User’s Guide –
National Plumbing Code
of Canada 1995
Issued by the
Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes
National Research Council of Canada
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First Edition 2001
ISBN 0-660-18070-7 NR35-20/2000E
© National Research Council of Canada Ottawa
World Rights Reserved
NRCC 44236
Printed in Canada
First Printing
Aussi disponible en français :
Guide de l’utilisateur du Code national de la plomberie – Canada 1995
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Preface ... v Section 1 General Requirements and Administration
1.1. Application ... 1-1 1.2. Scope ... 1-2 1.3. Definitions and Abbreviations ... 1-3 1.4. Equivalents ... 1-12 1.5. Plumbing Facilities ... 1-14 1.6. Service Connections ... 1-26 1.7. Location of Fixtures ... 1-30 1.8. Plumbing Drawings and Related Documents ... 1-31 1.9. Referenced Documents ... 1-31 Section 2 Materials and Equipment
2.1. General ... 2-1 2.2. Fixtures ... 2-4 2.3. Traps and Interceptors ... 2-9 2.4. Pipe Fittings ... 2-13 2.5. Non-Metallic Pipe and Fittings ... 2-19 2.6. Ferrous Pipe and Fittings ... 2-35 2.7. Non-Ferrous Pipe and Fittings ... 2-40 2.8. Corrosion-Resistant Materials ... 2-46 2.9. Jointing Materials ... 2-46 2.10. Miscellaneous Materials ... 2-47
Section 3 Piping
3.1. Application ... 3-1 3.2. Construction and Use of Joints ... 3-1 3.3. Joints and Connections ... 3-11 3.4. Support of Piping ... 3-20 3.5. Protection of Piping ... 3-28 3.6. Testing of Drainage or Venting Systems ... 3-33 3.7. Testing of Potable Water Systems ... 3-38
Section 4 Drainage Systems
4.1. Application ... 4-1 4.2. Connections to Drainage Systems ... 4-1 4.3. Location of Fixtures ... 4-6 4.4. Treatment of Sewage and Wastes ... 4-7 4.5. Traps ... 4-9 4.6. Arrangement of Drainage Piping ... 4-17 4.7. Cleanouts ... 4-23 4.8. Minimum Slope and Length of Drainage Pipes ... 4-31 4.9. Size of Drainage Pipes ... 4-31 4.10. Hydraulic Loads ... 4-33
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5.2. Single Storey Wet Venting ... 5-3 5.3. Multi-Storey Wet Venting ... 5-8 5.4. Vent Pipes for Soil-or-Waste Stacks ... 5-10 5.5. Miscellaneous Vent Pipes ... 5-16 5.6. Arrangement of Vent Pipes ... 5-18 5.7. Minimum Size of Vent Pipes ... 5-25 5.8. Sizing of Vent Pipes ... 5-28
Section 6 Potable Water Systems
6.1. Arrangement of Piping ... 6-1 6.2. Protection from Contamination ... 6-14 6.3. Size and Capacity of Pipes ... 6-21
Section 7 Non-Potable Water Systems
7.1. Connection ... 7-1 7.2. Identification ... 7-1 7.3. Location ... 7-1
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This User’s Guide is intended to provide users of the National Plumbing Code of Canada (NPC) 1995 with a better understanding of the history, background, intent and rationales to assist in applying the requirements of the NPC. It is not intended to be used as a design manual, but rather as a means of clarifying the minimum requirements of the Code.
The Guide is formatted to relate the Intent, Reason, and supporting Additional Information to each Sentence in the NPC, together with diagrams where required for further clarification.
Where applicable, excerpts from referenced documents are included to provide a complete set of requirements relevant to each particular provision.
The information should provide a better understanding of the rationale behind each NPC requirement, thereby fostering improved compliance with the objectives of the NPC.
This Guide has been prepared to assist persons involved in the design, modification or approval of plumbing systems and would be of special use to persons in apprenticeship programs for plumbing.
Please note that this is the first edition of User’s Guide to the NPC and it is intended that it will be updated to add or revise information.
This User’s Guide was prepared with the assistance of the following: R.B. Chauhan A. Durnie B. Lagueux A. Lavallée D.S. McDonald I. McHattie D. Musabay D.A. Myers D.J. Sywake
Final decisions on the content were the responsibility of the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes, on the recommendation of the Standing Committee on Building and Plumbing Services.
Comments
Users can submit their comments to the attention of: Technical Advisor
Standing Committee on Building and Plumbing Services Canadian Codes Centre, Building M-23A
National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6
Copyright
Copyright in this document is owned by the National Research Council of Canada. All rights reserved. Reproduction of the Council’s copyright material by any means is prohibited without the written consent of NRC. Requests for permission to reproduce this document must be sent to: Head, Canadian Codes Centre, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6.
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Section 1
General Requirements and
Administration
1.1.
Application
1.1.1.
General
1.1.1.(1) Intent
To state that all work on plumbing systems should conform to the National Plumbing Code of Canada (NPC) 1995.
Reason An introduction to the NPC and a definition of its application.
Additional Information
The objective of the NPC is the proper design and installation of plumbing systems to ensure public health and safety.
1.1.2.
Administrative Requirements
1.1.2.(1) Intent
To reference administrative requirements that are defined in Article 1.1.1.1. of the National Building Code of Canada (NBC) 1995 as appropriate to plumbing systems.
Reason References Administrative Requirements for Use with the National Building Code of Canada 1995, which describes the authority under which the NPC is intended to be administrated. Some of the requirements contained in the Administrative Requirements for Use with the National Building Code of Canada 1995 apply to the NPC and others to the NBC. Only those that apply to the NPC shall be used. It is the user who must determine the appropriate requirements.
Additional Information
The NBC states that the Code is to be administered in accordance with the appropriate provincial or municipal regulations or, in the absence of such regulations, in conformance with the Administrative Requirements for Use with the National Building Code of Canada 1995. However, the Administrative Requirements were last published as a separate document in 1985, and were referenced as such in the NBC 1990. The general scope of the requirements has been incorporated into the body and appendix material of the NBC 1995.
Part 7 of the NBC covers the requirements relating specifically to plumbing systems. NBC Article 7.1.1.2. states, “This Part applies to the design, construction, extension, alteration, renewal or repair of plumbing systems.” NBC Article 7.1.2.1. states, “Every plumbing system shall be designed and installed in conformance with appropriate municipal, territorial or provincial regulations or, in the absence of such regulations, in accordance with the National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995.”
