Feeder links from Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Malawi and Zambia to the transafricain highway

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UNITED^ NATIONS ^ NA

SSfe AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

Distr.

., ■ . * ' LIMITED

• :'}S,' ,;3Q November 1973

t "'Original: ENGLISH

.',>; -ECONOMIC OOKMISSIOBf PPR AFRICA .4

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FEEDER. LINICS FROM ETHIOPIA, SOMALIA, SUDAN, TANZANIA, MALAWI AKD ZAMBIA

■' TO THE TRANSAFRICAN- HIGHWAY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pngee

. 1

\ Ethiopia - • • % ' '*' . -

....■■ 1 ■ 2

Somal ia * ' - ,-,

SUdan ... - • • • • • '• • 3 " 6

' ■ ft 7

Tanzania ;... i - •••-"••. "/ •••:•• ° " '

-'• Malawi .■...-.■...;'" • •• ^••••' '7 " 1°

Zambia .i .'•• ' '..'..-. \"\" 11" " ,12-

■ 4

E/CN.14/TRANS/95

ETHIOPIA .

The recommended feeder link from Ethiopia to the Tra&safrican Highway • consists of:

AddiB-Ababa-Dilla-Moyale-Marsabit-Nairobi: 1,585 km Its present condition may be summarized as follows;

A# Ethiopian seotiun (781 km) . . - ....

1.1 Addis Ababa-Awassa: 279 tan

This is a high standard two lane asphalted highway.

2. Awasaa-])illa: 87 km .

This .is an all-weather engineered gravel road, but not yet asphalted*.

3. PiUa-Yabelo: 205 km

. The construction of this section started in- February 1971 and is expected to be completed in July 1974- I* will be of primary

standard with a road width of 8 metres including shoulders, 6 metres of which will be bitumen paved.

4- Yabelo-Moyale; 210 km . '

. The construction of this section was started in July 1972 arid is expected to be completed in April 1975- It will be of secondary standard with a road width of 7 metres including' shoulders, 5-5^

metree of which will be bitumen payed. ■

The construction of the Dilla-Hoy ale section is being financed by the Federal Republic of Germany.

B. Kenyan section (804 km) ■ ' ' ' .

1. Moyale-Marsabit: 243 ton -

- This is under construction and it is expected to be completed in 1973- It is being financed by a loan provided by the Italian Government.

2. Mareabit-Isiolo:. 284 km ' ,

This is an improved all-Weather gravel road.

3. 'isioio-flairobi: 277 km v ■ ' ' ■ .

This ,is a bitumen paved two lane highway.

Page 2

SOMALIA

Somalia lies on the east coast of the African Continent. It has a coastline longer than 2,000 km on the Indian Ocean, along which a trunk ' road runs from the Kenyan border to Mogadiscio the capital. Even though

it cannot be called an all-weather-road,, it is'the only possible"link * ' between Mogadiscio- and the Transafrican Highway in Nairobi.

Wogadiscio-Kismaio-Liboi (Kenyan border)-»airobi: 1..U2 km

There is a certain amount of international lorry traffic on the section between Nairobi and Kismaio, Somalia's southern and-recently modernized port.

A. Somalia section " . ■ . - . ■ .

. Of the 753 km in Somalia about 253 km are bitumen surfaced roads-while ' the reinain^igjOO km consist of partially improved earth roads. The Somalian

Sri2SLIS£S?for 1971"1973 has> *"•"*i **\ * **

1. Mogadiscio-Afgoi: 26 km

{ Paved "road was built by the military in 1937, 6 metres in width

apart from the shoulders. ' ■

2. Afgoi-^halaPbod: 7S km .

Improved and paved in the first five-year Development Plan

/ (1963-1967) financed \jy the European Common Market. . '

3. Shalgr^jod-Goluin: ^8 km * - . ,

' Constructed between 1968 and 1969 with the finance from the

European Economic Community to build a 7 metres wide, road with

a 5 meters asphalted surface,

4* Galib-Kismaio: 114 km ' . - ■

Improved and paved in the First Five-Tear Development Plan by

the West-German Credit. . . •

Other sections are not yet improved. . ■ ■ "

B. Kenyan section

■ The 589 km" in Kenya consist of about 84 km of bitumen surfaced and

505 Ian of partially improved earth roads. ...

1. Liboi (Somalian-torder) - Garissa: 206 km - . , Unimproved earth road and no improvement plan.in the current

development schedule.

