Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur:
NBS Building Science Series, 30, pp. 61-71, 1971-04-01
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Experience with wind pressure measurements on a full-scale building
Dalgliesh, W. A.
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EXPERIENCE WIT11 WIND PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS ON
A FULL-SCALE BUILDING
National Ilc.~carch Col17tcil of Canada Division of Il7cilrlinq IZesearch
Ollawa 7, Ontario, Canada
\Vind I)rrssrlrc nrcnsl~rt:~ncnls mntlc ovcr n 4-year period on n 34-st.ory hlliltlill~ in (IOWII~OWII
nIol~trc:~l were usctl t,o 011t:lilr data lor clrcckil~g nntl irnl)roving wincl tulrncl tccl~r~iqr~cs of modcling flow chxr:rctc!ristics of u*i~rtl nntl nc:rotlynan~ic 1)chnvior of brliltli~~gs. I t 11:~tl I~ccn hoped thnt thc ~nc:nsr~rcrnc~~ts corlltl I)r apl)licd directly to ccrtnin prol)lol~rs of clcsign s11c11 IXY cvnlrlatiorr of peak
sllrtiolr lontl over sr~lnll wall nrcns. Tlir srnnll ~ ~ r ~ r n b o r of prcsstrrcs rccordt:tl, Iro\vcvc!r, conrl)inctl with linritntiolrs of ficltl ~ncnsr~rc~rr~c!~rts ni:rtlt: clirc~ct. :~i)l)licnt.ior~ of tllc tl:~tn cxtrcmcly clillicr~lt~. l'llr major l)rol)l~:~ns ir~volvc:tl ill making ficld mc:rsr~rcmt:nts nnd in cornl)nri~rg t.hcrn with wind t.unrrcl ~nrnn.s~~rt:~nc:lrts wcrc forlnd to I)c:
(a) tlillic~llty of cstnl~lisl~ing n static rcfcrc:ncc I)rcssrlrc nntl its relation to t.lrc stxt.ic prcssr~rc in t.lrc \vi~rtl t.rlnllcl;
( b ) i~rnclcqr~ncy of wi11t1 vctlocity irrformntion, which in this cnsc consist.ct1 of one nrrcmomctcr 1~11tl wind v:r11c1 locntc!tl 1,500 ft sorrtl~wcst. of t . 1 ~ hrliltlilrg;
(c) lack of stnt.iorr:rrit,y nntl honlogc~~oity of tlrc vc:locit.y ficld :rs corrrpnrctl with tht: wind t.rrr~ncl si tr~nt.ion.
Con~p:rrisons wit11 nrotlcl ~ncvrsr~rrnicl~l.s arc rn:rtlt: OII t . 1 1 ~ IInsis of nrcnn prc:ssr~rcs, rrns p~.cssrrrcs,
power spcctrn, nlltl t . 1 1 ~ corrolnt.ion bctwrt:~~ sclcctctl pairs of prcs!rrrcs rlrcn.~rlrcd nt vnriolls points on thr brlildi~rg. Examl)lt:s hnve br!c~r forl~ltl of cxrc~llcnt agrccmcnt ill almost 1111 respects, but. for some wi~rtl tlircct.io~rs t hc c*ornl)nrisons gnvo uns:~t.isf:rct.ory corrclnt.ion. l'hc lnck of agrccmcnt is attributed 11rni111y to d i f f t : r t ~ ~ ~ c ~ s I ) C ~ W C C I I i~ltlirntctl and nct.r~al on-site w i ~ ~ t l direction, hut this cannot bc s l ~ o w ~ r conclusively hcc:rrlsc of i~rcoml)lct.c wind i ~ ~ f o r m n t i o ~ ~ .
Tlrc total cost of tlrc project, over t.lrc 4-ycnr period urns of t l ~ c order of 2100,000. A grrator cxl)cnrlit.urc u~ould I~nvc b c c ~ ~ advisal)lo, ~)rininrily for i~~st.rumcnt:rtion t o pcrnrit n bct,t.cr dcfi- nition of the wintl vc-locity :~rorlntl tlrc I~uilding. A[casurc~ncnts :~ r c now rlndcr wity on n 600-ft. ollicc! building using :r ~ n u r h rnoix- sol)l~isticxtcd clntn ncqrlisit.ion systcs~n by nic!nns of which it. shol~ltl bc possil~lc to ncqr~irc! the tlcsirrtl i ~ r f o r m a t i o ~ ~ nioro clf cit:~rtly nntl in a shortcr 1)criotl of tilnc.
Key words: lllliltlil~gs; frrll-scnlc ttrsls; power s~)cc:trn; pressrlrc flr~ct.untiolrs; wil~tl loads; wil~d tun~rel rnutleh~~g.
1. Developmerlt of R.lcthotls for \\'i~~cl I~csc:irch
Investigz~tio~l of ~vintl cffcct,s on I)uiltlings ant1 structurcs I)y thc Division of 13uiltIi11g I<c.z;c:~rch,
nation:^] Itescarch Council of (>anatla, l)c!gnn in 1!)58 whcn a n cxtonsivc survcy of t h c avnilnblc l i t r r a t ~ i r c
[I]* was madc in connection with t h c rcvision of clc- sign wind load information for hhc 1!)GO ctlition of thc Nation:~l Ruiltling Cotlt:. I n this codc, ns in most other huilding cotlcs, t h c
conversion
from tlcsign wincl spetttls to clcsign wind prcssur-cs and suctions on various Luilding surfaces was given in thc formof prcssurc cocficicnt,~ tlctcrlninotl cxpcrimcntally by tcsting s~n:rll-scalc lnotlcls in wind tunnels.
Figures in I>r:rclicL~ indicate t l ~ c litcrnturc rcfcrcnccs nt tllc c ~ l d of this paper.
P . l . Xcccl for Full-Sclrlc Data on Pressure
Cocfficicr~ ts
Stutly of t h c litcraturc revcalccl serious discrcp- aiicics anloiig prcssurc cocfficicnts for gcomctricnliy similar motlcls tcstccl I)y cliffcrcnt rcscnrchcrs. Modcling laws wcrc obviously n nlnttcr for dcbatc, which brought, into serious question t h c applicability of the rcsl~lts t o full-scalc structurcs [2].
A
nccd clcarly cxistcd for ficld measurcmcnt ofwind prcss~ircs on full-scale buildings t o answcr t h c questions of applicability t o full-scalc situittions, 2nd thc corrcctness of similitucie rules. Therc was surprisingly littlc full-scalc information nvailable, howcvcr, up t o 1960, and t h e fcw comparisons with rnotlcl rcsults t h a t had bcen made wcrc a t bcst
1.2. ObjccLivrs for Ficltl R I c i ~ s ~ ~ r c ~ ~ ~ c ~ l i s ill Cllrlilcln
h proj('rt w:rs t l ~ c ~ r c ~ f o ~ ~ c ~ s ~ t 1111 ~ v i t l r i ~ ~ tlrr St~.ucb-
t u r r s Sclcltiotr of l)T<lt/iVI~(' to Illr:lsul.c- ~)rc~ssur.c~s anti s r ~ c . ( i o ~ ~ s 011 full-sc~:~I(l I)uiltlin~s. 'l'hc. 111:~in 01)-
jrctivrs wrrc to cl~c~blc wind tu1111c.l cl:~ta tint1 pos- sibly to i ~ ~ t l i c : ~ t c how t o imp~.ovc n ~ o ( l r l i ~ l g trcll- niqucls. I t llatl I)rcn t h o u g l ~ t : ~ t first that s11c11 ficlltl infort~lnt ion night also prove tlirclctly usofr~l t,o
d r s i g ~ r r t . ~ in :~ssrssi~lg, for rsatr~l)lr, pc:~lc sue-tio~ts
o v r r st~tnll nt3c:ls 01. for sitnilar prol)l(l~l~s of tl(at:rilrd
contlitiotts it1 ~ v l l i c ~ l ~ ~viutl tu n t ~ r l ~arsults s c ~ c t ~ t c ~ l in-
a t l ( ~ q u : ~ t c . 'J'l~c l i ~ l ~ i t r t l i t ~ s t r t ~ t ~ ~ ~ t ~ t n t i o ~ ~ , I I O I I ~ ~ V ~ I . , couplrd wit11 o t h r r prol)lr~ns t,o I)(. cliscussrtl i l l
Srrtion 3, nlntlr t l i ~ ~ c ~ c t dcsign :~pplic.:~t.ion of tltrsr. pn~.ticulnr n ~ c ~ a s u ~ . r ~ n c t l t s vcry tlificult.
I n contrast. \\rith tho limitcld activity 1)cforc l!)GO, intcrcst in ficltl investigations of wind cff(1cts on s t ~ ~ ~ c t u ~ ~ c a s sincc t h a t t i m r has 1)rc.n vcry g1.ra.t. I n
1':nfilnnel nn rxtrnsivr I)rogrnln of full-sc::~lc nlrnsurc- mcnts of ~vitltl prrssurrs 11:~s
IICCII
uncl(.~- way for nearly 10 ~(*:LI.s, an(l int c11.irn ~ ' o s l ~ l t s f ~ . o t ~ l 111~:lsurr- tnrnts on n 200-ft tall slnl)-like oflicc 1)uiltling Ilnvr I ~ e c n rrpo~.tccl [3, 4, 51. 'I'll(. progratn for tl1c1 f l ~ t u r c i ~ ~ v o l v c s ~nc:~suremcnts or1 t h r new GOO-ft (i.P.0.tower in 1,ontlon.