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1.2.
Scope
1.2.1.
Scope
1.2.1.(1) Intent
To state the minimum requirements that apply to the items addressed in the application statement.
Reason Minimum standards are to be maintained for the design and installation of all drainage systems for sewage, clear-water waste and storm water, all venting systems for the drainage systems, all water service pipes and all water distribution systems for buildings.
Note: The phrase “water-borne wastes” in the NPC is not defined and should more appropriately read “sewage and clear-water waste.” Both “sewage” and “clear-water waste” are defined terms that apply to more than just water-borne wastes.
The root objective is health.
Additional Information
Relationship of the NPC to Standards Development
The development of many requirements in the NPC and the assessment of conformity to those requirements is supported by several of the services provided by the member organizations of Canada’s National Standards System (NSS).
The NSS is a federation of accredited organizations concerned with standards writing, certification and testing, established under the auspices of the Standards Council of Canada Act. Activities of the NSS are coordinated by the Standards Council of Canada (SCC), which accredits standards development organizations, certification organizations, registration organizations and calibration and testing organizations. More information on the SCC and accredited organizations is included in Appendix A of the NBC.
The NPC contains many references to standards published by accredited standards writing organizations in Canada (see NPC A-1). NPC Table 1.9.3. lists the standards referenced in the NPC. When a standard is to be referenced in the NPC, the committee responsible for the relevant section reviews the content of the standard to ensure that it is compatible with the NPC.
The NPC also contains references to standards that, while published by accredited standards writing organizations, are not designated as National Standards of Canada. These standards have been reviewed by the relevant code committee before being incorporated into the NPC.
Non-Canadian Standards
A number of subject areas are covered by the NPC where the Canadian standards writing organizations have chosen not to develop standards. In these cases, the NPC often makes reference to standards developed by organizations in other countries, such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). These standards are developed using processes that may differ from those used by the Canadian standards writing organizations. Nevertheless, these standards have been reviewed by the relevant standing committees and found acceptable.
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1.3.
Definitions and Abbreviations
1.3.1.
Definitions Not Listed
1.3.1.(1) Intent
To provide a reference for the meaning of terms commonly used in the NPC but not specifically defined therein, i.e. lexical meaning.
Reason Words and phrases that are adequately covered by standard dictionary definitions and have well understood generic meanings in the related trades and professions are not included in the list of definitions. Words and phrases for which definitions are included have specific application within the context of the NPC and help to define the intent of the text in which they are used.
The root objective is health.
Additional Information
None.
1.3.2.
Definitions in Italics
1.3.2.(1) Intent
To provide a cross-reference to the defined terms in italics in the NPC.
Reason Words and phrases with specific definitions are shown in italics throughout the NPC. This is to provide a cross-reference to the definitions for the purposes of clarifying the intent of the text in which they occur.
Additional
Information indirectly connected pipe(cutting pipe at an angle reduces splashing)
air break (not smaller than the size of the indirectly connected pipe, or 25 mm) (See NPC Article 3.3.12.) directly connected
receptacle (fixture) EC01136B
Figure 1-1 Air break [1.3.2.(1)]
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water supply EC01176B control valve air gap (See NPC Article 6.2.9.)
flood level rim Figure 1-2
Air gap [1.3.2.(1)]
EC00623A
no air gap no air gap
immersed drain pipe
no vacuum breaker
minimum air gap 25 mm or 2 times diameter of supply pipe
contaminated water flowing from drinking fountain large demand of water through fire hose pressure drop
in water supply under high flow
lower pressure created by fire hydrant flow High flow to the fire
hydrant causes a drop in the supply pressure to the building, which results in back-siphonage from improperly protected fixtures on upper levels and contaminated flow to fixtures such as the drinking fountain on a lower level. Figure 1-3 Back-siphonage [1.3.2.(1)]
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water flowing under pressure
(a) Normal operation with air valve open
(b) No back flow - valve closed by atmospheric pressure EC01119B pressure (below atmospheric) air (atmospheric pressure) Figure 1-4 Back-siphonage preventer [1.3.2.(1)] vent stack
This end of the branch vent could be connected to a stack vent or header or lead directly to open air. branch vent – joins junction
of continuous vent and individual vent to the vent stack continuous vent individual vent LAV WCs EC01120A Figure 1-5 Branch vent [1.3.2.(1)]
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continuous vent wet vent CO EC01121A Figure 1-6 Continuous vent [1.3.2.(1)] 1 m building
sewer sump vent
sump branch building drain branch vent WC CO LAV WC wet vent FD building drain or branch CO continuous vent soil-or-waste stack CO vent stack branch wet vent individual vent WC continuous vent dual vent wet vent branch vent wet vent branch vent stack vent continuous vent stack vent header continuous vent WC relief vent individual vent header
branch vent stack vent
LAV individual vent stack vent fixture drain continuous vent EC01122A Figure 1-7
Drainage and venting systems [1.3.2.(1)]
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trap arm
branch soil-or-waste
stack
branch
nominally horizontal offset (slope less than 45°)
soil-or-waste stack building drain branch branch branch soil-or-waste stack building drain nominally vertical offset (slope greater than 45°)
EC01123B
Partial drainage system (isometric view)
Figure 1-8
Drainage system [1.3.2.(1)]
EC01124B
trap arm
trap arm fixture
outlet pipe trap weir trap weir vent vent dip Figure 1-9
Fixture outlet pipe and trap arm [1.3.2.(1)]
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header
upper end of header terminates in open air
vent stacks or stack vents
header upper end of header terminates in open air
vent stacks or stack vents stack vent EC01125A Figure 1-10 Header [1.3.2.(1)] 45° 45° horizontal horizontal vertical nominally vertical nominally horizontal nominally vertical nominally horizontal sloped to drain 1/8 bend (45° change in direction) nominally horizontal nominally vertical Y fitting EC01126A Figure 1-11
Nominally horizontal and nominally vertical [1.3.2.(1)]
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EC01127A
(c) Elevation view of horizontal pipe (a) Elevation view of vertical pipe
(b) Plan view of horizontal pipe <45° <45° vertical pipe nominally horizontal offset nominally vertical offset horizontal offset nominally vertical offset nominally horizontal offset <45° <45° horizontal pipe Figure 1-12 Offset [1.3.2.(1)]
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property line water service pipe water system venting system drainage system building drain building sewer
public sewer (or private disposal system) public water main (or private water source)
KS BG limit of plumbing system
CO
EC01128B
1 m
Figure 1-13
Plumbing system [1.3.2.(1)]
1.3.3.
