Instabilité d'un lit granulaire cisaillé par un écoulement fluide
Texte intégral
(2) ◦.
(3) . !#"%$&#. ' )(+*-,. /)0213,.45(6+7-849: ' 7;+,.,=< 9>@?A>@BC$&#"5DE F HG@!IKJ5LJ5NM9OQPRTS UVXWYOZU\[8]^VX_a`cbdUeWZfc`9S g\OhUiWUe_a_Ujfk lmon9prqts9nvuxw y%z D|{}? w~L (-Z X\/*,-/4c {}?D|9HJxIK?D F MH>@?5I$!D| >@"5J"#$eI$!DIK?o #> F j>C$&>@!I F M C#D|"XJ5 F ITI$!D| >@¡T9>@!IK"%$&L?5"DE¢@DE$£IKDE!M¤¥§¦ ¥ ¥ o$!!?#$!?!j$ w >@5D|#$!AJ F INI$!D|#! ¨©#¨ª8«¬Z«®°¯.¨±²³ « u ´@µ¶%·¸ ¹eº2»¼º^·C½¾¿ÁÀµ-»¼º^·Ã Ä5¸ÅµdÀe»¼¸ÅºÆÄ5Ç ºÈ ¼¶o¸Åº¼»2»¼½ÊÉe¸ ÄÃÀeµ½ È Ë À»2ÇcÌÍÇcµ°·QÎLÀº2¾Ç !>@?C$!"}?5 F jÏ@ÐJ5#¡ÑBÒKÏ@Ï%ÓÑJ5¢KIK"}$ F I>@¡T¡TD|D|>@"hJ £5IK¡T#" ÔNÕ lÖ Õ ³x©#¨© ÕT× ¬ZØÚÙxØhªLÛ u Ü¥¦!IK"5Ý#>%DEdÞ ~e ¤ Ü¥ wÅy D F D|5H ~æåç Ü¥ê@> y "Þë¼ìLdÞ Ü¥ê@IK"Cî w D|#!Þ¤eïcë¼ì Ü¥ ~ F £5IK"J! å~ ï ~ ìLdé Ü¥ê@>@î¼é J?IKJ5>Nð+é° C¦ é ë¼. w ! >Kßt#!?à¤"DE¢@!Dá$& w ¥9 CIKBI$!D|âJjãä>@? F >@?5 eD|$&?AJ5j y ! y à ¤"DE¢@!Dá$& ""5#jè w !>Kßt#!?à¤"DE¢@!Dá$&jJdIK¡ÑB5D|JG@ eD|$&?AJ5H! y ! y à ¤"DE¢@!Dá$& w I@D|X o?5J y IKG%HJ5H! y ! y #àx¤"DE¢@!Dá$& ""è eD|$&?AJ5H! y ! y à é w dë. KI 9>@2$!?5 éIK¡DE"I$!? w !#!DEJ5"%$J5?í!? z IK9>@2$!?5 eDE!$&#?5AJ5L$ y éIK¡DE"I$!?.
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9) !"
(10) #
(11) $%'&
(12)
(13) ()
(14) * +-, ! * . /0
(15)
(16) 1// !%2
(17) 13% 4
(18) +
(19) # 1/1 6587 9;:=<><>?):A@BDCE?F=<G?:IH: JKMLNJKPO8KQ#RS:)TVUWWYX[Z%\^]. _a`*bdcfeg)b hIgNh8bib hjklhmg)b e!`-nfh(`*cfh oh8bpcfeqcSr8sfk[tuvh%s`owsyxzk0tyhIks{*| hy}V~8hk s*{*| h {yeq`fyhjh8c(h=Ph=gYj h gEe*bioh"tyh k[n8s8!`fh k j| ux cfkNgls#btyhgNe!`-gNhms`-g)b h$oh#bijh gVNs*owsyxzkx |cu^h%kNgg)bs*c8!`yx |v| hy} 3% jyy!%.
(20)
(21)
(22) m , !% . % 0 % [1 1/!
(23) p
(24) 1
(25) !.%IVv
(26) y /%*I= .% 1 1 %!
(27) *(. %A y/A
(28) !>! =( #=" 5%!$
(29) ' ' & )y(
(30) *a y!,+ /1 /'.a- 1
(31) '1/,+ % l
(32) 0/ y! 1 1/y! 2/3
(33) #4+5 637 . ," 1
(34) $.%y87
(35) .%A9v /1;:v
(36) $'% y,y( 8% I%'^ . /
(37) * ' & y!,y *; *% *% %0 ' 13)
(38) # '. y6y( *%& 0y*< '=! '% . %5 %% .% (,3,y%%*" I
(39) .6 y l%! >-@?