Full-scalc mrasr~rr\tnrnts of ~ v i ~ l t l ~ ) r c s s u ~ c were
also ('arrircl out 011 a 150-ft sln1)-lilcc' ut~ivrrsit y
i)uilcling in M c l l ) o u ~ . t ~ r , Australia. Itc~.;ulth 1vrt.c conl- pnrrtl ~ v i t l ~ nrintl t u t ~ n r l tclsts of n cot~vc~ntional t y l ~ r and wit11 thosr. using a tut~l)rtlc~~t. I~out~tl:~ry-I:r~.(.~~ H o w [(i], l l i s ~ : ~ i i s f : ~ r t i o n wit11 t11r (~ort.(>l:rtio~~ :l(sili(>v(vl lrcl to t I l O l ~ ( ~ f ~ l l l ~ l : l l ~ l ~ ~ t l t n l 1:~l~O~~LLtol)~ l V O l ~ I < 0 1 1 tIlV
flow nt.ou~~tl ~ ~ : ~ l l - t ~ ~ o u t t t c . t l I ) l r ~ f f ol)j(~cts (I)uil(lings on t h r ground).
Wir~tl loatlit~g of :L 145-ft sln1)-lilcc' :~pnrt nlc~nt
I)rriltli~tg in Ilc~lft, FIoll:~ntl, was invrhtig:~tctl withor~t t,hc uhr of ])I.CSSUI.(~ ~;L[)s, lisillg i~~st(l:Ld a s i ~ t g l r tlv-
for~nntion g:~gc' t n o ~ i i ~ t c t l o n on(' of tilo stc~c,l c - o l t t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s [7]. 'l'hcsr rrsults nrcbt.r (:orr(ll:~tc~l t o sottlc r>;t(\t~t with calc~~tlations I):~>citl on th(: st:~tisti(::~l :~l)p~*onc.h to w i ~ ~ t l loa(ling p~,oposc:tJ I)y I I : ~ v r r ~ l ) o ~ ' t [8].
Tho witlrsp~.earl intr~.ost i l l full-sc:~lc ~ ~ ~ c . : ~ s u r c ~ n c ~ ~ ~ t s
shows no sign of hlnckcnir~g. ('onst tuction is tlow well :~tlv:~nretl on :L 10-story ~ ~ ~ c l l t l ( ~ l stclc~l-f~~:ul~cl l ) u i l t l i ~ ~ g in I l o ~ t ~ l i o ~ ~ g to 1 1 1 s 1 1 5 c ~ l c~sc:lusivc~Iy f o ~ f~tll-sc~:ll(>
t~osc~:~~.c.l~ on wir~tl fo~.c#c.s ( I I I I . ~ I I ~ typ11oo11s
I!)].
1.44.
Ncw
I)cvc-Ir>plnctl I S i r ~ WillcI Trrnrlel T c c h ~ ~ i c l l ~ e sv 7
1 I r c t sl)c,c-i:~l 1)r.ol)l(~111 of 1)11iltling :~ c ' ~ - o t l y ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ l i c . ~ :LS
ol)l)owl to cLor~vcS~rtion:~l :rc~~.or~:~utrc*:~I ~vintl t11n1rc.l \vo~.l< I I : L ~ :11so I)(Y)II r ~ o ( ~ ( ~ i v i ~ ~ ~ :~tt(91rtio11 [IO], 1vitl1 ~ I . c : L ~ (v11p11:rsis 01) S ~ I I I I I ~ : L ~ ~ I I ~ tl1(1 t u ~ . l ) ~ t l o n t sII(~:LI.
flon, usttnlly fou~ltl (Iltrir~g ht~.o~rg W~IICIS. O I I ( ~ ~lrrtllo(l of c13r:~ting :L trtrl)rll(~nt sllcl:u flow tl1:~t h : ~ s ))ern ~ ~ s c v l with (*o~~hid(lr:lI)l(~ SIIC(-(~SS i~lvolvcs tllo SO-
c~nll(1tl I)ou~~tl:u.y-l:~yrr wi~ttl tu ~ ~ n c l l , i t 1 wltich :L thick
l ) o t ~ r ~ ( l : ~ ~ . y 1:~ycr is n l l o ~ ~ ~ ~ l to KI.OW o v ( ~ tllr I O I I ~ , sl)rrially t . o ~ t ~ l ~ c t ~ r t l flool* of tltcl tuttncll. Ovrr t h r past 3 01. 4 yc~~1.s thc I)o~~nd:~ry-l:~y(>r wintl tunt~cal
11:~s 1)crtl a l ~ p l i ( ~ l :IS n rlrsigtt tooi for pl.c.tlirting wind
loatlit~g on S(:VCI.:LI I I I ~ ~ O I ' S ~ I . ~ I ( - ~ I I I - C S [I I].
r 7
l h o l)arnllrl t l c v c l o l ) ~ ~ ~ c . ~ ~ t of 1nl)oratory nntl field t r c ~ h ~ ~ i q u r s , a ~ l t l thc nvni1:~l)ility of full-sc:~lc ~,rsult,s for cwml)ariso~l with modrl 1.rsl1lts h : ~ v r nl~*r:~tly clx- p1:litlrtl solnr of thc tlisrrrpanctics of c~:vlic~r winti tur111c1l \ v o ~ k , 1)ut I I I ~ I ( - ~ I (ul~(~(:l<it~g :r11(1 i ~ l l p r o v r t t l ~ n t
rrlnnins to l~c. tlonr. Th(1 ~ n r n s u r c t ~ l c n t of ~vintl prrs- su~.c~s a t ~ t l srrctiot~s on x full-scalc I)uiltli~~g in down- t o w ~ t ~\IoII~,I'c:L~, C:LII:L~:L, constitutes thr 1110st ~ ~ c c c ~ ~ ~ t l y cotnld(~trtl portion of t h r invc.stigations ~ ~ t l c l ( ~ r 1v:i-y in t11(1 S t r t ~ c t t ~ r c ~ s S ( x : t i o ~ ~ of D l 3 I t / N I t ( ~ . T h r s c ~,rsults l u v r I ~ c r n rotnl):~rcltl \\lit11 wind tunnrl tc:sts tlotlr in :L I ) r ) ~ ~ ~ ~ c I : ~ r y - l n y c ~ . ~vitl(l t t ~ ~ l n r l .
A
1)rirfdrh(a~.il)tiot~ of tllr ficltl ~ ~ l r n s u r c t n r n t s , of tllr p ~ . o l ~ - 1c111s of analysis :LII(~ i ~ l t ( l r p r ~ t : ~ t i o t l of the t.cst~lts, :~ntl of tllr co~.~.cllation wit11 ~ v i t ~ t l tunnel results follo\vs.
A~.r:~ngrrnc~ttts ~vc~.cl 111:ltlc wit11 tllc o \ v I ~ ( ~ I . of a 34- story offcc' l)tlil(li~lg in I\Tot~tr(l:~I to p r t . r ~ ~ t t tllr in- s t ~ ' ~ t t ~ ~ ( > ~ ~ t : \ t . i o ~ ~ of lllc two tr~(\ch:\~li(~:~l fIoo1.s for 1vi11(1 ~ I Y ~ - I I I * ( ~ I I I ( \ : I ~ I I I I > I I I ( ~ I I ~ S . Jfoht of t l ~ ~ oficr
f1oo1.s of I llr I ) ~ t i l ( l i n ~ 11:1(1 :~ll.clntly I)clrt~ 1.c11tc1tl :it th(1
ti~ncl of i l l s t 1'11111~1lt:~tiot1 (sl)t.it~g, 106 k), : L I I ~ this
I I I : L ( ~ C it i~~ll)oshil)l(l t o i t ~ s t r ~ t n ~ r n t otltrl* 1rvc.l~ with-
o u t srriously i ~ i c . o t ~ v c t ~ i r t ~ c ~ i ~ ~ g th(l tenants. l'hc
I I I O I I I I ~ i ~ r g of :LO : ~ I I P I I I ~ I I ~ ~ ~ ( ~ ~ :LII(I to~~rc>r O I I tllr I)uil(l-
ing itsvlf 1 ~ : ~ s riot p~.:~(~tic*:~I)l(~, atltl \\lint1 sprcd nntl tlit.rrtion sigttals ~\~(.ro trnnsttrittcltl t l i ~ ~ o ~ ~ g l l tclrl)honc ~ v i ~ * o s fronl instl.rrtnrnts ~ ~ ~ o u t ~ t c d in thc fall of 11164 o n a n c x i s t i ~ ~ f i 200-ft, I I I ~ S ~ : ~ t o l ~ a GOO-ft 1)uilding t o
t,11(. sollthwc~st.
'Ill(: locbntio~t of tlrcl t,wo b u i l t l i ~ ~ g s involvc~tl nntl
t llc. I I : L ~ ~ I I . ( ~ of t hc sut.~~outttling t cw:~in shown in
FIGURE 2. Plan showing heights of adjacent buildings.
the area is fairly level except for Mount Royal t o the northwest. Figure 2 is an enlarged view of the immediate surroundings. Wind pressures on the 34- story building (building
B)
were found to be signifi- cantly influenced by the presence of the nearby tall buildings, particularly the 600-ft cruciform building to the northwest.2.2. Installation of Pressure Taps
The instrumented floors are the 10th and the 33d, a t heights, respectively, of 134 and 413 f t above the street. The total height of the building is 440 f t and the plan dimensions are 119 by 173 ft. The exterior wall surface is plane except for 8-in. deep mullions, 4 f t 8 in. apart, which run the full height of the building. At the mechanical floors, however, there are horizontal louvers, and the curtain wall is set back about 5 in. from the plane of the exterior wall. The louvers show up as dark bands on the wall sur- faces in figure 3.