Abbreviations of Proper Names
1.3.3.(1) Intent
To identify organizations and authorities that are referenced in the NPC by their commonly used abbreviations.
Reason Commonly used abbreviations for related authorities and standards organizations are used to conserve space in the NPC. The full names and addresses of the organizations are provided for reference purposes.
Additional Information
None.
1.3.4.
Symbols and Other Abbreviations
1.3.4.(1) Intent
To state the meaning of abbreviations used in the NPC.
Reason Commonly used abbreviations for certain materials and units of measure are used to conserve space in the NPC. The full names and identification of units are provided for reference purposes.
Additional Information
The standardized plumbing-related symbols in Table 1-1 have been developed by the American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE) for use in the design and preparation of drawings. Some government agencies and industries have their own standard lists of symbols, which may differ from these.
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Table 1-1
ASPE Standardized Symbols
Symbol Description Abbreviation
_____ SD _____ Storm drain, rainwater drain SD ___ ___ SSD ___ Sub-soil drain, footing drain SSD _______________ Soil, waste or sanitary sewer S, W, SAN
__ __ __ __ __ __ Vent V
__ __ __AV __ __ Acid vent AV
_______ D ______ Indirect drain D
_______ PD _____ Pump discharge line PD
______ __ ______ Cold water CW
_____ __ __ _____ Hot water supply (60C) HW ____ __ __ __ ____ Hot water recirculation HWR
For the symbols and abbreviations appearing in the figures in this Guide, consult Table 1-2.
Table 1-2
Symbols and Abbreviations
Water and drainage pipe _________ Subsoil drains __ _ __ _
Vent Pipe _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
BG Bathroom group LAV Lavatory
BT Bathtub LT Laundry tray
CO Cleanout RD Roof drain
DF Drinking fountain SS Slop sink
FD Floor drain UR Urinals
FS Floor sink WC Water closet
KS Kitchen sink
Other symbols and abbreviations in this Guide have the following meanings: ABS ... acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
AL ... aluminum
cm2 ... square centimetre(s)
CPVC ... chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) ... degree(s)
C ... degree(s) Celsius F ... degree(s) Fahrenheit diam ... diameter
DWV ... drain, waste and vent h ... hour(s)
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in. ... inch(es) J ... joule(s) K ... Kelvin
kg/L ... kilogram(s) per litre
kg/m2 ... kilogram(s) per square metre kN ... kilonewton(s)
kPa ... kilopascal(s) L ... litre(s)
L/s ... litre(s) per second lx ... lux
m ... metre(s)
m/s ... metre(s) per second m2 ... square metre(s) max. ... maximum min. ... minimum min ... minute(s) mL ... millilitre(s) mm ... millimetre(s) N ... newton(s) No. ... number(s) Pa ... pascal(s) PE ... polyethylene
PEX ... crosslinked polyethylene PP-R ... polypropylene
psi ... pound(s) per square inch PVC ... poly(vinyl chloride) temp. ... temperature
W ... watt(s)
1.4.
Equivalents
1.4.1.
Alternate Materials, Appliances, Systems and Equipment
1.4.1.(1) Intent
To provide a means of accepting alternative materials, appliances, systems, equipment, methods of design or construction procedures not specifically authorized by the NPC.
Reason Materials, appliances, systems, equipment, methods of design and construction procedures continuously advance during the code preparation process. For that reason, the NPC does not necessarily reflect the latest or all appropriate developments in those areas. A means of accepting alternative solutions is therefore provided. Appropriateness of the application is to be determined in accordance with the requirements of NPC Articles 1.4.2. or 1.4.3.
Additional Information None.
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1.4.2.
Evidence of Equivalent Performance
1.4.2.(1) Intent
To provide a means of accepting alternative materials, appliances, systems, equipment, methods of design or construction procedures not specifically authorized by the NPC.
Reason Approval of equivalent performance may be obtained by providing sufficient evidence to the appropriate local authority.
Additional Information
None.
1.4.3.
Equivalence Demonstrated by Past Performance, Test or Evaluation
1.4.3.(1) Intent
To provide a means of accepting alternative materials, appliances, systems, equipment, methods of design or construction procedures not specifically authorized by the NPC, on the basis of past performance, tests or evaluations.
Reason Equivalence may be demonstrated by means of suitable records of past performance, tests or evaluations such as performance in other countries, testing by a certified testing agency, or evaluation for conformance to a standard listed in the NPC.
Additional Information
The NPC is a set of minimum requirements contained within its own text or that of referenced documents. The process of assessing conformity to the requirements during construction is the responsibility of the authority having jurisdiction and the supervising professional designers. Procedures for assessing conformity include testing and certification, evaluation or qualification by a qualified organization (see NPC A-1).
In some cases, a product for which no standard exists can be certified using procedures and criteria developed by the accredited certifying organization and specifically designed to measure the performance of that product.
Evaluation is a written opinion by an independent professional organization that a product will perform its intended function in a building (see NPC A-1). Evaluation is very often done to determine equivalency of performance of an innovative product to the intent of a Code requirement.
Qualification of building products also evaluates the ability of a product to perform its intended function by verifying that it meets the requirements of a standard (see NPC A-1).
NPC Article 1.4.3. permits equivalence to be determined by past performance, test or evaluation. The determination of the equivalence of materials,
appliances, systems, equipment and methods of design and construction not specifically described in the NPC usually requires specialized knowledge and evaluation methods, or past performance experience in a specific locality. Local governments must sometimes establish their own specialist team to evaluate and determine solutions to deal with unique local requirements.
Equivalence can be determined through the certification, evaluation and qualification processes described in NPC A-1.
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1.5.
Plumbing Facilities
1.5.1.
Provision in Accordance with NBC
1.5.1.(1) Intent
To state that plumbing facilities are provided in accordance with the requirements of the NBC 1995.
Reason To provide a reference to the relevant sections of the NBC.