(40) #6%A y/=4B &
(41)
(42) DCFE HG 1 / - v
(43) ,yy/ +/% ,y1 . y
(44) #.% I ; 1
(45) S1 . (8 )
(46) # 1 1% "(.%
(47) .% 3IP-
(48) 1/%
(49) q %J+ %0J/ *KMLNdE &! 1 6 w O
(50) ,PKQ- y&G /.)&'= y'RCFS
(51) UT *V -W y [1X
(52) 8 * ^ 1 [< * Y '% = 0
(53) ,#
(54) Za 5 [ % .%\+
(55) . y6
(56) ]E
(57) .%
(58) 1<O 6 y*SS
(59) ,y ^ * Y '_! $
(60) ' y l`(" 1/6
(61) #'% /%1E eE 5^)/5a( %50
(62) R/8f % %1b*v
(63) )6
(64) #1 5 =& 1O Q6! 1 % 3*- c y d *% . %D$ .%y! %/1 d%H% .
(65) # [ g *%& Uy(
(66) % . h$ '> &
(67) #:4i y 1,%& 3- 0
(68) *% \
(69) jV y % (! ,
(70) ky( %$/6% y( al y6 %p p1 \
(71) .! % d S
(72) #, * / y
(73) *[ cV y.=/y 1 1 ky- 1)E
(74) # .nmH4B &
(75) # 1 k- ! %A
(76) *
(77) 1/ *p 1
(78)
(79) E
(80) #.% / yI y!6% V7pfo .
(81) 8$ '> &
(82) #4p
(83) ,y ;%* %/ m
(84) ,/,% 1Xv &y
(85) ^ y 1
(86) S,1,y(
(87) /
(88) # y' I1
(89) . y(/.
(90) # y
(91) -,%.$1 &
(92) .+ 3)
(93) * y *% %1G5 g '
(94) ! w *%& y(
(95) % . 4UVq ..-
(96) *% r
(97) q,y% 01/.%y* 'IyDy
(98) 8%! ^ !yJ+
(99) .+ 1 [q. .
(100) y!>-8D K . yH /\$ !
(101) . m!> /0; 1
(102) ky( w.% #5 1)>V
(103) !p+ '!s %% .%/% ut . P- ^ y*I
(104) . .%yH
(105) .( 6) %
(106) *wyq(. &8%& k-Na y! >- / y!>-W 1/% D!m8% 1 /.%/%Zv(x#w %
(107) Z]! <+
(108) . y66 v
(109) ! %0.)&y%=" 5 [ % .%; 'yy
(110) ,y . !w.% 1
(111)
(112) z= {+ y& |
(113) # )
(114) ky( % ! 1 y8y( %S .% . 7 I y!Iy .%/%*}7 %3V- >! y!,%*m% Y m " </ y1/ p+
(115) 1
(116) ,Q 1 5 [ % .%/ 87 ~?
(117) #.nmN-dE &! 1 6 .- l-O
(118) & -- y .% Zm y*%
(119) *E 1 d%H V
(120) # 1
(121) (
(122) 1 1/w 0 &6%
(123) !>- y*1bv
(124) J!+
(125) . v
(126) ^
(127) \ %.%y* ,!+ 6I
(128) 0 1
(129) # / 4>V
(130) / w. &6 & #5 [ S 13*(
(131) 1/%%*
(132) -ZO2 /
(133) % -ZE
(134) 8 /.nmN-8B1 /.535/5 1m yp1 E%J!+ %p1b% , \y(
(135) #DC 1
(136) # n# y >- =0%
(137) ! %\ !, %0$ 5 [ 5 B 5 [ 5}- %:
(138) l/.%1/ % 1Ju% y/!m!m:v
(139) -,y V>
(140) 3 .%yZ7
(141) . < y 0yJ+ %Z( %%y( %%* >- c; /1 /d y 1/% &#yd
(142) $ . y.%Q 5 S "% .%
(143) # d+
(144) !.%y6 v
(145) ! %;y( >-
(146) pA
(147) D v
(148) : 1/y(
(149) .)&y ,y I
(150) ,y .1
(151) &8%& #5.
(152)
(153) :
(154)
(155) !" #$% '&(#$
(156) ) +*,- .0/1 .2.0435 6
(157) 8 5 8 * .=/y 5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 8 5 8 5 8 : 1 Rq%H1 <(.%yy '!&y1 .(y 5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 8 5 8 5<; [ 3,
(158) 8 5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 8 5>; )
(159) #0 . y
(160) #
(161) . % 5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 8 5>q; 5 8 @ !%[ jC S
(162) 5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5. $y\%. y1 *0y . 1 1
(163) *5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 8 5>;q5<; O$y\%% . y 1 *5"05m.%y5"*5m/5m 5"5m5m5I5I5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5I5I55 C / %!