Holes %in in diameter were drilled through the curtain wall into the space behind the louvers about 2 ft above floor level a t intervals of approxi- mately 24 f t all around the building a t the two levels, except where locations were inaccessible because of equipment placed in the way. Any 12 of a total of 49 holes could be used as outside pressure taps for the 12 transducers, which were used to convert pressure differences into electrical signals for con- venient transmission to a central recording location.
FIGURE 3. Thirty-four-story office building looking south- east (relative to building). Dark bands a1.e a t 10th and 33d floors, where mechanical scrviccs are located and wind pressure measurenlents were taken.
2.3. Sensors and Recording Equipment
The turbulent nature of wind requires that speed, direction, and pressure a t several locations on the building be recorded simultaneously and continu- ously for periods preferably longer than 10 or 15 minutes a t a time. The response of the sensors and the capacity of the recording equipment should be sufficiently high to record fluctuations with frc- quencies u p to several cycles per second. The equip- ment used for the instrunlentation of the 34-story office building met most of the requirements, but in the final analysis of the records an upper frequency limit of 0.5 cyclc/scc was imposed to keep the task of manually preparing digitized records within reasonable bounds.
The pressure sensor, or transducer, of which there were 12, comprises an elastic steel diaphragm divid- ing a chamber conncctcd, on one sidc, by about 2
ft
of plastic tul)ing to thc or~t.sitlc :iir prcssuro t.:ip, anti on the ot.llcr sitlc I)y rip t o 200 f t of pl:tst.ic t.r~l)ing
t o thc air prcssurct n t :L c c n t ~ ~ a l loc:tt.ion insitlc t,llr br~iltling. The: pl.c:ssrlro tlilTcrc:nc:c: I)et,wt:c~n t.11~ t.wo siclcs nf the cltn~lll)cr is r ~ ~ c ~ : i s ~ ~ r c ~ t l in t.c!~.lns of t.llc\ tli:rphrn.g~n dcflcc:t.ion I)y :tn ~~nl)or~tlccl ~I-:I.~III ~x'sist- nncr st,l.:iin gngc 1)ritlgc. The powcr :t11(1 sigl1:tI :LIT:
t.ransrnittcd by s h i n gngc c:rl~lcs ovcr (I~S~;:LII(:(IS of u p t,o 000 ft t o the cc:nt8rnl recortling locl:tt.ion o ~ l t,hc lOt,h floor.
T h e wintl vane :tncl 3-cup nnc:rno~nctc!r :LIT of the
typc IT-2A usctl I)y t,llc Mct.c:orologic:LI I<l.a~lc:h of the Cannt1i:~n Tlcpnrt.~ncnt of T ~ m s p o r t :tnd W(TC
locatctl n h o r ~ t 1,500 ft away a t n I~c!ight, of 800 ft
nbovc st,rcct lcvcl on I)uiltli~lg A (see Ioigs. 1, 2). LClectl.ical wind spcc~tl ant1 tli~.cct:io~l S ~ ~ I I : L I S , I,I.:LIIS- lnittctl v i : ~ t.clcphone lints, wc~.r: 1.rcortlet1 \\~it,h t,llc 12 pressure signals on :tn 18-(:h:innt~I ~ ~ l t , r : t v i ~ l ( ~ t ; light l)cn~n typc oscillog~~nph. C:h:i~.t sl,trotl was lirnitctl t,o 4 in./~rlin for ~rlost of t.hc ~.ccortli~lg, n,ntl thc full-scnlc tlcflrction of c:~.t:Il sig11:il was ~~t:itlc
f 2 in. ( f 1 0 psf).
2.4. Fieltl Trips ant1 Processing of I<ccorcls
Trips were mntlc from 0 t t 8 a w : ~ to M o ~ ~ t ~ ~ c ~ n l (120 ~nilcs) whcncvrr stxong winds scernctl i~rl~ni~lcant. It,
was ncccssn1.y Ilpon :i~.rival to select the 12 ~rlost tlcsir:J)lc t,apping loc:ttio~ls ( ( I c ~ c I I ( I ~ I I ~ 011 t.hc willti
direction), set up t,ranstl~~cc~.s, ant\ \)(:gin reco~.tli~lg. Set-up t.imc was usu:illy n l ) o ~ ~ t 1 hour :inti ~.c:c!ot.tlil~g usr~nlly c:onti~l~lctl for 1 t,o 3 hor~rs longer. Of the rcsr11t.s ol)t,ainctl o n eight sr~cll t,rips l)c~t,wocn 5
RiIarcl.1 1064 nntl 23 S(!pta~nl~cr l!)(i(i fvc: sc!t.s wc~x: sclcct,ctl for tl(!t.nilctl st,utly.
Aft,cr visu:ll cx:i~nin:tt,io~~ of cnch strip c!llnrt, rccorcl, portions rcprcscnti~lg ~.ccortliug illt.c~rv:ils from 15 ~ n i n t,o ovcr an hour were solcct,ctl :~ntl tligitizctl, r~sing :L scminr~totrlntctl proc.c~lr~~'c,, :tt, tirne intervals of I scc. 'l'hc tligitizrtl v:ilr~rs, cith(.r on punchctl cartls or tligital ~nagnt.t,ic$ t,:ipc, IV(TP
then proccssctl I)y n tligit:il cbo~rlputc.~..
3. Dilferc~~ccs n c ~ w c c n Ficlcl Mens~rrcments
ant1 Wind Tunnel Mc;~surcnlcr~ts
Thc rnotlcl scale invc.stigntiorls wc!rc! ~ r l : i ~ l ( : in a
hountlnry-lnycr winti tr~nncl rat,h(:r t,ll:tr~ in ;i c:o~l-
vcr~tional low-turl)~~lcr~cc. :~rro~l:ir~t,i(::~I wintl ~ I I I I I ~ ( : ~
t>ccnusc of the r~ntloul)tctl i~nport.:~nco of n~otl(:liug thc gustiness of ro:iI wind. (::ire w : ~ s t:i1~:11 t o S ~ I I ~ I I - Iatc ficltl con(lit,ions 3s closoly :is possil)l(!, t)l~t, in spite of tltis ccrt:iin tliff(!rcnc:cs ~.t:rn:iin. As :LII ox-
:implc of the prccar~l,ions taltcn, thc: ~notlcl of t ) r ~ i l t l -
ing I! wn.s (::L~o~IIIIY ttl:tt:l~i~l(~(l f r o ~ r ~ ~)l:tstic to a
SCLI(: of 1 :40!), i~l(~lri(ling t h : ~rtrlllions. 1'1~ossr1rc t:tps ~v(:ro 111:t(It: :it 1oc:itions ( : ~ I . I , ( : S ~ ) ~ I I ( ~ ~ I I ~ t o thos(: wllclrc: Sr~ll-st-:Jt~ I.:tps on t,ho two irtst.r~~~rlc:rlt,c~cl lcvc:ls \vt:r(! s i t , ~ ~ ~ t t x ~ ( l , :t.11(1 ~,IIIY:(: :t,(l(l I t,ion:tI l(:vc>ls \v(:l.c
t,:~l)pt~l to givv :I. rllorcl c:o~nl)lctc pic:t,r~rc of ~)t.c~ssr~rc ( l i s t ~ ~ i l ) ~ ~ l , i e ) ~ ~ ~,II:I.II w:ts possiI)lc i r ~
t,t~(;
fi(:l(l III(\:ISII~(:-I I I O I I t,s. il I1 111:i,jor S ~ , I . I I ( : ~ : I I 1~:s ~ v i t ~ l ~ i n :i 1 ,(iOO-f
t
~,:tcliuswr1.c: ~llotlol(~tl to the 1 :400 sc:tI(: frorrl wootl, nncl r~l)wi~ltl I:LII(I (:ont.ou~.s rtntl su~.fncc roughness wcrc :~lso silllr~l:rt,ctl, :is is shown in I;igl~~.c: 4.
I\ fr~~ltlnrnc~ttnl tliSf(.rcncc: 1)c:twcc:n t,llc frltl rnc:ts-
I I I . ( ! I I I ~ I ~ ~ S :t11(1 t , h ~ \vintl tunrl(:l I I ~ C ~ S I I ~ ~ I I I C I ~ ~ S is rr-
I:~t,c~l t.o cont,rol of How t:ontlitiorls ant1 thc ~.t!p~.o- tlr~c!il)ilit,y of :in oxpc~~.itnc~tlt. Tllc 111:iin atlv:tntngc of wind t.rlllnol tcsl;i~~g ovcr f~~ll-scnla testing is the fact t.11r~t invc~st.ig:it,iorls (:an p~.occc:tl syst.crnatically
: i l l t i c:fictic~lt.ly. E'r~ll-scale ~nc!:l.sl~~.c:~ncrlts, on the
ot.llcr h:t11(1, :]IT (I(*l)t:~l(I~nt 011 t l l ~ 1,nntlorn 1)cllnvior
of went.lle~-, ~ ~ l : t l < i ~ l g systc~n:itic: investigations im- p~.:~ct,ic:ul. Tllis is pnl.tic~~I:tl.ly true for S I I C ~ fe:ttt~rcs
:LS t l ~ : ~ ) I ~ C I I O I I I C I I O I I of PX~I.(:IYIC. suct,ions nc:alS thc
c:o~.nc:l.s of t.hc I)uildings, for which wind a ~ l g l c is f:ti~'Iy c1.i t,ical.
