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Le Code éthique du Kurral (La Vertu) au prisme chrétien de ses premiers traducteurs

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HAL Id: hal-02087340

https://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-02087340

Submitted on 2 Apr 2019

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Blandine Chelini-Pont

To cite this version:

Blandine Chelini-Pont. Le Code éthique du Kurral (La Vertu) au prisme chrétien de ses premiers traducteurs. Colloque international ”Thirukkural, éthique et représentations : La Vertu, la Fortune et l’Amour”, Université de La Réunion; INALCO, Apr 2016, Saint Denis, La Réunion. pp.38–46.

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