(164) 1// 5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 8 5>;q5 9 @ !%% 1 5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5. E F G# H I.$J.0/KL#G M!35.N O.N q; 5 8 O%.% ,! y6 *a / V R8f% %*)
(165) #1a5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5. qV.%
(166)
(167) 1V %. y1/%%* 5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 S * *% m.
(168)
(169) 1S5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 1 /
(170) #/yS '%
(171) 5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 [ % ! m'8>+ 35m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 [ 1 /%v(
(172) 1
(173) 5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 ;q5>; [ 8 &C %0I% ! I: .7 1VI&
(174) ! % 5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 ;q5>;q5 @ 1, = /w1
(175) # % 5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 9q; 5 ;q[ 5>;q%5<; m%61/ .),.&m
(176) !H .7 ,q1 3
(177) 0 6 ,
(178)
(179) 8 <E 5^D)5A 5v !5""5m5m
(180) .5"65m5"1 5m
(181) 5m% 5m5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5I5I55 ;q5 99 5 8 E . , wI1
(182) UE 5^)5a( 5 5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 ;q5 5<; B
(183) #
(184) .=%
(185) #/yDI1b% . y1 * 5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5. 7 RS#$) N
(186) T.G/1KL#$ M 3U.$ O/ 9 5 8 /
(187) # y% /% 5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 9 5 8 5 8 E .%y1/wZf% %*)
(188) 1A5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 9 5 8 5<; [ % ! mI1
(189) (1 6(y [ ^yIK%! 5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 9 5 8 5 9 e %!.%m'8>+30 v%
(190) 5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 9 5 8 5 Q e %!.%mI1
(191) ()
(192) /1 1/ (
(193) / 5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 9 5>; OK
(194) =)s / *5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5. $7 8 9 8 9 8
(195) = 8 ? ;A ;A ;-; ;-B ;D ;D EP ;9 ? 9 AA 9; 9; 9-9 9Q 9Q 9D 90= 90= QA VW QB QB QD Q0X Q0X B8.
(196)
(197) . 9 5>;q5 8 B4 y
(198) !.%I
(199) 1/1 y6(%%*I1
(200) $1/y6(y!% [ ^y! 5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 e %!.%mI1
(201) ()
(202) /1 1/ (
(203) / 5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 9 C 9 5 9 5>q; 5<;
(204) .+/1 /' /
(205) %l!,y
(206) 5"1//5m 5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5I5I5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5I5I55 9 5 9 5 8 +% l,
(207) 8 [Zf% / *)
(208) 1/% 5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 <O Kq
(209) / ^'
(210) + ! % y!%1!,& I" 5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 9 5 9 5<; [ 6%.
(211) #
(212) / y !%I1X v/ 1/1 y!
(213) .+ 5m1//'5" 5m5I5I5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5I5I55 9 5 9 5 9 ,y1 ! y
(214) #ZD ! 1/y6y( 5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5. V SKK
(215) MH. H#G M1I. *,OIO. I. !" # ! I#$
(216) . Q 5 8 O%.% ,! y: .+1,& 5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 Q 5 8 5 8 [ 3,
(217) 8 5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 Q 5 8 5<; [ %.
(218) # &xK /AI1Xv/
(219) .+ 1//' 5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 Q 5>; [ 6%1/
(220) 8 : Q+!1,&% 5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 Q 5>q; 5 8 . y1 *0 e 5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 Q 5>q; 5<; C
(221) #' y 0!%<(y
(222) / 5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 [. q6 & 1 ;+
(223) # 5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 S la I1
(224) J %* 5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 Q 5>;q5 9 SE al . , Iw1b^ 6!%.
(225) 1/ .%1;%5"<5m(y 5m
(226) # 5"5m5I5I5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5I5I55 Q 5 9 $)
(227) k+ 1// S
(228) # 'y( /
(229) 1 5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 Q 5 9 5 8 E . , wI1bv
(230)
(231) 1}K I
(232) .+ /1 /'w 1 /6
(233) # 5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 Q 5 9 5<; @ %1
(234) #/y I/' % 5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 q$
(235) 0 .