Additional Information
NBC 3.7.4.1. Plumbing and Drainage Systems
1) A building situated on property that abuts a street in which a public or municipal water main is located shall be provided with or have accessible to its occupants a plumbing system including a potable water supply, a sanitary
drainage system and toilet fixtures.
2) If the installation of a sanitary drainage system is not possible because of the absence of a water supply, sanitary privies, chemical closets or other means for the disposal of human waste shall be provided.
NBC 3.7.4.2. Water Closets
1) Except as permitted by Sentence (4), water closets shall be provided for each sex assuming that the occupant load is equally divided between males and females, unless the proportion of each sex expected in the building can be determined with reasonable accuracy. (See Appendix A.)
2) If a single special washroom is provided in accordance with the requirements of Section 3.8., the total number of persons in the building used to determine the number of water closets to be provided, is permitted to be reduced by 10 before applying Sentences (6), (7), (8), (12), (13) or (14).
3) Except as permitted by Sentence (2), if only one special washroom is provided in accordance with the requirements of Section 3.8., the water closet in this washroom shall not be considered in determining the number of water closets required by this Article.
4) Both sexes are permitted to be served by a single water closet if a) the occupant load in an occupancy referred to in
Sentences (6), (10), (12), (13) or (14) is not more than 10, or b) the total area in a Group E occupancy is not more than 100 m2.
5) Urinals are permitted to be substituted for two thirds of the number of water closets required by this Article for males, except that if only 2 water closets are required for males, one urinal is permitted to be substituted for one of the water closets.
6) Except as permitted by Sentences (4), (7) and (8), the number of water closets required for assembly occupancies shall conform to Table 3.7.4.2.A.
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Table 3.7.4.2.A.
Water Closets for an Assembly Occupancy
Forming Part of Sentence 3.7.4.2.(6)
Minimum Number of Water Closets Number of Persons of Each Sex
Male Female 1 - 50 1 2 51 - 75 2 3 76 - 100 2 4 101 - 125 3 5 126 - 150 3 6 151 - 175 4 7 176 - 200 4 8 201 - 250 5 9 251 - 300 5 10 301 - 350 6 11 351 - 400 6 12 Over 400
7 plus 1 for each additional increment of 200 males
in excess of 400
13 plus 1 for each additional increment of 100 females
in excess of 400
7) The number of water closets required for primary schools and day-care centres shall be at least one for each 30 males and one for each 25 females.
8) The number of water closets required for places of worship and undertaking premises shall be at least one for each 150 persons of each sex.
9) The number of water closets required for a care or detention occupancy shall be determined on the basis of the special needs of the occupancy.
10) Except as permitted by Sentence (4), the number of water closets required for a residential occupancy shall be at least one for each 10 persons of each sex.
11) At least one water closet shall be provided for a dwelling unit that has a piped water supply available.
12) Except as permitted by Sentence (4), the number of water closets required for a business and personal services occupancy shall conform to Table 3.7.4.2.B.
Table 3.7.4.2.B.
Water Closets for a Business and Personal Services Occupancy
Forming Part of Sentence 3.7.4.2.(12)
Number of Persons of Each Sex Minimum Number of Water Closets for Each Sex
1 - 25 1
26 - 50 2
Over 50 3 plus 1 for each additional increment of 50 persons of each sex in excess of 50
13) Except as permitted by Sentence (4), the number of water closets required for a mercantile occupancy shall be at least one for each 300 males and one for each 150 females.
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14) Except as permitted by Sentence (4), the number of water closets required for an industrial occupancy shall conform to Table 3.7.4.2.C.
Table 3.7.4.2.C.
Water Closets for an Industrial Occupancy
Forming Part of Sentence 3.7.4.2.(14)
Number of Persons of Each Sex Minimum Number of Water Closets for Each Sex
1 - 10 1
11 - 25 2
26 - 50 3
51 - 75 4
76 - 100 5
Over 100 6 plus 1 for each additional increment of 30 persons of each sex in excess of 100
15) In a building whose floor area is more than 600 m2and that includes one or more individual tenant spaces for business and personal services occupancy or mercantile occupancy, water closets shall be located so that they are accessible to the public when the building is occupied.
NBC 3.7.4.3. Lavatories
1) Except as permitted by Sentence (2), at least one lavatory shall be provided in a room containing one or 2 water closets or urinals, and at least one additional lavatory shall be provided for each additional 2 water closets or urinals.
2) Wash fountains in circular form are permitted to be provided in lieu of lavatories required by Sentence (1) provided each 500 mm of circumference is considered to be the equivalent of one lavatory.
NBC 3.7.4.4. Mobile Home Facilities
1) If mobile homes do not have individual sanitary facilities connected to a central water supply and drainage system, a service building shall be provided for public use.
2) The service building required by Sentence (1) shall contain
a) at least one water closet for each sex if the service building facilities serve not more than 10 mobile homes, and
b) an additional water closet for each sex for each additional 10 mobile homes.
3) If a service building is required by Sentence (1), it shall contain lavatories as required by Sentence 3.7.4.3.(1) and at least
a) one laundry tray or similar facility, and b) one bathtub or shower for each sex.
NBC 3.7.4.5. Safety Glass
1) Glass, other than safety glass, shall not be used for a shower or bathtub enclosure.
NBC 3.7.4.6. Surface Protection near a Urinal
1) Wall and floor surfaces below the uppermost surfaces of a urinal shall be protected from deterioration by impervious and durable material for a distance from the urinal to a point not less than 900 mm from the projected outline of the urinal on to the wall or floor.
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NBC 3.7.4.7. Floor Drain
1) A floor drain shall be installed in a washroom containing a urinal equipped with an automatic flushing device.
NBC 3.7.4.8. Grab Bar Installation
1) Grab bars that are installed shall resist a load not less than 1.3 kN applied vertically or horizontally.
NBC 3.8.2.3. Washrooms Required to be Barrier-Free
(See NBC A-3.8.2.3.)
1) Except as permitted by Sentence (2), a washroom in a storey to which a barrier-free path of travel is required in accordance with Article 3.8.2.1., shall be barrier-free in accordance with the appropriate requirements in
Articles 3.8.3.8. to 3.8.3.12.
2) A washroom need not conform to the requirements of Sentence (1) provided
a) it is located within a suite of residential occupancy,
b) other barrier-free washrooms are provided on the same floor area within 45 m, or
c) it is located in an individual suite having an area less than 500 m2 and the suite is completely separated from the remainder of the
building and with no access to it.