3/CN. I4/TRANS/95

3 2. Garissa-Nairobi: 38^ km -

*

' W^+C0" aderate With 84 ta of bit^en surfaced rond from Nairobi, and. other parts are. improved roadsi- • ■ '

SUDAN

■ ■ , ■ 1. ■ ■ • ' ■ ■

/8 0Tlt °i the'co™t"es which because of the -remoteness of their"

from the Transirfrloan Highway have to be linked by road* which

(a) ' Sudan-^I^anda lj^nk; . .. ■ . - ■ '.■.'.

Khartuura-Jube^Oui.u-Keinpala (2143 km)

(b) Sudan-Zaire link; ■ . . ■ - ., ' ■ .

Khartoum-Juba-Bulja (2511 Ion) ■ • ' ■ ■■ ' . -.

A\£\TQpi^^fQede* linlCS t0 the ^arlaafrican Highway, September- , the representative of Sudan proposed two alternatives: "

(c) . Sudan-Ethiopia-Kenva link:. \ , /.:

Khartoum-Wad Hedani-Gedaref (Sudan) - Addis Ababa - Nairobi (3,121 'km.)

^is onl^cn- Kthiopia-Kenya link (Addis Ababa - Nairobi) which

,- construc-oion, Mt between■ Kl.arto^ and Addis Ababa there ' .

::P°S" ? ^^' W* °'f ^^^ is ^ P^Benfof ^^ aU-weather

Route >

H»te .2., Route 3.

is shorter'

r°ad (f-«i*"ity Btudy carried out by USAID

Gedaref

E/CN.14/TRANS/95 '

Page 4

Furthermore, this route has many valuable merits other than easy completion of the link, because it also provides communication with the second largest Ethiopian city, Asmara" and access to the Ethiopian port of Masawa. . This

would help' to ease the pressure on facilities at Port Sudan.

However, the Khartoum-Azezo-Addis Ababa route, because it is shorter, is preferred as a feeder link to the Transafrican Highway.

Both the Government of the Sudan and Ethiopia are expected to press ahead to close the considerable gaps which lie on both sides of"the border.- - The engineering design of the Gedaref-Gallabat section has been completed, and-finance for its construction is to be obtained. The improvement of the Metema-Azezo section is included in the Ethiopian Government's next highway

programme. • . '

As for the Khartoum—Kurmuk-Addis Ababa route, the Gimbi-Kurmuk Route is one of the top priority projects for construction as a secondary road"

under the Fourth Highway Secondary & Feeder Roads Programme of the Imperial Highway Authority of Ethiopia, and is expected to be completed \iy 1976.

There is, however, no information about the Sudanese Government's plans ibr the improvement of the Kurmuk—Khartoum section of the road in the Sudan.

The condition of the Addis Ababa-Dilla-Moyale-tfairobi section (1,585 tan),

which is the feeder link from Ethiopia to the Transafrican Highway, is shown under Ethiopia.

The conditions of the routes are as follows1: .

Route 1: Khartoum-Wad Medani-Gedaref-Azezo-Addis Ababa: 1,536' km Sudanese section

- Khartoum-Wad Medani: 177 km. This road, with a 7 m paved surfaoe, was constructed by USAID. Further reconstruction and improvement of 50 km

is planned in the current Five-Year Plan (1970/71- 1974/75) f°r ■*■* to

accommodate the increasing traffic volume.

- Wad Medani-Gedaref:, 235 km- Tnis ia an important section of the Khartoum—

Port Sudan road. Construction works, with the help of the People's

Republic of China, including the building of two bridges on the Blue Nile and the Rahad River, are planned in the current Five-Year Plan (1-970/71—

1974/75). -.

/ ...

- Gedaref-Gallabat (Ethiopian border): 155 km. This section is an unimproved

dry weather road up to the Ethiopian border. Finance for implementing the feasibility study has been earmarked in the current Five-Year Plan.,

■ Ethiopian section ■ » _ _ •

- Metema (Sudanese border)-Azezo: 221 km. "This section is passable only

in the dry season .with four-wheel drive vehicles.