(236) ! wl)
(237) .+ /1 /
(238) *5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 S al I1
(239) J %* 5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 Q 5 9 5 9 S4B al
(240) #I
(241) 1b/^ !y%D 0%%<Zy( 6
(242) # *>y( /5I 5"45m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5I5I55. W !" # M 3U.$ .$ . qB 5 8 Sq % y666& 1 ( y [! % y5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 qB 5 8 5 8 . y1 *0 e 5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 qB 5 8 5<; C
(243) #' y 0!%<(y
(244) / 5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 S la I1b^ !% %<(y
(245) # 5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 qB 5>; $)
(246) k+ 1//S
(247) # '(y/
(248) 1 5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 qB 5>q; 5 8 $y1 ! y!%\
(249) #/y0&xKq! 8K
(250) % 5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 qB 5>q; 5<; @ %1
(251) #/y I/' % 5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 O
(252) .(y
(253) I)
(254) k+ 1//S5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 e %!.%m%<
(255)
(256) =& %[1 + 45m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 / % II6> 1
(257) .% *5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 q5>;q5 9 * . yI1Xv /% l 5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 B Bq5 9 9
(258) #8 1K : >V
(259) + 1 4yZC 1 /6
(260) / 5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 Bq5 9 5 1 1/%[yDC 1 /6
(261) # /'% 5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 Bq5 9 5<9; 4B &!y} % [ '% y
(262) * (5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 Bq5 5 O<qK
(263) /yZC 1 /6
(264) / 5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5. B 98 B B-B= B= B= B= B D-A D0B D == DX D? D? D=9 =Q =D =-= =? X8 X8 X; X-9 XQ XD X-X P ?8 ?8 ?; ?Q ?B ?D ?-? 8 AA 8A8 8 A-; 8 A-; 8A9 8AQ 8 A-B 8 AD.
(265)
(266) . . q5 9 5 Q [ }V[)
(267) 8
(268) / %5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 B Bq5 Q E /%!.%I% ' 13)
(269) # Cp .% 5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 F M ).$3U.$ .04 IIO3 1I. I ! #GO
(270) . D!5 8 $q 8A81
(271) # y!EH% % %D6 % y! 5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 !D 5 5 E . , w: Q(
(272) 5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5. $.)&6%
(273) 3
(274) # V+5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 [ &!q 0! w5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5
(275) #%! \ &xK 5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5
(276) #%! 0.
(277)
(278) . '% !%0 /%I5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 D!5 88 5<9; B4&
(279) ,/ % % 5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 D!5 5 B4 y
(280) !.%I%6 '3y( w1 /6
(281) # 5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 !% =Pl =;a $5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 e 8D!5 5 Q [ s /% ! .%m *Iw1
(282) 5m15"ya5m5"5m 5m
(283) 5"'5m y5I l5" 5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5I5I55 ,y1 ! yD!%<y(
(284) !% 0.
(285)
(286) . '% / % 5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 e %!.%mI1
(287) ()
(288) /1 1/I1
(289) U+ / 5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 D!5>; 8
(290) #/y[ [q6 & 1 5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 D!5>;q5 g s / * ;kO 5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 I y1/!/y
(291)
(292) #1K /!5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 [ D!5>;q5<; s / *
(293) 0 v
(294) ! %0 KDa 9v /
(295) .+ 1//' 5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 !)
(296) k+ 1// KDa m 25m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 !)
(297) k+ 1// KDa m 5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 !D 5 9 OK
(298) ; 9D!5 5 8 [ q6 & 1 y H !1 }7WA %5m5" y5m 5m5"5"5m5m5I5I5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5"5"5m5m5m5m5"5"5m5m5I5I55. 0 .0/. /K
(299) .$)) TOIO
(300) 1
(301) 1I.NT.$ E A5 8 .%y1/%%* ;.O 5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 A5>;
(302) #1K II
(303) .+/1 /' 5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 A5 9 qVy6(y [ ^ym1
(304) J!1 [/
(305) .+1 I5m5I5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 .0/ . /K
(306) .$)) TOIO
(307) 1
(308) 1I.N IO4. -O% M 3U.$ .$ i5 8 B4yl)
(309) * 9v/'>(y
(310) #/y y [1 .)&
(311) 6,/ % % 5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 SZ % y! 0.%yl)
(312) * % ! .Vy!% [/87/ 5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 i5>; S8! % /y6
(313) 1/1,% 6.%/
(314) /1 1 *%6 ! *V>
(315) . 5"5m5m5m5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5 i5 9
(316) #1K IyDC1 /6
(317) # ~L .)&% .)&A!%< )
(318) 80
(319) #/y
(320) / 5m5m5"5m5"5m5m5"5m5I5
(321) . I.N I )
(322) !). I.N K! -
(323) . T
(324) KH. . P. 8AX 8-88 $7 8-8)9 8-8Q 8-8Q 8-8Q 8-8 B 8-8 D 8-8 D 8-8)X 8-8)X 8-8)? 8;8 8;8 8;9 8;9 8 ;B 8 ;B 8;X 8;? 8 9N8 8 99 8 99 N7 P GV7 8)Q-9 8)Q B 8)Q D GV 8)Q0= 8)Q-X 8)Q-X 8)Q-? NW NW7 NWW.