3) In a building where a washroom is required in accordance with Subsection 3.7.4., a barrier-free washroom shall be provided in the entrance
storey, unless a barrier-free path of travel is provided to a barrier-free washroom
in another storey.
4) If alterations are made to an existing building, special washrooms conforming to Article 3.8.3.12. are permitted to be provided in lieu of facilities for persons with physical disabilities in washrooms used by the general public.
NBC A-3.8.2.3. Washrooms. The primary intent of this requirement is that all regular washrooms be made accessible to all persons, including persons with disabilities, primarily persons who must use a wheelchair. Well-designed washrooms which can accommodate disabled persons need not be much larger than conventional washrooms.
The exception in Clause 3.8.2.3.(2)(b) recognizes situations where several washrooms may be provided on a large floor area. In such a case, not all washrooms need to be barrier-free, provided that a barrier-free washroom is available within a reasonable distance (45 m) of one that is not and that the location of that barrier-free washroom is clearly indicated as required by Sentence 3.8.3.1.(3).
Clause 3.8.2.3.(2)(c) is intended to address “strip malls” (a shopping mall with no public corridor). Section 3.7., which requires plumbing facilities, does not address the concept of suite and could permit, for instance, a shopping mall containing only Group E occupancies (assuming the mall is more than 100 m2) to have only one washroom for each sex located in any one of the suites. It is desirable, however, that washrooms be located so as to be accessible at all times, since the owner or tenant of one suite has no control over the activities of another. These buildings may have either public barrier-free washrooms in a central location or washrooms which can accommodate persons with physical disabilities in each suite. This arrangement relieves any one tenant from having to provide “public” washrooms. Hence, the exception for suites of less than 500 m2is meant as a relaxation to avoid an unnecessary burden on small facilities but should not be construed as meaning that these buildings need not provide accessible washrooms.
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Sentence 3.8.2.3.(4) clarifies that special washrooms (“unisex”) should not be used as a substitute for making regular washrooms accessible. These washrooms are an alternative which the authority having jurisdiction could require in the course of renovations to an existing building to satisfy the requirements of Sentence 3.8.2.3.(1), where modifying existing washrooms proves impracticable or where Section 3.7. permits the use of a single washroom for both sexes. This does not preclude the provision of special washrooms in addition to barrier-free regular washrooms; “unisex” washrooms are desirable in large shopping complexes and multiple use complexes, as well as transportation terminals, where persons must be accompanied by an attendant because of their degree of disability. These facilities are convenient because they may be used regardless of the gender of the disabled person or the attendant.
NBC 3.8.3.3. Doorways and Doors
2) The doorway to at least one bathroom within a suite of residential
occupancy shall have a clear width not less than 760 mm when the door is in the
open position. (See NBC A-3.8.3.3.(2).)
NBC A-3.8.3.3.(2) Washrooms in Residential Occupancies. This
requirement ensures that the doorway to the washroom in a dwelling unit or a hotel or motel suite is at least large enough to accommodate someone using a wheelchair. The Code does not require these washrooms to be barrier-free, in order to avoid a set of prescriptive requirements which could limit design flexibility. It is relatively simple to make washrooms accessible through careful planning and positioning of fixtures and this can be achieved in an area not much larger than that of conventional washrooms.
900 mm 900 mm 900 mm 900 mm GC00051A Figure A-3.8.3.3.(2) Residential washrooms
NBC 3.8.3.8. Water Closet Stalls
1) At least one water closet stall or enclosure in a washroom required by Article 3.8.2.3. to be barrier-free shall
a) be not less than 1 500 mm wide by 1 500 mm deep, b) be equipped with a door which shall
i) be capable of being locked from the inside,
ii) provide a clear opening not less than 760 mm wide with the door in the open position,
iii) swing outward, unless sufficient room is provided within the stall or enclosure to permit the door to be closed without interfering with the wheelchair (see NBC A-3.8.3.8.(1)(b)(iii)), iv) be provided on the inside with a door pull not less than
140 mm long located so that its midpoint is not less than 200 mm and not more than 300 mm from the hinged side
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of the door and not less than 900 mm and not more than 1 000 mm above the floor (see Appendix A), and
v) be provided with a door pull on the outside, near the latch side of the door,
c) have a water closet located so that the clearance between the fixture and the wall on one side is not less than 285 mm and not more than 305 mm,
d) be equipped with grab bars which shall
i) be mounted horizontally on the side wall closest to the water closet and shall extend not less than 450 mm in both directions from the most forward point of the water closet (see Appendix A),
ii) be mounted on the wall behind the water closet, extending the full width of the toilet bowl where the water closet does not have a water tank,
iii) be mounted not less than 840 mm and not more than 920 mm above the floor,
iv) be installed to resist a load of not less than 1.3 kN applied vertically or horizontally,
v) be not less than 30 mm and not more than 40 mm in diameter, and
vi) have a clearance of not less than 35 mm and not more than 45 mm from the wall,
e) be equipped with a coat hook mounted not more than 1 400 mm above the floor on a side wall and projecting not more than 50 mm from the wall, and
f) have a clearance of not less than 1 700 mm between the outside of the stall face and the face of an in-swinging washroom door and 1 400 mm between the outside of the stall face and any wall-mounted fixture.
NBC A-3.8.3.8.(1)(b)(iii) Water Closet Stalls. Doors to water closet stalls for persons with physical disabilites should swing outward, preferably against a side wall.
wall mounted fixture
door to washroom
stall stall stall
1.4 m 1.7 m
EC01214A Figure A-3.8.3.8.(1)(b)(iii)
Water closet stalls
NBC 3.8.3.9. Water Closets
1) A water closet for a person with physical disabilities shall
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a) be equipped with a seat located at not less than 400 mm and not more than 460 mm above the floor,
b) be equipped with hand-operated flushing controls that are easily accessible to a wheelchair user or be automatically operable, c) be equipped with a seat lid or other back support, and d) not have a spring-actuated seat.
(See NBC A-3.8.3.9.(1).)
NBC A-3.8.3.9.(1) Water Closets. Wall-mounted water closets or floor models with receding bases are preferable because they provide the least amount of obstruction.
NBC 3.8.3.10. Urinals
1) If urinals are provided in a barrier-free washroom, at least one urinal shall be
a) wall mounted, with the rim located between 488 mm and 512 mm above the floor, or
b) floor mounted, with the rim level with the finished floor.