'I'll(. 11:tsic: tlilTic:r~lt,y :~ssoci:it,c:tl wit\> Iicltl II~(~:I.SIII.~:-
1ncnt.s ;~risos 1)c:c::rrlsc of t,hc ~ . : ~ n t l o ~ ~ l II:L~.III.C of wili(l. Not, only is f.llo :~.c:cluisitio~l of useful ~.clc-o~.tls II~:L(IC
tliIfic!uIt nntl t.i~lla-c-onsr~rtli~~g,
I)r~t
t,llc int.crl)~.ct:ttion nntl c o ~ l ~ p ~ t ~ . i s o n wit.11 lal)o~.nt,ory ~.c,sr~lts lnny I)(:-c!ol~lc. co~lfrlsing. M I I ( : ~ I of t,llc col~fr~sion (::LII I)?
:tvoitltttl if IL tlist.i~lc:t,io~l is ~l~:i.(l(: I)(:~,Ivc(!II " I V ( ~ : I ~ ~ C I ~ "
: ~ r l t l " g l ~ s t i ~ ~ c s s " ~ I I 1.11(: I)asis of t.hc t , i ~ ~ l o s(I:LI('s in-
volvctl. 'l'hc slto~~t.c!st pc:~.iotl :~ssoci:itcttl wit,h w(>:tt,llcr
~ I I I L I ~ R ( > S :t11tl, in p:~~~t,i(:r.~l:~r, st,ro~lg \vin(Is is L I S U : L I I ~
itn I ~ O I I I . 0 1 I~IOIY:, CX(:('P~, for ~ , I ~ \ I I I ( I ( : I . S ~ O ~ I ~ ~ S , wl~crens
tltc lo~~gcast pc:riotl :tsso(!i:it,c(l with g ~ ~ s t . i ~ l t > s s is :il)out 5 n1itl11I.c:~. 'I'l~r~~ltl(:rst.o~.t~ls I I I : I ~ h:tvc to 1)c t~.t:ntctl
solnc\\~l~:it, (li(T(:~.(~ntly f ~ . o ~ n ot.h(:r t.ypcs of st,~.ong wintl stornls.
r .
I Ilo r : ~ n t l o ~ l ~ n r s s of t,hc gusts sr1pt:1.irlll)osct1 on t.h(!
I ~ I ( V L I I wi~i(l s ~ ) e c ~ I C:LII 1 ) ~ :in:tlyzctl l~sing st,nt,istical
procotl~~rcs tlcvclol)c.tl ovcr t.hc past 20 yc:irs 1)y c o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t u ~ t i c : n t i o ~ ~ s cngi~lc,r~.s :in(I ott1c1.s [12, 13). TI~CSC
s18nt.ist.ic:al procc~tlr~rcs h:tvc I)ccn :tj)plictl rcccntly t o wintl clTc~cts (111 s t ~ . r ~ c t , ~ ~ r c s [8]. '1'11~ :il)plic:ition of
c?st:~.l)lisl~c:tl ~~~c:t,hotls fol- ~ l ~ c n s r ~ r o ~ r l c n t nntl :i~~:tIysis
of ~ : L I I ( ~ O I I I tI:tt.:~ is g~.c'n.t:ly si111plifirtl if it (::in I)c
:wsu~nc!tl I.l~:tt, t.Itt: wi~ltl is :it I(~:ist, \~(!:iIil.v st.:tt,ion:i~.y
:LII(I
I ~ O I I I O ~ ( > I I ( : ~ I I S .
'l'l~is i111p1ies t,Ilat the III(::LI~S:LII(I
FIGURE 4. i\fodcl of dolvntolvn Montreal with major topographical features in the boundarjr-layer wind tunnel a t the University of Western Ontario for conlparisorl with full-scale n~casurcmc~its.
stant with rcspect t o tilnc and with rcspect to posi- tion in spacc. Stationarity and honlogcncity hold only approxilnatcly for ficld m c a s u r c ~ ~ ~ c n t s , if a t all, and thcn only if care is usccl in sclccting suitablc portions of thc total rccord for clctailccl analysis. In principle, it would bc bcst to use as long a rccord as possible to improve thc reliability of estirnatcs of means, vari:tnccs, and distributions of variances ac- cording to freclucncy (power spectral density).
It
was founcl, however, t h a t portions of record ~ n u c h over 5 t o 10 ininutcs often contained "trends" or variations in the mean value, and these coillplicatcd the analysis.
There was no particular difficulty in satisfying the requiremcnts of stationarity in the wind tunnel, but in considcration of the objective of simulating ficld conditions it was thought more ilnportailt t o reflect thc nonhon~ogencities of the prototype situn- tion rather than to have the thcorctical advantages of the honlogeneous flow. T h e land contours of the eastern entl of Mount Royal rverc, therefore, inodelecl in order t o introduce the same sort of spatial varia- tion of velocity as might be founcl in the fielcl (Fig. 4).
3.2. Time Scaling
The tirnc interval ovcr which niean vclocitics ancl prcssurcs wcrc avcragcd was choscn to distinguish t~ctwecn (a) thc random fluctuations about the mcan, and (h) the inuch slolvcr variation of the mcan wind vclocity and thc corrcsl~oncling prcssurcs in rcsponsc to changing wcathcr conclitions. A scaling p:~ramctcr with rcspect to tinlc must therefore bc consiclcrccl when conlparing fielcl and rnodel incasurcmcnts.
For purposes of comparing avcraging times the nondimcnsional parainetcr t o be kept the same for inotlcl and full scale is:
vt
-
L
where
V =
mean vclocity in ft/scc,t
= tinle in see,L=
characteristic
length in ft.The ratio of mcan vclocity in the tunnel t o mean vclocity in the field rangccl fro111 about 0.50 to 0.75, and thc length scale for the illode1 was 1:400. An averaging time of 30 inin in ficld measureincnts
woulcl tlicrcforc he rcprcscntctl I)y :t tunnel tilnc of lt)/ft2 was colnmon;
6 t o !) see. 'I'llc :ivc'rnging timc actJu:ally rlscd in tlic (c) win(l rffect-assulning an intcrnal pressure
tunnel was 30 scc, :inti the Icngtli sc:ilc of the gusts rocfficicnt of -0.3, the rtction of the wind 1-7rovctl t o I)r : i p l ~ ~ ~ o s i ~ n a t c l y 1 :700; t l ~ c corrc.spontl- coriltl 1)l.otluce n lowering of the intcrnal prcs- ing frtll-scnlc averaging t i ~ n c \voulcl 1)c :tl)orit 175 t o surc 1)y 1 01. 2 Il)/ft?.
260 mill, bnsctl 011 thc sc:tlc of tur1)ulrncc. \i mucll
lollgrr avclngillp j)eriotl can I)c usctl in thc ~villtl tunncl I)ccausc. the slow-lnoving trcntls associ:atctl ~vitli the ~ ~ , t ~ : ~ t l r e r systc~ri in t.hc ficld situation arc not prcscnt .
IVincl tunncl mcasurc~mrnts of prcssurcs on a tal>pctl niotlcl n1.c cxprcssc~l in terms of tliffcrc~ncc~s from n I-efcrcnr' static pressure, tlivitlctl hy a rcfcr- rncc tlyiiamir pl.cssurc. 'Tllc rcsrtlting nonclimcn- sionnl ratio, the prcssurc cocfficicnt, is tlcfincd a s follows:
Pi-Po
c,,
=xp
1'' wlicrcC,,
= prcssurc cocffic.ic~it,P , = prcssurc a t itdl tap,
Po = rc.fcrcncc st:~tic prcss~lrr, Il)/ft2,
p = n>nss tlcnsity of :tir, slugs/ft?, T I = rcf(.rcncc mc:tn vclocity, ft/scc.
r 7
I
lic usual rcfcrcnc-c stntic prchsurePo
is thc 1)icnt 1)nrolnc~tric prcssurc insitlc t h ~ tunnel, Incas- 111ctl cithcr a t a Hr~sh w:dl t a p or nt t h e stntic sitlo of a pitot tu1)c ~nountc~tl ul)wintl of thc model.T h c rcfercncc sidc of c:tc41 trnnstluccr in tllc ficltl ~ n c a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c l ~ i c n t s \V:IS ro~incctc(l 1)y n long plastic tubc
t o thc iun1)irnt 1)aronicltric prcssurc. a t :L point ncar
the ccntcr of tlic 0th Lloor of thc 34-story 1)uiltlinp. T h c rcfcrctl~cc tubing was prcsrnt t o cnsurc t h a t all trnnstlrlccrs wcrc : ~ t 1~:tst ~li(>:is~~ring with r(lspoct t o n ooltilrlon rcfcrc~rlc*c. ~)rcssurc, cvcn though i t was not ncccssarily rolnl>lctcly st:itic.