- Azezo-Bahar Bar-Addis Ababa: 748 km. This section is of an all-weather

primary standard arid 231 km of it,- from Addis Ababa to Dejen, are bitumen

surfaced.

/CN.14/TRANS/95 •

5

Route 2 Khartoui-n-Kassala-Sabderat-ABmara-Addis Ababa. 2 150 km Sudanese section

- Khartoum-Wad Medani-Gedaref 412 km (see.route 1, above)

■ , ■ » ■■

- Gedaref-Kassala; 223 km., An unimproved dry-weather" ro&d, but expected to be constructed. aB a section of the Khartoum-Port Sudan road subsequently, - Kassala-Sobderat. 35 k^. This is a 'dry-weather earth rood and only 4 km

of this unimproved seotion are in Ethiopia. t

Ethiopian section - ■

,- SabderaWTosseney-Asmara. 397 km. This seotion is of ali all-weathaP

" ■ ■■■ primary standard and ab->ut 140 km of it are hard surfaced.

- ABmaror-Adigrat-Debre Berhan-Addis Ababa. 1O83 ton.. This is of an all-

weather primary standard, of which the Asmara-Adigrat (195 km) and

"Debre Berhan-Addis Ababa (133 km) sections are bitumen surfaced.

(d) Sudan-Chad-Traneafrican Highway link: ' . .

"''"•" : | Khariioum-Geneina (Sudan) - Adre" (chad) - Abe*che* (Chad) - Ndjemena .-

Troneafrican Highway. ■ ,

The representative of Sudan favoured the feeder, link to .the Transafrioan Highway in Kampala, because this is shortest and least expensive to conatruot.

' * ■ ■ -

Khartoum-Wad Medani-Juba-Gulu-Kampala. 2.143 km

This Uganda link has further particular, significance in .the context

of the rehabilitation of the southern region and of Sudan's expressed

interest in possible association with the East African "Community. Uganda has-already built a good road to Nimule, eo that Sudan will enjoy good

access to the Transafricnn Highway. . ' . .'

The conditions of the above recommended feeder road are as follows.

A^ Sudanese section

The Khartoum to Wad Medani section '(117 km) is bitumen surfaced, while the section from Wad Medani to Juba (1,347 km) consists of tracks and trails, from Juba to the Ugandan border (75 km) it is all-weather standard.

But in the current Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social' Development (1970/71- 1974/75) priority is likely to..be..given to .upgrading, other, sections of the

domestic notwork. ( _

1. . Khartoum-Wad Medani: "117 km '■ ' ■ •

' Improvement and pavjeraent have been completed under the Ten-Year Development Plan with'a-grant by the Agency for International

Development. ■ . ■ ■ ■ ■ ..-..,

/

Page 6

2. Wad Hedani-Sonnar*4Costit 229 tan

The survey-study ie provided for in the current Pive-Year Plan.

3. Kosti-Juba: 1,118 km

This consists of trails and tracks which pass through swampy ' area pstlrabl^ deficient in suitable road building materials,

Coastrucxion is not planned in the current Pive-Year Plan. .

4. Juba-^fimule, (Ugandan .border): 175 km , .; . , ■

An all-weather gravel road,

B. Uganda section

Uganda has already built an adequate road from Kampala to Nimule (446 Ian).

1. Nimule (Sudanese border) - Atiak: 35 km

■ An improved gravel road exists.

2. Atiak-Gulu: 71 km ,

Improvement and engineered gravelling is provided for in the current

Pive-Year Development Plan (1971/72—1975/76).

. 3. Gulii-Kafu River: 150 km . . • ,

Improved and bitumen surfaced road, completed in 197O under a British

loan. ' . - . ; .

4. Kafu River ^VJobulenzi; 125 ton

Improved and bitumen surfaced road, completed in 197O by British loan.

5. WobulcnsL-Kampala: 63 km

v Bitumen surfaced road. . ' ■

•TANZANIA

There are some possible alternatives to the feeder links connecting the Tanzanian capital Dar es Salaam to the nearest Transafrican Highway ■ country's capital Nairobi, Kenya.