2) The urinal described in Sentence (1) shall have
a) a clear width of approach of 800 mm centred on the urinal, b) no step in front, and
c) installed on each side a vertically mounted grab bar that is not less than 300 mm long, with its centreline 1 000 mm above the floor, and located not more than 380 mm from the centreline of the urinal.
NBC 3.8.3.11. Lavatories
1) A barrier-free washroom shall be provided with a lavatory which shall
a) be located so that the distance between the centreline of the lavatory and the side wall is not less than 460 mm,
b) have a rim height not more than 865 mm above the floor, c) have a clearance beneath the lavatory not less than
i) 760 mm wide,
ii) 735 mm high at the front edge,
iii) 685 mm high at a point 205 mm back from the front edge, and iv) 230 mm high over the distance from a point 280 mm to a point
430 mm back from the front edge (see NBC A-3.8.3.11.(1)(c)),
d) have insulated pipes where they would otherwise present a burn hazard (see NBC A-3.8.3.11.(1)(d)),
e) be equipped with faucet handles of the lever type without spring loading or be automatically operable, and
f) have soap or towel dispensers located not more than 1 200 mm above the floor in an area that is accessible to persons in wheelchairs.
2) The lavatory required by Sentence (1) is permitted to be built into a counter provided the height and clearances required by Sentence (1) are maintained.
3) Shelves or other projections above lavatories shall be located so that they will not present a hazard to a person with a visual disability.
4) If mirrors are provided in a barrier-free washroom, at least one mirror shall be
a) mounted with its bottom edge not more than 1 000 mm above the floor, or
b) be inclined to the vertical to be usable by a person in a wheelchair.
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NBC A-3.8.3.11.(1)(c) Clearances Beneath a Lavatory. 735 mm 230 mm 685 mm 205 mm 280 mm 430 mm GC00053A Figure A-3.8.3.11.
Clearances beneath a lavatory
NBC A-3.8.3.11.(1)(d) Pipe Protection. The pipes referred to in
Clause 3.8.3.11.(1)(d) include both supply and waste pipes. The hazard can be prevented by insulating the pipes, by locating the pipes in enclosures, or avoided by limiting the temperature of the hot water to a maximum of 45C.
NBC 3.8.3.12. Special Washrooms
(See NBC A-3.8.3.12.)
1) A special washroom provided primarily for the use of persons of both sexes with physical disabilities, in lieu of facilities for persons with physical disabilities in washrooms used by the general public, shall
a) be equipped with a door capable of being locked from the inside and released from the outside in case of emergency and which has
i) graspable latch operating and locking mechanisms located not less than 900 mm and not more than 1 000 mm above the floor, and
ii) on an outward swinging door, a door pull not less than 140 mm long located on the inside so that its midpoint is not less than 200 mm and not more than 300 mm from the hinged side of the door and not less than 900 mm and not more than 1 000 mm above the floor (see A-3.8.3.8.(1)(b)(iv) in Appendix A),
b) be provided with a lavatory conforming to Article 3.8.3.11., c) be equipped with a water closet conforming to the requirements
of Article 3.8.3.9. and having a clearance between the fixture and the walls of
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i) not less than 285 mm and not more than 305 mm on one side, and
ii) not less than 875 mm on the other side,
d) be equipped with grab bars conforming to Clause 3.8.3.8.(1)(d), e) have no dimension less than 1 700 mm,
f) have fixture clearances conforming to Articles 3.8.3.8. and 3.8.3.11., g) be equipped with a coat hook conforming to Clause 3.8.3.8.(1)(e)
and a shelf located not more than 1 200 mm above the floor, h) have a doorway conforming to Article 3.8.3.3.,
i) be designed to permit a wheelchair to back in alongside the water closet in the space referred to in Subclause (c)(ii), and
j) be designed to permit a wheelchair to turn in an open space that has a diameter not less than 1 500 mm.
NBC A-3.8.3.12. Special Washrooms. Unobstructed areas in front of the lavatory, in front of the water closet and on one side of the water closet are necessary for maneuverability of a wheelchair. Although outward
swinging doors are preferable for accessibility, inward swinging doors are also permitted. Figures A-3.8.3.12.A. and A-3.8.3.12.B. show design options that meet the intent of Article 3.8.3.12.
1500
GC00054A Figure A-3.8.3.12.A.
Special washroom with outward swinging door
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1500
GC00055A Figure A-3.8.3.12.B.
Special washroom with inward swinging door
NBC 3.8.3.13. Showers
1) If showers are provided in a building of assembly occupancy, at least one shower stall shall be barrier-free and shall
a) be not less than 1 500 mm wide and 900 mm deep,
b) have a clear floor space at the entrance to the shower not less than 900 mm deep and the same width as the shower, except that fixtures are permitted to project into that space provided they do not restrict access to the shower (see NBC A-3.8.3.13.(1)(b)),
c) have a slip-resistant floor surface,
d) have a bevelled threshold not more than 13 mm higher than the finished floor,
e) be equipped with a hinged seat that is not spring-loaded or a fixed seat that is
i) not less than 450 mm wide and 400 mm deep, ii) mounted approximately 450 mm above the floor, and iii) designed to carry a minimum load of 1.3 kN,
f) be equipped with a horizontal grab bar that shall i) be not less than 900 mm long,
ii) be mounted approximately 850 mm above the floor, iii) be located on the wall opposite the entrance to the shower
so that not less than 300 mm of its length is at one side of the seat, and
iv) conform to Subclauses 3.8.3.8.(1)(d)(iv), (v) and (vi) (see NBC A-3.8.3.13.(1)(f)),
g) be equipped with a pressure-equalizing or thermostatic mixing valve controlled by a lever or other device operable with a closed fist from the seated position,
h) be equipped with a hand-held shower head with not less than 1 500 mm of flexible hose located so that it can be reached from the seated position and equipped with a support so that it can operate as a fixed shower head, and
i) have fully recessed soap holders which can be reached from the seated position.
