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Communication complexity of distributed shortest path algorithms

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APPENDIX: THE ALGORITHM

Local Variables at nodes

All variables are integer values except where noted otherwise. The initial values of all of the vari-ables are arbitrary, except for the variable level, whose initial value is oo.

cycle = current level of the exploration in the local algorithm.

count = counter of unacknowledged LOCAL_BROADCAST messages.

desired_level = the last level to be processed in the iteration

initial_level - the first level to be processed in the sub-iteration.

level = current estimate of the node's level in shortest path tree.

status = estimate of whether node has frozen descendents, active descendents, or only inactive descendents; only meaningful for nodes in local trees. Possible values are (Active,Frozen,Inactive}.

state (e) estimate of whether there are frozen descendents, active descendents, or only inactive descendents on the further side of tree edge e. If e is not a tree edge,

state (e )=unused. It is kept for each incident edge e. Possible values are

{Frozen,Active,Inward,Inactive,Unused).

synch_level = the level of synch nodes.

synchs_number =

estimate of the number of active synchs which are descendents of that node; is meaningful only for nodes in the global tree.

Messages sent during the algorithm

GL OBALBR OAD CAST (s, i, d ) =

message by which the root triggers execution of the next sub-iteration. The

message carries the following parameters: synch_Ievel, initiallevel,

desired_level.

GLOBAL_ACK(c ,m) =

message by which a node reports on its inedge about the termination of the

sub-iteration. The message carries the following parameters: cycle,

synchs_number.

LOCAL_BROADCAST(c ) =

message by which a synch node triggers the local exploration process. The parameter c is the cycle number.

LOCAL_ACK(c ,s ) =

message by which a node reports about the termination of the local explora-tion process. The parameters of the message are c (the cycle number) and s. The latter determines the state of the edge.

Procedures used in the algorithm:

XMIT LOCAL_BROADCAST =

generates LOCAL_BROADCAST messages.

XMIT GLOBAL_BROADCAST =

generates GLOBAL_BROADCAST messages.

SYNCHCONTROL =

procedure executed by the synch nodes after termination of each cycle.

ROOT_CONTROL =

procedure executed by the root node after termination of each sub-iteration.

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begin

if the set of incident edges is empty then STOP /* the algorithm is complete */ else begin cycle := 1; level := 0; synchlevel := 0; desired_level := V04; initial_level := 1;

f or all edges e , state(e) := active;

Call Procedure XMIT_LOCAL_BROADCAST; end

end /* of the initialization */

The node algorithm

Procedure XMIT_LOCAL_BROADCAST

begin

count :- 0; status := inactive;

f or each edge e such that state(e) = active or frozen begin

count :=- count +1;

send LOCALBROADCAST(cycle) on edge e; end

if count =0 then

begin

status := inactive;

send LOCAL_ACK(cycle, inactive) on inedge; end

end /* of the procedure */

Response to receipt of LOCAL_BROADCAST(p) on edge e:

begin

if p < level then /* node joins new tree at lower level */ begin

if count > 0 and level boo then send ACK(cycle,unused) on inedge; / * terminating branch of old tree if ack awaited */

level :-p; cycle := p; inedge :=e; state(e):=inward;

synchjevel := 0; /* initial value, to ensure that level > synchlevel */

f or all edges e' 4 e, state(e' ) := active;

if node_degree > V0 4 then status := Frozen else status := active;

send LOCAL_ACK(cycle,status) on inedge;

end

else /*p > level */

if e = inedge then

if p > level then /* broadcast must be propagated outward*/ begin

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cycle := p;

Call Procedure XMIT_LOCAL BROADCAST;

end

else send LOCAL_ACK(cycle,status) on inedge;

/* in this case p = level; this means that this is the check for frozen nodes and the current node is in the last layer*/

else /* eqinedge*/ begin

send LOCAL_ACK(p,unused) on edge e; state(e) := unused;

end

/* this occurs for p>level, eytinedge and negatively acknowledges a broadcast when old

tree is retained */ end /* of the response

Response to receipt of LOCAL_ACK(p,s) on edge e

begin

if p = cycle then

/* outdated acks satisfy p > cycle; they are ignored */

begin

if s=frozen then status :=frozen;

else if s=active and status:;frozen then status :=active;

state(e) := s; count := count -1;

if count= 0 then

if level > synch_level then /* the node is not a synch */

send LOCAL_ACK(cycle, status) on inedge;

else Call Procedure SYNCH_CONTROL end

end / * of the response */

Procedure SYNCH CONTROL

begin

if level=--0 and status = frozen then status :-- active;

/* the root ignores freezing on its local iteration */

if status = active and cycle < desired_level then begin

cycle :- cycle + 1;

Call Procedure XMITLOCAL_BROADCAST end

else /* local exploration process has been freezed or terminated */ begin

if status = inactive then synchs_number := 0; else synchs_number := 1;

if level > 0 then

send GLOBAL_ACK (cycle,synchs_number) on inedge

else if level= 0 then

/* it is the end of the local cycle at the the root */

Call Procedure ROOT_CONTROL;

end

Figure

FIGURE  1A  BRORDCRSTTO  FIND  A  NEW  LEVEL
FIGURE  3B:  LOCAL  BROADCAST  IN  SLOW  TREE RECAPTURING  NODE

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