(325)
(326) ^ 0 ] qV%pS
(327) #'%
(328) Z^(y
(329) 1
(330) % y*p ! .%3>! p0, 6(
(331) !9
(332) !6% 4 3(*
(333) ^ * 'Y= m1
(334) U
(335) l p &xK /.%/%3a- =y*<V>
(336) /01Xv.+D/ ' .%%%*!"J+ u %55i4 ^ 1 %*0. y / 6% 0 ^ I.%1 1 . y 9v Q+P/ 0y1 /%3-
(337) .%yH y %%*+ /%.%y!9- 1 %V .% ^ *
(338) .=/y * % !%~>! .)&.%3-8V # *[ y1/ Ip" y*0yZC 1 8
(339) / %3q- =[1b^ %! %)+ 1 u %q\ 'RC *% "%m.% y %%*m
(340) 1/1
(341) *I 1 !
(342) #]*(
(343) z
(344) #
(345) #)
(346) I1 $1/ !54q
(347) .%!1/
(348) !(1 Aq8% 1 /
(349) # y . %1/ % m1 A1/y ~ 1b% .)&!%1 1/ 8/.% .%. 7>! E%( .% 1b% .)&!%1 1/IMy(
(350) N"R-N 1
(351) . ,q '"1 0.%yHa * ^ %! %)+ 1 #5 4B y*
(352) / %%*
(353) Z 1 / y
(354) #Z$ 1 !%2% 1
(355) %3- 1 %d1/y . y / !3,y%d 4 1/ %DJy(
(356) 1
(357) # *y!. %!.%y p
(358) .+ 1/ %5.p *%& p
(359) ,yy/ c= !,0 . .% 3,y 41 d.%yHa *d)
(360) 8 ~! Q! ,= (Q y = % = &8% y1/Qy( % ! 1 *>-ka . y1
(361) # y98- , 1/1 >/- 53535 V" d8K
(362) #/! ! .%y!1 %%* y(
(363) ,/
(364) %3-
(365) ,#
(366) 1
(367) #.)&%3y- '%
(368) . y(
(369) .%/
(370) /1 1 *I3- 5/535 "R-- 1bv
(371) # %*/y( &xK . >^%ld
(372) # 1 1 *a ! 1b^ *
(373) .= A ^$/1 /%=(y
(374) 1
(375) E=d ^U%.%1 e ! G!
(376) #! mI1/ e !m/*% //%1#=" 5 4B *
(377) .=/y %l:M 1Xv ,( 6 ^ *%& y(
(378) ,#
(379) , ' l !. ! %:(Q y1 Q( % >! >- >-+
(380) !.%
(381) .+ 1/.3- 5/535 "R- (1
(382) !' y !y(
(383) /A!D
(384) .+ 1/v
(385) "1 S,%*y 1b^
(386) #
(387) /6 /' 1b^ Q+D/ AA1/ , 1/%\ % |(Q% . &xqK k- ' %*1 Qy( /.- /6(Q% !,% m.)& m&xK
(388) #1 /!.- (Q Qy(
(389) . &/54q !!
(390) *a ;% 1 m$1
(391) V
(392) #/y "!%3V- %
(393) l/.%1/ % 3%- %y*d 1
(394) . y1 y!
(395) 8 E1X <V /!
(396) &
(397) # c
(398) ;1 @!
(399) . %% Q5 %!% 1
(400) 7
(401) ; %& .%1/ y y d
(402) ,y%.[1/%;
(403) ,#
(404) ZA 4i
(405) .y( y1/4- 8 ? Q 8 5Qq$ q1 1 dw1Xv &xK 8K
(406) y*1
(407) *>V
(408) #/ *4. y%3- 1 4 *% y1 ! y9*- %
(409) l/.%1/ % d
(410) #1 .
(411) #E! '+ 1/%*I- = 1/E .%
(412) 4! y
(413) !<+ y 6
(414) E! 1 PV . yH 1 R! kq- %l8% 1 /.