A. Dar es Salaam-Moshi-Arusha-Nairobi: 916 km

This route passes through the north-eastern part of Tanzania, the most developed area in the country with traffic-generating cities like Arusha, Moshi and famous game reserves. This route has been recommended as the

feeder road from the Transafrican Highway to Dar es Salaam from the stand point of its advantage over that via Tanga," it being shorter, and its effect on the development of agriculture, industry and tourism in the region.

The whole section between Dar es Salaam and Nairobi is bitumen surfaced.

Page 7

B. Dar es Salaam—Tanga-Mombasa: 549 km ...

This is tha shorter route to the'Transafrican Highway in Mombasa, but longer to Nairobi from Bar1 es Salaam, and' there is an unimproved . section of 75 km. between Tanga and the Kenyan border.

C. * Par- es Sadaam-^orogoro-Dodoma-Shinyangar-Usagara-Biharamulo-BukPba-

,Masaka-Kstnpala: 1,929 to" ' . _ ' \ ' :

It consists of two sections' of the north-south and east-west main trunk- roads in Tanzania. But the long section between Morogofo and Masaka in

Uganda (1,598 km) is an all-father earth road except between Ueagara and

Biharamulo (2O9 km) which is an engineered graved ro^ad. .

Bitumenization of the route is planned under the current Five-Year Plan

-for-'-th«- sections,Usagara and Shinyanga (-142 km), Bukoba.,and Kyaka. (3P- km).

On the basis of its length and present condition, this route does not

seem to be suitable for consideration as the feeder link for the time being.

However it should be pointed out that this route in Tanzania plays an ; ,-

important role for the land-locked countries of Burundi and Rwanda which are now using a rail/Lake/road system from Dar es Salaam. Those countries give

priority to road construction projects which link up with this route.. They

are Bujumbura-Citega-Mweruzi (Burundi) - Nyakanazi (Tanzania) for Burundi and Kigali-Kibungo-Rusumu (Rwanda) - Ikusulu (Tanzania), for Rwanda. . \

MAUWI ■ ' ■

. Malawi is 'situated midway .between Eastern Africa and Southern Africa.

Access to the sea lies' through Mozambique to the ports of Beira and Nacala, but road connections are poor. ' Coincidentally the distances from" central

Malawi to Beira/Nacal.a and to Dar es Salaam are. almost the., same,, about ,

1 300 km in each case. So, access to another port" through the new~'Tan-Zam Highway i's very useful. "

"':'"■'

Malawi's trade with countries on the Transafrican Highway (.Tanzania,

'w ' '

Kenya, Uganda and others except Zambia) is small, and its economy via-a-vis

the economies of those countries is competive rather than complementary.

Nevertheless, in the long run, Malawi ;;iay develop closer relations .with, those countries, and this would open the way for increasing trade,- and even perhaps the co-ordination of industries. For this reason,1 a feeder link to the Transafrican Highway is also important for Malawi. '

The only possible feeder link to connect Malawi's road network to . the Transafrican Highway seems to be the route from Chitipa in- the northern

province of Malawi through Tunduma, on the Tanzania/Zambia border, where it

joins the newly constructed Tan-Zam Highway. It follows the same route as

the feeder link to Zambia (see Becti.rn.on "the feeder link from Zambia)*

up to Nairobi (Kenya) through Dodbma and £rusha.(both are in Tanzania).

Proposed Feeder link: • ■Lilongwe-Kasungu-Chitipar-Tunduma-Iringa-Dodoma- Arusha— Nairobi; 2 274 to.

E/CN.14/TRANs/95

Page 3

R:>ad Development in Malawi seems to be based on the physical features

3*f the country, resulting in a "high" (Ml) and a "low" (Lakesh-re Road)

njrth-south routing, both construction works are being given high priority

by the Government . .,..,_ .

For the rmte :>f the feeder link from Malawi tj the Transafrican Highway, '

the road fro..T. the.1 new capital Lilongwe to Chitipa (Malawi/Zambia border), Ml,

is preferable at present, because of its fair condition. The whole route is a partially improved earth road, but it might be decided to switch t) the Lakeshore Road after the completion of the construction.