'f he tli ff (>l.cnc8c 1)ctwcon the rcfrrcnc-c: static prcs- surc in thc ficltl :tntl t l ~ t u s c ~ l in thv tunncl p ~ ~ o v c ~ t l t o I)c onc of tlrc most troul)l(~sollrc i ~ s l ~ e c t s of the co~nparisoll of ~.c,sr~lts. l'hc tlil'fcrc~~lco, of the sitlnc
or(Ier of ~ ~ l : i g ~ ~ i t ~ ~ ( l ( ~ its (11e I ~ ~ O : ~ S L I I ~ C I I ~ P I ~ ~ S t l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~ l v c s ~
was carlsrtl t)y :i com1)ination of f:tctors:
(it) c~hilnncy :ict,ion-the tc~rrpc~~*:ttu~.c tlil'fol.rntinl tlul+ir~g roltl ~rrol~ths, c~olnl)inrtl with th(: v c ~ y c~o11hitlcritl)lc. rlT(~ctiv(~ ~ t i l ~ I ( 11(:igllt, C:LIISC(~
p~'(\ssur~: tlilTt~l~c~lrcos of tlrc ortlcr of 2 t o 5 ll,/ft2;
(I)) opc3r:ttion of tlrc air-llii~rtlli~rg ccluipi11c:nt- l ) ~ ~ i l ( l i ~ i g p~vssi~rizittio~r of :is I I I U C I ~ :LS I 01. 2
Simul:tt,ion of these cffects ~vould be cxtrcmcly colnpliratrtl in t h e wintl trlnllcl l~ecausc of the vcry romplcx s y s t c ~ n of flow rclsistnnccs and lcakngcs thror~ghout the 1)uiltling. As a rrsrllt, no acljustmcnt was m:itlc t o tShc lvintl tunncll tcrliiiiquc; a corrcct,ion was rnatlc, instcntl, in the colnparison of the prcssurc cocfficic*nts.
T h e tlynnlnic prcssrnc of thc refcrcncc incnn velocity of equation (1) w:is rncnsurcd in thc wind tunncl a t n height of 24 in. irlidway bctwccn builtling
A
ancl huiltling B (scc Figs. 1 ancl 2). This height cor- rcspontls t o 800 f t in actual ficltl ~ncasurcrncnt, h u t t.hc pitot t u l ~ c had t o bc lnovccl nwny from I)uiltlingA
t o avoitl the intcrfcrrncc cffcct of t h c tunncl wall. T h e use of this tlynn~nic prcssurc ns a rcfcrcnce in t h r wintl tunncl shonltl not seriously affcct rom- parison, provitlctl thc spatial variation of vclocity is slnall from 1)uiltlingA
t o the pitot t u l ~ c location, nncl si1nil:tr in motlcl ant1 full scalc.4. Colnl~ilrison of Ficld und Wind T u ~ l ~ l e l R c s u l ts
IVllcn thc Incan prcssurc cocfficicnts,
C,,,
clcrivccl fl-om thc ficltl mcnsurcmcnt~s, wcl-e first co~nparcd with t h e I:,, from the wintl tr~nncl, allowance ha(\ not y e t 1)ocn ~tiaclc for thc cliffcrc:ncc in ~.ofcrcnce st:ttie ~)rcss~ire. TIIC co111parison \V:LS c o ~ i s c t ~ ~ ~ c n t l yquit,(! rlnsatisf:ictory. l'hc offacts of chi~nncy action nntl 1)uiltling pplssurixnt.ion I)y thc air-hantlling s y s t o ~ n wclVc froqncntly sufficient t,o ovcrcomc! t h e wintl prcssul-c on the ~vill(lw:~rtI mall. T h e t.ranstluccrs :it all lorat,ions :trountl t . 1 ~ l)uil(ling thrrcforc rcgis- tc:rc:tl suct,ions in ral:ttion t,o t h e rcfarcnco ilrtrrilal prc.'ssurc.
A
col.rcction w:ts tllon applictl t,o thc l.oforc~lcc s t : t t i ~ ~ ~ ( ! S S I I ~ C a t c:ich lovcl for cach of thc rccorclsof f~~ll-sc:tI(: I I I C : L S ~ ~ ~ C I I ~ ~ I I ~ S . C:orr(:ct.ions wcrc cnlcrl-
1:ttc:tl using thc 1c:wt sclrlwc:s principle t o procli~cc thc I~ctst fit of t,hc full-sc::tlt: prcsstlrc> tlistribution to t,hc ~rrotlol prrsslirc. distril)utiolr. This procc~lul,c socnls roason:tl)lc :LS 1011g :LS t , l i ~ r c is :I (Iefi~rit(: cor~'oI:ttiol~
I)c:t,wrcn the two scts of prcssul~c coc:fficicnts :tnd the tloviat,ions 1.11:tt rc~n:tin :tftcr fitting al>pcnr t o I)c
rcctions ~llntlr iri this w:iy t o the. i*c.f(.rc~~icr st:ttic.
prrssurc arc indrl)cndcnt of t l l ~ tlyri:~~i~ic rcfcrrncr prrssurc. T h r salnr corrc.ctio11 (of the. rcfcrc1ic.c st:rtic. prrssurc (ill Ib/ft2) is ol)t:~ilicrl cvcli if co11il)lctcly cliffrrcnt tlynnmic rcfc~rrncc prrssurcs :wc usctl i l l
the winti t.11nncl :lnd in full scbnlr. Thc corrrctioiis nrrivcd nt by lcnst squnrcs fitting wcrc chrckcd in each instancc and found t o bc consistent witli :LIP
proximate calculntions of chiinncy :~ction ant1 I-)nilti- ing pl-cssurixntion.
4.1. C o m ~ n r i s o l ~ of RBenr~ Prcssurc Distribution o n 34-Story Building
Tlic rclntion bct\\~ccii full-scale ant1 inotlcl incnn prcssurc clistrihutions in terms of tllc ~lontliincn- sional prcssurc cocfficicnts,
C,,,
is plottcd for two differciit wind tlircct,iolls in Iiigurcs 5 ant1 ti. Thc agrccmcnt in thr first casc (wind a t right anglc to building), particularly a t thc 33d floor lcvcl, is very good with rcgnrd to hotli tlistribut,ioil ant1 scnlr. Many similar portions of rrcortl for approxilnakly the same indicatctl wind anglc gnvc cqunlly goodD l R E C T l O N FU S C , 3 3 R D FLOOR
a*'
9 / l O T H FLOORF r t ; u n ~ 5. Comparison of 11111 st-;il(! w i t h rnotlcl rcslrlls; rnc:llri i ) r ~ : s s ~ ~ r t : C O C ~ ~ ~ C ~ ( : I I ~ S 011 31-st,ol.y ofiicc I ) ~ ~ i l t l i r ~ ~ , nort,l~\\.cst \\.irttl.
:~grrrnlcliit in tc-rnis of prrssl~l-r tlistril)utiori, hut no o t , h ~ r snn~plc was :LS (:IOSP to th(: 1110(1r1 rrsults in
t r r ~ u s of d y ~ l n ~ ~ l i ( * I ) ~ ~ s s I I ~ ( \ , which govrrris the scnlc
of thc prcsslirr tlistril)r~t,ion.
l'igurc' 6 tlocts not sllow thc salnr :~grccmcnt for distri1)ution. T h c pi*oI)ablr c.xplanation for suction on thc southwest w:~11 of thc 33d floor in thc full- scnlc rcsult is t h a t thr intlicntctl wintl tlircction a t 1)uilding A (whrrr tllr :~nc~rlloillctcr ant1 vane arc locatctl) lriay II:LVC cliffcrrtl Ijy prrl~nps as ~ n u r h as 10" from thc art,rial wintl dirrction nt tlic building. If such a tliflrrcncc cxistctl i t was cvidcntly not si~nulatcrl by thc modcl.
4.2. Co~npariso~l of Mcci~i Prcssurc Distribulion
i n the Empirc State Iiuilding
Agrcelncnt hctwcen wind tunncl tests and full- scnlc tcsts, tiiilcss it is cithcr uniformly good or com-
+ W Z m i w 2- mu_ D l R E C T l O N 3 3 R D F L O O R l O T H F L O O R
7 5 T H F L O O R
\
3 6 T H F L O O R
FIGURE 7. Compnrison of full scnle with model rcsltlts; mean prcssurc coefficients on Empire Stnto ~ u i l d i n i ,
ssw
wind (from Ratllbun, Dryden, and Hill).plctely unsatisfactory, is hard to assess in objcctive terms. To hclp cstal>lish sonlc pclapcctivc for making a t lcast a subjcctivc
assessment
of thc results the author studied comparisons madc by othcrs who hacl done full-scalc tcsts [5, 61.Of particular intcrcst wcl-e measurements on the Empire State Building, reportccl ncarly 30 years ago by Rathbun [14]. Thc wind tunnel tests for this building were carried out a t the National Bureau of Standards and the results were presented in 1933 by Drydcn and Hill [15]. No comparison of the prcs- surcs on thc inoclcl and those on the builcling was presented in thc paper by IEathbun, prcsurnnbly hccausc there appeared to bc very little agreement. Thc author tlicrcfore madc several cornparisons similar to thc two illustrated in Figures 5 and 6 for the 34-story building. Agreement was poor for
3 6 T H F L O O R
FIGURE 8. Coml~nrison of fit11 scnle with model results; mean pressure cocfficicnts on Empire State Building, E N E wind (from Rathbrln, Drydcn, and Hill). some of the "itcms" tabulated by IEathbun. Thcre wcre, howcvcr, other itcms for which the agrcement in prcssurc distribution was good, cxccpt that the scale (i.e. thc rcfcrcncc dynnmic pressure) seemed considcrably smaller for the full-scale results. The two examples givcn in Icigurcs 7 and 8 wcrc chosen to parallel as closely as possible the examples of Figures 5 and 6. One reading on the 75th floor in Figure 7 secms to be a clear case of mistaken sign, and has been plotted a t its probable value as a cross. The deviations from the model prcssurc distribu- tions in Figurcs 7 and 8 arc rather larger than those in Figures 5 and 6, and the scale is consistently smallcr. Thc improved agrccment of the rcccnt comparison can be attributed to improvements in both the instrumentation of the full-scalc building and the modcling techniques used in the wind tunnel.