(415) # 5 4B ySy$1bv
(416) ,yy! />- 1 D. yHa y l (M/1 zy(
(417) 1
(418) # %lI-
(419) * 1 X- .%y
(420) 1 6 1 * 54S 87 - . y A1Xv R8 y% ~! 1 "
(421) ,
(422) #"
(423) !"1
(424) &6%& .;- 1 %= &6 yH%& H q!
(425) #~1b^ * *V>
(426) . $%* 1/1//(
(427) 1
(428) m1 e /.-V.kv jCF C 1/
(429) #' y m (y
(430) p
(431) w1/ e /.a- y*;>y(
(432) 1 ' & S
(433) #1.% >!
(434) 1,y( *~! 1 %! w6 .% I = !%
(435) !41 43,y [y
(436) !%d6F/'~% H% ' nY" 51a 1a y! )
(437) #46% . %
(438) / .-Za
(439) .8 ' &%!% 1
(440) Vy S
(441) # yD!% !%0y6% >- m.%y6! 1 % 01
(442) U! &PK A!". %0 0y
(443) !%%56q2^ Q+D/ . V 6.%= 6&6 & '%'/%ZM / y1/% =S. y ! %! '1 %$H% .%
(444) 1b I!, 6
(445) 1 .%
(446)
(447) l/.%1/ % 0"1
(448) UV y
(449) #/y6%w yu .%y1/%%*w1/ /I.%y*/ 5 S u+
(450)
(451) *w.
(452) E.
(453) . 1 *%1/
(454) #Z5 /
(455) Z5-d&6 y /!% =SH% %3-4 %* yS%
(456) # /.%1/ .% %! I1 )
(457) Vy S
(458) 8 I# VE / %! %1/%5. O . &(.0/KL #. q
(459) &6& %l/, *% } .)&
(460) .!/ % 5ty!D.%y .% y!
(461) D1/M % % .)&
(462) .3
(463) $R8 y% S1Xv.+D/ $=S1Xv/'% *Y $6.%= : k-E=!y y!S )
(464) 8!%S1/ Z .%
(465) /
(466) #.%
(467) #. !%1 1/% 1 l)
(468) .+ /1 3% m % y /y - =$%
(469) l . 1 /% " 1/% /% yFC.
(470) /% 5 qVS.)&
(471) .!/ ;! '%%*S1 *ay/ VSyA
(472) -,y( I 1
(473) . y "1b Z5 C %*)
(474) 1/. -
(475) / 1 ; /.%
(476) 1 w .)& A% ! !/1 *% I
(477) . y m1
(478) &8&% k- %
(479) l/.%1/ % E1
(480) ( .)&/!"., %1 .%/ = p
(481) 0 .
(482) (y!=
(483) .%!1 % 5 Ow
(484) 1 m.)&.
(485) 3 9 y*w8 )
(486) # 1 1 %[1/%' %1/
(487) # Zf% / *)
(488) Z a5 3v/'% % %
(489)
(490) k+ay
(491) 8& %yH &%! k
(492) 6
(493) //y D /%D
(494) #D1 v /% l)
(495) * > -! 1/% v=,yy1/!/y %|
(496) .%!1 [b1 v
(497) 6 (y%*
(498) #/y'!(1
(499) 1 y6 (% ^y(
(500) !(1 ! % y
(501) 1 /
(502) # y ! % 1 1 6 (y%d5 S 8 7 -Ey6 %. / yM =!M ' 1 //
(503) .%.%
(504) *D! !)k
(505) + 1// .%y
(506) mI
(507) -,y< 6= %: , !%. 5 qV% .)&k
(508) / % Q = B . y. % !%*D1
(509) ,#
(510) Z 8& %y %' %
(511) 1 /' %H
(512)
(513) 1 1 &%1/%%*$ 1 H%.
(514) # $b1 ^ l).
(515) +/1 3 f5 Ow
(516) #"1/ .)&.
(517) 3 Q !y= ' %* ym1
(518) D6 1
(519) #/y . 1
(520) /! J !6& % & [
(521) / X1
(522)
(523) 1 K E4l).
(524) +! 1 3 d1 /6
(525) # c %Z A/ /y%5 ty / / y %! 3$ y!,
(526) .
(527) / m ". y* %%!.%%A m1 ' .= I
(528)
(529) }1 K %r5 Ow
(530) # 1 .)&.
(531) !/ BZ-;y!) %!y(1
(532) 'q6 1 /
(533) # yh 6 * K' &%S / /y 1i45 qv
(534)
(535) }1 K .
(536) +/1 /' 1 /6
(537) / w p y1/y6 (Q ;
(538) 0M =I8& %y ; V>
(539) , +1/%%*0yD C1 /6
(540) # k - =% ,/%. "X1 vR q %. ; ay +1 I} V4 / /y 1 E)k
(541) +1 %5 S 8 7 -81 p.)&.