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NBC A-3.8.3.13.(1)(b) Clear Space at Entrances to Showers. The clear space at the entrance to a shower may be encroached upon by fixtures such as a wall hung sink which does not interfere with the leg rests of the wheelchair. However, this sink could restrict movement for persons who need to make a lateral transfer if it were installed at the seat end of the shower.
same width as shower
900 mm
sink can infringe on clear space but would make lateral transfer difficult if seat was mounted on same side
EC01217A Figure A-3.8.3.13.(1)(b)
Shower design
NBC A-3.8.3.13.(1)(f) Grab Bars. One horizontal grab bar is required to be installed on the wall next to the seat. A grab bar behind the seat would prevent the user from leaning back against the wall, while one located on the wall opposite the seat cannot be reached from the seated position. The seat itself may be used in conjunction with the bar for transfer. If design flexibility is required, fold away grab bars can be used as an alternative.
NBC 3.8.3.14. Counters
1) Every counter more than 2 m long serving the public shall have at least one barrier-free section in conformance with Sentences (2) and (3). (See NBC A-3.8.3.14.(1).) (See A-3.8.2.1. in Appendix A.)
2) A barrier-free counter surface shall be not more than 865 mm above the floor.
3) Knee space beneath a barrier-free counter intended to be used as a work surface shall be not less than
a) 760 mm wide, b) 685 mm high, and c) 485 mm deep.
NBC A-3.8.3.14.(1) Counter Accessibility. It is not intended that all counters be accessible, but that sufficient counter space be accessible to permit use by persons in wheelchairs.
NBC 3.8.3.16. Drinking Fountains
1) If drinking fountains are provided, at least one shall be barrier-free and shall
a) have a spout located near the front of the unit not more than 915 mm above the floor, and
b) be equipped with controls that are easily operable from a wheelchair using one hand with a force of not more than 22 N or be automatically operable.
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NBC 9.31.4.1. Required Fixtures
1) A kitchen sink, lavatory, bathtub or shower, and water closet shall be provided for every dwelling unit where a piped water supply is available.
NBC 9.31.4.2. Laundry Facilities
1) Laundry facilities or a space for laundry facilities shall be provided in every dwelling unit, or grouped elsewhere in the building in a location conveniently accessible to occupants of every dwelling unit.
NBC 9.31.4.3. Hot Water Supply
1) Where a piped water supply is available a hot water supply shall be provided in every dwelling unit.
NBC 9.31.4.4. Floor Drains
1) Where gravity drainage to a sewer, drainage ditch or dry well is possible, a floor drain shall be installed in a basement forming part of a
dwelling unit.
2) A floor drain shall be provided in a garbage room, incinerator room or boiler room serving more than one dwelling unit.
NBC 9.31.5.1. Building Sewer
1) Wastes from every plumbing fixture shall be piped to the building sewer.
NBC 9.31.5.2. Discharge of Sewage
1) Building sewers shall discharge into a public sewage system where
such system is available.
2) Where a public sewage system is not available, the building sewer shall discharge into a private sewage disposal system.
NBC 9.31.6.1. Hot Water Temperature
1) Where a hot water supply is required by Article 9.31.4.3., equipment shall be installed that is capable of heating to at least 45C but not above 60C an adequate supply of service hot water for every dwelling unit.
NBC 9.31.6.2. Supply Source
1) Service hot water is permitted to be distributed from a centrally located heater to supply the entire building or may be supplied by an individual
service water heater for each dwelling unit. NBC 9.31.6.3. Equipment and Installation
1) Service water heaters shall conform to appropriate provincial or
territorial requirements or, in the absence of such requirements, to the National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995.
2) The installation of service water heaters, including provisions for mounting, clearances and air supply, shall conform to appropriate provincial or territorial requirements or, in the absence of such requirements, to
a) CAN/CGA-B149.1-M, “Natural Gas Installation Code,” b) CAN/CGA-B149.2-M, “Propane Installation Code,”
c) CSA B51, “Boiler, Pressure Vessel, and Pressure Piping Code,” d) CAN/CSA-B139-M, “Installation Code for Oil Burning Equipment,” e) CAN/CSA-B365-M, “Installation Code for Solid-Fuel-Burning
Appliances and Equipment,” or
f) CSA C22.1, “Canadian Electrical Code, Part I.”
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3) Where the building is located in seismic velocity or acceleration zones 4, 5 or 6, service water heaters shall be secured to the structure to prevent overturning. (See Appendix A.)
NBC 9.31.6.4. Corrosion-Resistant Coating
1) Where storage tanks for service water heaters are of steel, they shall be coated with zinc, vitreous enamel (glass lined), hydraulic cement or other corrosion-resistant material.
NBC 9.31.6.5. Fuel-Burning Heaters
1) Fuel-burning service water heaters shall be connected to a chimney flue conforming to Section 9.21.
NBC 9.31.6.6. Heating Coils
1) Heating coils of service water heaters shall not be installed in a flue or in the combustion chamber of a boiler or furnace heating a building.
1.6.
Service Connections
1.6.1.
Sanitary Drainage Systems
1.6.1.(1) Intent
To reduce the probability of discharge of sanitary waste into an inappropriate disposal system, which could lead to harm to persons.
Reason All sewage must be appropriately treated before being released into the environment to reduce the probability of health risks associated with public exposure to untreated sanitary waste.
The root objective is health.
Additional Information
Private sewage disposal systems are regulated by provincial, territorial or municipal regulations and require professional design input. Their design is heavily influenced by the local soil conditions and the location and land area of the building site. Where suitable conditions do not exist, storage and pump-out provision is sometimes required. Where occupancy is intermittent, chemical toilets are sometimes permitted [see NBC Subsection 3.7.4.,
referenced in NPC Sentence 1.5.1.(1)].
1.6.1.(2) Intent
To reduce the probability of overloading of a drainage system, which could lead to the backup of sanitary and storm drainage into the building.
Reason A combined building drain adds storm water flow, which adds to the capacity requirement and may reduce the effectiveness of a public or private sewage treatment system. Overloading of a drainage system could lead to backup of sanitary and storm drainage into the building, which could lead to harm to persons. Separate sanitary and storm building drains are encouraged, even where combined municipal sewers are in use. This will permit connection to separate sewer systems when they become available.
The root objective is health.
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Additional Information
Combined building drains may have proven to be acceptable on the basis of past performance in some localities and their acceptance under NPC Article 1.4.3. may be warranted. This would generally only apply where storm water flows are small in relation to total sewage flow, or where the sewage is of a nature that it requires limited treatment.
1.6.2.