T h r tlisp:~~.ity i l l sc:ll~. of tlir IVOI+I< on tllr ISt~~pirr
8 t : ~ t c Building ~)rol)nl)ly rcsrrlls fro111 r~scl of :L so^^-
stnnt vclorily ~)l.ofilc :1n(1 tliv nl)scll~rc of 1cll.rni11 rouglinrss or tlic slirltc~r of otlirr I)~liltlil~gs i l l tllr
~ v i l i t l t ~ r l i ~ i ( ~ l . I\ sitiiil:~r (liff(\rr~i(-(> in S(':II(' \\~0111(1 110
(Iot11)t II:LV(~ I)rrn fotlti(i for tl~(> h I o ~ ~ l r ( ~ : ~ l l)r~iI(ling i f
tlir rff(1ets of t c r l . : ~ i ~ ~ ~ ' o ~ ~ g l ~ n r s s :LINI t I i ( > otl1(\1. 1:~Il br~iltlil~gs I I ~ : I I . I ) ~ I i : ~ t l 11ot I)crn si~i~rll:~t('(l. 'l'lli1.1 J'
yr:ws ago ~ I Y ~ S S I I ~ ( ~ S ~ v c r ( ~ t ~ i ( ~ n s t ~ r r ( l 1)y U-t111)r
ni:l~~o~nc~tcrs, clitl~rr 1)y ol)scrvrrs or I)y photog~.:ll)h- ing the I I I : L I I O I ~ I C ~ ~ ~ I):~~iks; i l l (>illirr c.:lsck it w:ls tli8i-
cult to grt :III : ~ r r ~ ~ r : ~ t r rr(*or(l of I I ~ ~ : I I I ~ I Y ~ S S I I ~ ( ~ S .
RIucli of thc sc:~ltclr :111(1 (lis:igrrrtii(~~~t of t l ~ c rrs111ts
I I I I I S ~ , 1 1 : ~ ~ ~ l ) r r ~ i ~:LIIS(YI l)y g ~ ~ s l i t ~ ( ~ s s in tIi(1 1vit111
t h a t coultl not I)(. :L(QCOIIII~C(I for i l l tli(1 :in:~lysis of
t h r ~~ccortls. JIotl(l1.11 t l : ~ t:i :~c'clr~isitio~i systcl~iis I I O W
I~I:LI;C> it possil)l(l to (Iistit~gt~isli l ) ( ~ l ~ v ( ~ r i i 111(~nil nn(l gust ~ ~ n t l i ~ i g s to :L I:ugc r s t c ~ i t :tntl to trc:~l, IIIC:LI~
nntl fllirtu:itirig rolril)o~~rlits sc~l)n~~:ltc~ly.
1 * d -
. .
@ " '. .
O 0 -. .
*. .& 0 S c d l e m a d e l 11 4001 0 F u l l - s c a l e b l d g . s a m p l e 16 1 A F u l l - s c a l e b l d g . s a m p l e f 2For ~)rlrpos's of nn:llysis thc flr~c.t~intil~g c o ~ ~ i l ) o - ncnt of :L rccorct of ~vilicl s p ( ~ t 1 or I)I.(~SSU~P vri.sIis
tiinc is trrntcrl ns n s t : ~ t i o ~ i : ~ r y r:ln(loi11 I)~OCCSS. T11(1
p:lr:liiicters cstitnatc~tl I)y :ulnlysis of tlicl i~ccortls :LIYI t~srful for tlctct.lliining cquivnlrnt stntic lontls or for c.stimnting tho 111.ol):~l)lc n111i1I)('r of lo:~tl rgelrs nt (liffr~~(t~it s t r ~ s s I(~vrls.
It
is c o n s r q ~ ~ c n t l y :L i l i : ~ l t r rof ro~isi(lc~r:~l)lc i ~ ~ ~ p o r l : i ~ ~ c ( > to (1e11101islr:~tc : i ~ t ~ ~ e - nlcnt I)clt~vcc~~i full-scnlr :LII(I i11o(1(~1 r(>sl~lts for I):~~-:LIII- ctcrs ~.cl:ltil~g to l h r (lucbttl:iting col~~l)olicbnt s~lc.li :IS
stnntlnrtl (I(vi:~tioli, or r111s PI'ChS111.(' co(~ffici(~~lts, :LINI
po\vcr spcctrnl c!clisity as n f~lnctioli of frclqur~~cy. Agrccn1rnt of shape nn(1 loration 011 tllc f r r q ~ ~ e ~ i c y
nsis of tlir po~vcr sl ) c ~ t r : ~ I tlrnsity cr~rvc, i~nl)lic>s :L p~.opcr s c n l i ~ ~ g of t h r t ~ ~ r l ) ~ ~ l r ~ ~ c * c i l l t h r wilitl tuniicl.
E'igurc 9 is :L c o l i ~ l ) i ~ ~ c ~ ( l plot of Imth f~~ll-scanlc ant1
F U L L - S C A L E W A V E N U M B E R . F T - I
I ~ I ( , [ ~ I ~ I ; !J. S : L I I ) ~ J ~ ( ~ 11oii(~1 S ~ ) I * ( - I I : L I (lt,l~\ily ( - I I I v ( - ~ OIII:LIII(YI
I I O I I I I ~ I I I I I I I I O ~ I ( ~ I :LIIII I'IIII-~I~:LI~~ ( n \ i ~ ( s ~ i ~ ~ ~ ( ~ ~ ~ 1 5 O I I : L I I
o f l i r ~ . I ~ I I I I I I I I I ~ i l l J I ~ I I I I I ~ : L I .
0.4
t ~ ~ o t l c l itifor~ii:~t,io~~ for tlic pl.rssrlrr rrcor(Is ol)t:~iliccI : ~ t , :L ~ o r r ( ~ s l ) o n d i l ~ g t a p locnt.ion oli thv 33tl fi oor
O I I tlir IV~~(IIV:LI.(I IV:LII. An c>~npil.ir:~l crlrvr I):~srtl 011
w i ~ ~ t l sprctl (Int:~, sr~ggrstctl I)y I):~vrt~pol't~, is also sl~own. 'l'lic sc*:llr of t r ~ ~ . l ) t ~ l r ~ ~ o c was prol):~l)ly nl)out 1:700 ill this pnrtielllnr ~notlrl trst,, : L I I ~ (li(l not
t l ~ c ~ ~ ~ f o r r :~grr(: with t h r Imgth srnlc of thc l)uil(ling (1 : ,100). 1'1i(l r:~tio of vrlo('i1 irs I~npp(v~c(l to com-
~ ) ( ~ I ~ s : L ~ c for t l l ~ tlil'f(~~.r~iccl to :L I:~rgr rxtrnt, nntl as n
rrsrllt thc sprrtr:~I ~)r:lks npl)r:tr to occrlr :tt :~pproxi- 11i:~t(1Iy tlir S:III~(I i.o(l~~(~lcl frrq~t(lt~(,y.
I I I l l I I l l
-
-O a v e n p o r l ' s U n ~ v e r s a l
f
curve f a r W l n d s p e e dr .
I IIV S : L I ~ I ~ I P c o l ~ i p : ~ ~ . i s o ~ ~ s in Svrt io11 4 : ~ r c f:~irly rcy)r(~sc~~it:itivr of 1 lir sort of : ~ g r r ( \ ~ t l r t ~ t t h a t h:ts 1)cc.n fo1111tl l)rtwrc.~i \vii~tl tr111nc.1 trsts 111 n 1)orlntl:~ly-
I:~ycr typr w i ~ ~ t l tl~nlirl n ~ ~ t l ~ i ~ c ~ n s u r c ~ ~ i c n t s of wind ~)~'cssurc~ 011 t h r full-srnlr 1)11il(li11~ in hIontrrnl. T h c
~ ~ c ~ o t l for c*o~isitlcr:il)ly 111orc full-sc.:~lc i ~ ~ f o r n ~ n t i o n is
il~(lic:~tr(l : ~ l t l ~ o r ~ g l i t h r ~.cslilts (*:LII I)(' c o ~ ~ s i ~ l ~ r c r l
(l~icot~r:~gi~ig ill ii1:~11y i * r ~ p c ( ~ t q .
Srvri~:~l ililprovrlnclits in i n s t r ~ ~ m c ~ ~ ~ t : ~ t i o n nnct t l : ~ t : ~ ~)i.occls.si~ig (*:in I)c suggest otl oli t lic I~nsis of cxspclricxiic.c: \villi tl1:~t p:~i.t of thc projcct now coin-
plctctl. T l i c l ~ is ~li(>rit i l l i.ccortling tl:~tn in n visual
forill, srlc'h :is an osc.illogrnl)h rll:~rt, for pilot stutlic.s or short-tcarlii p ~ o j r c t s . l'or tticl 11i:lin 1):~l.t of :LO i l l -
v(~.stig:~tion, lio\v(~vri-, (I:L~:L ~)~+occssi~ig sliot11(1 11e
I~:LI~(IIc(I I ~ J ' ro~i~l)tltc~.. 1 ' 1 1 ~ (I:L~:L :~~(]rlisition sl1ot1lcI thr1~4'o1~(> cti~ploy ~ ) r ~ ~ i c t ~ c t l cnrtls, paper tnpc or ~ n : ~ g ~ ~ c . t i c t:~pc S ~ O I ' : L ~ P , COIIII):L~~I)IC with (~otilptltcr
i r i p ~ t ~ . c q ~ ~ i ~ - r ~ i ~ r ~ ~ t s .