(542) 3 D<' %* d !1 1/r Vy
(543) %*
(544) 1 d ! b1 ,y1 q m!yZ C1/ 6 %
(545) < !>= %|
(546) .%!1 01 = 6& %!y & ("J s %%*R "0%l . % 5 tywR Zayy y! k
(547) +ay (!1
(548) # ymH % /%^ +/ %! %1/1 ) +
(549) * % 1 S6 &%1/v * % * 6
(550) M.)&.
(551) 3 Q -p a
(552) * v
(553) . >. %!%
(554) .%yH a * yD C1 /6
(555) # D!% %d5 Ow
(556) ! %Z q &% !> -*b1 ^ !)k
(557) + 1// p%lp A,1 [! *1 X1
(558) / ^< %
(559) 8 Z Cq8 &%1
(560) Z $6 3Q, %
(561) l/%1 1/% 65 qVIJ s / %%*0%l
(562) #1 y 0.
(563) +a 6 .%. % /,%%*%6 Z 0 y/[ % y!%5.
(564) . . J H 2 4f
(565)
(566)
(567) : 0 . Ow
(568) m.%$.)&
(569) k/ $yV ymU *%%*)
(570) # y (Q 6%
(571) 1 $ .
(572) ! $
(573) I1/%%1 3v/ . 3 .%(
(574) ,#
(575) 1;A &6%& .- .%y 6A
(576) #p
(577) w!^+ '=& ,y . ,q %3,y .= %Vy jC H%%
(578) 1b^ *
(579) .= * e / y!,y * S 1/ % (
(580) 1
(581) M !y* 1 0 !%0 y!jC
(582) ["y*9v 'q %H 1/5Nt RZ 1 /.%/ % y[%! 3;1 !<! '%. *%%* %1V 1b
(583) #[ . y
(584) #
(585) . %
(586) 0.%IS
(587) /.q- %6y
(588) .8 8*K
(589) # 01 %[
(590) ,#
(591) Z &6% C /%3- Zf% / *)
(592) Z $H% %$
(593) #'% %! >- )
(594) * ! &PK v (.% Q &xK /y
(595) !9
(596) q !yS
(597) # %5. "!$#$%&(')* +-,.+-,/+ 20 143 5768193 :;3=<>3(?A@B573 :DC-E F&?GFIHJ@BK4F-57F-C-L/6M143 :. qv/ %
(598) . y%* ! e /0% %.%1 E E/1 /%^(y
(599) 1
(600) / [ d ' %* p
(601) lyq
(602) !A1
(603) 6
(604) # L .kv ^ y !yE. y
(605) /
(606) ' 3 "1 y8( mQ+D/=( ^ *,% ,(*
(607) 8 (Q% yy * &y1/Qy( %5 : A1b^ y y3w ! '%%. !(,y%*>-V .%y!
(608) * e !,
(609) Z y
(610) />y ,#
(611) .y( >V- . . y6 1
(612) .y( . '% k-rD %=%.)& 1 1/% *&%I/,% %3- yJ+! %! %m .= %m RC
(613)
(614) .!+ 1 % 5 q <! 1 \ 3 [ y*1 [I
(615) .!+ 1 UL • V yFC
(616) /%qL .%%0l !. ! %0y*0!1
(617) *y( % 4 v ! %
(618) !w.% * H & a y! !"&
(619) ! 0m!%1 . %*/ =& %%5 :a !S
(620) .)&% 0 + y 6I% >. y[
(621) #d1
(622) u+
(623) / [ y*1$!
(624) /jC [ /.)&%14!>.3VN5Q?,(5 8 5 8 !G
(625) x"*"-#ON 1 1/% %!,%*dY V H% %y/u
(626) w1/(!,y I!%,#
(627) .y( >- y/
(628) 1 A,#
(629) C jC , w 1
(630) S
(631) *% 5 ^ %!>*(
(632) #1 %%*1 %Q+ % ,% d
(633) JV ( a =3. y ^
(634) UV (
(635) k+ 1 y!%Z ! .%y I1
(636) 7Wy( 8 5 8 ! +N"*"V- ON %1/1 %Iy*A!%"
(637) . y
(638) *A. y* 5%4B " /*% % %*=>y(
(639) 1 1 u
(640) 1% y* y1 Q( %=aL 3al >P- 1
(641) /,A(1/% <V y Ay/.
(642) 0V.