The terminal will be Lilongwe, connected t) Blantyre1 (35^ km), thrjugh Zotnba, ex-capital, the main.'commercial and industrial center of the country.

This first class highway has been constructed recently..

Proposed Route. Lilongwe-Kasungu-f-Jzimba-Kar'onga-Chitipa-Zambian border (Ml)

760 km

Lilongwe-ICasungu-JIzimba 292 km • ' ■

ThiB partially improved earth road is being investigated for improvement/

extension in the next five year plan (1976/77-1979/30)- The construction ,of the new bridge on the Bua river (near Kasungu) and three miles of its

" approach was completed in 1972.

. Mzimba-ftlzuzu-Rumpi, 1*37 km '

The existing route between Mzimba to Rumpi passes by tfzuzu, but a new route from Mzimba through. Vipya and Mzuzu to Rumpi is being investigated

* with a view to construction in the next Five-Year Plan. •

Rumpi-Chiweta-Chilumba-Karonga 166 km

Chilumba-ICaronga section (77 km) was completed in 1966 and Chiweta-Chilumba

(32 km) was constructed in 1972 with a sand-sealed bitumen surface highway.

The Rumpi-Chiweta section (57 km) is expected to be constructed under the

"current Five-Year Plan.

Karonga-Chitipa-Zambian border. 145 km

This section is being investigated with the possibility of construction in the next Five-Year Plan.

Alternative Lilongwe-Salima-Wkhotakota-Nkhala Bay-Mzuzu-Karonga-Chitipa-

Zambian border (through Lakeshore Road). 7^9 ^ •

Lakeshore Road was proposed with the view to connecting the Nkhotakota area to Zomba and Blantyre,' and the report, Economic and Engineering Survey' of Lakeshore Road, was prepared for USAID in June 1966. High priority has been given to the construction of Lakeshore Road by the Government in the current ten year development programme. The alternate feeder link passes

through Lakeshore Road from Nkhala Bay to Salima (239 km).

e/cn.u/trahs/95

Page 9

Lilongwe-3alirna (at .junction to flkhotakjta) . 33 k-n

This section, already bitumen surface, is but a single lane road.

Salima fat the .junction to Lilongwe) - Nkhotakota, 107 km

The section froni the junction of the Salima-^ilongwe road to Benga

(50-km) was completed to class II gravel standards in 1963» and. Benga-

Nkhotakota section (57 ten) has been completed, including the Chia Lag'on Bridge.

Nkhotakota-tfkhala Bay.. 132 km

This section is under construction and will be mainly gravel surfaced and partially bitumen surfaced roads. Two major bridges are also under construction.

Nkhala Bav-fizuzu. 4*3 km

This section is already an improved road but upgrading/extension are

being investigated.

ZAMBIA

Proposed Route: Chitipa (frontier) - Tunduma (Tan-Zam Highway): 40 taa

The proposed feeder link leaves Malawi at Chitipa and joins the new

Tari-Zara Highway at Tunduma. The distance from the frontier to Tunduma

is only about 40 km, and the existing earth road is in reasonable condi

tion but upgrading/improvement will be needed when it becomes a section

of the Transafrican Highway feeder link from Malawi.

TANZANIA,

Proposed Route, Tunduma-Iringa-Dodoma-Arusha-flairobi.. 1 474- km

-t

Road condition: See under Zambia

E/CN.14/TRANS/95'

Page 10 ."

Present Road Condition of the Feeder Link. Lilongwe-Nairobi

Country Itinerary

Road Conditions (ion)

Ail- Partially Un-

weather improved. improved - Total

(Proposed Route)

Malawi . Lilongwe-rMzimba.