I
\ sc~colitl i~iil)rov~~iic'lit \vo11111 1)(1 a n nutom:~tctl
S J ~ S ~ ( ~ I I I for i ~ ~ i t i : ~ l i ~ i g r(>co~.(ling w l i r r ~ c v r ~ ~ st~it:~l)ly
stl.olig ,rvintls ocbcul.. , \ ~ ) ~ ) ~ . o s i ~ ~ ~ : ~ t c ' l y fivc of r i ~ h t tlsips to AIo~it~.c~:~l ~ ) r o t l ~ ~ c , c ~ l srlc~rcl>hfr~l runs i l l tllc
~)l'oj('ct just ('o11111Iot(~(l I)ut I ~ ~ : L I ~ J ~ good ~ 1 0 1 . 1 1 1 ~ \ v r r ~
~ ~ ~ ~ t l o u l ) t c ~ l l y ~nissc.tl 1)c~cnusr of i n s u t f i c h t forc- \\':Lr11111g.
r
.
I Ii(1 1 hirtl silggcl>t ioli for i11il)t~ovrt l ~)~.oc.c\tlu~,r con-
cclrlls tlic s ( ~ l ~ ( ~ ( l ~ ~ l i ~ l f i of 1vi11(1 trt1111(1l t ~ s t s . 01i(\ of t l ~ c I~O:II<(~I. :LI,(~:IY of fivI(1 i ~ ~ s t : ~ l l : ~ l i o ~ ~ s is o f t ( ~ 1 tllc :re- cluisitio~i of w i ~ ~ r l vclloc~ity ~.c~c*o~*tls. 0 1 1 tllc. olic II:III(~,
on(> (*:III st t.iv(1 for I I I O I Y ) :i11(1 I)vt tr11, :111~11io111(~trr sitrs;
oil t l i ~ otIi(11,, I ~ I : I S ~ I I I I ~ I I ~ IIS(, 5110111(1 I)(> 1i1:1(1r of tlic
\ v i ~ i t l I I I I ~ I ~ ( I I i l l so:il.(*l~i~~g for t l ~ o s r co ~ ~ ( I i t i o ~ i s , p : ~ -
t i(*~~l:i~.ly :111g1(* of :I( l : ~ ( ' l i , 1I1:tt I)(>st S ~ I I ~ I I ~ : I ~ C :L ~ : L I . -
1 ~ ~ I I I : I I . fi(-l(l ~ S I ) ( ~ I . ~ I I I ( ~ I I ~ .
A ~ ( ~ : I < I I I ~ O I I ~ ( ~ I I ~ < of l)r~iI(li~ig : ~ ( ~ ( ~ ( ~ l ( ~ r : ~ t i o ~ i s , stt.:ii11s
i l l ( Y ) ~ I ~ I I I I I ~ , 01. ( l ~ ~ I l ~ ~ ( ~ l i o ~ ~ s (':111 ~)l.ovi(l(\ ~ : L I I I : I I ) I ~ ill-
tllc \vl~ol(, S ~ ~ I I ( - ~ I I I T , :IIICI (-o1111):1risons (*:LII I)(> III:I(I(>
o n 11iodcIs :~rtic.riI:~t(~(l : ~ t t l l ~ I):ISI,
:III(I
s11it:~I)ly:MI-
jrlstc(1 fol- (I:i1111)ing :IIICI l)(>riotl of viI)r:~tion.
r ,
1 IIV scp:tl.:itio~~ of \vill(l rffv(#ts illto :L I I I ( ~ : I I I (-0111l)o- licnt : I I I ~ ~ :I s11pcri111l)osc~tl I l ~ l c ' t ri:tting c o n r l ) o l l c ~ ~ ~ t
11i:i(Ic tlic :tl~:iI>-sis :III(I tllv ( , ~ I I I ~ : I I - ~ S ~ I I 1 ) ( ~ t \ v ( ~ 1 1
~iiod(.l :111(1 f ~ l l l sr:tlv I I I ~ I ~ - l i c.nsic.r t o ~ I I I ( I ( ~ I ~ ~ I : I I I ( I . I t w a s ncc.ess:iI.y t o :11)1)1jr :L t.o~.~.c.c-tion t o t h v ~~cfrl.c~llc.c\ s t a t i c 1)l.csstll.c for tllv I I I ( Y I I I C ~ I I I ~ I ~ I I ( ~ I I ~ of ill(\ ~ I Y ~ S -
s o r r , :tlltl t h e tlin'c.rc~~~c,c. i l l tilrlc sc.:~lcs I1:itl t o I)(. t:t1<011
into n r c o r l l ~ t i l l tlc:rli~lg \\\.tlr fltictrlntillg c.ottrp)~lcl~t.s.
T l i c p a r t of tlic. pl'ojcc~t i ~ i v u l v i l ~ g u ~ c n s r ~ r c ~ n r n t s 011 tlic 34-story b~lilcling covcrctl tliv pc.~.iotl fro111 s p r i n g l!f(i-l t o n ~ ) l ) r o s i ~ ~ ~ : ~ t ( ' I y I ) ( T P I I I ~ I ( ~ I ~ l!)(i7. 'l'Ii(1 ovc-.~~:all cnost f o r t h e 4 yc'n1.s 1 ~ : ~ s :11)1>rosi111:1.t(~ljr 5100,000. Of this, i ~ i s t r r ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ i t : i t i o ~ ~ , i~tc.lu(lil~g in- st:tllntiol~, I I I : L ~ I I ~ ~ ~ I I : I I I ~ ~ ~ . , nlltl ficdtl tl.il,s :~c~c~or~ntc.tl fo~. 3:30,000, e ~ ~ g i ~ i t ~ ( ~ ~ ~ s ' :III(I ~ ( ~ C I I I I ~ C ~ ~ I I S ~ t i ~ i i ( > : ~ I ~ o t l t , $GO,OOO, :in(\ c o ~ ~ ~ l ) r l t c ~ ~ ) ~ . o c * c ~ s s i ~ ~ g :rt st:r~ltlnl.tl coli>- 11ierc.i:11 rates 510,000.
Wintl I>I.CSSIII.C I I ~ ~ : L S I I ~ ( \ I I L ~ I ~ ~ S a r c low rlntlcr \\.:~y
in t h c I , ~ ~ i l t l i n ~ : m:~rk(,tl X in I:i~rl~.rs 1 nntl 2. '1'11is
is a 600-ft high ofJirc 1)11il(lillg \\-it11 :L 11111(~11 IIIOI.(I o p e n rsposrllvr, ~ ) : i r t i c ~ ~ I : i ~ . I y to t l ~ c so r i t l ~ \ v ( ~ s t . A
licw c l : ~ t : ~ :ir(lrlisitiv~~ syst(>lli i r ~ r o r j > o l ' : t t i ~ ~ ~ 111ost o f tlic s r l g ~ r s t c v l i l ~ ~ l > r o v c ~ ~ ~ ~ c ~ l ~ t s 11:rs 1)0(~1i instnll(1tl : ~ t :t coqt of IIO:II~IJ~ $40,000, :i11(1 : t r ~ ~ : i r ~ g c l l ~ ( ~ ~ ~ t s :ire l ) c i ~ ~ g nlatle to ~ , c ~ ~ o ~ . t l t h o p:~rtic.lv voloc-ity of tlic t o p of t h e l>r~iI(lir~g. '1'11(~ I I I : ~ ~ I I ol)si(v~tiv(~l :ts ill t l w p l > c v i o i ~ s ~ n r n s u r r ~ ~ i c ~ ~ t s , is tliv g : i t l i ~ l ' i ~ ~ g of ( ~ s q ( ~ ~ ~ t i : r l fi(ll(l
r l : ~ t : ~ for thcx t l ( ~ v c ~ l o p ~ n r l ~ t ;inti c,li(~c.lti~~g of w i l ~ t l tr1111toI 1 ( ~ ~ I I I ~ ~ I I I ( I > ho t11:lt ( % Y I I I I ~ r1:tIly tlivy ( * : ~ I I I
rl\ctl with c - o ~ ~ f i t l ( ~ ~ ~ c ~ l for tllc~ tletrl.l~~in:rtior~ of w i l ~ t l cffcct.; (III I ) ~ l i l ( l l l ~ g s :t11(1 ht I . I I ( ~ ~ I I ~ ( ~ s .
I~irI(1 I I I ( ~ : I S ~ I I ~ ( ~ I I I ( ~ I I ~ S (111 I l l ( : :3*1-sto1y offire l ) i l i l ( I i l ~ ~
(!orlI(l ]lot. II:I\T I)(:(:II
III:L(I(!
\vit.Ilo~lt 1 1 1 ~ 1)(~1~111issio11 of t h c o \ v l ~ o ~ . s . 'Thv 13ivision of I311il(li11g ~ ~ ( l s ( l : ~ ~ ~ ( ~ l t is g ~ ~ ; ~ t t ~ f r l l t o I ) o ~ ~ c - l i r s t c ~ ~ I:nivc>l.sity I-loltlil~gs T , i l l ~ i t ( ~ l for t11t:ir. c.oopc*~,:~t.iorl. 3I:tny l)caopl(l 11:ivc: c:o~~t,~.il)~~t.c~cI in v:t~.iotls \ v : ~ y s t o tllv 1)lao,its(*t; :dl :LIY :~111>r(b(:i:~t,(!(l;i ~ i ~ : . L I ~ ~ ( , I I ~ : L I . , tliv ( d ' f o ~ t s of M r . \Y. ' 1 ' 0 1 ~ ~ ~ 1 (10-
srlwc: spclc-i:~l ~.c:taogr~itior~.
'I'ltc wir~tl ~ , I I I I I I ( ~ ~ tosts \ V ~ ~ I . ( ~ III:L(I(: :tt t.ll(: I!II~v(~I.-
s i t y of \\'t~s1(~1.11 0111.:11.io l~ot~~~tl:t~.y-l,:~,y(~~. \ V i l l ( l
r l ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( ' l 11n(1(11. t hc: clir.oc-t,i~)~~ of I)I-. A . C:. I ~ : L V ~ . I I ~ ~ I ' ~ I X . I s y t ~ r ~ ~ o v . 'I'hcbil. i ~ t t o ~ . c ~ s t . :LII(I :~ssist,:t~~t*(! is
~r:Lt('fll11.~ ~ i t ' ~ < l l O \ ~ ~ ( ! ( ~ ~ ~ ! ( ~ .
7. Ilcfc:re~~c:e,q
Ill I):~vt~~~l)(wl, .\. (;. "\\'il~il 1,ontls ~ I I S l ~ . r ~ c l ~ ~ r c ~ s . " I)ivisior~
of 1%11iI(li11g ltt:st,:~rch, Xnlio~~nl Itost!:~r(!l~ ('o1111ci1, ( ~ : L I I : L ~ ~ : L , XItC 5576, J l : ~ r c l ~ l!)(;O.
121 ,IPIISI~II, ;\I. "'1'11(: ;\Totlvl-l:u\ for I'hc:~lo~~lcn:~ ill Nnt,~rrnl \\:inrl." f~lger~i~irctl, T ~ ~ l ( ~ r ~ ~ : l l i o ~ ~ n l Iq:tlition, \'o1. 2, No. 4, 19c;x.
131 N(:\rl)c.rry, (:. \V. "'I'll(? AIt::~sr~rc:r~~cr~t of \Vi~ltl I'rossr~~~cs
or1 T:lIl 13t1ilrIi11~s." 1). 11~~-150, NI'I, S ~ I I I ] ) V S ~ I I I ~ or1 \\'inti 18;fTcats on 13r1iltli11~s :LIIII S t r ~ l ( : t ~ ~ r ~ : s , 1'01. 1, Iantlon,
I I AISO, 1'3fj5.
[4] Kcwl)c~rry, C. IFr., I<. -1. 1Cnlo11, :LII(I ,I. 11. AT:LYIIC. "'l'hc N:L~.IIIY: of (.;IIs~, T,o:~(lirl~ on '1'1111 Ihliltlir~gs." 1). 339-J'L8, 1'1.o~. I I I I I ~ ~ I I : L I ~ ~ I I : L I l t ( > s ( - : ~ ~ ~ : l ~ S ( ~ I ~ I ~ I I : L ~ OII \\:ir~(I ll;ff(!ct,s 011
l % r ~ i I ~ l i ~ ~ g s :LII(I S ~ I . I I ~ : ~ . I I I T S , Ottz~v:~, (!:~r~:ul:~, S(y)t(!ml)(:r l!)07, Vol. 1, l!rlivrrsil y of ' l ' o ~ ~ ~ l ~ t o I'rcss, 1'368. 151 Xo\\-b(*r~.y, C. M'. : L I I ~ J . I t . ;\Izyrlc. "\Vintl I,o:~(li~~g of R
r
.
I :ill I%uiltli~~g in :III lJ1.1):~n I ~ : ~ ~ v i r o r ~ ~ u o ~ ~ t , ; :\ coml):rrison of 1:r111 Sc:llr :IIIII \Vi~ltl 'I'IIIIII(-~ 'i'c~ts." I'nl~cr 3, Sym- 11osiulu on \\:illtl I:fTc!c.ts or1 13uil(li11gs n~ltl Struct,l~rcs, A111,il l!)(i8, I,o~~ghl)orol~gh Ur~ivrrsity of 'I'cch~~ology, 1'01. 1, Io:r~~I:untl, 196s.
.JollI)(~r~l,, 1'. X. ( s t al. "-I'IIc 111~:lg of I%l11ff 130(lic~s Ir~l~ncrs(?(i
irl n '1'11rl)11lrnt, 13o1111(1:~ry I,:L~(T.'' 1). 297-:(:3(3, l'ror.., I I I ~ ( ! ~ I I : I I ~ ~ I I : L I lt(~s(::~rcl~ S(v1li11:~r 011 \\'i11(1 l~:fT(~ts 011
I%~~il(lir~gs :111(l S t r ~ ~ ( - t . ~ ~ r ( > s , Ott:~\v:~, C;:IIIUIX, S<y)l(~r~ll~cr l!)(i7, li~~ivcbrsi t y of 'I'oro~~to I'rc*ss, 19(iS.
17) VZII l i o l t * ~ ~ , 11. "\\'irltl l l ( ~ : ~ s ~ ~ c . c ~ ~ n c ~ ~ ~ t s ol' lligl~ I3uiltli11gs
i l l t l ~ ! S ~ - ~ l ~ v r l : ~ ~ ~ ~ l s . " 11. (jS5-704, l'rt~c., I I I ~ ( * ~ I I : L ~ ~ v I I : L ~
ltt!s(~:lrrl~ S ~ I I ~ ~ I I : I ~ O I L \Vi11(l I~:fT(x!ts 011 1311iI(li11~s :LIL(I HI r~~c:lul.c~s, Ott:1.\\:1, (!:~rl:~tl:~, Scl)tc,n~l)c-r l9li7, G'~~ivc:~.sity of 'I'ol.o~~l.o l'rc,ss, l!IFS.
[81 I ) I L V ( S I I I ) O ~ ~ , I\. (-1. ".~'II(: Al~l)licntior~ of Stntistirnl
( ~ I I ( Y ! I ) ~ s to Ill(! \Yir~(l I,r):t(lir~g of S l r ~ ~ c t ~ ~ ~ ~ c ~ s . " I'I,~Ic.,
111stit11tior1 o f (:ivil I , ; I I K ~ I I ( ~ > ~ S , A ~ I X I I S ~ 19(;1,
101 " ' ~ ( - I I : L I I ~ ~ ( ~ s ~ 1%11iI(li11g \\.ill Itisc i l l l':tt11 of rI'yl)l~oo~~s."
I C I I ~ ~ I I ( ! ( , ~ ~ I I K S(*IYS Itv(:or(l, Alnrrll 1.1, 19(iS, 1). 2'3.
1101 I , ~ ; I I I I I ~ ~ I I S S ~ ~ ~ , 11. .I. :LII(I 11'. 1). I$:~irlc.s, "S i ~ ~ ~ i l i t l ~ ( l c 1'1~ol)lt*111s i l l 1311il~li11g ,\r,rotlyr~:~l~~ic:s." .Journnl of
l l y ~ I ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ l i c ~ s I)ivisio~~, I'roc.., 1\11lc%ric.a11 Soricly of (.!ivil lC~~gi~~(v:rs, 11. 35. .I!), A1:ty l!)tj7.
11 11 l1:~v(*11l)ort, A . ( ;. :LII(I X . I S ~ I I I ~ I O V , "'l'Il(> !\1)pli(-nt ion of t l ~ c 1%01111tl:u.y T,:~y(*r \ \ ' i ~ ~ ( l ' I ' I I I ~ I I ( % ~ to t . l ~ t s I'r(~(lictio~~ OF
\ \ ' i ~ ~ ( l T,o:ltli~~~." 1). 201-.2:%0, I'ITI~., I ~ l t ( ~ r ~ ~ : ~ t i o t ~ : ~ l lt(-st~:~rrl~ S ( ~ I I I ~ I I : I ~ 011 \Vil~(l lCtT(~~ts 011 1311iI(li11gs : L I ~ ( I
SIr11cl11rt3s, Oll:~\v:~, (::11111(1:1, S ~ ~ ) I ( * I I ~ I I I L I ' 191i7, (I~rivc*l.sity of 'l'oro11lo I'rc.ss, l!)(iS.
1 1 2) I%I*II(I:L~, , I . S. : L I I ( ~ :\. ( i . l'i(,rsol. . ~ ~ I ! I I . V I I ~ C I ~ I ~ I I ~ nt~11 ~i?1(11!18;~
(4
~ ~ ' I I I I I ~ ~ I J J I fIi11i1, S(s\v Yorlc, JOIIII \Vil(:y :lr~tl SOIIS, l!)(i(i.11 :(I 1,1~t,, Y. \Y. ~Ylrrlislicrtl 7'/1n1r!/ ( ' V I I I I I I ~ I I ~ ictrliu~~. S o \ v
Yo~,l<, ,101111 \ViIvy :111(l SOIIS, l!)liO.
11.11 I~:LIIII)IIII, ,I. (!. "\Vi~r(l I;or~:(>s or1 :L 'r:ill 1311il(Ii11g."
,
.
I r:111s. ; \ I I I ( - ~ ~ ~ : L I I Stwi(~ly of t!ivil l ~ ; ~ ~ g i ~ ~ ( ~ v r s , I':LI)(:I, No.
20.30, \'ol. 105, 1). 1~-11, 1!)-10.
1151 l)ry(1(>11, 11. T,. : I I I ~ (i. (:. I l i l l . "\\'i11(1 I ' ~ C S * I I I ~ 011 :L llo(l(-l of ~ I I V Ih111i1.v SI:LI(. 1%11il(li11~.'' . I ~ I I ~ I I : I ~ of I t ( ~ s ( ~ : ~ r ~ ~ l ~ , X:LI io11:11 I%IIIX~:LII ol' S1:111(l:~r(ls, \rol. 10, 1). ,193 - 5Z5, l!):%3.