(643)
(644) . # $&% 8 5 8 !>
(645) x" i
(646) / !b$ `"Y5. . [ y*1$!
(647) *jC [. . . .
(648) . !". /.)&%1Qo6! +N" @ / %
(649) I %.
(650) U/%$H(y1
(651) . %
(652). Vy 1 /' -7 %SHY%[ p1 Vy$,#
(653) Z p1 !%1%1/1 %d3 =)
(654) /%*48 ,y 1 QDC f% %5 ha !;
(655) Iq 1/( y!,y I( 1 1 /%3-
(656) %H% I
(657) #.%%IU
(658) # !w !y
(659) ! %3q- 4!%
(660) #1 1 E.%
(661) 1 .%
(662) %p
(663) E1 1 1a 4 %!X? ( 5 8 5 9 G!
(664) x"*=" 5DVq % .%
(665)
(666) #. //%^ %!,%*S
(667) 1 y ~V y! / (% %%y( %%* 1b^ %*, y * ! 1
(668) 6 '>( y! .V y A!S1b^
(669) # - / y l)
(670) . $ .%
(671) *>- =.5 ") 1X 3a 1/% V y S
(672) 8 5. y1 /%!%)LaAHY%"
(673) 1/1 (1/% ' .>%!%* >-V%1/1 A %!.%y* %*;S1
(674) *V>
(675) . . !%@(y
(676) !%;
(677) &
(678) %1!X?,(5 8 <5 ;8!G
(679) x"*"--ym
(680) y/ @!1
(681) # %! ! ?, (!5 8 >5 ;6! +N"*"=5. •. •. O
(682) m.%% l)
(683) /%m.%/ y!>- y Q+% ,3(*
(684) 1 *"
(685) m1 6 % l(!l !. ! S }C 1
(686) m ! .)&%1/1 < 1 !c(
(687) !=L*1/%p 3(*
(688) C !%<!>.VN5P?,(!5 8 5 9 "R-*y*p1
(689) I1 y6(% 9vy!
(690) # * 1 m 5cS 1 1/%$ 0V y %*
(691) 1
(692) .+!1 6 *ay!,+1/D%+ ! ' % k- ..^%jCF C ^ 1 . y*/%*%Z
(693) 1/1 4;y(
(694) ' & !l5% *% 5 qV . d Q %%*d/>- %. y* %*E
(695) W+ $
(696) 1X
(697) / 0
(698) ! 1b^
(699) 5Qq2(' RS:*) ?,+.- JK0/:)O21 O435+.- J516B?,7:=Q . 1
(700) (1/%!% y1 /%!% .%/'.%
(701) #3(yy % /.%
(702) 1/%)!>.3VN5 ?(5 8 5 Q "Lk+
(703) # .)&
(704) !%\ !.%
(705) * "-8 yy > -8 1 /6
(706) # > --!%
(707) .
(708) + y1/ %; =y/1 #95 qV%! )
(709) /1 1/m,#
(710) A9 v!!
(711) # ) v1 w. %*)
(712) # &= %% 5 q yj C &!y1 Q ( %$ %*/%1 1/%%*^ (y!,y 6 %U
(713) (1
(714) ' 3(y1
(715) 3 S! ,y%* (1
(716)
(717) * / S .
(718) +1 ! ' y +1 #5 D y!, >(*
(719) 1/%%*[ 0 !m .
(720) +1/w%6%*, y e !,
(721) 1 L 1/%!%[6 = . %
(722) v Vy! @ &! h ! ?, (5 8 >5 B6!>x
(723) "'"dy*[w1/y6 (y!% 9 vy!wX1 vy .
(724) $W. .
(725) . . !". # $&% 8 5<; 0!G
(726) x" @ !%2%y1/ % (y y1
(727) ! [
(728) ! /
(729) /`"5oN! +N"Op%% l4 1O
(730) 8%!>1
(731) !`"=5 p! '&%p1
(732) u!1 /.-1/[
(733) .+!1 [,yy1/.
(734) ! .-y 3-y'& .)&<1
(735) ./%%*d ! E1/% .% *Y %p%d /%3-* ^ON 1
(736) (. y1/%\ +1
(737) .)W& w# I. %1 1/%FC.%G5. 4 # $&% 8 5 9. |!>
(738) x" @. /%" V /1 )7Q-!,#
(739) 1 1/yD y yz!b$ `"Y5#! +N". !5. [ >(y
(740) C =! 1(Q% I"=5.
(741) .
(742)
(743) . . . .
Documents relatifs
Abbreviations used: DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GST, glutathione S-transferase;
To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed
Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à
Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine
En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages
Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur
A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated