .

(11)

ب ﻥﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻠﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ لﻭﺎﺤ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﺒ ﺭﻴﻫﺎﻤﺠﻠﻝ ﻡﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍﻭ El-Watan ، ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﻤ ،ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺩﻗ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ . ﻭ لﻭﺼﻓ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃﻭ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺤ ﺩﻗ : لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺎﺒ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍﻭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻡﺜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺭﻓ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻊﻤ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻏﻭﻠﺒ ﺩﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ . ﺽﺭﻌﻴﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ،ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺎﻨﺯﺍﻭﺘ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﻭ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﺒﺒﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺡﺭﻁﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻭ ، ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺜ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﻋ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻨﻭ ﺎﻬﻌﺒﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻋﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ . ﺎﻤﺃ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻝ ﺹﺼﺨ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ، ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﻭﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺡﺭﻁﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻡﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺎﺒ ﻲﻘﺘﺭﻨ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ،ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻺﻝ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺒﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻁﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ . ﺽﺭﻌﻴﻭ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻻﻭﺼﻭﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﻎﻴﺭﻔﺘﺒ ﺍﺭﻭﺭﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻭﻜﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﺭﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻡﺜ ﻥ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨ .

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ﻝﻭﻸﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ

ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺃ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ

1 -1

-ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ

.

1 -2

-ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ

1 -3

-ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ

1 -4

-ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ

1 -5

-ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ

1 -6

-ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

1 -7

-ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻻﺍ

1 -8

-ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ

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5 _{ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺙﻮﻠﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ} 1 -1 ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ : ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ لﺘﺤﺘ ﻡﻭﻴ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻭﻴ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ، ﺩﺒ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺃ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﺒﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ، ﺩﻌﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺨﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺯﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﺎﻔﺘﺨﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻘﻨﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺍﻭﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺽﺍﺭ . ﺩﻘﻓ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻁﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻠﺜ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﺢﻁﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺌﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻗ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺕﻔﺘﺨﺍ 1970 : 25 % ﺔﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺌﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ، ﻭﺤﻨﻭ 28 % ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺌﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ 30 % ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺌﺎﻜﻝﺍ . ﻊﺠﺭﺘﻭ ﺭﻭﺫﺠ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒﻭ ﺭﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻭ ﺎﺒ ،ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻭﻋﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻊﺴﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺍﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺍﺯﻭ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﺭﻴﻁﺨ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒﺤﺼﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ، ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘ ﻱﻭﻴﺤﻝﺍ . ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻌﺸﻹﺍ ﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻀﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺫﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻘﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺎﻤﻴﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨ ﺔﻠﻴﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺓﺭﺜﺅﻤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻪﻝ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﻨ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﻠﺘﺨﺍ ، لﻌﻔﺒ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺹﻠﻘﺘ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻊﻨﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺍ . ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻁﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﻜﺅﺘ ﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻤﻁﺤ ﺩﻗ ﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺒﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﺎﻤﺎﻗﺭﺃ ﺴﺎﻴﻗ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴ ، ﺕﻠﺼﻭ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻗ ﺕﺎﺠ ﺔﻁﻘﻨ ﻻﺃ لﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺒﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﺕﻠﺼﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻌﺠﺭ 387 لﻭﺃ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﻡﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ لﺼﺘ ﺓﺭﻤ ، ﺫﻨﻤ 650000 ﻫﻭ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺫ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻗ ﺕﺎﺒ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺃ لﺃ لﻭﺼﻭ لﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨ CO2 ﻰﻝﺇ 400 ﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻥﻝ ﻥﻭﻴﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﻴﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺼﻨ ﺏﻜﻭﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺒﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍﻭ ، ﻲﻀﺭﻷﺍ . ﺩﻬﻌﺘﺘﻭ 400 ﺎﻴﺠﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺹﻴﻠﻘﺘﺒ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﺇ ﺘﺎﺜﺎﻌﺒﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬ ﻲﻨﺎﺜ ﺃ ﻥﻭﺒﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﻭ ﺇ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﺒ ﺍ ﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻩ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ 2020 . ﺘﻌﻴ ﻻﻭ ﻫ ﻑﺭ ﺫ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺍ ، لﺎﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ لﻘﺘﻨﻴ ﺩﻗ لﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﺫ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﺕﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺡﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺏﺤﺴﻝ . ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﻹﺍ ﻊﻤﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﻭﻠﺒﻭ ، ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺔ ، ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻙﺭﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ .

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6 _{ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺙﻮﻠﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ} ﺞﺘﻨﻴﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺭﺘﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺤﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍﻭ ﻊﻨﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻜ ﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘﻝ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝ . ﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝ ، ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺎﻓ ﻴﻓ ﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﻴ ﺩﻠﺒ ﻱﺃ ﻪ ، ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﻫﺎﺒ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ . ﺒ ﺩﺠﻭﺘﻭ ﺘﺴﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﻌ ﻊﺒﺘﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻨ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻅﻫﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﺠﺭﻴﻭ ﺘﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﻲ ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻊﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﺓ ﻕﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺝﺎﺠﺯﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻙﻴﺘﺴﻼﺒﻝﺍ . ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﻼﻀﻓ ﻲﻤﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺩﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ، ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﻻ ﺕﺎﺜﻭﻠﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺼﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻡﻗﺎﻔﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ، ﻬﻝﻭ ﺫﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﺤﻴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﻅﻨﻝﺍ ، ﻝﺍﻭ ﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﻴ ﻱ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ لﺜﻤ ﺔﺜﻭﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺽﻴﻭﻌﺘﺒ ﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﺒ ﺯﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻭﺭﺘﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﺤ ﺔ ،ﺓﺩﺩﺠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻠﻜﺴﺭﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﻼﻀﻓ ، ﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻬﺠﺘ ﻙﻝﺫ لﺎﺜﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻙﻼﻬﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻊﻨﺎﺼﻤ ﺕﻻﻵﺎﺒ ﺍ ﻲﺘﻝ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﺘ ﺃ لﻗ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻤ ﺭﺩﻗ . ﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻥﻝ ﻑﻴﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﺇ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻗ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﺠﻭﻤﺒ ، ﺎﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘ ﻥﺴﻭ ﺕ ﻭ ،ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﺤﺘﻭ ﺏﻗﺍﺭﺘ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻨﺼﻤ لﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﺭﻔﺒ لﺒﻗ ﺓﺭﺭﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺁ ﺯﻴﻬﺠﺘ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻼﻀﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﻭ ﺕﺎﺜﺎﻌﺒﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﺎﻐﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ، ﻡﺘﻴﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻬﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻼﺘﻤﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﺒ ﺓﺭﺭﻘ ﻡﺍﺯﻝﻹﺍﻭ ﻉﺩﺭﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻙ . ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻨﻝ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺔﻁﺨ ﻊﻀﻭﻭ ، لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﺒ ﻪﺴﻴﺴﺤﺘﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻘﺜﺘ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴﻓ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﻀﻗ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﻥﻤ لﻌﺠﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﻁﺨﻝﺍ . ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻓ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺒﺒﺴ ﻡﺎﻤﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺔﺤﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨﻓ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻨﺼ ﺃ ﻭﺒ ﻉﺎﺘﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﺠ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻗ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻪﻝﺎﻤ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻬﺠ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ، ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ لﻜﺒ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺹﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ . ﻋﻹﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴﻭ ﻡﻼ ﻴ ﻪﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺏﻌﻠ ﺎﻬﺼﻴﻠﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻭ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻨ ، ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ . ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻱﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻴﺜﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍﻭ ﻅﻋﺍﻭﻤ ﻡﻼﻋﺇ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ،لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻡﻼﻋﺇ ﺔ . ﻲﻓ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﹰﺍﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ، ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺄﺒ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻨﻗﺇ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ،ﺔﻤﻴﻠﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻌﺠﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻫ ﻭ ﺫ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺍ

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7 _{ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺙﻮﻠﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ} ﺭﺎﺒﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻜ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻜ ﺎﻴﻤﻼﻋﺇ . لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻓ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻥﻵﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﺇ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺀﺍﺭﺁ ، ﻑﻅﻭﻴﻭ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﺒ ﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﻴﻫﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﺭﻭﺼ لﻜ ﻪﺘﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺎﻌﻴﺘﺴﺍ ﺏ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ . ﻫ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺫ ﺎﻬﺤﻀﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺞﻝﺎﻌﺘ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺍ ، ﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻊ . ﺎﻤ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺴﻤ ﻭﺅ ل ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺨﻴﺴﺭﺘﻭ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﻁ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻫﺫ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ . ﻥﺈﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﻴﻝﺇ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻴﻭ ،ﻩﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻗ ﻪ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ ،ﻪﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤ ﺔﻘﺜﻭﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﺒ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻭ ﻝﻭﺼﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻪ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻩﺭﻴﻫﺎﻤﺠ ، ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﻁﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻴﻭ ،ﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻴ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻻﺇﻭ ،ﻪﻤﻋﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻀﻓﺭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺁ ﻭ ، ﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻙﻝ ﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻐﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻊﻔﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻋ ﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﻜﺇﻭ ﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﺤﻝﺇ لﺩﺒ ﺔﺌﻴ . ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴﻭ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻜ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺢﺠﻨﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻴﻤﺠﻭ ﻥﻴﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﻊ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ . ﻋﻭ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻰﻠ ﺭﺘﺨﺍ ﺎﻨ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺒ ﻪ ﻫ ﺫ ﻩ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻲﻗﺎﺒ ﻥﻋ . ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻭ ﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ لﻌﻓ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﻥﻭﻴﺯﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻫﺎﺸﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻋﺍﺫﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺓﺩﻫﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻌﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍﻭ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺩﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﺒ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ ) ،ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻭ ،ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﺯﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍﻭ ( ﺩﻫﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ . ﺠﻤ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻋﺍﺫﻹﺍ ﻕﻭﻔﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻤ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩ ﺩﻗ ،ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻴﺯﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻴﺯﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺍﺫﻹﺍ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﺏﻨﺠﺘ ﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻤﺸﻭ ﺎﻘﻤﻋ ﺭﺜﻜﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺼﻔﺘ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﻔﺤﺼ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻤ ﺭﺜﻜ ﻊﺒﺎﻁ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﺔﻜﺒﺎﺸﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻱﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻝ ﺏﻴﺠﺘﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺒﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷ

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8 _{ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺙﻮﻠﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ} ﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤﻠﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺓ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻝ ﺔﺜﻝﺎﺜ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﻭ . ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺎ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺓﺀﻭﺭﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺎﺴﻨﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘ ﻡﺎﻬﻤ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ،ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻻ ﻪﻌﻓﺩﻭ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ﻲﻋﻭﻝ ﺘﻜ ﺴ ﺴ ﺏﺎ ﻙﻭﻠ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ . ﺎﻤﺒﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻜﺒﺎﺸﺘﻤ ﻭ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﺸ ﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﻭ ﻁﻴﺴﺒﺘ . ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻡﺎﻗﺭﺃ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﻴ ﺩﻋﺇ ﺎﻫﺩﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ، ﺠﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺫ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺏ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ ، ﻫ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴﻭ ﺫ ﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯ ﺓﺩﻤ لﻭﻁﺃ ، ﺏﺴﻨﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻝ ﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘﻠ ﻔﺤﺼﻝ ﻲ . ﺏﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘﻭ ، ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﻭ ﺞﻀﻨﺒ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ لﻌﺠﺘ ، ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻤﺘ ﺢﺌﺍﺭﺸ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻑﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺎﻬﺼﻴﺼﺨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻬﻅﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﺒﺴﺃ ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺼﻝ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﻡﺌﺍﺩ ﺡﺭﻁ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﻬﺸ ﻭﺃ لﺜﻤ ﺩﺌﺍﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ،ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ،ﻕﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ EL-WATAN ﻭﺃ ﺭﺍﺩﺼﺇ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﻥﻋ ﺕﻼﺠﻤ ﻡﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺘﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﻭﺃ . ﺎﻤ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ ﺎﻨﺭﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ EL-WATAN ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻑﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻫﺎﺒﺘﻨﺍ ﺕﻔﻝﻭ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤﻓ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ ﻪﺤﺭﻁﺘ EL-WATAN ﻪﻴﻓ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻋﻭ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ . ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ :. ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ ﺕﺠﻝﺎﻋ ﻑﻴﻜ EL-WATAN ؟ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ 1 -2 ﺃ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫ : ﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﺴﺘﻜﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﻜﺫﻨ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺓﺩﻌﻝ ﺍﺩﺎ : ﻻﻭﺃ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻘﺤﻝﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻜﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﺘ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺘﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﺤ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺓﺭﻅﻨ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻤﻝﺎﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻐﺘﺴﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﻭﺭﺜ ﻙﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺭﺜﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻬﻝ ﻲﻨﻼﻘﻋ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﻻﺎﻓ ،ﺩﺤ ﻰﺼﻗﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻌﺠ ﺕﺍﻭ ﺃﺩﺒﻴ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﻠﻌﺠ ﻭ ﺓﺩﺩﻬﻤ ﻪﻝﺎﻌﻓﺃ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ .

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9 _{ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺙﻮﻠﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ} ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﻁﺨ ﺓﺭﻀﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺃ ﺭﻁﺨ ﺩﺸ ﺍ ﻭ ﻜﻼﻫﺇ ﺎ. ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﻬﺠ ﺩﺍﺯ ، ﻬﻝ ﺫ ﺡﺎﻀﻴﺇ ﻭ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻪﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺘﺭﺼﺎﺤﻤ ﺏﺠﻭ ﺍ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﻩ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻔﺸ لﻜﺒ . ﺎﺜﻝﺎﺜ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ لﻴﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ، ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﻓ ﻲﻬ ﺘ ﺏﻌﻠ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻌﻓ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻪﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻭ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻭ ﺔﻗﺩﺒ ﺔﻴ . ﻨﺘ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻓ ﺅﺒ ﺎﻨ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ﺏﺎﻌﺘﺴﺇ ﻯﺩﻤﻭ ﻪﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻡﺠﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ . ﺎﻌﺒﺍﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻊﻗﻭ ﺔﻗﺩ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﻴ ﻫﻭ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻤﻌﻤ ل ﺫ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﻨ ﺎﻤ ﺍ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺒﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ . ﺎﺴﻤﺎﺨ ﺔﻘﻁﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻠﻝ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻤﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺎﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﺎﻬﺴﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻭ . ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻔﻴﺤﺼﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺓﺩﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ El-Watan ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻨﺴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺘﺭﻤ لﺘﺤﺘ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺔﺒ ﺫ ﺓﺩﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﻩ . 1 -3 ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ : ﻫ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺩﺃ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺫ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﻜﺫﺃ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ : ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ : ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴ El-Watan ﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﺃ ﺎﻤﻝﺎﻁﻓ ، ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻕﺭﻁﻭ ﻲﻋﺎ . ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ . -ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ : ﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻭ ﺍﺩﺠ ﻡﻬﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺴﺘ ﻪﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ . ﻲﻓ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ ﻋﻹﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻠﺴﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺎﺒ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ . ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ .

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10 _{ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺙﻮﻠﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ} ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠﻝ . ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺎﻤﺃ Watan -El ﻲﻫ : ﻉﻭﻨﺘ ﻫﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺤﻔﺼ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤ ﺫ ﻡﺠﺤ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻥﻴﺒﻴﺴ ﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ . ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺠ . ﻡﺎﻋ ﻱﺃﺭ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻭ ﺱﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻤ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﻭﻜ . ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻫﻭ ﺫ ﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﺒ ﻊ . ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺭ ﻉﺯﻭﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ 150000 ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴ ﺔﺨﺴﻨ . ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ . 1 -4 ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ : ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺩﺩﺤﺘﺘ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻪﺤﺭﻁﻴ ﺎﻤ : ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻯﺭﺨﺃﻭ : ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ : ﺘ ﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻪﻋﺍﻭﻨﺄﺒ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔ . ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ . ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ . ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ . ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ . ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺁ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻕﺎﻓ . ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ : ﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺎﻨﻠﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺢ . ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻑﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﺅﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ . ﺓﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ . ﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ El-Watan ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺼﻭﺼﻨ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ .

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11 _{ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺙﻮﻠﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ} ﺎﻬﺘﺼﺼﺨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ El-Watan ﻌﻤﻝ ﺎ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺔﺠﻝ . ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻯﻭﺘﺤﻤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ . 1 -5 ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ : ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺙﺤﺒ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺙﺤﺒ . ﻫ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﺔﻁﻘﻨ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻓ ﺫ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﻀﺒ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ لﺒ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩ ﻫﻭ ،ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﻀ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺍ ﻱﺃ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻝ . ﻡﻠﻋ لﻜﻝ ﻥﺇ لﺎﻘﻴ ﺍﺫﻬﻝﻭ ،ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺘﻝﻻﺩﻭ ﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺯﻭﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﻪﺘﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ) ﺩﻴﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ 2000 ، 19 ( ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ : ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺹﺨﻠﺘﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ : * ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ .

*

ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ

.

1 -5 -1 ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ : لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺎﺠﺤ ﺭﻴﻨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻯﺭﻴﻭ ،ﻪﺒ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻪﻨﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺡﻼﺼﺘﺴﻻ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻨﺯﺍﻭﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻪﺒﺎﺸ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ . ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﺭﺠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻼﺌﺎﻗ ﻑﻴﻀﻴ ﻡﺜ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ لﺤﻴﻭ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ INFORMATION PROCESSING ﻥﻴﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﺒﺴﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ لﺤﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻴﺭﺩﺘ :

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12 _{ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺙﻮﻠﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ} -ﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝ ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻼﻜ ﻲﻁﻐﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﻡﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺠﺒﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻭ WORD PROCESSING ﻪﻴﻓ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ . ﻲﻫ ﻥﻴﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻜﺅﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺓﺭﺅﺒ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ). ﺏﺎﺠﺤ ﺭﻴﻨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ : 2003 ، 2252 .( ﺎﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﻜ : ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻫ ) ﺍﺭﻭﺼﻭ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﻨ ( ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻤﻀﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﺸﻝ ﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹ . 1 -5 -2 ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ : ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺎﻓ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻰﻨﺴﺘﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻭ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ . ﺃ -ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ : ﺔﻐﻝ : ﻥﺃ ﺏﻼﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺙﻴﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﻨﺩ ﺱﺎﻨﺩﺃ ﺎﻬﻌﻤﺠ ﻭ ﺱﻴﻨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ) ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻝﺍ ) 1 ( ، 1992 : 27 ( ﻭ لﺼﺃ ﺙﻭﻠﻴ ﺙﻻ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﺜﻭﻝ ﻪﺨﻁﻝ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻥﻴﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺒﻭﺜ ﺙﻻﻭ ﺸﻝﺍ ﺙﻻ ﻭ ﺀﻲ ﺙﻭﻝﻭ ﻪﺴﺭﻤ ﻭ ﻪﻁﻠﺨ ﺎﺜﻴﻭﻠﺘ ، ) ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ : ( ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻝ ﻭ ﻪﺴﺭﻤ ﻩﺭﺩﻜ ) ﻡﺍﺭﻓ ،ﺩﺍﺅﻓ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺘﺴﺒﻝﺍ 1966 : 699 ( . ﻤ ﻥﺒﻷ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺙﻭﻝ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻅﻨ ) ، ﻪﺘﺜﻭﻝﻭ ﻪﺘﺜﻝ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻪﺘﺴﺭﻤﻭ ﻪﺘﻁﻠﺨ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻝﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺨﻁﻝ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻴﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺒﺎﻴﺜ ﺙﻭﻝﻭ لﻤﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺒﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻁﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ : ﻩﺭﺩﻜ )( ﻥﺎﺴﻝ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ) 1 ( ، 1999 : 352 ( ﻩﺭﺩﻜ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻝﻭ ﺎﻬﺨﻁﻝ ﺎﺜﻴﻭﻠﺘ ﻥﻴﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺒﺎﻴﺜ ﺙﻭﻝ ﻱﺯﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﻺﻝ ﺡﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺠﻭ ﺠﻭ ﺭﻴﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎ ) ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺏﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻭ ، ﻪﺨﻁﻝ ، ﻥﻴﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺒﻭﺜ ﺙﻭﻝ )( ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ،ﻱﺭﻘﺤﻝﺍ 1994 : 560 ( ﺀﺎﺠﻭ ﺯﻴﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ) ﻪﺒ ﻪﻁﻠﺨ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻝ ... ﻪﺒﻭﺜ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﻁﻝﺎﺒ : ﻪﺒ ﺦﻁﻠﺘ ﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻭ ﺀ ﻩﻭﺤﻨﻭ : ﻩﺭﺎﻀ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻏ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﻪﻁﻝﺎﺨ .

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13 _{ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺙﻮﻠﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ} ﺎﺤﻼﻁﺼﺍ : 1 . ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﻪﻨﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ": ﺕﻼﺨﺩﻤ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺠﻨﻴ ،ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻜﻴﻹﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻠﺨ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ " ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨ ﻭ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻙﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ " ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻕﻭﻔﺘ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻭ ﻡﺠﺤﺒ ﻬﺒﺎﻌﻴﺘﺴﺍ ﺎ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ، ﻰﻝﺇ ﻩﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻘﻓﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺎﺒ لﻼﺨﻹﺍ ﺭﻀﺘ ﻭ ﺩﺩﻬﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺭﺎﻁﺨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺏﺤﺎﺼﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ، ﻷﺎﺒ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭ ﺀﺎﻴﺤ )" ﺭﺎﻴﺜﻴﻨﻴﺴ ﻼﻓ ﻥﻭﻝﻭﺒ ﻓ ،ﻥﻴ 1992 : 17 .( 2 . ﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ " : ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻻﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻜﻴﻹﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﻙﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺭﺎﺠﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﺕ ﻴﻨﺎﻜﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻝﻭﻜ ﻭ ﻲﻔﻝ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻑﺼﻴ ﻭ ،ﺔ ﺀﻲﺸ ﺹﺨﺸ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﺎﻤ ﻫ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﻭ ،ﺭﺨﺁ ﺹﺨﺸ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻝ ﻊﻀﺨﻴ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ﻭ ،ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺫ ﺍ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﻝﺈﺒ ﺕﺎﻔﻠﺨﻤ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻭ ﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻙ ) ، ﻥﺎﻤﺜﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻁﻘﻝﺍ 1989 : 8 ( 3 . ﺩﺎﻤ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺠﺤ ﺭﻴﻨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻑﻨﺼﻴﻭ ﻱﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻭ ﻱ ﺃ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻱﺃ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻋ ﺏﻴﺭﻏ ﻥ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ . ﻥﻴﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻝ لﺎﻘﻴ ﻪﺒ ﺦﻁﻠﺘ ﻱﺃ ﻡﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺙﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺭﺩﻜ ﻱﺃ . ﺏ لﻭﻘﺘ ﻥﺄﻜ ﻱﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻪﺒ ﺫﻻ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻌﻔﻨﻤ ﺀﺎﺠﺭ ﻥﻼﻔﻝ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﺕﺴﺒﺘﻝﺍ . ﻥﻭﻨﺠ ﻱﺃ ،ﻪﺜﻭﻝ ﻪﺒ ﻥﻼﻓ ﻭ . ﻤﻴ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺴﻓ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻱﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻘﺸﺒ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﺼﺍﻭﺨ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻭﺃ ). ﺭﻴﻨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ،ﺏﺎﺠﺤ 2002 : 85 ( ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻠﻝ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺩﻫ ﺏﺭﺘﻘﻴ ﻭ ﻱﺫﻠﻝﺃ ﺩﺎﺴﻓﺇ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﻨﻴ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﻫ لﻭﺤﺘﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ،ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﻀ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ) ﺕﺎﺜﻭﻠﻤ ( ﺎﻤﺒ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩ ﺎﻫﺩﻘﻔﻴ .. ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺴﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﻭ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺁﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﺸﺃ ) ،ﺏﺎﺠﺤ ﺭﻴﻨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ 2002 : 86 ( 4 . ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻴﻭ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺞﺘﺎﻨ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ لﻜ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻥﺴﺤ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺭﺭﻀ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺌﺎﻜﻠﻝ ﺀﺍﺩﻐﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﻴﻭ ،ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ل . ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻭﻨﺼ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﻱﺃ لﺎﺨﺩﺈﺒ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ

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14 _{ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺙﻮﻠﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ} ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺭﺎﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﺫﺅﻤ ﻕﺎﺤﻝﺈﻜ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻁﺨ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ) . ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ،ﻥﺴﺤ 2003 : 247 ( 5 . ﺕﺤﺩﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻪﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﻭ ﻡﻼﺴﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻭﻫ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻭ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﻭ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺤ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﻨ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ) . ،ﻡﻼﺴﺇ ﺕﺤﺩﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ 1990 : 19 ( 6 . ﻭ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻔﻴﻜ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻤﻜ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ لﻜ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻪﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﺘﺴﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﺭﺩﻘﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻗﺎﻁ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﺯﺍﻭﺘ لﺘﺨﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﻌ ﺎﺜﻭﻠﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻜ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺎﻤﺯ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﻑﻴﻀﺃ ﻴﻤﻜﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺘﺤﺘ ﺕﺎ ﻑﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺭﻭﺼﻗ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﻀﺍﺭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺡﻼﻤﻷﺍ ﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﺭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺭﺴﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﺜﻭﻠﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ،ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻁﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺜﻭﻠﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ . ﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻴﺎﻀﺘ ﺕﺎﺜﻭﻠﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﺩﺤ ﻥﻋ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﺍﻭﺼﻷﺍ . ) ،ﺭﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺸﺭ 1984 : 149 ( . 7 . ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﻴﻭ ﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲ ﻲﻔﻴﻜﻭ ﻲﻤﻜ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ : ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻲﻤﻜ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻜ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻜ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﺩﻴﺴﻜﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺒﺴﻨ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻭﺒﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻗ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﻠﺨﻤ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺤ ﻩﺎﻴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻨﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻪﻴﻘﻠﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺀﺍﺭﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺈﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺔﻠﻗﺎﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻁﻋ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺭﺘﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺴﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺱﺎﺴﺤ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ لﻭﺭﺘﺒﻝﺍ ... ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻏ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﺕﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺞﺘﻨﻴﻓ ﻲﻔﻴﻜ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻜ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﻼﺜﻤ ﺔﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺍﺭﺘﺘﻓ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺍﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﺸﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﺒﻤ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻜﺭﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﻱﺃ لﻭﺨﺩ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺔﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻭ ،لﻴﺼﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ لﺩﺒ ﺓﺭﻀﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺇ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺼ ﺩﺎﺴﻓﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤ ). ﻲﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ) 2 ( ، 1992 : 27 .( 8 . ﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻋﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﻤﻜ لﻜﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻀﺭﻷﺍ ﻑﻼﻐﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺼﺍﻭﺨ ﺎﻬﻨﺍﺩﻘﻓ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺌﻼﻤ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻭ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ . (World Bank:1978, 01)

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15 _{ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺙﻮﻠﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ} 9 . ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻱﺃ ﺔﺜﻭﻠﻤ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺞﺘﻨﻴ ﻲﺌﻴﺒ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘ لﻜ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻴﻭ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻔﺼﺒﻭ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻜﻴﻹﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻠﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺩﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅ ﻥﻤ ﺞﺘﻨﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ). www.wikipidia.org ( . 10 . ﻴﺃ ﻑﺭﻌﻴﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻀ ﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﺜﺩﺤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺓﺎﻓﻭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺍﺭﻀﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺝﺎﻋﺯﻹﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻺﻝ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺎﺒ لﻼﺨﻹﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻭﺃ ) . ،ﻁﻭﺅﺎﻨﺭﺃ ﺩﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ 1993 : 30 ( . ﺍ ﺌﺍﺩ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﺭﺘﻗ ﺎﻤ ﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻠﻝ ﺩﺩﺤﻤﻭ ﻕﻴﻗﺩ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺥﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻑﻠﺘﺨ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ : * ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺎﻗ ﻰﻨﻤ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ : ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻭﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺍﺭﻀﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﻼﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﻀﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﺒ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺌﺎﻜﻝﺍ لﻜﻝ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺤﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺤﻝ . ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻑﻌﻀ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻭ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻀﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ) . ،ﻡﺴﺎﻗ ﻰﻨﻤ 1993 : 49 ( * ﻡﺩﻭﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋﻭ odum ﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺤﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﻴ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺍ ﺎﻨﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻑﻭﺴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻝ،ﺽﺭﻸﻝ ،ﻱﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ). ،ﻲﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ،ﻲﺒﺎﺒﻤﺍ ﺩﻴﺴ 1988 : 69 .( * ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻜ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ لﻜ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻑﺭﻌﻴﻭ ﻬﺒﺎﻌﻴﺘﺴﺇ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﺎ ﺍﻭﺘ لﺘﺨﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺯ ). ،ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﺡﺎﺒﺼ ،ﺩﻤﺤﻤ 2001 : 02 .( * ﻱﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺘﻴ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻜﺒ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﺤﻝﺇ ﺭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻌﺒﻨﻴ ﺩﻭﺴﺍ ﻥﺎﺨﺩ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻨﻠﻝ ﻑﻭﺸﻜﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﺩﻫﺎﺸﻨﻭ ﺩﺤﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ . ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺤﺌﺍﺭ ﻡﻌﻁ , لﺜﻤ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻌﺸﻹﺍ . ﺔﺴﺒﺎﻴﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ , ﻤﻨﺇﻭ ﺎ ﺭﻜﻌﻴ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺘﻤﻭ ﺓﻭﻔﺼ ﺕﺎﻨﺌﺎﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﻝﺍ , ﻭﻠﺘﻝﺎﻜ ﺙ ﻲﺌﻭﻀﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺠﻴﺠﻀﻝﺍ ). ﻋ ﻲﺠﻨﺭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺎﻗ ﷲﺍﺩﺒﻋ ﺏﺎﻫﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒ ، 2008 : 10 .( ﺭﻤ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻴﺃﻭ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻜﻴﻹﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﺒﺘ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻡﺎﺘ لﻠﺸﺒ ﺏﺎﺼﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ لﻘﺘ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺃﺭﻁﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻤﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻘﻓﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ لﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻲﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