; ''Mziroba-Rumpi

■'"'" "Rumpi-Chiweta Chiweta-Karonga

Karonga-Zambian border Total

10

; 292

■"157

' 57 145

109

651

109

57 145

760

Zambia Malawi border-Tunduma 40

Tanzania Tunduraa-Iringa Iringa-Arusha '

■Arusha-Border

507V 110-2/

10? a/

5S6

Alternate)

Malawi Lilongwe-Sal ima . Salima-Nkhotakota

Nkhotakota-Nkhata Bay Nkhata Bay-Mzuzu Mzuzu-Rumpi

, 83

107

■ 43

Total

238

132

240

507

; 690

. -108 Total

Kenya " Border-Nairobi

. Grand Total

725

169

.1 003

.580

—

1 271

— 1 305

— . 169

— 2 274

107

83

■182 48 58 478

Rumpi-Karonga-Zambian border is common to the proposed route

a/ This is bitumen surfaced.

b/ This is under construction

h;/cn.i4/trans/95

Page 11

SAHBIA

There are a few possible links between:the Zambian capital, of Lusaka

and the Transafrican Highway. ' ..'■...

A. Jjusaka-Iringa-Arusha-Nairobi. ■ '2^03- km ■ -,■"•■_ . . . -

' The distance from Lusaka to Nairobi 2,503 km seems to be too long for

a feeder road. The route includes other international trunk road systems,

the Nairobi-Iringa section, a part of the so-called Great North Road from Cape Town to Cairo, and. the Iringa-L,usaka section of the newly constructed

Tan-Zam Highway. ■ '

B. LUsaka-i,ubumbasbi-K3lwe2i-Kasongo-Kindu-Ki8an>!:ani. 2.1.90 km Present road conditions of this route are.

Lusaka-felwezi (Zaire) - 365 &n Asphalted highway*

Kolwezi-Kasongo . . , 1 175 km Unimproved earth road;

KasongbrKisangani ■ . ' S50 km Partially improved road

of which1 35 ta» near Kindu

'■■''•". ' ' ' •' ■ ■ and about 100 km hear Kisangani

are asphalted.

Concerning the Zambian" trade pattern, its exports are almost entirely

made up of copper directed to the advanced industrial countries. In respeot of its imports from East African countries, the^.e have now increased, but

.still remain little more than 3 per' cent of total imports. By contrast, other African, countries supply less than 1 per cent of imports and receive, a similar,

percentage of Zambia's exports.

On the basis of its length, present condition and Zambia's trade pattern, this route does not seem tj be suitable for use as the feeder link at present.

Lusaka-Iringa-Arusha-Nairobi. 2.Sin km is recommendable as'the feeder link between Zambia and the Transafrican Highway and its present condition

is as follows.

Zambian section , ' .■

Lusaka-Tunduina (TanFanian border): 1,029 km

This entire' section for.ns a part of the Tan-Zam Highway which was completed and opened to traffic in- 1971 with design speeds of 70 mph for flat topography, 50-63 mph for rolling, 4O-5O for mountainous, and a pavement width of 20 feet

(6.1 metres). ■ , .

The capital oost of the Tan-Zam .Highway construction was financed by funds

from the. US Government, IBKD, and the Swedish International Development Agency.

E/CN.14/TRANS/95

Page 12

Tanzanian section

1. Tunduma (Zambian border)-Mbeya-Iringa: 5O7 km

This section is also part of the Tan-Zam Highway which is already completed, using the same standards as in the Zambian section but with a pavement width of 22 feet (6,7 metres).

* . . . -

'2.- Iringa Dodoma-Arusha: "69O km ' '' ; . ' This road runs through the central part of the country from the south to the north and is one of the Tanzanian main trunk roads.

At present.the road consists of 58O km of all-weather earth roads, 60 km of bitumen surfaced section near Arusha*, 20 km near Dodoma,

30 km near Iringa. .

The'construction of the Tan-Zam Highway overshadows .other works, so that no remarkable improvement or surfacing on this section is planned in the second Five-Year Plan (1969-1974) t but in the light of the increasing importance of the road-link with Zambia active construction work is expeoted

to begin in the near future.

3- Arusha-^Jairobi: 277 km

This section forms a part of the recommended feeder road from Nairobi to Dar es Salaam, and the entire section has been improved

and bitumen surfaced.

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O73-788

TRANS/95

FEEDER LINKS FROM TANZANIA , MALAWI S ZAMBIA

TO THE TRANS —AFRICAN HIGHWAY

RACCORDEMENT DES RESEAUX ROUTIERS DU TANZANIE MALAWI ET DU ZAMBIE A LA ROUTE TRANSAFRICAINE

Lot* lOiAmin

O73-803