Storm Drainage Systems
1.6.2.(1) Intent
To reduce the probability of improper disposal of storm water drainage, which could lead to property damage.
Reason Storm water can be destructive to property and services when inadequate provision for its disposal leads to erosion and flooding.
The root objective is subject property protection.
Additional Information
Storm water from a building roof and surrounding graded or paved areas will accumulate and run off at a much higher rate than will rainwater falling on normal unfinished ground because, in the latter case, the grassed or treed land will absorb some of the water and retard its run-off. Various methods are available for safely disposing of storm water if a municipal or designated system is not available. One common method is the creation of a holding pond that can absorb a surge from the maximum rainfall rate and permit a regulated discharge to a natural surface drainage area course, such as a ditch or stream. Care must be exercised to reduce the probability of erosion or sedimentation of the discharge course, by using weirs or other velocity retarding measures.
1.6.3.
Water Distribution Systems
1.6.3.(1) Intent
To reduce the probability of connection of a building water distribution system to a non-potable water source.
Reason A water distribution system must be supplied from an appropriate potable water supply to reduce the probability of any user of the system being provided with unsafe potable water. Potable water shall be used to flush plumbing fixtures to maintain sanitary conditions and also to provide an adequate supply of water for drinking and bathing purposes.
The root objective is health.
Additional Information
Municipal water systems in Canada are generally monitored and treated as necessary to meet potable water standards. Private water supplies from wells or other sources also require periodic monitoring for potability standards because the source can become contaminated from undetected seepage.
1.6.4.
Separate Services
1.6.4.(1) Intent
To reduce the probability that interruptions to services of an adjacent building will lead to interruption of services to the subject building.
Reason Separate service connections to public services for each building are required in most cases to allow authorized service access to the piping. Special legal
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arrangements may be required in some jurisdictions to permit access to common service connections to semi-detached or row housing.
The root objective is health.
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Additional Information X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
public water main public sewer
(a) Permitted building sewer
property line
public water main public sewer
(b) Permitted building sewer water service pipe Row housing Semi-detached
public water main public sewer
(c) Permitted building sewer
water service pipe
Row housing Semi-detached X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
public water main public sewer
(d) Not permitted building sewer water service pipe
property line water service pipe
EC01129A Figure 1-14 Service piping [1.6.4.(1)]
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1.7.
Location of Fixtures
1.7.1.
Lighting and Ventilation Requirements
1.7.1.(1) Intent
To reduce the probability that plumbing fixtures will be installed in locations that do not have sufficient ventilation for occupant health.
Intent
To reduce the probability that plumbing fixtures will be installed in locations that do not have sufficient lighting for occupant safety.
Reason The safe and proper use of plumbing fixtures requires that they be installed in locations that are appropriately lighted and ventilated as defined in accordance with the referenced parts of the NBC.
The root objectives are health and safety.
Additional Information
NBC Article 9.34.2.7. requires a minimum illumination level of 100 lx for public water closet rooms.
NBC Table 9.32.2.2. requires a minimum natural ventilation opening (unobstructed area) of 0.09 m2per water closet for bathrooms or water closet rooms.
NBC Sentence 6.2.1.1.(1) lists applicable references for good practice for ventilation design, including the ASHRAE Handbooks and Standards.
ANSI/ASHRAE standard 62-1989, “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality,” recommends an exhaust ventilation rate of 25 L/s per water closet or urinal for public washrooms.
The Canada Occupational Safety and Health Regulations require 10 L/s per m2 of floor area or at least 10 L/s per toilet compartment or a minimum of 90 L/s for toilet rooms, and 10 L/s per m2of floor area or at least 10 L/s per shower head or a minimum of 90 L/s for shower rooms. This regulation applies to all federal government buildings in Canada.
1.7.2.
Accessibility
1.7.2.(1) Intent
To reduce the probability that devices will be located where they would be inaccessible for maintenance, inspection and servicing.
Reason Plumbing devices must not only operate when first installed, but must continue to operate at the minimum performance levels required by the NPC. Maintenance, inspection and servicing may be necessary to maintain this minimum level of performance.
Fixtures and devices listed must be accessible for both use and maintenance to reduce the probability that they will cease to function properly.
The root objective is health.
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Additional Information
Fixtures or devices that are not readily accessible can be forgotten, and completely covered over by renovation or new construction. They could become non-functional, which could lead to system blockage, which could lead to major costs.
1.8.
Plumbing Drawings and Related Documents
1.8.1.
Contents
1.8.1.(1) Intent
To reduce the probability of situations arising where a lack of detail of plumbing system design documentation leads to the local authority having jurisdiction not being able to determine conformance to the NPC.
Reason The responsibility to prove conformance to the NPC resides with the owner of the building. Approval of a plumbing permit requires the submission of drawings and related documents such as specifications that show sufficient information for the local authority to verify that the design conforms with the NPC.
The root objective is health.
Additional Information
The intent of the NPC is to ensure the proper design and installation of plumbing systems and to ensure public health and safety. The enforcement authority must have an appropriate description of the system to permit verification that it can be installed to conform with the NPC.
1.9.
Referenced Documents
1.9.1.
Conflict between Code and Referenced Documents
1.9.1.(1) Intent
To reduce the probability of conflicts occurring by stipulating that the requirements of the NPC take precedence over those of the referenced document.
Reason It is necessary to establish that, when provisions conflict, the NPC takes legal precedence over any referenced documents.
Additional Information
Standards can conflict because they have been prepared by persons with differing specific objectives, and at different time frames. A standard that meets the requirements of a particular issue of the NPC may become outdated with respect to a new revised issue of the NPC. Code standing committees continually monitor referenced standards for harmony with requirements of the NPC.
1.9.2.
Amendments, Revisions and Supplements
1.9.2.(1) Intent
To identify the acceptable edition of referenced documents that apply to the NPC.
Reason It is necessary to establish the date of acceptable edition for referenced standards for code enforcement purposes. Only amendments, revisions
Copyright
©
NRC
1941
- 2019
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Rights
Reserved
©
CNRC
1941-2019
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and supplements to referenced documents issued before the listed date are reviewed for compatibility with this issue of the NPC.
Additional Information
None.
1.9.3.
Designated Editions
1.9.3.(1) Intent
To identify the acceptable edition of a designated standard.
Reason To designate the acceptable editions of referenced standards available at the date listed.
Additional Information None.
